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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

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If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

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Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

As of June 30, 2024, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $757.4 million based upon the closing price reported for such date on the New York Stock Exchange.

As of November 17, 2025, there were 156,615,144 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.

PACS Group, Inc. (“we,” “us,” our,” the “Company” and “PACS”) is filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 concurrently with its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024 and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly periods ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2025. This Annual Report contains the restatement (“Restatement”) of the Company’s (i) condensed combined/consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024, and for the three months then ended, included in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on May 13, 2024 (as amended on May 21, 2024) and (ii) condensed combined/consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024 and for the three and six months then ended, included in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 12, 2024 (collectively, the “Prior Financial Statements,” and each such quarterly period in the six months ended June 30, 2024, the “Impacted Periods”). The impact of the Restatement is reflected in the audited financial statements as of and for the period ended December 31, 2024 in this Form 10-K.

As previously disclosed in the Company’s Form 8-K filed November 6, 2024, the Company’s independent Audit Committee, assisted by external counsel and forensic accountants retained by the Audit Committee, initiated an independent investigation concerning allegations made in a short seller report. The investigation’s scope ultimately included additional matters identified during the course of the investigation. The Audit Committee has now completed its investigation.

On June 16, 2025, the Company announced that, in connection with additional facts learned, including as a result of the Audit Committee’s independent investigation, and due to regulatory, compliance and Medicare Part B billing uncertainties, management determined that it is appropriate to reconsider the Company’s judgmental assessments of the compliance of its respiratory and certain other therapy services. Management also determined that it is appropriate to reconsider the application of certain aspects of revenue recognition guidance under Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts With Customers (“ASC 606”), including with respect to estimating variable consideration and constraining estimated variable consideration related to revenue from billings for such services. As a result, the Company determined that the revenue associated with the provision of respiratory services and certain other therapy services billed under Medicare Part B should not have been recognized as revenue in accordance with ASC 606 in the periods discussed below.

Accordingly, the Company determined that it would restate previously issued financial statements as of March 31, 2024, and for the three months then ended, included in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 13, 2024 (as amended on May 21, 2024) and as of June 30, 2024, and for the three and six months then ended, included in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 12, 2024.

Among the additional matters that came within the scope of the Audit Committee investigation were allegations that the Company’s Chief Financial Officer Derick Apt had accepted high-value items from individuals associated with a group of related entities with which the Company does business. As disclosed on Form 8-K filed September 8, 2025, the Audit Committee found that Mr. Apt’s receipt of these items violated company policies, including the Company’s Code of Conduct & Ethics. The Board asked for Mr. Apt’s resignation, and he then resigned and entered into a separation agreement with the Company. At that time, Mark Hancock replaced Mr. Apt as interim Chief Financial Officer.

In its investigation, the Audit Committee identified certain conduct that was determined to be inconsistent with the Company’s Code of Conduct & Ethics, related policies, and expectations involving certain Company personnel. The Audit Committee recommended, and the Board of Directors, including the Company’s founders, determined to take appropriate action and remedial measures as to these individuals. Beyond the restatement of certain financial statements referenced above, the Audit Committee did not identify any additional material financial misstatements or financial irregularities.

The Audit Committee also recommended remedial measures and enhancements, among other things, to further reinforce a culture of compliance, a care first mentality, the principles set forth in the Company’s Code of Business Conduct & Ethics, and the expectations of the Company’s founders and the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors adopted those recommendations, and management has been implementing them, with Board oversight. Also, in connection with the Audit Committee’s independent investigation, management, together with external counsel and outside advisors, undertook an intense review of its regulatory compliance program, retained a new interim Chief Compliance Officer to oversee the ongoing review and the implementation of updates to the Company’s compliance program, and implemented additional measures designed to enhance processes and controls surrounding regulatory compliance.

All restated financial information for the Impacted Periods is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and we have not filed, and do not intend to file, amendments to the Forms 10-Q containing the Prior Financial Statements for the Impacted Periods. Refer to Note 22, “Restatement of Previously Issued Quarterly Financial Statements (Unaudited),” in the notes to the combined/consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information, including a summary of the impacts of these adjustments.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements about us and our industry that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our strategy, future financial condition, future operations, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management, and expected market growth, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “will,” “shall,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “goal,” “objective,” “seeks,” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•our future financial performance, including our expectations regarding our revenue, operating expenses, and our ability to achieve and maintain future profitability;

•the demand for our services in general;

•our ability and the ability of local leaders and others to transform SNFs and other acquired facilities into higher acuity, high value-add short-term transitional care SNFs, including through the implementation of PACS Services;

•our expectations regarding improvement in clinical quality, patient experience, and operating metrics over time as facilities mature over a transition period, and our ability to maintain standards in our Mature facilities;

•our ability to successfully execute upon our strategy to deploy our decentralized, local operating model in acquired SNFs and in existing and new markets;

•our ability to successfully execute upon our acquisition strategy, including with respect to SNFs, and our ability to successfully identify, acquire and integrate facilities, businesses and operations;

•the scalability of PACS Services and our operating model;

•our ability to successfully compete with existing and new competitors generally and in specific existing and new geographical markets;

•the size of our market and market trends, including with respect to SNFs, expected growth rates of the market and our ability to grow within and further penetrate our market;

•our ability to attract, train, and retain motivated, entrepreneurial individuals, including local leaders. administrators, clinicians, and other important employees and personnel;

•our expectations regarding the ongoing civil and criminal government investigative demands;

•our expectations regarding the effects of existing and developing laws and regulations;

•our ability to comply with regulations applicable to our business;

•our ability to develop and protect our brand;

•our expectations regarding, and management of, future growth;

•our ability to maintain, protect and enhance our technology and intellectual property;

•our ability to implement, maintain and improve effective internal controls and remediate the material weakness; and

•the sufficiency of our cash to meet our liquidity needs and our ability to reach an agreement by the end of the forbearance period (as described herein) with the lenders under our Amended and Restated 2023 Credit Facility.

We caution you that the foregoing list does not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K primarily on our current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance, or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur at all. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments we may make.

You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K by these cautionary statements.

The following is a summary of certain of the principal risks that may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. The following should be read in conjunction with the more complete discussion of the risk factors we face, which are described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

•We depend upon reimbursement from third‑party payors, and our revenue, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted by any changes in the acuity mix of patients in our facilities as well as changes in payor mix and payment methodologies and new cost containment initiatives by third-party payors;

•We may not be fully reimbursed for all services for which each facility bills through consolidated billing or bundled payments, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue, financial condition and results of operations.

•Increased competition for, or a shortage of, nurses, nurse assistants and other skilled personnel could increase our staffing and labor costs and subject us to monetary fines.

•State efforts to regulate or deregulate the healthcare services industry or the construction, expansion, or acquisition of healthcare facilities could impair our ability to expand our operations, or could result in increased competition.

•If we fail to attract patients and residents and to compete effectively with other healthcare providers, our revenue and profitability may decline and we may incur losses.

•We review and audit the care delivery, recordkeeping and billing processes of our operating subsidiaries. These reviews from time to time detect instances of noncompliance that we attempt to correct, which in some instances requires reduced or repayment of billed amounts or other costs.

•We are subject to litigation, which is commonplace in our industry, which could result in significant legal costs and large settlement amounts or damage awards, and our self-insurance programs may expose us to significant and unexpected costs and losses.

•We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediation of such material weakness is not effective, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or otherwise fail to design and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely manner or comply with applicable laws and regulations could be impaired, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us, subject us to litigation or significant financial or other penalties, and, as a result, affect the value of our common stock and our financial condition.

•If we are unable to provide consistently high quality of care, or if our employees or staff members engage in conduct (or fail to take action) that impacts our patients’ health, safety, welfare or clinical treatment, our business will be adversely impacted and we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties, fines or other actions.

•We rely significantly on information technology, and any failure, inadequacy or interruption of that technology could harm our ability to effectively operate our business.

•We calculate certain operational metrics using internal systems and tools and do not independently verify such metrics. Certain metrics are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

•We may be unable to complete future facility or business acquisitions at attractive prices or at all, which may adversely affect our revenue; we may also elect to dispose of underperforming or non-strategic operating subsidiaries, which would decrease our revenue.

•We may not be able to successfully integrate acquired facilities and properties into our operations, and we may not achieve the benefits we expect from any of our facility acquisitions.

•In undertaking acquisitions, we may be adversely impacted by costs, liabilities and regulatory issues that may adversely affect our operations, and we may not be able to successfully integrate acquired facilities and properties into our operations, or achieve the benefits we expect from any of our facility acquisitions.

•We may have difficulty completing partnerships that increase our capacity consistent with our growth strategy.

•If we do not achieve or maintain competitive quality of care ratings from CMS or private organizations engaged in similar rating activities, our business may be negatively affected.

•If we are unable to obtain insurance, or if insurance becomes more costly for us to obtain, our business may be adversely affected.

•Our self-insurance programs may expose us to significant and unexpected costs and losses.

•The geographic concentration of our facilities could leave us vulnerable to an economic downturn, regulatory changes or acts of nature in those areas.

•The actions of national labor unions may adversely affect our revenue and profitability.

•Because we lease the majority of our facilities, we are subject to risks associated with leased real property, including risks relating to lease termination, lease extensions and special charges, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•Failure to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required payments or meet operating covenants under our long-term debt, mortgages and long-term leases could result in defaults under those agreements and cross-defaults under other debt, mortgage or lease arrangements, which could harm our operating subsidiaries and cause us to lose facilities or experience foreclosures.

•We may need additional capital to fund our operating subsidiaries and finance our growth, and we may not be able to obtain it on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which may limit our ability to grow.

•We are subject to extensive and complex laws and government regulations. If we are not operating in compliance with these laws and regulations or if these laws and regulations change, we could be required to make significant expenditures or change our operations in order to bring our facilities and operations into compliance.

•Our founders, Jason Murray and Mark Hancock, have substantial control over us and hold a substantial portion of our outstanding common stock, and their interests may conflict, or appear to conflict, with our interests and the interests of other stockholders

•We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the New York Stock Exchange. As a result, we may elect to rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance standards and you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

We are a leading post-acute healthcare company primarily focused on delivering high-quality skilled nursing care through a portfolio of independently operated facilities. Founded in 2013, we are one of the largest skilled nursing providers in the United States based on number of facilities, with 314 post-acute care facilities across 17 states serving over 30,100 patients daily. We also provide senior care, assisted living, and independent living options in some of our communities. Our significant historical growth has been primarily driven by our expertise in acquiring underperforming long-term custodial care skilled nursing facilities and transforming them into higher acuity, high value-add short-term transitional care skilled nursing facilities. We believe our success is driven in significant part by our decentralized, local operating model, through which we empower local leaders at each facility to operate their facility autonomously and deliver excellence in clinical quality and a superior experience for our patients. We provide our independently operated facilities with a comprehensive suite of technology, support, and back-office services that enable local leadership teams to focus more of their time and effort on providing quality care to patients. We believe our operating model delivers value to all of our healthcare stakeholders, including patients and families, referring providers, payors, and administrators and clinicians.

The post-acute care ecosystem serves individuals who need additional help recuperating from acute conditions, illnesses, or serious medical procedures after they have been discharged from the hospital. This ecosystem ranges from higher acuity, higher-cost settings, such as long-term acute care hospitals and inpatient rehabilitation facilities, to lower acuity, lower-cost settings, such as assisted living facilities, and home health. Skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) are positioned at the center of this ecosystem and play an essential role in providing cost efficient facility-based care to patients that have been discharged from hospitals but still require 24-hour in-patient services. SNFs can provide both long-term custodial care and higher value short-term transitional care. The SNF industry is large and growing, with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) expecting total industry expenditures to increase from $193.6 billion in 2022 to $283.3 billion in 2031, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.3%. Based on the number of facilities as reported by CMS, we are one of the largest SNF operators in the United States. We are primarily focused on providing higher value short-term transitional care and believe we are uniquely positioned to capitalize on the current underlying trends within the SNF industry and to capture a growing portion of the expected demand.

We believe that healthcare is local and we operate through a decentralized model, recognizing that each patient, facility, and community is unique. To that end, we believe that our local leaders and employees understand the distinct needs and priorities of their patients, staff, and facilities and are best positioned to make clinical and operational decisions in order to optimize patient outcomes and experience. To facilitate this, each of our facilities operates independently, led by a facility administrator and his or her interdisciplinary team of medical directors, nurses, therapists, specialty consultants, and operators. To assist these local teams in achieving their best clinical and operating potential, we provide each facility with access to PACS Services, and they are subject to the PACS Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (which is described elsewhere in this report) and a variety of other policies and procedures designed to help ensure our operations are conducted consistent with applicable law and prudent business practices. PACS Services is a comprehensive suite of offerings, including accounting, finance, human resources, payroll, accounts receivable and payable, legal, compliance, and risk management services, as well as a robust suite of technology tools. We operate in a highly regulated industry with stringent regulatory compliance obligations, which require robust regulatory compliance operations. Failure to operate in compliance with applicable laws and regulations could require significant expenditures and result in regulatory deficiencies and other regulatory penalties. PACS Services functions to support our regulatory compliance obligations across our organization, including through controlled billing and cost reporting practices and legal, risk management, and compliance support. PACS Services also provides teams of regional professionals available as resources to each facility, including a regional vice president (RVP) for each operational region, and regional clinical and non-clinical directors and consultants. We developed PACS Services to be a resource to help reduce administrative burden so that local leadership teams can focus on making decisions that improve the care, well-being, and quality of life of their patients.

We believe that talented local leadership is critical to the success of our model of independently operated, centrally supported facilities. At the facility level, administrators are effectively the chief executive officers, and together with other local licensed professionals, are ultimately responsible for the day-to-day operations of their respective facilities. We seek to recruit, train, and reward dynamic administrators for our facilities, and rely on them to work with their interdisciplinary teams to implement policies and procedures that are appropriate and effective and result in positive outcomes. We support the delivery of excellent care by building excellent teams.

We believe our model attracts high caliber, entrepreneurial professionals who value having considerable autonomy, accountability, and aligned incentives. We provide these professionals with leadership and industry training, guidance, and operational support. Our model is intended to align local leaders’ incentives with facility and organizational success, encouraging them to dedicate themselves to the long-term future of their facilities. To create such alignment, we have developed an administrator compensation structure that prioritizes operational and financial performance, as well as quality of care. Our administrators understand that a well-performing facility is the result of providing quality care in an environment of healing and caring, and one that is appropriately staffed, supplied, and equipped to meet the needs of its patients. This dedicated focus by our administrators and their local teams on patient outcomes drives demand for our services and can ultimately result in higher patient census and profitability. We also seek to provide opportunities for upward career mobility, with many of our administrators being promoted from within our company to roles of increasing levels of responsibility. Our culture of meritocracy and pride of ownership has helped us retain experienced facility administrators as well as RVPs who had a combined average industry experience of 12.2 years as of December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we had a voluntary turnover rate of 2.5% among our facility administrators.

Excellence in clinical quality and experience for our patients is at the forefront of our mission. We believe our focus on quality is reflected in our CMS Quality Measures (QM) Star rating, occupancy rate, and skilled mix by nursing patient days (which refers to the number of days our Medicare and managed care patients receive skilled nursing services at SNFs as a percentage of the total number of days that patients from all payor sources receive skilled nursing services at SNFs for any given period). The QM Star rating is a number between 1 and 5 that is assigned to SNFs that participate in Medicare or Medicaid, and is based on an aggregate score across a range of quality reporting program requirements. As of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, our average QM Star rating across our Mature facilities, which we define as facilities purchased more than 36 months prior to the measurement date, was 4.3, 4.2 and 4.4 Stars, respectively, compared to the industry average of 3.4, 3.6 and 3.7 Stars, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, our average occupancy rate across our Mature facilities was 94%, 93%, and 92%, respectively, compared to the industry average of 77%, 76% and 74%, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our skilled mix by nursing patient days was 29%, as defined in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

We have historically grown primarily through our disciplined and balanced acquisition strategy. We generally aim to create value by identifying and acquiring underperforming custodial care focused facilities and converting them into higher-value short-term transitional care focused facilities by investing in clinical teams and processes and upgrading technology, equipment, training, staffing, aesthetics, and other aspects of the business. The resources and guidance offered by PACS Services are key to rapid integration of new facilities and provides our local leadership teams with an effective technology infrastructure, support tools, and regional support teams that enable local leadership to focus on operational improvements. Our facilities generally undergo an up to three-year post-acquisition transition period. During this period, we seek to implement best practices designed to realize and sustain the facility’s full potential. These practices often result in significant improvements to clinical quality and other operational metrics, including skilled mix, occupancy rates and payor contracting. We believe the results of our acquisition strategy are demonstrated by our high average QM Star rating and occupancy rate for Mature facilities of 4.3 and 94%, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the average QM Star rating and occupancy rate for New facilities, which we define as facilities purchased less than 18 months prior to the measurement date, was 3.3 and 83%, respectively.

