株探米国株
日本語 英語
エドガーで原本を確認する
FALSE000004591900000459192024-03-142024-03-14

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
___________________________________________________
FORM 8-K
___________________________________________________
CURRENT REPORT
PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
March 18, 2024 (March 14, 2024)
Date of Report (Date of Earliest Event Reported)
___________________________________________________
Harte Hanks, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
___________________________________________________
Delaware 1-7120 74-1677284
(State or Other Jurisdiction
of Incorporation)
(Commission File Number) (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
1 Executive Drive, Suite 303
Chelmsford, MA 01824
(512) 434-1100
(Address of principal executive offices and Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
___________________________________________________
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:
o Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
o Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
o Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
o Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock HHS NASDAQ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).
o Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o On March 14, 2023, Harte Hanks issued a press release announcing its financial results for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2023.



Item 2.02 Results of Operations and Financial Condition.
The full text of the press release is furnished with this Current Report as Exhibit 99.1 and is incorporated by reference herein.
The information contained in this Item 2.02 (including Exhibit 99.1) of this Current Report is furnished pursuant to this Item 2.02 and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that Section, notwithstanding any general incorporation by reference language in other Harte Hanks filings.
Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits.
(d) Exhibits
Exhibit No Description
99.1
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.
HARTE HANKS, INC.
Date: March 18, 2024 By: /s/ David Garrison
Name: David Garrison
Title: Chief Financial Officer

EX-99.01 2 a20240314ex991prearningq4y.htm EX-99.01 Document
Exhibit 99.1
logo.jpg
Harte Hanks Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal 2023 Full-Year Results
Project "Elevate" Sales and Marketing Transformation Revamped for Strategic Growth;
Anticipate approximately $6 Million in 2024 Cost Reductions, $16 Million over Two Years;
Ends Year with $18 Million of Cash and No Debt
Chelmsford, Massachusetts – March 14, 2024 - Harte Hanks, Inc. (NASDAQ: HHS), a leading global customer experience company focused on bringing companies closer to customers for over 100 years, today announced financial results for the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2023.
Kirk Davis, Chief Executive Officer, said: "Project Elevate, the outcome of a comprehensive review of our business in collaboration with newly hired executive sales leadership and respected consultants, is designed to modernize our go-to-market strategy, invest in lead generation, and enable organic growth. We have added two experienced sales leaders in Kelly Waller, our new SVP of sales and marketing, and Ron Lee, our new SVP of sales services. These two accomplished sales executives are the ideal people to drive the key components of our organic growth initiatives forward. More recently, we added additional experienced personnel to lead international sales expansion, grow our newly created partner network, and form our company’s first inside sales division. These talented people are in place, and we are rapidly improving our marketing programs, value proposition, and pipeline formulation to effectively capitalize on our core competencies and key differentiators."
"Over the next few quarters, we will be expanding our enterprise-wide revenue pipeline, participating in numerous high-profile events that facilitate one-to-one meetings with decision makers, and growing a robust partnership network," continued Davis. "These initiatives are bolstered by a revised incentive structure for our sales team, better alignment between business units, and a clear focus on the SMB and mid-market segments. We expect these changes will drive consistent pipeline growth and enhance our sales performance over the course of the year. We’ve accomplished an end-to-end transformation of our sales and marketing strategy and structure, and the team is now in place to drive organic growth."
"Simultaneously, we are taking steps, in collaboration with the Kearney Organization, to optimize our cost structure to enable us to invest in sales and marketing without depleting our cash reserves," continued Davis. "We have identified costs we can eliminate totaling approximately $16 million over next two years with $6 million of savings expected in 2024. David Fisher, our new Chief Transformation Officer, is working closely with David Garrison, our new Chief Financial Officer, to execute these important changes."
"I believe the opportunity for Harte Hanks is significant," concluded Davis. "Our solutions meet the current and expected needs of customers, and we drive tangible value for clients and their customers. We can deliver organic growth, expanding the number of logos we work with and deepening our relationship with these customers over time. We are confident that we can streamline our organization to expand profitability and cash generation as we grow. The benefits of Project Elevate are expected to become evident in the second half of 2024 and into 2025."
Fourth Quarter Highlights
•The Company ended the year with a cash balance of $18.4 million compared to $10.4 million at December 31, 2022, and $13.3 million at September 30, 2023, with zero debt.
•Extended the current $25 million line of credit until June 30, 2025.
•Executing, as planned, the termination of Pension Plan 1.
•Total revenues for Q4 2023 were $49.5 million, down 9.7% compared to $54.8 million in Q4 2022; included in 2023 was $2.5 million of revenue from InsideOut compared to $1.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2022.
•Operating loss was $2.3 million compared to operating income of $3.4 million in the prior-year quarter.
•Harte Hanks recorded $5.7 million in non-recurring restructuring charges, related primarily to consulting expenses tied to the development and execution of Project Elevate and other cost-reduction initiatives, as well as severance and lease impairment charges. There were no restructuring charges in the fourth quarter of last year.