Our portfolio of owned and leased properties is strategically located in 17 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Washington. We anticipate that available acquisition opportunities will enable us to further penetrate our reach into these 17 states and to enter new states in the future. We believe our current markets are attractive and that the states in which we operate each has unique benefits, such as favorable reimbursement dynamics, high barriers to entry, or population growth of adults aged 65 and older, which is our primary patient demographic. We generally look for similar attributes in new markets that we enter. As of December 31, 2024 we leased 221 facilities, directly owned the real estate at 44 facilities, and owned partial interests in an additional 49 facilities through joint ventures managed by third parties. As we continue to grow, we intend to explore additional purchases of real-estate assets, through purchase options or rights-of-first refusal in existing leases, as well as acquisitions and de novo construction of purpose-built facilities.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we generated total revenue of $4.1 billion, representing a CAGR of 29.9% over the last three years. A substantial portion of our revenue is generated from payments from third-party payors, including Medicare and Medicaid, which represent our largest sources of revenue and accounted for 33.8% and 40.4% of our routine revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we generated total revenue of $3.1 billion, and Medicare and Medicaid accounted for 38.6% and 37.6% of our routine revenue, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our total operating expenses were $4.0 billion. For the same period, we generated net income of $55.3 million and Adjusted EBITDA of $279.5 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our total operating expenses were $2.9 billion and we generated net income of $112.9 million and Adjusted EBITDA of $237.5 million. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations—Key Skilled Services Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

As of December 31, 2024, we had total long-term liabilities of $3.5 billion.

Our decentralized model is informed by our beliefs that “healthcare is local” and that each patient, facility and community is unique. Our administrators have significant autonomy in the decision-making process, subject to adherence to company policies and procedures, because we believe they know what is best for their community and their markets. Our 314 post-acute facilities are independently operated by local teams with robust administrative and consulting support from our PACS Services.

We strive to have each of our facilities led by experienced and highly qualified administrators, who serves in effect as a “local CEO,” alongside an interdisciplinary team of medical directors, clinicians, specialty consultants, and operators. In addition to a full clinical team of certified nursing assistants (CNAs), licensed practical nurses (LPNs), registered nurses (RNs), directors of nursing (DONs), and clinical directors, each facility has a local team of non-clinical staff including supervisors, admissions professionals, marketing professionals, and other business support personnel who have the common goal of providing excellent care and superior experiences for patients.

We provide PACS Services to each of our facilities, which includes support through a regional team of seasoned, highly qualified, cross-functional professionals, and led by an RVP. The team also includes regional clinical support personnel (such as directors of therapy, quality assurance, medical records, and clinical services personnel) as well as non-clinical personnel such as regional directors of recruitment and accounts receivable and accounts payable, reimbursement, and risk and compliance personnel. As of December 31, 2024, we had 22 RVPs overseeing each regional teams, covering an average of 14.3 facilities within a region and have an intimate understanding of the intricacies and challenges of the post-acute industry. We place the utmost importance on clinical quality, and as a result, many employees that provide PACS Services are clinicians by trade. We also have PACS policies and procedures applicable to all employees, including a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which are designed to help ensure our operations are conducted in accordance with the law and prudent business practices.

Our technology focus delivers real-time data access to caregivers and administrators, enabling delivery of the best care at the right time. We have invested into internally developed and third-party technologies that comprise part of PACS Services. This robust suite of technologies helps support facility administrators, clinicians, and local teams by providing them with valuable tools to enable them to reduce the time and effort they spend on administrative tasks so that they can better focus on providing quality care and driving efficient business operations. PACS Services includes access to an industry-leading, third-party Electronic Health Record system, and a singular Enterprise Resource Program. In addition, we have internally developed an operational dashboard that is custom-built to provide valuable tools and real-time data insights to our local teams in order to enhance resource management and improve the delivery of care. This app-based, mobile technology integrates facility-level detail on admissions, occupancy, revenue, staffing, collections, and other key operational data points. Our technology platform enables local leaders and regional teams to continually review and monitor this data, which enables them to be agile in assessing the ongoing needs of their facility and to more easily identify and address the unique needs and priorities.

With this readily-available, real-time data, our local leaders are able to more easily assess what works well in their facilities and can appropriately manage their operations and share best practices with their colleagues within the company.

This data also facilitates greater risk management and compliance efforts, as financial and clinical information can be analyzed, which we believe helps promote accountability across the company. Across the company, we use insights from our data management tools to benchmark performance, manage expenses, monitor risk, and manage compliance.

We believe PACS Services provides technology systems and support infrastructure that can enable seamless integration of new facilities and help to reduce risk when we acquire new facilities.

We believe we are an employer-of-choice in the SNF industry and have attracted highly qualified local leadership and clinicians. Our facility-forward model helps attract and retain motivated professionals whom we provide with extensive training, professional guidance by seasoned experts, and access to best practices. We offer challenging and fulfilling opportunities for clinicians to gain meaningful experience treating higher acuity patients. Through work-education programs, we also offer many of our clinicians the opportunity to improve or enhance their clinical licenses with sponsored certification programs. We believe we are at the forefront of enabling operators and clinicians to operate in their highest value capacity and at the best of their professional capabilities.

Our Administrator-in-Training program, geared towards recent college graduates, and our PACS Professional Program for experienced nursing home administrators, both provide valuable, intensive training and mentorship to help aspiring PACS administrators build important skills, such as operational systems management, administrative effectiveness, and leadership and people development. Our placement process assesses skill sets, qualifications, and career interests in order to pair leaders with the facilities and teams that will be a good fit.

Our frontline CNAs, LPNs, and RNs are also encouraged to participate in our internal continuing education programs, as well as outside programs, to help them continue to develop their skills and to meet any mandated continuing education requirements. We also offer our clinicians and other personnel educational assistance to enable them to sharpen their skills and enhance their capabilities.

We have an established track record of successful acquisitions. Our significant historical growth has been primarily driven by implementing our expertise in acquiring underperforming long-term custodial care focused SNFs and converting them into higher acuity, high value-add short-term transitional care focused SNFs. In pursuing each acquisition opportunity, we employ a disciplined evaluation process to identify facilities that meet our acquisition criteria and strategic priorities. We believe our framework and focused approach for acquisitions has contributed to our overall success. Our approach involves:

•Sourcing and evaluation. We have developed specific acquisition criteria to drive efficient sourcing and growth, and we continually monitor our pipeline of suitable acquisition targets. We believe we have a reputation as an acquiror-of-choice, which has led to regular inbound opportunities from small operators, larger platforms, and industry partners, such as landlords, brokers, and REITs.

•Integration and execution. Prior to and following closing of an acquisition, we perform a full facility evaluation focused on operational, clinical, financial, and administrative functions. Through this evaluation, we develop a detailed action plan with goals for IT integration and implementation of best practices led by facility administrators. We believe that administrators can create immediate additional value through technology integrations and then drive continued growth over time with improvements to clinical quality, operations, and financial performance. Our facilities generally undergo a three-year post-acquisition transition period. During this period, our integration efforts and implementation of best practices often result in significant improvements to clinical quality and other operational metrics. We believe the results of our strategy are demonstrated by our high average QM Star rating and occupancy rate for Mature facilities of 4.3 and 94%, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. By comparison, the average QM Star rating and occupancy rate for New facilities was 3.3 and 83%, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

We have a diverse portfolio of facilities that are located in selected attractive markets. A majority of our facilities are leased and are accounted for as either operating leases or finance leases. Our remaining facilities are either wholly-owned or partially-owned through joint ventures managed by third parties.

Real-estate ownership is a key component of our growth strategy as it can provide balance sheet support as an inflationary hedge, provide capital flexibility as a source of asset collateral, reduce the burden of leases and restrictive agreements, and provide us opportunities to create additional value in improving distressed assets.

The following is a summary of our leased and owned facilities:

•Leased Properties. As of December 31, 2024, we had 270 leased facilities. The majority of these leased facilities are in California, with the remainder in Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Washington. We often leverage our financial and operational condition to negotiate favorable lease terms, including low annual rent escalators, long expiration dates, and purchase options. As of December 31, 2024, our weighted average annual lease escalator was 2%, our average monthly lease expense was $946 per bed, our average remaining lease term across our portfolio was approximately 14 years, and we had 37 total purchase options at our discretion and 3 rights of first refusal that we may exercise in future years.

•Owned Properties. We have historically purchased the real-estate assets for certain of the post-acute care facilities we operate. Many of our owned properties were acquired with limited cash outlay while in a distressed state, or through the exercise of a purchase option that was originally negotiated while in a distressed state. We seek to create value in our properties by purchasing these distressed facilities and making improvements under our operations and ownership. As of December 31, 2024 we owned 44 post-acute care facilities, and we have investments in joint ventures that own the underlying real estate and related improvements of 49 post-acute care facilities that are operated by PACS Group subsidiaries. The majority of our owned real-estate properties are located in California, with the remainder in Colorado, Kentucky, Missouri, Nevada, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Texas. We have also explored facility ownership through de-novo, or new-build, facilities where we construct facilities and own them. Since 2013, we have opened or are in the process of opening 8 de-novo facilities.

We classify each of our facilities into three distinct categories based on the amount of time that has passed since acquisition: Mature, Ramping and New. Mature facilities are defined as facilities purchased more than 36 months prior to a respective measurement date. Ramping facilities are defined as facilities purchased within 18 to 36 months prior to a respective measurement date. New facilities are defined as facilities purchased less than 18 months prior to a respective measurement date. As of December 31, 2024, we operated 138 Mature facilities, 50 Ramping facilities, and 126 New facilities. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Mature, Ramping, and New facilities generated skilled nursing services revenue of $1.4 billion, $1.5 billion, and $1.0 billion, respectively.

We believe our success in improving our acquired properties is reflected in the average QM Star rating, occupancy rate, and skilled mix by revenue for each of our Mature, Ramping and New facilities, depicted in the table below for the year ended December 31, 2024:

As of December 31, 2024, our facilities had an average QM Star rating of 3.9 Stars compared to the industry average of 3.4 Stars, and an average occupancy rate of 90% compared to the industry average occupancy rate of 77%. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Skilled Services Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” We believe our strategy drives these results and is central to our ability to develop acquired facilities into higher performing facilities over time. For example, based on an analysis of the 91 facilities that we have acquired since 2018 and that have developed into Mature facilities as of December 31, 2024, we estimate that we were able to increase the occupancy rate and QM Star rating for acquired facilities by an average of 13% and 0.2 stars, respectively, as they progressed from New facilities to Mature facilities.

We believe the success of our strategy is further exemplified by our historical ability establish and maintain a QM Star rating for our Mature facilities that is higher than the industry average, The graphic below sets forth our QM Star rating over time for our Mature facilities, as well as the industry average QM Star rating for buildings of all maturities, for the periods indicated.

Source: CMS SNF Provider Information (Nov. 2024); PACS data for facilities with CMS certification and QM Star rating.

Execution of our strategy has also increased our number of facilities with QM Star ratings of 4 or 5 Stars over time. The graphic below sets forth our number of facilities by QM Star rating from 2015 through 2024.

We believe that our operating model creates meaningful value for patients and their families, our referring providers, our payors, and our administrators and clinicians.

•Coordinated care. We empower team members at every level through skillful training, shared resources, and a collaborative spirit. We help deliver coordinated care before, during, and after a patient’s stay with us. Prior to admission, our administrators or other facility leaders meet with patients and their families, as well as hospital discharge planners, to plan for the patient’s discharge and enable a seamless transition to our facility. During a stay with us, our local facility team coordinates closely with physicians to deliver high-touch, high-quality care for patients. As care nears completion, we meet with our patients, their families, home health agencies and downstream care providers to plan for and ensure a smooth transition.

•Outstanding patient experience. Our goal is to provide each patient with superior care and an outstanding experience. When patients arrive at our facilities they are greeted by a warm, inviting, and modern environment. We often upgrade facility infrastructure shortly after acquisition and perform periodic refreshes, to ensure our

facilities are comfortable and well-equipped to serve patients across a wide range of acuities with a primary focus on high acuity patients. High acuity patients generally require higher levels of medical care or monitoring due to conditions or complications that cannot be easily managed, and often need more nursing resources and attention to maintain their quality of life. We believe our investment in modern equipment and technology enables our facility care teams to identify and respond to patient needs and provide them high quality care in a timely manner. Moreover, our clinicians are highly trained, have significant experience, and are able to leverage bespoke care plans to help ensure that patients receive care tailored to their particular needs.

•Strategic and seamless transitions. Our administrators and their interdisciplinary teams seek to become a preferred partner by developing a deep understanding of local referring providers’ and their patients’ needs. Administrators often visit with patients and their families prior to hospital discharge to plan for and map out a smooth admission to our facility. Once a plan is set, the facility team endeavors to quickly and seamlessly transition new patients to the facility with a focus on ensuring continuity of care in the transition. We believe that hospitals and other referral sources consider our facilities to be attractive discharge options because we are able to care for a wide variety of patient needs, and are often able to accept admissions on short notice, including on nights and weekends. Our flexibility helps hospitals maintain adequate bed availability to meet their other patients' needs.

•Trusted partner with quality care. Our ability to care for higher acuity patients enables referring providers to have confidence that we will be able to adequately care for their patients and assist them in their recovery. Our facilities seek to work with patients’ doctors to create personalized care plans to help ensure that patients stay on track in their recovery and to reduce the likelihood of their readmission to the hospital. Our facility teams also seek to coordinate closely with a patient’s home health agency or other post-SNF caregivers to try to ensure the patient’s transition home or to their next care setting is successful. This close coordination enables us, where warranted, to directly readmit patients back to our facility who would have otherwise been readmitted to an acute care hospital in the event they have a change of condition after leaving our facility.

•Higher value site of care. We believe we provide high acuity care in a cost-effective setting and are able to quickly transition patients from the acute care setting, reducing length of stay and delivering more overall value for payors. Moreover, we believe we provide payors with a high-quality alternative to higher cost post-acute sites of care. For example, according to MedPAC, SNFs are the lowest cost facility-based post-acute healthcare, costing an average of $550 per covered day compared to $1,850 and $1,753 per covered day for inpatient rehabilitation facilities and long-term acute care hospitals, respectively.

•Culture of compliance. We focus on instilling a unified, cohesive culture of innovation and compliance that we believe provides consistency in our results and confidence in our facilities as an attractive care option for patients. Our emphasis on billing integrity, our independent internal compliance function, and our regular facility billing audits are intended to provide a foundation of trust and collaboration that makes us a natural choice for payors.

•Autonomy and aligned compensation. Each facility administrator is, in effect, the local “CEO” and dedicated leader of their facility. Alongside their local interdisciplinary team, they are empowered to make real-time decisions locally around all aspects of their business and to manage their individual facility in a way that they believe is best suited to address their local market and its needs, subject to compliance with company policies and procedures. We have designed a transparent incentive model for our administrators that is intended to align their compensation with operational and financial performance and with the quality of care of their facility. We provide them the tools and the autonomy to optimize the performance of their facility, and we reward them for success in their efforts. We believe that a well-performing facility is the result of providing quality care in an environment of healing and caring and one that is appropriately staffed, supplied, and equipped to meet the needs of its patients. This dedicated focus by our administrators and their local teams on patient outcomes drives demand for our services and can ultimately result in higher patient census and profitability.

•Robust technology enabled operating infrastructure. We developed PACS Services to reduce the managerial and operational burden on our administrators, enabling them to focus on leading their facilities and spending more time with patients and staff. PACS Services includes a robust suite of technology tools that provide detailed real-time data and trends that local clinicians and leadership teams can use to monitor and improve operational performance. PACS Services also includes regional support teams that leverage their deep tenure and experience across markets to provide higher-level support to local leaders on complex issues, including billing and cost reporting practices and regulatory compliance obligations. The regional teams are connected to and support the facilities within their designated region, which enables them to identify best practices and trends within the region, communicate those across their region, and provide facility-level support as needed.

•Highly entrepreneurial career development. By providing our administrators with autonomy in the operation of their facility, we believe we create a highly entrepreneurial environment that encourages and rewards leaders to optimize operational performance. We empower our clinicians to do the same and provide top performers the opportunity to progress via training for higher skill licenses and certifications. People are provided the opportunity to advance to become an administrator through our Administrator-in-Training program, and to join a regional leadership team. For example, in the year ended December 31, 2024, we promoted 11 of our administrators from within our organization after participating in our Administrator-in-Training program, and 18 of our RVPs were previously successful administrators with us.

We believe our success is driven by the following competitive strengths:

Excellence in clinical quality and experience for our patients is at the forefront of our mission and is reflected in our above-industry average QM Star rating and occupancy rate. Our facilities employ skilled administrators and clinicians and equip them with purpose-built technology and support so they can operate at the top of their professional capacity and deliver high-quality care for patients. We continuously invest in our people, processes, and facilities to promote an excellent patient experience. We believe we deliver superior overall quality that has contributed to our reputation as a provider-of-choice in our communities, driving greater referral volumes from referring providers who value our high standards.

Our decentralized model emphasizes local operational autonomy. We believe that placing decision-making power at the local level with teams who understand the needs of their patients and their communities facilitates responsiveness and adaptability to evolving patient needs and facility and community factors. We believe the empowerment of local leadership promotes improved quality care for patients, greater referral volumes and higher occupancy rates. Our operating model is highly transferable to new markets, and enable us to quickly integrate and enhance new facilities.

We have built a transparent, competitive, and collegial culture that promotes individual growth both personally and professionally and prioritizes a deep commitment to our patients, families, and team members. We promote transparency in performance, which we believe encourages collaboration and healthy competition among local leadership that in turn drives best practices. We believe this meritocratic culture, supported by highly seasoned industry veterans, helps optimize clinical and financial outcomes at facilities and instills accountability throughout the organization. This leadership mindset has empowered us to develop a deep bench of leaders capable of supporting our existing and future facilities.

We believe that we are an employer-of-choice in the post-acute care industry, which enables us to attract and retain highly motivated, entrepreneurial individuals who value operational independence and financial opportunity. This has enabled us to attract enterprising individuals from diverse backgrounds who may not have otherwise considered careers in skilled nursing. Our compensation model is designed to align local individual incentives with the long-term clinical quality and operational performance of the facility, which we believe fosters a shared ownership mentality. We believe this directly aligned incentive model has played a critical role in successfully attracting, incentivizing, and retaining our industry veterans.

Our technology focus delivers real-time data access to caregivers and administrators, facilitating delivery of the right care at the right time. Our technology tools enable our local leadership teams to focus on their first priority, providing the highest quality care possible to patients. We believe our suite of technologies helps drive decision-making and enhances operating efficiencies that can improve clinical quality, operational metrics, and the financial performance of our facilities. While other facility administrators may spend considerable time on paperwork and low-value activities, we strive to reduce the administrative burden on our facility administrators so they can walk the halls, personally meet patients, and provide a bespoke, concierge-level customer service experience. We equip our clinicians with industry-leading technology, including point-of-care and digital charting technologies, which streamlines charting and paperwork, so they can spend more time with patients and focus on providing high quality care. We believe our technology and internally developed dashboards help to facilitate better patient care, risk management, regulatory compliance, staffing, and resource allocation. We have designed our technology to be easily integrated into new facilities and enable us to scale quickly and efficiently.

Since founded, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of our disciplined, multi-faceted playbook of acquiring and improving underperforming facilities, having successfully acquired and integrated over 300 facilities to date. We believe we have established a reputation as an acquiror-of-choice, which has led to several inbound opportunities, and has helped us build an extensive opportunity pipeline. Our balanced approach to evaluation enables us to selectively pursue opportunities that meet our strategic priorities and criteria and grow in a responsible manner. Through our investment into facilities and our integration process, we are able to transition new underperforming facilities to higher-value short-term transitional care facilities. We believe our success is evidenced by our robust QM Star ratings, occupancy rates, and profitability at our Mature facilities.

We are committed to providing a high-quality experience for all of our patients, which is why we invest in capital improvements and ongoing maintenance to all of our facilities, regardless of whether we lease or own. Our investment into facilities is differentiated from traditional industry operators who we believe are often hesitant to make physical plant investments into facilities and who often seek to extract value through cost-cutting or other limitations on facility resources. Our renovations are intended to improve the look and feel of facilities in order to provide an excellent experience. Our investments into medical beds, vitals monitors, physical therapy equipment, and other improvements enables us to provide services to higher acuity patients. We believe our high-quality facilities lead to sustained referral volumes, more admissions, and high skilled mix at our facilities, ultimately leading to higher occupancy rates and revenue per patient day. We also believe our investment into leased facilities makes us a preferred tenant with our landlords and provides us leverage in negotiating favorable lease terms.

We believe our market density in key regions offers strategic advantages, such as brand recognition with referring providers, including hospitals and health systems, and consistency and continuity of referrals of patients. For example, our ability to accommodate a high volume of patients within our markets enables us to accept referrals without turning patients away to competitors, and can also further our reputation as a reliable, go-to provider of care for referring providers. We also believe our size and scale has provided us with the ability to negotiate favorable contracts with managed care and other payor sources, the ability to navigate stringent regulatory compliance obligations and withstand potential reimbursement and regulatory industry dynamics, and the ability to leverage real estate value for liquidity and growth.

We operate in the post-acute care industry, which is an essential component of the healthcare delivery ecosystem, serving high need, medically fragile patients. Post-acute care encompasses multiple care settings outside of acute care hospitals that are differentiated by the acuity level of patients and the services they require. While services may overlap across each distinct post-acute offering, post-acute rehab or SNFs provide the most comprehensive array of services.

Upstream care providers, such as acute care hospitals, generally discharge patients to post-acute facilities where patients can receive key services at lower costs. For example, according to MedPAC, SNFs cost an average of $550 per covered day compared to $2,914 for short-term acute care hospitals.

SNFs play an essential role in post-acute patient care. SNFs provide higher-acuity skilled nursing care to patients that cannot be adequately treated in community-based care settings, such as assisted living or independent living facilities, and who are no longer appropriate candidates for hospital care. Patients referred to a SNF are typically recovering from surgery or non-critical conditions, such as strokes, joint replacements, and acute infections, and are admitted to a SNF within 30 days of being discharged from a hospital where they spent at least three days as an inpatient. In many instances, patients are treated at SNFs prior to receiving home health nursing care and therapy services. The majority of SNF patients are aged 65 years or older. Despite the wide array of services and variety of needs addressed, MedPAC reports that SNFs are the lowest cost facility-based post-acute healthcare, costing on average $550 per covered day compared to $1,850 and $1,753 per covered day for inpatient rehabilitation facilities and long-term acute care hospitals, respectively. According to CMS MedPAC data, SNFs accounted for approximately 45% of the total post-acute care continuum spend. According to CMS Inpatient Hospital discharge data, in the first half of 2023, approximately 24% of Medicare patients over 65 years old were discharged to SNFs, representing more than any other facility type, including inpatient rehabilitation facilities and long-term acute care hospitals (approximately 6%), and more than home health nursing care (22%) or hospice (5%).

As reimbursement and coverage continues to shift toward value-based models with greater emphasis on controlling costs, SNFs are integral to post-acute care and can continue to drive high-quality outcomes in low-cost settings. Furthermore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, SNFs were widely utilized to treat medically fragile patients, reinforcing the importance of SNFs to the healthcare ecosystem.

The skilled nursing industry can be classified into two main sub verticals: A) long-term custodial care and B) short-term transitional care. Long-term custodial care predominantly focuses on lower acuity, Medicaid-eligible patients and provides institutional, custodial care services, including nonskilled, personal care services such as assistance with bathing, dressing, or eating. Short-term transitional care predominantly treats higher acuity, Medicare-eligible patients and primarily provides short-term inpatient-level skilled nursing care such as rehabilitation, physical therapy services, and intravenous injections.

According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 2020 National Post-acute and Long-term Care Study, the SNF industry in the United States encompasses approximately 15,000 facilities and serves approximately 1.3 million patients annually. The industry is highly fragmented, with the top 10 operators, each having greater than approximately 100 facilities, representing approximately 11% of total number of SNFs in the United States, according to CMS data as of September 2024, and approximately 5,000 smaller and independent operators of less than 100 facilities making up the remainder. According to such data, approximately 73% and 27% of SNFs are located in urban and rural areas, respectively. In addition, approximately 73%, 21%, and 6% of SNFs are operated as for-profit, non-profit, and by the government, respectively, according to such data. We believe this fragmented landscape creates opportunities for larger providers with greater scale to serve patients better and meet regulatory requirements nation-wide by effectively addressing staffing, quality standards, and billing processes. Moreover, many small and independent operators face pressure due to billing requirements, regulations, competition on quality of care and facilities, staffing shortages and competition, and the cessation of COVID-related provider relief funding, which has led them to pursue sales of their facilities or businesses. This provides additional opportunity for well-managed, high-quality operators to grow through acquisitions.

The demand for healthcare services in the United States has increased in recent years and is expected to continue growing, largely due to a rapidly aging population and an increasing prevalence of chronic conditions. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. population aged 65 and older is expected to nearly double from 2020 to 2060 and reach 95 million in 2060, which exceeds the expected increase in the general population during that same period, and comprise one fifth of the total U.S. population in 2030. Moreover, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. population aged 85 and older is expected to nearly triple from 2020 to 2060 and reach 19 million in 2060. Additionally, according to an article published in Frontiers in Public Health in 2022, the percentage of people in the United States aged 50 and older with at least one chronic condition is estimated to increase by 99.5% from 2020 to 2050. According to CDC data as of 2022, approximately 83% of SNF patients were 65 years of age or older.

As demand has increased for SNFs, the number of SNFs has declined in recent years from approximately 15,650 in 2017 to approximately 14,800 in 2024. We believe this is due to a variety of factors, including an inability of many facilities to comply with quality standards, rigorous staffing, and billing requirements, and a lack of technology and sophistication at small and independent operators. Furthermore, new operators face multiple barriers to entry, including the requirements to obtain a Certificate of Need, complex licensure requirements, lack of operating experience, and significant capital requirements. As a result, the addition of new SNFs has not kept pace with the number of SNFs exiting the market, amplifying the need for skilled nursing to serve an aging population.

According to CMS, approximately 72% of SNF revenue in 2022 was derived from government sources, including Medicaid and Medicare. Medicaid represents 51% of industry revenue, while Medicare represents approximately 21%. The remainder comprises managed care, private pay, and other payors. Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement has steadily increased over the past few years. Medicare reimbursement per patient day increased at a CAGR of approximately 3.6% from 2012 to 2021, while Medicaid reimbursement per patient day increased at a CAGR of approximately 1.9% from 2012 to 2021. During that time, the industry experienced over 9 years of growth in reimbursement rates.

The following charts depict the increase in Medicaid and Medicare Fee for Service reimbursement per patient day from 2015 through 2021 as reported by CMS.

The SNF industry is highly regulated with stringent regulatory compliance obligations. In the ordinary course of business, providers are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to, among other things, billing and reimbursement, relationships with vendors, business relationships with physicians and other healthcare providers and facilities, as well as licensure, accreditation, enrollment, quality, adequacy of care, physical plant, life safety, personnel, staffing and operating requirements. Changes in law or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations may have a significant impact on revenue, costs and business operations of providers and other industry participants. In addition, governmental and other authorities periodically inspect the SNFs, senior living facilities and outpatient rehabilitation agencies to verify continued compliance with applicable regulations and standards and may impose citations and other regulatory penalties for regulatory deficiencies. Such regulatory penalties include but are not limited to civil monetary penalties, temporary payment bans, suspension or revocation of a state operating license and loss of certification as a provider in the Medicare or Medicaid program, which may be temporary or permanent in nature. This regulatory environment and related enforcement can have an adverse effect on providers and other industry participants. See the section titled “Business—Regulatory Matters.”

Despite the decline in the number of SNFs, the industry is large and growing, with CMS expecting total industry expenditures to increase from $193.6 billion in 2022 to $283.3 billion in 2031, representing a CAGR of 4.3%. Based on the number of facilities as reported by CMS, we are one of the largest SNF operators in the United States and believe our scale and other competitive strengths uniquely position us to capitalize on the current underlying trends within the SNF industry and capture a growing portion of this expected growth.

We have built a multi-faceted growth strategy with multiple organic and inorganic levers to help drive our growth and capitalize on the favorable industry dynamics. To continue our growth, we intend to:

•Expand our presence in existing and new markets. We have a robust pipeline of potential single-facility tuck-in acquisitions, larger multi-facility portfolio acquisitions and select new facility builds across existing and new markets. We have historically completed an average of approximately 25 acquisitions and one de-novo, or new-build, facility per year, but have the flexibility to increase or decrease this cadence from period to period in line with our business priorities and as strategic opportunities arise. We plan to continue to strategically pursue opportunities within our pipeline to supplement our organic growth. While we expect to continue to execute on this strategy, we do not have binding agreements or commitments for any material investments at this time.

•Leverage operational upside within our existing footprint. Our portfolio has a healthy foundation for strong embedded organic growth. We are focused on driving higher occupancy and increasing skilled mix in an effort to fill unused capacity with higher acuity patients, which can improve our revenue per patient day and our profitability, which in turn drive growth. Historically, we have found that it takes up to 3 years for a New facility to scale to performance similar to that of a Mature facility. As of December 31, 2024, we had 126 New and 50 Ramping facilities, which we believe provides us some degree of near-term visibility into expected organic growth within our footprint.

•Continue to grow our pipeline of leaders. Our rapid growth in size and scale can be attributed to our deep bench of talented leaders. Our administrators in training provide us with leadership resources that we can use to quickly staff new facilities with qualified operators. Similarly, our RVPs enable us to scale within regions. We intend to invest heavily in training existing leaders and expanding our bench of new administrators and RVPs and to support our future growth.

•Extract embedded value from real estate ownership. We plan to continue to evaluate our real estate purchase options in an effort to reduce our rent burden and grow the underlying earnings of our business. We have executed 24 purchase options since 2013 and had 37 additional options available to us as of December 31, 2024. We intend to continue to selectively exercise purchase options and continue structuring additional purchase options to provide an additional lever to grow net margins and enhance stockholder value. Moreover, we believe that our real estate ownership provides balance sheet support as an inflationary hedge, provides capital flexibility as a source of asset collateral, reduces the burden of leases and restrictive agreements, and provides us opportunities to create additional value by improving distressed assets.

•Ancillary opportunities. We have identified and continue to evaluate multiple investment opportunities that have the potential to improve our post-acute patient experience by augmenting the services we provide. We may capitalize on these investment opportunities that are ancillary to our core business, such as pharmacy services, laboratory services, transportation, and imaging, which have the potential to be additional sources of revenue and operating income over time. We refer to these efforts to build a strategic mix of investments in ancillary business lines as “PACS Ventures.” We continue to evaluate opportunities to in-source, acquire, and commercialize these ancillary opportunities. Additionally, we may choose to monetize our PACS Services by offering it to third-party SNF operators in the future.