Exhibit 99.1
•Net loss, inclusive of the $5.7 million in restructuring charges, was $2.0 million, or $0.27 per basic and diluted share, compared to net income of $21.8 million, or $2.81 per basic and $2.70 per diluted share, in the prior year quarter. The fourth quarter of 2022 included a $19.8 million tax benefit.
•The fourth quarter of 2023 had negative EBITDA of $1.1 million compared to positive EBITDA of $4.4 million in the same period in the prior year. Adjusted EBITDA, which excludes stock-based compensation, severance and restructuring charges, was $5.2 million in both Q4 2023 and 2022.
Segment Highlights
•Customer Care, $17.7 million in revenue, 36% of total – Segment revenue increased $1.0 million or 6.0% versus the prior year and EBITDA totaled $3.7 million for the quarter, up 14.6% year-over-year. InsideOut contributed an increase of $1.4 million to revenue in the fouth quarter compared to same quarter in 2022. The increase in revenue from the sales services group offset the $0.4 million decrease in our traditional CX business.
•Fulfillment & Logistics Services, $21.3 million in revenue, 43% of total – Segment revenue decreased $3.2 million or 12.9% versus the prior year quarter and EBITDA totaled $1.9 million, down 17.2%. Revenue mix and a 12.2% decrease in operating expenses drove the improved EBITDA margins. The margin percentage continues to be impacted by variation in the revenue mix between lower margin logistics and the higher margin fulfillment services.
•Marketing Services, $10.5 million in revenue, 21% of total – Segment revenue decreased $3.1 million or 23.1% compared to the prior year quarter and EBITDA for the fourth quarter totaled $1.4 million vs. $2.1 million. The decrease in revenue was attributable to reduced project work in the financial services sector.
Consolidated Fourth Quarter 2023 Results
Fourth quarter revenues were $49.5 million, down 9.7% from $54.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 due to decreased revenue in two of the Company’s operating segments.
Fourth quarter operating loss was $2.3 million, compared to income of $3.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2022. The decrease resulted from a restructuring expense during the quarter.
Net loss for the quarter was $2.0 million, or $0.27 per basic and diluted share, compared to net income of $21.8 million, or $2.81 per basic and $2.70 per diluted share, in the fourth quarter last year. The net loss included $5.7 million of restructuring expense, without which the Net Income is estimated to be $3.7 million for the quarter. The net income for the fourth quarter of 2022 included a one time tax asset valuation reversal benefiting more than $19.8 million, without this the net income would have only been $2.0 million. Discounting for the two events in the respective fourth quarters, the estimated net income improvement was $1.7 million.
Consolidated Full Year 2023 Results
Full-year revenues were $191.5 million, down 7.2% from $206.3 million in 2022. Operating income was $3.4 million, compared to operating income of $15.1 million. Net loss for the year was $1.6 million, or $0.21 per basic and $0.21 per diluted share, compared to net income of $36.8 million, or $4.98 per basic and $4.75 per diluted share, last year.
Balance Sheet and Liquidity
Harte Hanks ended the year with $18.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and $24.2 million of capacity on its credit line. The Company has no outstanding debt as of December 31, 2023. The Company’s financial position continues to be strong, and it is well-positioned to execute on its long-term growth strategies in 2024 and beyond.
Conference Call Information
The Company will host a conference call and live webcast to discuss these results at 4:30 p.m. EST today, March 14, 2024. Interested parties may access the webcast at https://www.webcaster4.com/Webcast/Page/2810/49883 or may access the conference call by dialing 888-506-0062 in the United States or 973-528-0011 from outside the U.S. and using access code 692780.

A replay of the call can also be accessed via phone through March 28, 2024 by dialing (877) 481-4010 from the U.S., or (919) 882-2331 from outside the U.S. The conference call replay passcode is 49883.