•Expand into other post-acute sites of care. We believe that our proven operational playbook and focus on delivering high-quality care have the potential to be utilized in additional post-acute sites of care, including home health and hospice as well as within broader senior living communities. As of December 31, 2024, we had one independent living facility and 26 assisted living facilities which provide a foundation for further expansion.

Our leading culture of collegiality and committed focus on quality is driven from the top with entrepreneurial, passionate leaders who are determined to deliver a superior experience for patients and staff. Our culture of transparency across our regions and facilities fosters an environment where best-practices are shared among regions which promotes healthy competitiveness and constant improvement across our facilities.

Our culture is centered on the following core values:

•Love. We recognize that love is the foundation for providing care to the vulnerable. We support our clients as they build a culture of loving care within and beyond their communities.

•Excellence. We look for and act on opportunities to improve every day.

•Trust. We act with integrity and expect the same of others.

•Accountability. We seek responsibility for our actions, attitudes, and mistakes.

•Mutual respect. We treat others the way they want to be treated.

•Commitment. We are committed to providing exemplary, compassionate care to our residents and patients, and finding joy and satisfaction in our work as a team.

As of December 31, 2024, we had 45,680 employees working across 314 post-acute care facilities in 17 states and at our corporate headquarters in Farmington, Utah. Of our 45,680 employees, 26,788 are clinicians, including approximately 3,620 RNs including DONs, approximately 6,905 LPNs, and approximately 16,263 CNAs. Approximately 18,892 of our employees work in non-clinical functions and administrative / support functions, including 22 RVPs, 227 facility administrators, 24 senior living executive directors, 221 clinical and compliance support, 99 information technology support, and approximately 18,299 additional administrative and support staff. We also employ a dedicated team specifically focused on ensuring smooth functioning and support for our point-of-care including the clinical and compliance support, information technology support above. Additionally, 5,718 of our employees were represented by unions under collective bargaining agreements as of December 31, 2024.

Our senior management team boasts extensive experience, totaling an average of over 11.6 years with us and 18.0 years within the SNF industry as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, our RVPs had a combined average of 5.9 years of experience with the Company, our administrators an average of 2.4 years and our Directors of Nursing an average of 2.6 years.

The post-acute care industry is highly competitive and fragmented and we compete with numerous local and regional providers, in addition to large national providers that have achieved geographic diversity and economies of scale. We expect that the industry will become increasingly competitive in the future. Our independently operated facilities also compete with inpatient rehabilitation facilities and long-term acute care hospitals. Increasingly, we are competing with home health and community-based providers who have developed programs designed to provide services to seniors outside a facility-based setting, potentially decreasing the time they need the higher level of care provided in a SNF. Competitiveness may vary significantly from location to location, depending upon factors such as the number of competing facilities, availability of services, expertise of staff, and the physical appearance and amenities of each location. We believe that the primary competitive factors in the post-acute care industry are:

•ability to attract and to retain qualified management and clinicians;

•reputation and achievements of quality healthcare outcomes;

•attractiveness and location of facilities;

•ability to charge competitive prices;

•the expertise and commitment of the management team and employees; and

•community value, including amenities and ancillary services.

We seek to compete effectively in each market by establishing a reputation within the local community as a preferred provider of post-acute care services. This means that the facility administrators are generally free to discern and address the unique needs and priorities of referring providers, patients, payors and other stakeholders in the local community or market, and then create a superior service offering and reputation for that particular community or market that is calculated to encourage prospective patients and referral sources to choose or recommend the facility.

Increased competition could limit our ability to attract and retain patients, qualified management and caregivers, maintain or increase rates or to expand our business. Some of our competitors have greater financial and other resources than we have, may have greater brand recognition and may be more established in their respective communities than we are. Competing companies may also offer lower costs, newer facilities or different programs or services than we offer, and may therefore attract individuals who are currently patients of our facilities, potential patients of our facilities, or who are otherwise receiving our healthcare services. Other competitors may have lower expenses or other competitive advantages than us and, therefore, provide services at lower prices than we offer.

Healthcare is an area of extensive and frequent regulatory change. Changes in the law or new interpretations of existing laws may have a significant impact on revenue, costs and business operations. Our independent operating facilities that provide healthcare services are subject to federal, state and local laws relating to, among other things, licensure, accreditation, enrollment, quality, adequacy of care, physical plant, life safety, personnel, staffing and operating requirements. In addition, these facilities are subject to federal and state laws that govern billing and reimbursement, relationships with vendors, business relationships with physicians and other healthcare providers and facilities, and workplace protection for healthcare staff.

Governmental and other authorities periodically inspect the SNFs, senior living facilities and outpatient rehabilitation agencies to verify continued compliance with applicable regulations and standards. The operations must pass these inspections to remain licensed under state laws and to comply with Medicare and Medicaid provider agreements. The operations can only participate in these third-party payment programs if inspections by regulatory authorities reveal that the operations are in substantial compliance with applicable state and federal requirements. In the ordinary course of business, federal or state regulatory authorities may issue notices to the operations alleging deficiencies in certain regulatory practices. These statements of deficiency may require corrective action to regain and maintain compliance. In some cases, federal or state regulators may impose other remedies including imposition of civil monetary penalties, temporary payment bans, loss of certification as a provider in the Medicare or Medicaid program, or suspension or revocation of a state operating license.

The regulatory environment surrounding the healthcare industry subjects providers to significant scrutiny. In the ordinary course of business, we and other providers are subject to inquiries, investigations and audits by federal and state agencies related to compliance with participation and payment rules under government payment programs. These inquiries may originate from the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of the Inspector General (OIG), the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), state Medicaid agencies, state Attorney Generals, local and state ombudsman offices and CMS Recovery Audit Contractors, among other agencies. In response to the inquiries, investigations and audits, federal and state agencies may impose citations for regulatory deficiencies and other regulatory penalties, including demands for refund of overpayments, expanded civil monetary penalties that extend over long periods of time and date back to incidents prior to surveyor visits, Medicare and Medicaid payment bans and terminations from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, which may be temporary or permanent in nature. We vigorously contest each such regulatory outcome when appropriate; however, there are significant legal and other expenses involved that consume our financial and personnel resources.

As discussed in more detail in Part I. Item 3 “Legal Proceedings,” we have received two Civil Investigative Demands from the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and one from the U.S. Attorney’s Office requesting information and documentation relating to investigations to determine if we have violated the Federal False Claims Act by improperly inducing patient referrals or by submitting false claims to Medicare. We have also received a subpoena from the DOJ Criminal Division per the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) relating to an investigation into possible violations of various sections of 18 U.S.C. that prohibit the making of fraudulent or false statements to any branch of the government of the United States, and a subpoena from the Respiratory Care Board of California (the “RCB”) relating to an investigation to determine if a Respiratory Care Practitioner (“RCP”) fraudulently documented providing respiratory treatments to two patients at one of our facilities. While we are cooperating with each of these investigations, we cannot predict their outcome and there are significant legal and other expenses involved that consume financial and personnel resources. Expansion of enforcement activity could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Medicare and Medicaid represent our largest sources of revenue and accounted for 33.8% and 40.4% of our routine revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively. The federal government and state governments continue to focus on efforts to curb spending on healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. The Medicare program and state Medicaid programs and their reimbursement rates and rules are subject to frequent change. These include statutory and regulatory changes, rate adjustments (including retroactive adjustments), administrative or executive orders and government funding restrictions, all of which may materially adversely affect the rates at which Medicare and state Medicaid programs reimburse us for our services. Budget pressures often lead the federal government to reduce or place limits on reimbursement rates under Medicare and Medicaid. We cannot predict the extent to which such proposals will be adopted or, if adopted and implemented, what effect, if any, such proposals and legislation will have on us.

Historically, adjustments to reimbursement under Medicare and Medicaid programs, due to such changes or government actions, have had a significant effect on our revenue.

Medicaid - In March of 2020, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA) provided a 6.2% increase to the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) during the PHE. In addition to this funding increase, the FFCRA imposed conditions restricting the disenrollment and standards for re-enrolling Medicaid beneficiaries to promote continuous care of beneficiaries during the PHE. The bipartisan omnibus spending plan passed by Congress and signed into law by the President on December 29, 2022, amended these Medicaid enrollment protections and increased FMAP funding provided in the FFCRA. The FMAP increase CMS provided to states was subject to reductions in 2023. The ultimate amount of funding from each state varied substantially based on that states’ policies.

Medicare Annual Payment Rule and Updates - The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 required the implementation of a per diem prospective payment system (PPS) for SNFs covering all costs related to the provision of services to Medicare Part A beneficiaries. The SNF PPS payment rates are adjusted for case mix and geographic variation in wages and cover all costs of furnishing covered SNF services (routine, ancillary, and capital-related costs). CMS is required to calculate an annual Medicare market-basket update to the payment rates, which is an inflation measure of SNF input prices. On July 31, 2024, CMS issued a final rule for Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 that updated Medicare payment rates for skilled nursing facilities under the SNF PPS. For FY 2025, SNF PPS rates under Medicare Part A increased by 4.2%. This estimate reflects a 3.0% SNF market basket increase plus a 1.7 percentage point forecast error adjustment and a negative 0.5 percentage point productivity adjustment. The FY 2025 final rule also included significant enhancements to CMS’ enforcement capabilities within nursing homes, aiming to reinforce the safety and quality of care. The final rule broadened CMS’s ability to levy financial penalties as a means to ensure sustained remediation of health and safety infractions. The final rule eliminated certain restrictions on the imposition of per instance (PI) civil monetary penalties (CMPs) and per day (PD) CMPs, allowing for more flexible imposition of both PD and PI penalties within statutory dollar amounts. In addition, the revisions enabled the imposition of CMPs for any noncompliance that was previously cited in the past three standard surveys for which no CMP was yet imposed. These changes are intended to provide CMS with enhanced tools to address violations more effectively and reflect the severity of the impact on residents’ health and safety. The expanded enforcement policies became effective on October 1, 2024, and operationalized beginning March 3, 2025. On July 31, 2025, CMS issued the final rule for FY 2026, which updates SNF PPS rates by 3.2% based on the final SNF market basket of 3.3%, plus a 0.6% market basket forecast error adjustment, and a negative 0.7% productivity adjustment. This increase does not include the SNF Value-Based Purchasing (VBP) Program reductions for certain SNFs subject to the net reduction in payments under the SNF VBP. In addition to updating payment rates, the FY 2026 SNF PPS Final Rule also included updates to ICD-10 code mapping, the VBP program, and quality reporting program.

Patient-Driven Payment Model (PDPM) - The PDPM, a case-mix classification model used in the SNF PPS for classifying SNF patients in a stay covered under Medicare Part A, became effective October 1, 2019. PDPM classifies patients into payment groups based on the patient’s condition (clinically relevant factors) and resulting care needs, rather than on the volume of services provided, to determine Medicare reimbursement. PDPM utilizes five case-mix adjusted payment components: physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech language pathology, nursing and social services and non-therapy ancillary services. It also uses a sixth non-case mix component to cover utilization of SNFs’ resources that do not vary depending on resident characteristics. In the FY 2026 SNF PPS Final Rule, CMS finalized several changes to the PDPM ICD-10 code mappings to allow providers to provide more accurate, consistent, and appropriate primary diagnoses that meet the criteria for skilled intervention during a Part A SNF stay. These updates are intended to improve coding accuracy and better reflect patients’ primary diagnoses during SNF stays, potentially impacting reimbursement levels and case-mix classifications for the skilled nursing facilities operated by our independent subsidiaries.

Skilled Nursing Facility Value-Based Purchasing (SNF VBP) Program - All SNFs that receive reimbursement under the SNF PPS are also subject to the SNF Value Based Purchasing (VBP) Program. CMS withholds 2% of SNFs’ Medicare FFS Part A payments to fund the SNF VBP Program, and CMS is then required to redistribute 50-70% of this amount to SNFs as incentive payments based on their performance in the SNF VBP Program. For the FY 2025 Program year, performance in the SNF VBP Program is based on a single measure of all-cause hospital readmissions. Beginning in the FY 2026 program year, the measures will be expanded to also include (1) Skilled Nursing Facility Healthcare Associated Infections Requiring Hospitalization (SNF HAI), (2) Total Nursing Hours per Resident Day Staffing (Total Nurse Staffing), and (3) Total Nursing Staffing Turnover. Beginning in the FY 2027 program year, the measures will be further expanded to include Discharge to Community—Post-Acute Care Measure for Skilled Nursing Facilities (DTC PAC SNF), (2) Percent of Residents Experiencing One or More Falls with Major Injury, (3) Discharge Function Score for SNFs, and (4) Number of Hospitalizations per 1,000 Long Stay Residents Days. In FY 2028, the measures will be expanded to include Skilled Nursing Facility Within-Stay Potentially Preventable Readmission.

The FY 2025 SNF PPS final rule also adopted several operational and administrative updates to the SNF VBP Program, including a policy to select, retain and remove measurements to ensure the VBP Program’s evaluation metrics remain relevant and effective for assessing care quality, as well as policies for updating technical measures and policies for reviewing and correcting data CMS relies upon to calculate its measures. In the FY 2026 SNF PPS Final Rule, CMS finalized a series of operational and administrative proposals for the SNF VBP Program. Operationally, this includes establishing performance standards for fiscal years 2028 and 2029, applying the scoring methodology for the SNF Within-Stay Potentially Preventable Readmission measure, and removing the VBP program’s health equity adjustment from the scoring methodology. Administrative updates include the adoption of a new reconsideration process for the review and correction of disputes, as well as technical updates to the program’s regulation text.

Skilled Nursing Facility – Quality Reporting Program (SNF QRP) - The Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation Act of 2014 (IMPACT Act) created data reporting requirements for certain Post-Acute-Care (PAC) providers. The IMPACT Act requires that each SNF submit its quality data and standardized patient assessment data elements in connection with the Quality Reporting Program (QRP). If a SNF does not submit required quality data, the SNF’s annual payment update rates are reduced by 2.0% for each noncompliant fiscal year. Beginning in FY 2027, CMS will require participation in a process to validate data submitted under the SNF QRP. In the FY 2026 SNF PPS Final Rule, CMS finalized its proposal to update the process for a SNF to request reconsideration of an initial determination of non-compliance with the SNF QRP reporting requirements, and will allow SNFs to request an extension to the deadline to file a request for reconsideration, and expands the bases on which CMS can grant a reconsideration request. CMS also summarized comments on future measure concepts for the SNF QRP, potential revisions to the data submission deadlines for assessment data collected for the SNF QRP from 4.5 months after the end of each quarter to 45 days after the end of each quarter, and advancing digital quality measurement in SNFs.

2025 Home Health and Hospice Payment Rules Affecting SNFs ‐ CMS’s final payment rules for other modalities of care delivery also affect the operations of SNFs. For example, the 2025 Home Health PPS final rule requires long‐term care facilities, including SNFs, to make at least weekly reports to CMS regarding respiratory illnesses, including facility census, resident vaccination status for specified respiratory illnesses, confirmed resident cases and residents hospitalized from such illnesses.

Sequestration of Medicare Rates - The Budget Control Act of 2011 requires a mandatory, across the board reduction in federal spending, called a sequestration. Medicare FFS claims with dates of service or dates of discharge on or after April 1, 2013 incur a 2.0% reduction in Medicare payments. Due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, the sequestrations will remain in effect through 2032, with the exception of a temporary suspension from May 1, 2020 through March 31, 2022.

Medicare Part B Requirements - Some of our revenue is paid by the Medicare Part B program under a fee schedule. Medicare Part B provides reimbursement for certain physician services, limited drug coverage, and other outpatient services outside of a Medicare Part A covered patient stay. Although certain therapy services were historically subject to a payment cap, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (BBA) repealed those caps while retaining and adding additional limitations to ensure appropriate therapy services. The BBA also establishes coding modifier requirements and retains the targeted medical review process established under the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) at a threshold amount of $3,000. The Current Year (CY) 2025 Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) Final Rule reduced the conversion factor (i.e., the number by which CMS determine all current procedural terminology code payments) by 2.83% from the CY 2024 conversion factor. This changed lowered the overall payment rate under the PFS by 2.93% in CY 2024 compared to CY 2023. On July 14, 2025, CMS issued the CY 2026 PFS Proposed Rule, which contains updates to payment methods and models, encourages care coordination, reduces collection and reporting of data measurements, and continues certain telehealth flexibilities that began during the COVID-19 pandemic. Beginning in CY 2026, there will be two separate conversion factors for qualifying alternative payment model (APM) participants (QPs) and one for physicians and practitioners who are not QPs. CMS proposes an APM conversion factor of 0.75% for QPs and 0.25% for non-QPs, with a one-year statutory 2.5% increase for 2026. The proposed APM conversion factors represents a projected increase of 3.8% for QPs from the current conversion factor, and a projected increase of 3.3% for non-QPs from the 2025 level.

Programs of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) provides medical and social services to elderly individuals who qualify for nursing home care but, at the time of enrollment, can still live safely in the community. CMS conducts a comprehensive annual review of the PACE organization's operation of the PACE program during a 3-year trial period to assure compliance with all significant requirements.

For example, each PACE organization must establish an interdisciplinary team that, among other responsibilities, comprehensively assesses the individual needs of each participant and assigns each participant to an interdisciplinary team. On April 12, 2023, CMS published updates to the PACE program, including to the determination of a contract year and the types of contracted services. In addition, effective January 1, 2025, PACE organizations must comply with new prescription drug event (PDE) reporting requirements to receive manufacturer discounts for drugs provided through Medicare Part D as provided for in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA).

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - In recent years, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the U.S. healthcare system, many of which are intended to contain or reduce healthcare costs. For example, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) affects how healthcare services are covered, delivered and reimbursed, and it expanded health insurance coverage through a combination of public program expansion and private sector health insurance reforms. Several of the reforms are very significant and could ultimately change the nature of our services, the methods of payment for our services and the underlying regulatory environment. These reforms include modifications to the conditions of qualification for payment, bundling of payments to cover both acute and post-acute care and the imposition of enrollment limitations on new providers. Since its enactment, there have been judicial, executive and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA and, on June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the most recent judicial challenge to the ACA brought by several states without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA.

In August of 2022, Congress passed and the Biden Administration signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA), which continued and expanded certain provisions of the ACA. Among other things, the IRA extended premium subsidies in the form of advanced premium tax credits paid by the federal government through the end of 2025, resulting in subsidies being available to offset or reduce the costs of private health insurance policies for older persons on fixed incomes or with limited savings. This may aid older patients in obtaining or keeping their health insurance in order to pay for long-term care services. However, if Congress does not take action, the enhanced subsidies will expire at the end of 2025, and insurance coverage could become unaffordable for certain individuals. Other healthcare-related provisions of the IRA include phased-in provisions for Medicare to negotiate the prices of certain prescription drugs, limiting the out-of-pocket cost of prescribed drugs to Medicare Part D recipients to $2,000 per year (in addition to a monthly cap on out-of-pocket prescription drug expenses) and limiting the monthly cost of insulin to $35.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act – The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), which was enacted in July 2025, imposes significant reductions in the funding of the Medicaid program. The law requires states to establish work requirements and conduct more frequent participant eligibility redeterminations, among other modifications. Although the full impact of the OBBBA is uncertain at this time, these changes are expected to reduce enrollment in state Medicaid programs. The timing and magnitude of the reductions may vary by state depending on how quickly states implement the changes, how states may adapt their future tax and Medicaid funding policies in response, as well as other macroeconomic factors. The law also limits payments to Medicaid providers to 100% of the mandated Medicare rate for expansion states and 110%of the Medicare rate for non-expansion states. The following provisions of the OBBBA are expected to impact particularly impact Medicaid reimbursement mechanisms and enrollment dynamics relevant to our business.

Many states use financial arrangements referred to as provider taxes, which are state taxes assessed on healthcare providers or facilities, to generate funds to help pay for the non‐federal share of Medicaid costs, including payments to SNFs. Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), provider taxes were capped at 6% of a provider's net patient revenue. Existing federal law prohibits state Medicaid programs from guaranteeing providers that they will receive their provider taxes paid back ‐ this is known as the hold harmless provision. The OBBBA prohibits states from imposing new provider taxes or increasing existing provider tax rates or tax bases, except for nursing facilities and intermediate care facilities. The OBBBA reduces the hold harmless threshold in expansion states beginning in fiscal year 2028. This threshold will decrease by 0.5% per year in ACA expansion states until the safe harbor limit is 3.5% in fiscal year 2032. While SNFs are exempt from the moratorium, broader limitations on provider taxes could reduce overall state Medicaid financing flexibility, increasing the risk of lower SNF reimbursement rates.

Beginning in the first quarter of 2027, the OBBBA dictates that states must conduct Medicaid eligibility redeterminations every six months, rather than annually, for individuals enrolled under Medicaid. Additionally, the OBBBA includes a provision to reduce Medicaid retroactive eligibility from 90 days to 30 days for most enrollees, but allows for 60 days for long‐term care residents and traditional Medicaid enrollees. We believe that delays in confirming eligibility or coverage under these provisions can create the conditions for coverage interruptions, potential delays or denied payments.

Prior to the OBBBA’s passage, state Medicaid programs could require Medicaid managed care organizations (MCOs) to pay providers certain rates, make uniform rate increases, or to use certain payment methods. These state‐mandated payments by MCOs were known as SDPs, the upper limits for which generally were higher than the highest Medicare payment rate for those services, which is used in calculating Medicaid fee‐for‐service supplemental payments. The OBBBA limits total payments under existing CMS‐approved SDPs to current levels and caps future SDPs based on whether the state has expanded its Medicaid program under the ACA. SDPs approved prior to the OBBBA’s implementation are grandfathered by the OBBBA, although those grandfathered payments are reduced by 10% per year starting on January 1, 2028, until those SDPs reach the allowable Medicare‐related payment limit. For Medicaid expansion states, new SDPs may not exceed 100% of the Medicare equivalent payment rate; for non‐expansion states, the cap is 110%. In the absence of published Medicare payment rates, the OBBBA limits SDPs to the Medicaid fee‐for‐service payment rate.

The OBBBA establishes a limit of $1.0 million for home equity that can be exempted from calculating an individual’s eligibility for Medicaid in seeking long‐term care beginning January 1, 2028. This threshold is not indexed to inflation. States may, however, apply different home equity limits for primary residences that are located on farms.

Beginning in fiscal year 2030, the OBBBA requires HHS to reduce federal financial contributions to Medicaid programs in states that identified improper payments to ineligible individuals or overpayments to eligible individuals. The OBBBA expanded the scope of these improper payments to include payments where insufficient information is available to confirm the recipient’s eligibility for payment.

The OBBBA allows states to obtain waivers from CMS so that Medicaid can be used to pay for HCBS rendered to beneficiaries who do not require an institutional level of care found in a SNF. The OBBBA requires these waiver applications to include a demonstration that the state’s waiver will not increase the average amount of time that beneficiaries who need institutional levels of care will have to wait for services, intending to avoid HCBS being used in lieu of adequate SNF access for Medicaid beneficiaries requiring institutional care.

It is uncertain at this point how the overall budgets of states will be impacted by the OBBBA due to reduced federal Medicaid contributions. However, one potential risk to our revenue is due to the fact that the states will simply have less money in general. Therefore, we anticipate states being forced to make difficult decisions in the future about where those funds are directed. We will continue to monitor any such developments and advocate accordingly at the federal, state and local levels.

Program Integrity Rules – In June 2025, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) finalized the Marketplace Program Integrity and Affordability Rule. The rule, among other changes, shortens the open enrollment period starting in 2027, eliminates the special enrollment period for people with incomes at or below 150% federal poverty level, and tightens eligibility verification requirements for all enrollees. HHS expects the regulation to reduce Marketplace enrollment in 2026 predominantly in states that did not expand Medicaid. Its long term impacts are uncertain as many of the provisions sunset at the end of 2026 and some do not apply to state-based Marketplaces.

Five-Star Quality Reporting Metrics - CMS created the Five-Star Quality Rating System, which assigns each a nursing home a rating between one and five stars, as a resource to assist consumers with comparing nursing homes. Each nursing home receives an overall rating, as well as separate ratings for health inspections, staffing and quality measures. In part due to the competitive nature of the system, achieving a four- or five-star ranking can be challenging. The results of the Five-Star Quality Rating System are published on CMS’s public website, Care Compare. CMS also displays a consumer alert icon next to nursing homes that have been cited for incidents of abuse, neglect, or exploitation, which is updated monthly with CMS’s refresh of survey inspection results on that website. In June 2025, CMS announced changes to Nursing Home Care Compare and the Five Star Quality Rating system. Starting July 30, 2025, CMS will publish aggregated five-star performance metrics for nursing home chains to increase transparency of nursing homes’ ownership and control for consumers. In addition, CMS shifted the methodology for calculating the health inspection rating from including the third most recent standard health survey to including only the two most recent surveys. Effective October 29, 2025, CMS will update the long-stay antipsychotic measure to incorporate Medicare and Medicaid claims and Medicare Advantage encounter data, which CMS expects will increase national antipsychotic rates from approximately 14.64% to 17.98%. We expect that these changes will result in varying changes to individual facilities’ ratings. In connection with improvements to its data infrastructure, CMS temporarily paused monthly updates to the Nursing Home Care Compare Five Star Rating System as of July 30, 2025.

Although CMS started to update certain limited information as of September 24, 2025, all other information available on the Care Compare website will remain static until data refreshes resume, which was anticipated to occur in October 2025, but is delayed in light of the government shutdown.

Proposed and Enacted Federal and State Legislation - The U.S. Congress has introduced various bills intended to improve quality of care and oversight in nursing homes. For example, on August 10, 2021, the Nursing Home Improvement and Accountability Act of 2021 was introduced in the U.S. Senate and proposed to reduce SNF payments for inaccurate submission of certain data, provide federal funding to carry out SNF data validation and ensure accuracy of cost report information, and mandate staffing requirements for SNFs. Although this bill was not approved by Congress, similar proposed legislation may be introduced in the future.

In addition to proposed legislation at the federal level, state legislatures have introduced and enacted legislation to address quality of care and oversight in nursing homes. For example, California enacted the Skilled Nursing Facility Ownership and Management Reform Act of 2022, which took effect on July 1, 2023, increasing the oversight authority of the California Department of Public Health and changing several provisions regarding SNF licensing. We expect for states to continue to introduce and pass legislation that increases the regulation of SNFs.

Quality of Care Initiatives - on April 22, 2024, CMS issued a final rule that creates minimum staffing standards for skilled nursing facilities and nursing facilities and requirements for states to report the percent of Medicaid payments spent on compensation to direct care workers and support staff at each nursing facility and each intermediate care facility for individuals with intellectual disabilities. For further discussion, see the section titled “CMS Minimum Staffing Standards and Final Rule.” Although there has been a trend in recent years of administrative, regulatory, and legislative efforts at the federal and state level to monitor and regulate LTC facilities, we are not able to predict whether the current administration will prioritize regulation applicable to LTCs.

CMS Ownership Transparency Final Rule - CMS’ final rule published in November 2023 requires SNFs to publicly disclose certain additional information regarding their ownership and managerial relationships, including the identity of any person or legal entity that: (1) exercises financial, operational, or managerial control over a facility or part of a facility, or provides policies and procedures or financial or cash management services to a facility; (2) leases or subleases real property to the facility, or owns 5% or more of the real property’s total value; and (3) provides any management or administrative services (or consults regarding the same), or provides accounting or financial services to SNFs. The rule also expands ownership and control interest disclosures to include information about each member of the facilities governing body, individuals or entities serving as officers, directors, members, partners or managing employees, and a comprehensive breakdown of the organizational structure of any additional disclosable party that is not a natural person along with a description of their relationships with the facility. In addition to the federal requirements, certain states have also adopted laws requiring disclosure of ownership information and other financial and ownership transparency requirements for SNFs.

CMS Minimum Staffing Standards Final Rule - On April 22, 2024, CMS issued a final rule establishing new federal minimum staffing standards for skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) (Staffing Rule). The Staffing Rule provides for a staggered implementation for these staffing requirements over a three-year period for non-rural facilities, with longer implementation timeframe for rural facilities. The Staffing Rule has been met with significant opposition and legislation to halt its implementation. For example, on April 7, 2025, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas issued a ruling vacating portions of the Staffing Rule on the basis that CMS exceed its statutory authority in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act. On July 4, 2025, the OBBBA was signed into law, which prohibits HHS from implementing, administering, or enforcing the Staffing Rule until October 1, 2034. Although implementation of the Staffing Rule has been delayed under the OBBBA, future Presidential Administrations and HHS and CMS, under new leadership, could impose more stringent requirements for staffing.

Medicare and Medicaid Enrollment and Participation Requirements - Healthcare providers, including SNFs and other LTC facilities, must comply with certain requirements in order to participate in the Medicare and Medicaid Programs. Examples include requirements related to resident rights, admission, transfer and discharge, resident assessments, care planning, availability of certain services, administration and governance, emergency preparedness, quality assurance and performance improvement programs, infection control, compliance and ethics programs, physical environment, and training requirements. Compliance with these requirements can be burdensome and costly.

One such requirement of participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs involves limitations around the use of pre-dispute, binding arbitration agreements by LTC facilities.

CMS has issued guidance and direction around arbitration, to include: the facility must not require signing of an arbitration agreement as a condition of admission or a requirement to continue to receive care at the facility, and the agreement must expressly contain language to this effect; the facility must inform the resident or the resident's representative of the right not to sign the agreement; the facility must confirm that the agreement is explained in a manner that can be understood and that the resident or their representative acknowledges their understanding of the agreement; the agreement must provide for the right to rescind the agreement within 30 calendar days of signing; and the agreement may not contain language that prohibits or discourages communications with federal, state, or local officials, including federal and state surveyors, other federal or state health department employees, and representatives of the Office of the State Long-Term Care Ombudsperson. Congress has routinely introduced, but not passed, legislation addressing the issue of arbitration agreements used by LTC facilities. While legislative action is possible in the future, federal regulations and state/federal laws remain our primary source of authority over the use of pre-dispute binding arbitration agreements.

The requirements of participation serve as the basis for survey activities for the purpose of determining whether a facility meets the requirements for participation in Medicare and Medicaid. CMS has updated its guidance for surveyors and state agencies in order to, among other things, enhance responses to resident complaints and reported incidents. The guidance focuses on the following topics: (1) resident abuse and neglect (including reporting of abuse); (2) admission, transfer and discharge; (3) mental health and substance abuse disorders; (4) nurse staffing and reporting of payroll to evaluate staffing sufficiency; (5) residents’ rights (including visitation); (6) potential inaccurate diagnoses or assessments; (7) prescription and use of pharmaceuticals, including psychotropics and drugs that act like psychotropics; (8) infection prevention and control; (9) arbitration of disputes between facilities and residents; (10) psychosocial outcomes and related severity; and (11) the timeliness and completion of state investigations to improve consistency in the application of standards among various states. In 2022, CMS published the survey resources CMS and state surveyors would be using to evaluate LTC facilities' compliance with vaccination and reporting requirements. These updates provided more information for state surveyors to utilize when evaluating LTC facilities’ compliance with the Medicare Requirements of Participation, as well as included guidance for facilities on operationalizing compliance with these requirements based on how surveyors would measure and evaluate facility performance. CMS has also made significant software enhancement, including those used to measure and evaluate LTC facility compliance with the Medicare Requirements of Participation.

United States Supreme Court Decisions ‐ On June 28, 2024, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, deciding to vacate and remand decisions by the United States Courts of Appeals that relied on the Supreme Court’s own 1984 precedent in Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., which sometimes required courts to defer to “permissible” agency interpretations of the statutes those agencies administered and enforced‐a legal doctrine known as the “Chevron doctrine.”