Exhibit 99.1
About Harte Hanks:
Harte Hanks (NASDAQ: HHS) is a leading global customer experience company whose mission is to partner with clients to provide them with CX strategy, data-driven analytics and actionable insights combined with seamless program execution to better understand, attract and engage their customers.
Using its unparalleled resources and award-winning talent in the areas of Customer Care, Fulfillment and Logistics, and Marketing Services, Harte Hanks has a proven track record of driving results for some of the world’s premier brands, including Bank of America, GlaxoSmithKline, Unilever, Pfizer, HBOMax, Volvo, Ford, FedEx, Midea, Sony and IBM among others. Headquartered in Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Harte Hanks has over 2,500 employees in offices across the Americas, Europe, and Asia Pacific.
For more information, visit hartehanks.com
As used herein, “Harte Hanks” or “the Company” refers to Harte Hanks, Inc. and/or its applicable operating subsidiaries, as the context may require. Harte Hanks’ logo and name are trademarks of Harte Hanks, Inc.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements:
Our press release and related earnings conference call contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of U.S. federal securities laws. All such statements are qualified by this cautionary note, provided pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Statements other than historical facts are forward-looking and may be identified by words such as “may,” “will,” “expects,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “estimates,” “seeks,” “could,” “intends,” or words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements are based on current information, expectations and estimates and involve risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that are difficult to predict and that could cause actual results to vary materially from what is expressed in or indicated by the forward-looking statements. In that event, our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity could be materially adversely affected and investors in our securities could lose part or all of their investments. These risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors include: (a) local, national and international economic and business conditions, including (i) market conditions that may adversely impact marketing expenditures, and (ii) the impact of economic environments and competitive pressures on the financial condition, marketing expenditures and activities of our clients and prospects; (iii) the demand for our products and services by clients and prospective clients, including (iv) the willingness of existing clients to maintain or increase their spending on products and services that are or remain profitable for us, and (vi) our ability to predict changes in client needs and preferences; (b) economic and other business factors that impact the industry verticals we serve, including competition, inflation and consolidation of current and prospective clients, vendors and partners in these verticals; (c) our ability to manage and timely adjust our facilities, capacity, workforce and cost structure to effectively serve our clients; (d) our ability to improve our processes and to provide new products and services in a timely and cost-effective manner though development, license, partnership or acquisition; (e) our ability to protect our facilities against security breaches and other interruptions and to protect sensitive personal information of our clients and their customers; (f) our ability to respond to increasing concern, regulation and legal action over consumer privacy issues, including changing requirements for collection, processing and use of information; (g) the impact of privacy and other regulations, including restrictions on unsolicited marketing communications and other consumer protection laws; (h) fluctuations in fuel prices, paper prices, postal rates and postal delivery schedules; (i) the number of shares, if any, that we may repurchase in connection with our repurchase program; (j) unanticipated developments regarding litigation or other contingent liabilities; (k) our ability to complete reorganizations, including cost-saving initiatives; and (l) other factors discussed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 which was filed on March 31, 2023. The forward-looking statements in this press release and our related earnings conference call are made only as of the date hereof, and we undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statement, even if new information becomes available or other events occur in the future.


Exhibit 99.1
Supplemental Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
The Company reports its financial results in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). However, the Company may use certain non-GAAP measures of financial performance in order to provide investors with a better understanding of operating results and underlying trends to assess the Company’s performance and liquidity in this press release and our related earnings conference call. We have presented herein a reconciliation of these measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.
The Company presents the non-GAAP financial measure “Adjusted Operating Income” as a useful measure to both management and investors in their analysis of the Company’s financial results because it facilitates a period-to-period comparison of Operating Income excluding stock-based compensation and severance. The most directly comparable measure for this non-GAAP financial measure is Operating Income.
The Company presents the non-GAAP financial measure “EBITDA” as a supplemental measure of operating performance in order to provide an improved understanding of underlying performance trends. The Company defines “EBITDA” as Net Income adjusted to exclude income tax expense, other expense (income), net, and depreciation and amortization expense. The Company defines “Adjusted EBITDA” as EBITDA adjusted to exclude stock-based compensation and severance. The most directly comparable measure for EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA is Net Income. We believe EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are an important performance metric because it facilitates the analysis of our results, exclusive of certain non-cash items, including items which do not directly correlate to our business operations; however, we urge investors to review the reconciliation of non-GAAP EBITDA to the comparable GAAP Net Income, which is included in this press release, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate the Company’s financial performance.
The use of non-GAAP measures do not serve as a substitute and should not be construed as a substitute for GAAP performance but should provide supplemental information concerning our performance that our investors and we find useful. The Company evaluates its operating performance based on several measures, including these non-GAAP financial measures. The Company believes that the presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures in this press release and earnings conference call presentations are useful supplemental financial measures of operating performance for investors because they facilitate investors’ ability to evaluate the operational strength of the Company’s business. However, there are limitations to the use of these non-GAAP measures, including that they may not be calculated the same by other companies in our industry limiting their use as a tool to compare results. Any supplemental non-GAAP financial measures referred to herein are not calculated in accordance with GAAP and they should not be considered in isolation or as substitutes for the most comparable GAAP financial measures.
Investor Relations Contact:
Rob Fink or Tom Baumann
646.809.4048 / 646.349.6641
FNK IR
HHS@fnkir.com
Source: Harte Hanks, Inc.