The Supreme Court’s Loper decision found that the Chevron doctrine is incompatible with the federal Administrative Procedure Act’s requirement for courts to exercise their independent judgment in deciding whether a federal agency has acted within its statutory authority. It further held that courts may not defer to an agency interpretation of a statute merely because the statute is ambiguous, as it is the responsibility of the court, rather than an agency that administers or acts under a statute, to discern the statute’s meaning. The Supreme Court reasoned that allowing agencies to interpret the laws they enforce or act under, rather than reserving that activity for the courts, was an impermissible delegation of an activity reserved to the courts. The Loper decision likely will have significant and lasting consequences for the promulgation and enforcement of federal regulations by HHS and CMS, and may bear on the depth and detail of future legislation that is passed and enacted as statutes by Congress so that such laws can be enforced without administrative rulemaking or agency enforcement mechanisms.

Our facilities and healthcare professionals are subject to various federal, state, and local licensure and certification requirements in connection with our provision of healthcare services. Certain states in which we operate have certificate of need or similar programs regulating the establishment or expansion of healthcare facilities. The initial and continued licensure of our facilities and certification to participate in government healthcare programs depends upon many factors including various state licensure regulations relating to quality of care, environment of care, equipment, services, minimum staffing requirements, staff training, administrators, personnel, and the existence of adequate policies, procedures, and controls. In addition to facility licensure requirements, states also impose licensing requirements on the healthcare professionals who provide services at our facilities. States may impose restrictions on, or revoke, licenses of healthcare providers for, among other things, improper clinical conduct and delegation of such services, patient mistreatment, ethical violations and substance abuse, or aiding and abetting the unlicensed practice of medicine.

Federal, state, and local agencies survey our facilities on a regular basis to determine whether the facilities are in compliance with regulatory operating and health standards and conditions for participating in government healthcare programs. Unannounced surveys or inspections generally occur at least annually and may also follow a government agency's receipt of a complaint about a facility. Facilities must pass these inspections to maintain licensure under state law, to obtain or maintain certification under the Medicare and Medicaid programs, to continue participation in the Veterans Administration program at some facilities, and to comply with provider contracts with managed care clients at many facilities. From time to time, our facilities, like others in the healthcare industry, may receive notices from federal and state regulatory agencies of an alleged failure to substantially comply with applicable standards, rules or regulations. These notices may require corrective action, may impose civil monetary penalties for noncompliance, and may threaten or impose other operating restrictions on SNFs such as admission holds, provisional skilled nursing license, or increased staffing requirements. If our independent operating subsidiaries fail to comply with these directives or otherwise fail to comply substantially with licensure and certification laws, rules and regulations, the facility could lose its certification as a Medicare or Medicaid provider, or lose its license permitting operation in the State.

In addition, CMS has increased its focus on facilities with a history of serious or sustained quality of care problems through the special focus facility (SFF) initiative. SFFs receive heightened scrutiny and more frequent regulatory surveys. Failure to improve the quality of care can result in fines and termination from participation in Medicare and Medicaid. A facility “graduates” from the program once it demonstrates significant improvements in quality of care that are continued over a defined period of time. On October 21, 2022, CMS issued a Memorandum announcing updates to the oversight of those facilities that fall under the SFF Program. These measures included increasing penalties for SFFs that fail to improve their performance upon further inspection by CMS, increasing the standards SFFs must meet to graduate from the SFF program, maintaining heightened oversight of any SFF for a period of three years after it graduates and increasing the technical assistance CMS provides to SFFs. In June 2024, the OIG added the SFF program to its work plan to evaluate implementation of the SFF Program, including the October 2022 updates to the program.

CMS has undertaken several initiatives to increase or intensify Medicaid and Medicare survey and enforcement activities, including federal oversight of state actions. CMS is taking steps to focus more survey and enforcement efforts on facilities with findings of substandard care or repeat violations of Medicaid and Medicare standards and to identify multi-facility providers with patterns of noncompliance. CMS is also increasing its oversight of state survey agencies and requiring state agencies to use enforcement sanctions and remedies more promptly when substandard care or repeat violations are identified, to investigate complaints more promptly, and to survey facilities more consistently.

The U.S. healthcare industry is heavily regulated by federal, state and local governments. We are subject to federal and state laws that regulate our relationships with physicians and other healthcare providers, the manner in which our facilities provide and bill for services and collect reimbursement from governmental programs and private payors, our marketing activities, and other aspects of our operations.

The federal Anti-Kickback statute (AKS) prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. The AKS includes statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors that protect certain arrangements. Failure to meet the requirements of the safe harbor, however, does not render an arrangement illegal. Rather, the government may evaluate such arrangements on a case-by-case basis, taking into account all facts and circumstances, including the parties’ intent and the arrangement’s potential for abuse, and may be subject to greater scrutiny by enforcement agencies.

Additionally, the federal physician self-referral law (Stark Law) prohibits a physician from referring a Medicare or Medicaid patient for a “designated health service” to an entity with which the physician or an immediate family member has a financial relationship, unless an exception applies. Designated health services include inpatient and outpatient hospital services, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech language pathology services, durable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics and supplies, diagnostic imaging, and enteral and parenteral feeding and supplies and home health services. Under the Stark Law, a “financial relationship” is defined as an ownership or investment interest or a compensation arrangement. If such a financial relationship exists and does not meet a Stark Law exception, the entity is prohibited from submitting or claiming payment under the Medicare or Medicaid programs or from collecting from the patient or other payor.

The federal False Claims Act (FCA) prohibits a person from knowingly presenting, or caused to be presented, a false or fraudulent request for payment from the federal government, or from making a false statement or using a false record to have a claim approved. The FCA further provides that a lawsuit thereunder may be initiated in the name of the government by an individual referred to as a “whistleblower.” Moreover, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a violation of the AKS or the Stark Law constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil FCA. Penalties for a violation of the FCA include fines for each false claim, plus up to three times the amount of damages caused by each false claim.

Further, the Civil Monetary Penalties Statute authorizes the imposition of civil monetary penalties, assessments and exclusion against an individual or entity based on a variety of prohibited conduct, including, but not limited to offering remuneration to a federal healthcare program beneficiary that the individual or entity knows or should know is likely to influence the beneficiary to order or receive healthcare items or services from a particular provider.

Many states have also adopted or may adopt similar anti-kickback, self-referral, false claim, and fraud and abuse laws as described above. The scope of these laws and the interpretations of them vary by jurisdiction and are enforced by local courts and regulatory authorities, each with broad discretion. Some state fraud and abuse laws apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers, and to funds paid out of pocket by a patient.

Violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that apply may result in significant penalties, including, without limitation, administrative civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, additional reporting requirements and compliance oversight obligations, contractual damages, the curtailment or restructuring of operations, exclusion from participation in governmental healthcare programs and/ or imprisonment.

In the ordinary course of business, we and other providers are subject to inquiries, investigations and audits by federal and state agencies related to compliance with participation and payment rules under government payment programs, as well as commercial payors. As discussed in more detail in Part I. Item 3 “Legal Proceedings,” we have received two Civil Investigative Demands from the DOJ and one from the U.S. Attorney’s Office requesting information and documentation relating to investigations to determine if we have violated the Federal False Claims Act by improperly inducing patient referrals or by submitting false claims to Medicare. We have also received a subpoena from the DOJ Criminal Division per the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) relating to an investigation into possible violations of various sections of 18 U.S.C. that prohibit the making of fraudulent or false statements to any branch of the government of the United States, and a subpoena from the Respiratory Care Board of California (the “RCB”) relating to an investigation to determine if a Respiratory Care Practitioner (“RCP”) fraudulently documented providing respiratory treatments to two patients at one of our facilities. While we are cooperating with each of these investigations, we cannot predict their outcome. In response to these investigations and any other inquiries, investigations and audits we may receive, federal and state agencies and other payors may impose citations for regulatory deficiencies and other regulatory penalties, including demands for refund of overpayments, civil monetary penalties, payment bans and terminations from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, which may be temporary or permanent in nature.

In recent years, there has been increased regulatory scrutiny into post-hospital SNF care. For example, in November 2019, the OIG released a report of its investigation into overpayments to hospitals that did not comply with Medicare’s post-acute care transfer policy. Hospitals violating this policy transferred patients to certain post-acute care settings, such as SNFs, but claimed the higher reimbursements associated with discharges to homes. A similar OIG audit report released in September 2023 identified over $563 million in overpayments to hospitals that did not comply with Medicare’s post-acute care transfer policy. Another similar OIG audit report, released in February 2019, focused on improper payments for SNF services when the Medicare three-day inpatient hospital stay requirement was not met. In 2021, the OIG released the result of an audit finding that Medicare overpaid millions of dollars of chronic care management (CCM) services. The OIG's 2021 report found that in calendar years 2017 and 2018, Medicare overpaid millions of dollars in CCM claims. In 2022, the OIG released an audit revealing that CMS had not collected $226 million, or 45%, of identified overpayments within that period, potentially affecting SNFs. Other ongoing OIG audits include an a review of nursing homes’ nurse staffing hours reported in CMS's payroll‐based journal, a review of whether and how states used Medicaid supplemental payments for use in satisfying the state’s obligations to pay nursing facilities any amounts due under the state’s nursing facility upper payment limit, a review of Medicare Advantage Organizations’ use of prior authorization for post-acute care, and a review of the implementation of the SFF program.

The OIG continues to increase its oversight of skilled nursing facility operations through its active Work Plan, with several new audits and studies that may impact SNFs. In June 2025, OIG announced a new evaluation of whether SNFs are properly engaging medical directors and accurately reporting medical directors’ hours of service in CMS's Payroll-Based Journal (PBJ) reporting system.

This review will examine whether medical directors are meeting regulatory expectations and whether reported hours reflect actual services provided, with potential implications for regulatory compliance and reimbursement oversight.

Separately, in April 2025, OIG announced an audit assessing whether SNFs are inappropriately billing Medicare Part D for prescription drugs provided during a Medicare Part A stay, as the OIG previously found potential overpayments of more than $465 million in Part D payments for drugs that were already covered under Part A. In an audit announced in May 2025, OIG stated it is also reviewing state-level enforcement of minimum spending requirements for direct resident care in nursing facilities, which could affect state Medicaid reimbursement mechanisms and facility-level allocation of resources. These investigatory actions by OIG demonstrate its increased scrutiny into post-hospital SNF care provided to beneficiaries and may encourage additional oversight or stricter compliance standards.

On numerous occasions, CMS has indicated its intent to vigilantly monitor overall payments to SNFs, paying particular attention to facilities that have high reimbursements for ultra-high therapy, therapy resource utilization groups with higher activities of daily living scores and long average lengths of stay. The OIG recognizes that there is a strong financial incentive for facilities to bill for higher levels of therapies, even when not needed by patients. We cannot predict the extent to which the OIG's recommendations to CMS will be implemented and, what effect, if any, such proposals would have on us. We expect for regulators to continue to focus on post-hospital SNF care, which may result in additional oversight or stricter compliance standards.

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Our revenue is affected by the percentage of the patients of our operating subsidiaries who require a high level of skilled nursing and rehabilitative care, whom we refer to as high acuity patients or skilled patients, and by our mix of payment sources. Changes in the acuity level of patients we attract, as well as our payor mix among Medicaid, Medicare, private payors and managed care companies, significantly affect our revenue. Changes to federal law affecting Medicaid funding and availability, including the enactment of the OBBBA, may materially affect our business and the operations of our independent subsidiaries. Because high acuity patients require more skilled nursing services and a higher level of care, we generally receive higher reimbursement rates for providing care to them. Lower acuity patients, who are typically Medicaid beneficiaries, typically require fewer skilled nursing services and thus we are typically paid lower rates by Medicaid for caring for them, sometimes at rates that do not cover our costs of providing care to the patient. Reimbursement rates provided for caring for skilled patients are more likely to meet or exceed the costs of providing care to those patients, thus enabling the facility to be fiscally sustainable. Given the generally predetermined nature of the reimbursement rates that we are paid for caring for patients, depending on their acuity level, if our labor or other operating costs increase disproportionately compared to the reimbursement rates we are paid for providing services, particularly with Medicaid patients, we will generally be unable to recover the increased costs from payors unless and until reimbursement rates are adjusted, and even then they may not be adjusted in full, in a timely manner, and are typically only adjusted on a prospective basis. Accordingly, if we fail to maintain our proportion of high acuity patients or if there is any significant increase in the percentage of the patients of our operating subsidiaries for whom we receive Medicaid reimbursement, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Initiatives undertaken by major insurers and managed care companies, including companies who run plans commonly referred to as Managed-Medicare and Managed-Medicaid, to reduce their costs and the amounts they pay providers may adversely affect our business. These tactics include contracting with healthcare providers to obtain services on a discounted basis. We believe that this trend will continue and may limit reimbursements for healthcare services. If insurers or managed care companies from whom we receive substantial payments were to reduce the amounts they pay for services and we did not wish to accept such reductions, we may lose patients if we choose not to renew our contracts with these insurers at their lower offered rates. Additionally, some payors have used the federal “No Surprises Act” or similar state legislation as a means to initiate re‑negotiation of reimbursement rates for providers and facilities, leading to litigation between these providers and/or facilities against payors and it may adversely affect us as well. In addition, sustained unfavorable economic conditions may affect the number of patients enrolled in managed care programs and the profitability of managed care companies, which could result in reduced payment rates.

In connection with the per diem prospective payments paid to SNFs, SNFs are required to perform consolidated billing for certain items and services furnished to patients and residents. Consolidated billing generally requires the SNF to bill a single daily amount for the entire package of care that its patients receive during a SNF stay covered by Medicare Part A or Medicare Advantage plans. Given the generally predetermined nature of the reimbursement rates that SNFs are paid for caring for patients, if our operating costs increase disproportionately compared to the reimbursement rates we are paid for providing services under consolidated billing, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, CMS has implemented certain payment initiatives that bundle acute care and post-acute care reimbursement. Post‑hospitalization skilled nursing services must be “bundled” into the hospital’s diagnostic related group payment in certain limited circumstances, in which case the hospital and SNF must effectively divide the payment that otherwise would have been made to the hospital and no additional funds are paid by Medicare for the skilled nursing care of the patient. Although this practice applies to only a limited number of DRGs and is uncommon at our SNFs currently, it could adversely affect SNF utilization and payments, whether due to the practical difficulty of this apportionment or hospitals being reluctant to lose revenue by discharging patients to a SNF. If more payments are required to be bundled in the future, or if there is any significant increase in patients for whom we receive bundled payments, our SNFs may not receive full reimbursement for all the services they provide, which could have a further adverse effect on SNF utilization and our revenue, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success depends upon our ability to retain and attract nurses and other skilled personnel, such as registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses, licensed practical nurses, certified nurse assistants, social workers and speech, physical and occupational therapists, as well as skilled management personnel responsible for day‑to‑day facility operation. Each facility has a facility administrator who is ultimately responsible for the overall day‑to‑day operations of the facility, including quality of care, social services and financial performance. Each facility administrator leads a team of facility staff who are directly responsible for day‑to‑day care of the facility residents, as well as other operational functions of the facility including marketing and community outreach programs. Other key positions supporting each facility may include individuals responsible for physical, occupational and speech therapy, food service and maintenance. We compete with various healthcare service providers, including other skilled nursing providers, in retaining and attracting qualified and skilled personnel. We also compete with businesses outside of healthcare in our efforts to attract and retain talented employees.

Our subsidiaries operate SNFs in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Washington as of December 31, 2024. Some states have established minimum staffing requirements for facilities operating in that state, and other states may do the same in the future, or existing requirements may become more stringent. The federal government recently adopted minimum staffing requirements as well. For further discussion of federal minimum staffing requirements, see the section titled “CMS Minimum Staffing Standards Final Rule.” Failure to comply with minimum staffing requirements due to competition for, a shortage of or an inability to hire required personnel can, among other things, jeopardize a facility’s compliance with the conditions of participation under relevant state and federal healthcare programs. If a facility is determined to be out of compliance with these requirements, it may be subject to a notice of deficiency, a citation, or a significant fine or litigation risk, with penalties including the suspension of patient admissions and the termination of Medicaid participation, or the suspension, revocation or non‑renewal of the SNF’s license, and may also disqualify the facility from participation in state programs that reward facilities for meeting applicable quality criteria.

If federal or state governments were to materially change the way compliance with applicable staffing standards is calculated or enforced, our labor or other operating costs could increase and the current shortage of healthcare workers could impact us more significantly. The local labor markets where we compete are sometimes in a state of disequilibrium where the needs of businesses such as ours outstrip the supply of available and willing workers, which can make it challenging to hire sufficient quantities of staff locally and may require us to use third-party staffing companies to provide healthcare workers at an even higher cost. There is additional upward pressure on wages in many of our markets from different industries and more generally due to the current rate of inflation. Some of these industries compete with us for labor, which makes it difficult to make significant hourly wage and salary increases due to the fixed nature of our reimbursement under insurance contracts as well as Medicare and Medicaid, in addition to our increasing fixed and variable costs. Due to the generally limited supply of qualified applicants who seek or are willing to accept employment in certain of our markets, these broader trends may increase our labor costs or lead to potential staffing shortages, reduced operations to comply with applicable laws and regulations, or difficulty complying with those laws and regulations at current operational levels, or limit our ability to admit all residents who would like to receive care at our facilities.

Existing or future federal, state or local laws and regulations may increase our costs of maintaining qualified nursing and skilled personnel, or make it more difficult for us to attract or retain qualified nurses and skilled staff members.Although implementation of the Staffing Rule has been delayed under the OBBBA, future Presidential Administrations and HHS and CMS, under new leadership, could impose more stringent requirements for staffing. Due to labor shortages and other opportunities available to qualified workers, there can also be no assurance that sufficient numbers of applicants will be available to fulfill any staffing requirements that may be imposed, whether at pay rates that companies can afford or otherwise. Furthermore, CMS and some states have published guidance to surveyors addressing topics that specifically include nurse staffing and collection of payroll data to evaluate staffing levels, which may lead to future regulation that increase our staffing requirements and labor costs or lower revenues.

Increased competition for, or a shortage of, nurses or other qualified personnel, or general ongoing inflationary pressures may require that we enhance our pay and benefits packages, potentially beyond what we can afford in light of applicable reimbursement rates and other cost pressures, to compete effectively for such personnel. Turnover rates and the magnitude of the shortage of nurses or other trained personnel vary substantially from market to market and facility to facility, and may adversely affect the applicable facilities’ quality and other ratings based on data reported to CMS. In addition, if we fail to attract and retain qualified and skilled personnel, our ability to conduct our business operations could be harmed.

Some states require healthcare providers, including SNFs, to obtain prior approval, commonly known as a certificate of need, for: (1) the purchase, construction or expansion of healthcare facilities; (2) capital expenditures exceeding a prescribed amount; or (3) changes in services or bed capacity.

Some other states that do not require certificates of need have effectively limited the expansion of existing facilities and the establishment of new ones by placing partial or complete moratoria on the number of new Medicaid beds those states will certify in certain areas or throughout the entire state. Still other states have established such stringent development standards and approval procedures for constructing new healthcare facilities that the construction of new facilities, or the expansion or renovation of existing facilities, may become cost‑prohibitive, excessively time‑consuming or otherwise unfeasible. In addition, some states require the approval of the state Attorney General for acquisition of a facility being operated by a non‑profit organization.

Our ability to acquire or construct new facilities or expand or provide new services at existing facilities would be adversely affected if we are unable to obtain the necessary approvals, if there are changes in the standards applicable to those approvals, or if we experience delays and increased expenses associated with obtaining those approvals. We may not be able to obtain licensure, certificate of need approval, Medicaid certification, state Attorney General approval or other necessary approvals for future expansion projects or acquisitions. Conversely, the elimination or reduction of state regulations that limit the construction, expansion or renovation of new or existing facilities could result in increased competition to us or result in overbuilding of facilities in some of our markets. If overbuilding in the skilled nursing industry in the markets in which we operate were to occur, it could reduce the occupancy rates of existing facilities and, in some cases, might reduce the private rates that we charge for our services.

We rely significantly on appropriate referrals from physicians, hospitals and other healthcare providers in the communities in which we deliver our services to attract appropriate residents and patients to our facilities. Our referral sources are not obligated to refer business to us and may refer business to other healthcare providers. We believe many of our referral sources refer business to us as a result of the quality of our patient care and our efforts to establish and build a relationship with our referral sources. If we lose, or fail to maintain, existing relationships with our referral resources, fail to develop new relationships, or if we are perceived by our referral sources as not providing high quality patient care, our occupancy rate and the quality of our patient mix could suffer. The establishment of joint ventures or networks between referral sources, such as acute-care hospitals, and other post-acute providers may hinder patient referrals to us. The growing emphasis on integrated care delivery across the healthcare continuum increases that risk. In addition, if any of our referral sources have a reduction in patients whom they can refer due to a decrease in their business, our occupancy rate and the quality of our patient mix could suffer.

The healthcare services industry is highly competitive. Our skilled nursing facilities compete primarily on a local and regional basis with other skilled nursing facilities and with assisted/senior living facilities, from national and regional chains to smaller providers owning as few as a single facility. Competitors include other for-profit providers as well as non-profits, religiously-affiliated facilities, and government-owned facilities. We also compete under certain circumstances with inpatient rehabilitation facilities and long-term acute care hospitals. Our ability to compete successfully varies from location to location and depends on a number of factors, including the number of competing facilities in the local market and the types of services available at those facilities, our local reputation for quality care of patients, the commitment and expertise of our caregivers, our local service offerings and treatment programs, the cost of care in each locality, and the physical appearance, location, age and condition of our facilities. If we are unable to attract patients to our facilities and agencies, particularly high-acuity patients, then our revenue and profitability will be adversely affected. Some of our competitors may have greater recognition and be more established in their respective communities than we are, and may have greater financial and other resources than we have. Competing long-term care companies may also offer newer facilities or different programs or services than we do, which, combined with the foregoing factors, may result in our competitors being more attractive to our current patients, to potential patients and to referral sources. Furthermore, while we budget for routine capital expenditures at our facilities to keep them competitive in their respective markets, to the extent that competitive forces cause those expenditures to increase in the future, our financial condition may be negatively affected.

We believe we utilize a conservative approach in complying with laws prohibiting kickbacks and referral payments to referral sources. If our competitors use more aggressive methods than we do with respect to obtaining patient referrals, our competitors may from time to time obtain patient referrals that are not otherwise available to us.

The primary competitive factors for our assisted and senior living services are similar to those for our skilled nursing businesses and include reputation, the cost of services, the quality of services, responsiveness to patient/resident needs and the ability to provide support in other areas such as third-party reimbursement, information management and patient recordkeeping. Furthermore, given the relatively low barriers to entry and continuing healthcare cost containment pressures, we expect that the markets we service will become increasingly competitive in the future. Increased competition in the future could limit our ability to attract and retain patients and residents, maintain or increase our fees, or expand our business.

Under our decentralized model, each of operating subsidiaries is responsible for ensuring its compliance with the broad range of applicable federal and private healthcare regulatory requirements. PACS Services offers internal compliance professionals and invest in other resources to help us and our operating subsidiaries comply with these requirements. To further assist, we adopted a company-wide compliance program that includes, among other things, (1) policies and procedures that take into account applicable laws, regulations, sub‑regulatory guidance and industry practices and customs that govern the clinical, reimbursement and operational aspects of our operating subsidiaries; (2) training about our compliance process for employees throughout our organization, our directors and officers, and training about Medicare and Medicaid laws, fraud and abuse prevention, clinical standards and practices, and claim submission and reimbursement policies and procedures for appropriate employees; (3) internal controls that monitor, among other things, the accuracy of claims, reimbursement submissions, cost reports and source documents, provision of patient care, services, and supplies as required by applicable standards and laws, accuracy of clinical assessment and treatment documentation, and implementation of judicial and regulatory requirements (i.e., background checks, licensing and training) and (4) a compliance hotline that permits the anonymous reporting of potential compliance matters. Recently, with the assistance of outside counsel, we engaged in a detailed review of our compliance program and its implementation at our operating subsidiaries. As a result of that review we have or are implementing various changes to further assist us and our operating subsidiaries in evaluating and maintaining compliance with the various federal and state regulations that impact our business and that of our operating subsidiaries. Some of these changes include: retained a new Chief Compliance Officer with extensive experience in designing, implementing and monitoring a robust compliance program; regularly updating our policies and procedures library; updating our compliance hotline to facilitate the reporting and tracking of potential compliance issues; expanding our education and training programs; and increasing our monitoring for compliance and corrective actions.

Given our operations are subject to highly complex compliance requirements, our systems and internal controls regularly highlight potential compliance issues, which we investigate as they arise. We similarly investigate concerns that are reported to us by employees or other persons.

In some cases, these potential compliance issues overlap with allegations in the ongoing government investigations identified in Part I, Item 3 “Legal Proceedings”. When errors or compliance failures are identified, we seek to rectify them as appropriate. Depending on the circumstances, in order to rectify a failure, we may be required to take certain actions, including but not limited to self-reporting them to applicable federal and state regulators, government agencies or other third parties, disgorging or paying money to the government or other third parties, and implementing changes to systems, personnel or other resources in order to mitigate the risk of recurrence, all of which could result in significant costs. Such issues, and any failure to properly remediate such issues or to timely identify and refund overpayments, for instance, could result in potential federal False Claims Act (FCA) liability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Other significant compliance failures could have similar negative impacts.

We are subject to various governmental inspections, audits, and investigations, including civil investigative demands (CIDs) and criminal subpoenas such as the ones discussed in more detail in Part I. Item 3 “Legal Proceedings” relating to alleged violations of the Federal False Claims Act and the making of false or fraudulent statements under HIPAA. We cannot predict the outcome of these ongoing investigations, or any government inspection, audit or investigation. We could be forced to expend considerable resources responding to these investigations and to any other investigations, audits and other enforcement actions that we may receive, which could divert material time, resources and attention away from our management team and our staff. Additionally, an adverse finding in any such matters could lead to the imposition of damages, fines, penalties, restitution, other monetary liabilities, sanctions, settlements or changes to our business practices or operations that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The skilled nursing business involves a significant risk of liability given the age and health of the patients and residents of our operating subsidiaries and the services we provide, and malpractice and other lawsuits against providers in our industry are endemic. The industry has experienced an increased trend in the number and severity of litigation claims, particularly patient-related litigation, due in part to the number of large verdicts, including large punitive damage awards. These claims are filed based upon a wide variety of claims and theories that they allege led to patient harm, including for state healthcare survey deficiencies received, allegations of insufficient staffing, allegations of insufficient training, allegations that companies put financial considerations over patient needs, and other claims. Plaintiffs’ attorneys have become increasingly more aggressive in their pursuit of claims against healthcare providers, including skilled nursing providers, employing a wide variety of advertising and solicitation activities to generate more claims. Increased caps on damages that may be awarded in such actions has and may continue to lead to a larger frequency and severity of these lawsuits against our independent operating subsidiaries, particularly those who operate in California and other states that adopt similar legislation. We, and others in the industry, have been, and continue to be, subject to an increasing number of claims and lawsuits, including professional liability claims, alleging that services provided have resulted in personal injury, patient abuse or neglect, elder abuse, wrongful death or other related claims. For instance, in early 2023, we were subject to approximately $36.0 million in damages and fees awarded in a California jury verdict in a patient-care case that we inherited as part of an acquisition in 2021. While we attempt to manage our patient care risks to the extent reasonably possible, there can be no assurance that we will not be subject to similar or larger verdicts in the future, particularly in light of the fact that large tort verdicts have become somewhat common throughout the United States, particularly in comparatively litigious states such as California and Kentucky. We may in the future do business in similarly or more litigious states as well. The defense of lawsuits has in the past, and may in the future, result in significant legal costs, regardless of the outcome, particularly as we and other providers have had to take on higher insurance deductibles and premiums. Additionally, increases to the frequency and/or severity of losses from such claims and suits may result in increased liability insurance premiums, increases in deductibles, a decline in available insurance coverage levels, or other negative impacts on the availability and cost of insurance, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to carrying third-party liability insurance, starting in January 2022, we formed a wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary, Welsch Insurance Ltd. (Welsch), that provides professional liability and general liability insurance to various consolidated operating subsidiaries. See the risk factor titled “Our self-insurance programs may expose us to significant and unexpected costs and losses.”

Furthermore, class action claims related to patient care, employment practices or other matters could be brought alleging legal violations that may materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These types of claims have been filed against us and other companies in our industry in the past, and are likely to continue. For example, in recent years there has been a general increase in the number of suits filed against us and other companies in California, across industries, that purport to be wage and hour class action claims.

They are typically based on alleged failures to permit or properly compensate for meal and rest periods, failure to pay for all time worked, and other alleged failures of California’s extensive wage and hour laws and regulations. While we have not had a similar experience in other states, circumstances could change in those states, or we could in the future operate in other states with litigation risks similar to California. If there were a significant increase in the number of these claims against us or an increase in amounts owing should plaintiffs be successful in their claims, this could have a material adverse effect to our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, we contract with a variety of landlords, lenders, vendors, suppliers, consultants and other individuals and businesses. These contracts typically contain covenants and default provisions. If the other party to one or more of our contracts were to allege that we have violated the contract terms, we could be subject to civil liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If litigation is instituted against one or more of our subsidiaries, a successful plaintiff might attempt to hold us or one or more of our other subsidiaries liable for the alleged wrongdoing of the subsidiary principally targeted by the litigation. If a court in such litigation decided to disregard the corporate form and find that we or other entities are vicariously liable, the resulting judgment could increase our liability and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our independently operating subsidiaries offer arbitration agreements to residents on admission, and require employees to enter into arbitration agreements as a condition of employment. While arbitration agreements have generally been favored by the courts, have been validated by the United States Supreme Court, and are believed to streamline the dispute resolution process and reduce the parties’ exposure to excessive legal fees and jury awards, courts in some states, as well as regulators in some states and on the federal level, have showed increasing opposition to the use and enforcement of arbitration agreements, particularly in consumer and employment contexts. Current CMS regulations prohibit nursing facility providers from requiring patients to enter into arbitration agreements as a condition of admission, and there have been prior legislative efforts on both state and federal levels to codify similar prohibitions. Furthermore, prior CMS proposals sought to prohibit any use of arbitration agreements between nursing homes and their patients. In light of its continuing negative view on arbitration, CMS has identified arbitration agreements as an area of focus and has issued guidance to state surveyors regarding federal requirements for the use of arbitration agreements in nursing home care, with non‑compliance potentially resulting in fines and other sanctions. If we are not able to secure voluntary pre‑admission arbitration agreements from our patients, our litigation exposure and costs of defense in patient liability actions could increase, our liability insurance premiums could increase, and our business may be adversely affected. We would be subject to similar risks if we are at some point prohibited from requiring employees to enter into arbitration agreements.

Providing quality patient care is fundamental to our business. Many of our patients have complex medical conditions or special needs, are vulnerable, and often require a substantial level of care and supervision. Our patients have in the past and could in the future be harmed by one or more of our employees or staff members, either intentionally, by accident, or through negligence, neglect, error, poor performance, mistreatment, assault, abuse, failure to provide proper care, failure to properly document or monitor or report information, failure to address risks to patients’ health or safety, failure to maintain appropriate staffing, failure to implement appropriate interventions or other actions or inaction. Employees and staff members have engaged in conduct (including failing to take action) that has impacted, and may in the future engage in conduct that impacts, our patients or their health, safety, welfare, or clinical treatment.

If one or more of our facilities experiences an adverse patient incident or is found to have failed to provide appropriate patient care (including as a result of a staffing shortages or the actions or inactions of our employees or staff members), governmental or regulatory authorities may take action against us or our employees or staff members, including an admissions ban, admissions hold, reduction in census, loss of accreditation, license revocation, administrative or other order, other adverse regulatory action, a settlement or other agreement requiring corrective actions or requiring us or a specific facility to demonstrate substantial compliance with licensure or other requirements, and the imposition of certain requirements. If such an action or a closure of a facility were to occur and result in the improper termination of patient care, we or our employees or staff members may be exposed to governmental or regulatory inquiries, investigations, liability, and litigation, including claims of patient abandonment. Certain of our independently operating subsidiaries have been, and may continue to be, subject to findings of quality of care deficiencies or practices, incidents of patient abuse or neglect, and claims regarding services rendered that do not meet the standard of care, which have resulted, and in the future may result, in civil or criminal penalties, fines and other actions.