Exhibit 99.1
Harte Hanks, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended December 31, Twelve Months Ended December 31,
In thousands, except per share amounts 2023 2022 2023 2022
Operating revenue $ 49,491  $ 54,778  $ 191,492  $ 206,278 
Operating expenses
Labor 23,884  26,205  97,968  104,620 
Production and distribution 16,410  19,530  59,568  61,930 
Advertising, selling, general and administrative 4,602  4,650  20,673  21,893 
Restructuring expense 5,687  5,687 
Depreciation and amortization expense 1,186  964  4,237  2,728 
Total operating expenses 51,769  51,349  188,133  191,171 
Operating income (2,278) 3,429  3,359  15,107 
Other expense (income), net
Interest (income) expense, net 15  125  (135) 438 
Other expense (income), net 1,653  1,307  5,413  (4,644)
Total other expense (income), net 1,668  1,432  5,278  (4,206)
(Loss) income before income taxes (3,946) 1,997  (1,919) 19,313 
Income tax benefit (1,969) (19,807) (349) (17,463)
Net (loss) income (1,977) 21,804  (1,570) 36,776 
Less: Loss from redemption of Preferred stock 1,380  1,380 
(Loss) income attributable to common stockholders $ (1,977) $ 20,424  $ (1,570) $ 35,396 
(Loss) earnings per common share
Basic $ (0.27) $ 2.81  $ (0.21) $ 4.98 
Diluted $ (0.27) $ 2.70  $ (0.21) $ 4.75 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding
Basic 7,221 7,267 7,310 7,101
Diluted 7,303 7,566 7,456 7,457
Comprehensive income, net of tax
Net (loss) income $ (1,977) $ 21,804  $ (1,570) $ 36,776 
Adjustment to pension liability 243  7,967  1,664  10,274 
Foreign currency translation adjustments 903  870  2,548  (5,248)
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax 1,146  8,837  4,212  5,026 
Comprehensive (loss) income $ (831) $ 30,641  $ 2,642  $ 41,802 


Exhibit 99.1
Harte Hanks, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
In thousands, except per share data December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 18,364  $ 10,364 
Accounts receivable (less allowance of $474 at December 31, 2023 and $163 at December 31, 2022) 34,313  39,700 
Unbilled accounts receivable 7,677  7,893 
Contract assets 258  309 
Prepaid expenses 1,915  2,176 
Prepaid income tax and income tax receivable 1,758  4,262 
Other current assets 928  1,607 
Total current assets 65,213  66,311 
Net property, plant and equipment 8,855  10,523 
Right-of-use assets 25,417  19,169 
Other assets 23,272  23,981 
Total assets $ 122,757  $ 119,984 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 23,176  $ 22,465 
Accrued payroll and related expenses 5,615  6,679 
Deferred revenue and customer advances 3,195  4,590 
Customer postage and program deposits 1,815  1,223 
Other current liabilities 9,495  2,862 
Short-term lease liabilities 4,815  5,747 
Total current liabilities 48,111  43,566 
Pensions liabilities - Qualified plans 10,540  18,674 
Pension liabilities - Nonqualified plan 18,630  19,098 
Long-term lease liabilities, net of current portion 23,691  16,575 
Other long-term liabilities 1,928  3,263 
Total liabilities 102,900  101,176 
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock 12,221  12,221 
Additional paid-in capital 157,889  218,411 
Retained earnings 844,920  846,490 
Less treasury stock (951,083) (1,010,012)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (44,090) (48,302)
Total stockholders’ equity 19,857  18,808 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 122,757  $ 119,984 


Exhibit 99.1
Harte Hanks, Inc.
Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended December 31, Twelve Months Ended December 31,
In thousands, except per share data 2023 2022 2023 2022
Net (loss) income $ (1,977) $ 21,804  (1,570) $ 36,776 
Income tax benefit (1,969) (19,807) (349) (17,463)
Other expense (income), net 1,668  1,432  5,278  (4,206)
Depreciation and amortization expense 1,186  964  4,237  2,728 
EBITDA $ (1,092) $ 4,393  $ 7,596  $ 17,835 
Stock-based compensation 215  579  1,418  2,355 
Severance 398  183  1,774  384 
Restructuring expense 5,687  —  5,687  — 
Adjusted EBITDA $ 5,209  $ 5,155  $ 16,476  $ 20,574 
Operating (loss) income $ (2,278) $ 3,429  $ 3,359  $ 15,107 
Stock-based compensation 215  579  1,418  2,355 
Severance 398  183  1,774  384 
Restructuring expense 5,687  —  5,687  — 
Adjusted operating income $ 4,023  $ 4,191  $ 12,239  $ 17,846 
Adjusted operating margin (a)
8.1  % 7.7  % 6.4  % 8.7  %
(a)Adjusted Operating Margin equals Adjusted Operating Income divided by Revenues.


Exhibit 99.1
Harte Hanks, Inc.
Statement of Operations by Segments (Unaudited)
In thousands
Year ended December 31, 2023 Marketing Services Customer Care Fulfillment & Logistics Restructuring Expense Unallocated Corporate Total
Revenues $ 43,204  $ 63,327  $ 84,961  $ —  $ —  $ 191,492 
Segment operating expense 34,795  49,851  73,213  —  20,350  178,209 
Restructuring expense —  —  —  5,687  —  5,687 
Contribution margin $ 8,409  $ 13,476  $ 11,748  $ (5,687) $ (20,350) $ 7,596 
Overhead Allocation $ 2,984  $ 2,774  $ 2,891  $ —  $ (8,649) — 
EBITDA $ 5,425  $ 10,702  $ 8,857  $ (5,687) $ (11,701) $ 7,596 
Depreciation and amortization expense 312  1,280  1,143  —  1,502  4,237 
Operating income (loss) $ 5,113  $ 9,422  $ 7,714  $ (5,687) $ (13,203) $ 3,359 
Year ended December 31, 2022 Marketing Services Customer Care Fulfillment & Logistics Restructuring Expense Unallocated Corporate Total
Revenues $ 52,975  $ 67,205  $ 86,098  $ —  $ —  $ 206,278 
Segment operating expense 41,241  52,173  72,180  —  22,849  188,443 
Contribution margin $ 11,734  $ 15,032  $ 13,918  $ —  $ (22,849) $ 17,835 
Overhead allocation 4,390  2,865  3,325  —  (10,580) — 
EBITDA $ 7,344  $ 12,167  $ 10,593  $ —  $ (12,269) $ 17,835 
Depreciation and amortization expense 362  884  824  —  658  2,728 
Operating income (loss) $ 6,982  $ 11,283  $ 9,769  $ —  $ (12,927) $ 15,107 
Three months ended December 31, 2023 Marketing Services Customer Care Fulfillment & Logistics Restructuring Expense Unallocated Corporate Total
Revenues $ 10,453  $ 17,702  $ 21,336  $ —  $ —  $ 49,491 
Segment operating expense 8,331  13,317  18,778  —  4,470  44,896 
Restructuring expense —  —  —  5,687  —  5,687 
Contribution margin $ 2,122  $ 4,385  $ 2,558  $ (5,687) $ (4,470) $ (1,092)
Overhead Allocation 723  672  688  —  (2,083) — 
EBITDA $ 1,399  $ 3,713  $ 1,870  $ (5,687) $ (2,387) $ (1,092)
Depreciation and amortization expense 145  256  407  —  378  1,186 
Operating income (loss) $ 1,254  $ 3,457  $ 1,463  $ (5,687) $ (2,765) $ (2,278)
Three months ended December 31, 2022 Marketing Services Customer Care Fulfillment & Logistics Restructuring Expense Unallocated Corporate Total
Revenues $ 13,586  $ 16,706  $ 24,486  $ —  $ —  $ 54,778 
Segment operating expense 10,338  12,739  21,385  —  5,922  50,384 
Restructuring expense —  —  —  —  —  — 
Contribution margin $ 3,248  $ 3,967  $ 3,101  $ —  $ (5,922) $ 4,394 
Overhead Allocation 1,100  726  842  —  (2,668) — 
EBITDA $ 2,148  $ 3,241  $ 2,259  $ —  $ (3,254) $ 4,394 
Depreciation and amortization expense 74  275  243  —  372  964 
Operating income (loss) $ 2,074  $ 2,966  $ 2,016  $ —  $ (3,626) $ 3,430