Any such patient incident, adverse regulatory action, self-disclosure, self-report, claim or other event, action or inaction has in the past, and could in the future, result in governmental investigations, judgments, or fines and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. While such enforcement actions are typically taken against individuals, we cannot predict how law enforcement or governmental or regulatory authorities will enforce the laws or whether governmental or regulatory authorities will assert that we or any of our employees or staff members are responsible for such actions, or should have known about such actions. In addition, we have been and could become the subject of negative publicity or unfavorable media attention or governmental or regulatory scrutiny, regardless of whether the allegations are substantiated, that could have a significant, adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock or adversely impact our reputation, our relationships with referral sources and payors, whether patients and their family members choose us, and whether our referral sources choose other providers.

Our business relies on information technology. Our ability to effectively manage our business depends significantly information systems, including those operated by certain of our third-party partners. We also heavily rely on information systems to process financial and accounting information for financial reporting purposes. Any of these information systems could fail or experience a service interruption for a number of reasons, including computer viruses, programming errors, hacking or other unlawful activities, disasters or our failure to properly maintain system redundancy or protect, repair, maintain or upgrade our systems. The failure of our third-party partners’ information systems to operate effectively or to integrate with other systems, or a breach in security of these systems, could negatively impact our financial results. If we experience any significant disruption to our financial information systems that we are unable to mitigate, our ability to timely report our financial results could be impacted, which could negatively impact our stock price. We also communicate electronically throughout the United States with our employees and with third parties, such as patients. A service interruption or shutdown could have a materially adverse impact on our operating activities and could result in reputational, competitive, and business harm. Furthermore, remediation and repair of any failure, problem or breach of our key information systems could require significant capital investments.

We refer to a number of operational metrics, including, but not limited to, skilled mix, average daily rates, occupancy percentage, and other metrics. We use these metrics to monitor and evaluate our business as well as the various facilities that we own and operate, and these metrics have an influence on our strategy, operational decision-making, budgeting, and planning. We calculate these metrics using internal systems and tools that are not independently verified by any third-party. These metrics may differ from estimates or similar metrics published by third parties or other companies due to differences in sources, methodologies or the assumptions on which we rely. Our internal systems and tools have a number of limitations, and our methodologies for tracking these metrics may change over time, which could result in unexpected changes to our metrics, including the metrics we publicly disclose on an ongoing basis. If the internal systems and tools we use to track these metrics under count or over count performance or contain algorithmic or other technical errors, the data we present may not be accurate. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our metrics for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring savings, the use of our solutions, services and offerings and other metrics. In addition, limitations or errors with respect to how we measure data or with respect to the data that we measure may affect our understanding of certain details of our business, which would affect our long-term strategies. If our operating metrics or our estimates are not accurate representations of our business, or if investors do not perceive our operating metrics to be accurate, or if we discover material inaccuracies with respect to these figures, our reputation may be significantly harmed, and our operating and financial results could be adversely affected.

To date, our revenue growth has been significantly impacted by our acquisition of new facilities and properties. Subject to general market conditions and the availability of essential resources and leadership within our company, we continue to seek both single‑and multi‑facility acquisition and property acquisition opportunities that are consistent with our strategic objectives.

We face competition for the acquisition of facilities and properties and expect this competition to continue and potentially increase. Based upon factors such as our ability to identify suitable acquisition candidates, future regulations affecting our ability to acquire new facility operations and related real estate, the purchase or lease price of the facilities, increasing interest rates for debt‑financed purchases, prevailing market conditions, the availability of leadership to manage new facilities and our own willingness to take on new operations, the rate at which we have historically acquired facilities has fluctuated significantly. In the future, we anticipate the rate at which we may acquire facilities will continue to fluctuate, which may affect our revenue and profitability.

We have also previously acquired facilities, which over time became non‑strategic or less desirable, and have divested them. In the future we may consider divesting similar facilities that we determine at that time to be non-strategic or less desirable. Divesting facilities will typically negatively impact our revenue, may divert management and other resources from acquisitions or other efforts, and may have other adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

We may not be able to successfully or efficiently integrate new acquisitions with our existing operating subsidiaries, culture and systems. The process of integrating acquisitions into our existing operations may result in unforeseen operating difficulties, divert management’s attention from existing operations, or require an unexpected commitment of staff and financial resources, and may ultimately be unsuccessful. Integrating larger portfolios of acquired facilities concurrently may present similar but more acute challenges than integrating fewer facilities. Existing operations available for acquisition frequently serve or target different markets than those that we currently serve. We also may determine that renovations of acquired facilities and changes in staff and operating management personnel are necessary to successfully integrate those acquisitions into our existing operations. We may not be able to recover the costs incurred to reposition or renovate newly operating subsidiaries. The financial benefits we expect to realize from many of our acquisitions are largely dependent upon our ability to improve clinical performance, overcome regulatory deficiencies, rehabilitate or improve the reputation of the operations in the community, increase and maintain occupancy, control costs, and in some cases change the patient acuity mix. If we are unable to accomplish any of these objectives at the operating subsidiaries we acquire, we will not realize the anticipated benefits and we may experience lower than anticipated profits, or even losses.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we added 106, 58, and nine stand-alone skilled nursing, assisted living, and subacute facilities, respectively. This growth, as well as growth in the current year and future years, has placed and will continue to place significant demands on our current management resources. Our ability to manage our growth effectively and to successfully integrate new acquisitions into our existing business will require us to continue to expand our operational, financial and management information systems and to continue to retain, attract, train, motivate and manage key employees, including facility‑level leaders and our local directors of nursing. We may not be successful in attracting qualified individuals necessary for future acquisitions to be successful, and our management team may expend significant time and energy working to attract qualified personnel to manage facilities we may acquire in the future. Also, the newly acquired facilities may require us to spend significant time improving services at the facilities, and if we are unable to improve them quickly enough, we may be subject to litigation and/or loss of licensure or certification. If we are not able to successfully overcome these and other integration challenges, we may not achieve the benefits we expect from any of our acquisitions, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

In undertaking acquisitions, we also may be adversely impacted by unforeseen liabilities attributable to the prior providers who operated those facilities, against whom we may have little or no recourse. Many facilities we have historically acquired were underperforming financially and had issues, including but not limited to, clinical, regulatory and litigation, prior to and at the time of acquisition. Even where we have improved patient care and operations at facilities that we have acquired, we still may face post‑acquisition regulatory issues related to pre‑acquisition events. These may include, without limitation, payment recoupment related to our predecessors’ prior noncompliance, the imposition of fines, penalties, operational restrictions or special regulatory status. Further, we may incur post‑acquisition compliance risk due to the difficulty or impossibility of immediately or quickly bringing non‑compliant facilities into substantial compliance with applicable healthcare regulations.

Diligence materials pertaining to acquisition targets, especially the underperforming facilities that often represent the greatest opportunity for operational and financial improvement, are often inadequate, inaccurate or impossible to obtain, sometimes requiring us to make acquisition decisions with incomplete information. Despite our due diligence procedures, facilities that we have acquired or may acquire in the future may generate unexpectedly low returns, may cause us to incur substantial losses, may require unexpected expenditures or other resources, or may otherwise not meet a risk profile that our investors find acceptable.

In addition, we might encounter unanticipated difficulties and expenditures relating to any of the acquired facilities, including contingent liabilities. For example, when we acquire a facility, we generally assume the facility’s existing Medicare provider number for purposes of billing Medicare for services. If CMS later determines that the prior owner of the facility had received overpayments from Medicare for the period of time during which it operated the facility, or had incurred fines in connection with the operation of the facility, CMS could hold us liable for repayment of the overpayments or fines.

We also incur regulatory risk in acquiring certain facilities due to the licensing, certification and other regulatory requirements affecting our right to operate the acquired facilities. For example, in order to acquire facilities on a predictable schedule, or to acquire declining operations quickly to prevent further pre‑acquisition declines, we frequently acquire such facilities prior to receiving license approval or provider certification. We operate such facilities as the interim manager for the outgoing licensee, assuming financial responsibility and other obligations for the facility. To the extent that we may be unable or delayed in obtaining a license, we may need to operate the facility under a management agreement from the prior operator. If we were subsequently denied licensure or certification for any reason, we might not realize the expected benefits of the acquisition and would likely incur unanticipated costs and other challenges which could cause our business to suffer.

We may selectively pursue strategic acquisitions of, and we frequently pursue partnerships with, other healthcare providers. We may face limitations on our ability to identify sufficient partner, acquisition or other development targets and to complete those transactions to meet goals. These partnerships may not be profitable or may not achieve the profitability that justifies the investments made. Furthermore, the nature of a partnership requires us to consult with and share certain decision-making powers with unaffiliated third parties, some of which may be not-for-profit health systems. We do not manage any of the partnerships in which we invest, and operational and strategic decision making power is held by entities that we do not control. If our partners do not fulfill their obligations, the affected partnership may not be able to operate according to its business or strategic plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, or require us to increase our level of financial commitment to the partnership. Moreover, differences in economic or business interests or goals among partnership participants could result in delayed decisions, failures to agree on major issues and even litigation. If these differences cause the partnerships to deviate from their business or strategic plans, or if our partners take actions contrary to our policies, objectives or the best interests of the partnership, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

CMS provides comparative public data, rating every SNF operating in each state based upon quality‑of‑care indicators. Certain private organizations engage in similar monitoring and ranking activities. CMS’s system is commonly known as the Five‑Star Quality Rating System. It gives each nursing home a rating of between one and five stars in various categories, with five‑star ratings becoming harder to obtain over time. The ratings are available on a publicly available website maintained by CMS currently called Care Compare. In cases of acquisitions, the previous operator’s clinical ratings are included in our overall Five‑Star Quality Rating and the rating may not reflect the improvements we were able to make until it is recalculated. Some of the ratings include a multi-year lookback period, which causes the prior operator’s data to be factored into our ratings for some period of time. Based on CMS’s guidance and regulations, we expect more data to be collected by CMS and reported on their website in the future.

CMS continues to increase quality measure thresholds, making it more difficult to achieve upward and five‑star ratings. For instance, CMS increased its quality measure thresholds in October of 2022, making it more difficult for facilities to obtain or maintain four‑ and five‑star ratings, allowing only 10% of nursing facilities within a state to receive a five‑star rating. CMS discloses the increasing standards for four‑ and five‑star ratings in its star rating cut point table, which discloses the points needed for each star rating within every state.

CMS has indicated that it will increase these quality measure thresholds every six months. Some facilities may see a decline in their overall five‑star rating absent any new inspection information, and as a result the five‑star ratings of affected facilities may decline even as their quality measures remain unchanged or improve. Additionally, CMS displays on the Care Compare website a consumer alert icon for nursing homes that have been cited on inspection reports for incidents of abuse, neglect, or exploitation. If our facilities fail to have attractive or otherwise acceptable ratings on the Care Compare website it could negatively impact their operations, including their ability to attract or retain patients and an increase in expenses to improve such ratings.

Providing quality patient care is the cornerstone of our business. We believe that patients and their families choose our facilities, and hospitals, physicians and other referral sources refer patients to us, in large part because of our facilities’ reputation for delivering quality care. If our facilities fail to achieve their rating goals or otherwise maintain positive reputations in their local communities, due to nursing and administrative staffing and turnover or otherwise, or if they receive a consumer alert icon for incidents of abuse, neglect, or exploitation or other negative ratings on Care Compare, it may affect our ability to attract patients, which could have a material adverse effect upon our business and consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

It may become more difficult and costly for us to obtain coverage for resident care liabilities and other risks, including property, automobile and casualty insurance. For example, the following circumstances may adversely affect our ability to obtain insurance at favorable rates:

•we experience higher‑than‑expected professional liability, property and casualty, or other types of claims or losses;

•we receive survey deficiencies or citations of higher‑than‑normal scope or severity or experience higher-than-expected number of deficiencies or citations;

•we acquire especially troubled operations or facilities that present unattractive risks to current or prospective insurers;

•insurers tighten underwriting standards applicable to us or our industry; or

•insurers or reinsurers are unable or unwilling to insure us or the industry at historical premiums and coverage levels.

If any of these potential circumstances were to occur, our insurance carriers may require us to significantly increase our self‑insured retention or deductible levels or pay substantially higher premiums for the same or reduced coverage for insurance, including workers compensation, property and casualty, automobile, employment practices liability, directors and officers liability, employee healthcare and general and professional liability coverages.

In some states, the law prohibits or limits insurance coverage for the risk of punitive damages arising from professional liability and general liability claims or litigation. Coverage for punitive damages is also excluded under some insurance policies. As a result, we may be liable for punitive damage awards in these states that either are not covered or are in excess of our insurance policy limits. Claims against us, regardless of their merit or eventual outcome, could also inhibit our ability to attract patients or expand our business and could require our management to devote time to matters unrelated to the day‑to‑day operation of our business.

With few exceptions, workers compensation and employee health insurance costs have also increased markedly in recent years. Due to the nature of our business and the residents we serve, including the risk of claims from residents as well as potential governmental action, it may be difficult to complete the underwriting process and obtain insurance at commercially reasonable rates. If we are unable to obtain insurance, or if insurance becomes more costly for us to obtain, or if the coverage levels we can economically obtain decline, our business may be adversely affected.

We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter. Some of the policies we currently maintain include property, general liability, employment benefits liability, business automobile, workers’ compensation, and directors’ and officers’, employment practices and fiduciary liability insurance. We do not know, however, if we will be able to maintain insurance with adequate levels of coverage.

Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are self-insured up to certain limits for workers compensation, property and casualty, automobile, employment practices liability, directors and officers liability, employee healthcare and general and professional liability coverages. The types and amounts of self-insurance may vary from time to time based on our decisions with respect to risk retention and regulatory requirements. We establish the insurance loss reserves based on an estimation process that uses information obtained from both company-specific and industry data. Estimated costs are subject to a variety of assumptions and other factors including the severity, duration and frequency of claims, legal costs associated with claims, healthcare trends and projected inflation of related factors. Material increases in the number of insurance claims, changes to healthcare costs, accident frequency and severity, legal expenses and other factors could result in unfavorable difference between actual self-insurance costs and our reserve estimates. As a result, our self-insurance costs could increase which may have a material adverse effect upon our business and consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our facilities located in California account for a majority of our total revenue. As a result of this concentration, the conditions of local economies, changes in governmental rules, regulations and reimbursement rates or criteria, changes in demographics, state funding, acts of nature and other factors that may result in a decrease in demand and/or reimbursement for skilled nursing services in these states could have a disproportionately adverse effect on our revenue, costs and results of operations. Moreover, since approximately 49% of our skilled nursing beds are located in California as of December 31, 2024, we are particularly susceptible to revenue loss, cost increase or damage caused by natural disasters such as electrical power shortages, fires, earthquakes or mudslides, or increased liabilities that may arise from regulations.

In addition, our facilities in certain states, such as Kansas, Kentucky, South Carolina, Missouri, Ohio and Texas are more susceptible to revenue loss, cost increases or damage caused by natural disasters including hurricanes, tornadoes and flooding. These acts of nature may cause disruption to us, the employees of our operating subsidiaries and our facilities, which could have an adverse impact on the patients of our operating subsidiaries and our business. In order to provide care for the patients of our operating subsidiaries, we are dependent on consistent and reliable delivery of food, pharmaceuticals, utilities and other goods to our facilities, and the availability of qualified employees to provide services at our facilities. If the delivery of goods or the ability of employees to reach our facilities were interrupted in any material respect due to a natural disaster or other reasons, it would have a significant impact on our facilities and our business. Furthermore, the impact, or impending threat, of a natural disaster may require that we evacuate one or more facilities, which would be costly and would involve risks, including potentially fatal risks, for the patients. The impact of disasters and similar events is inherently uncertain. Furthermore, due to the concentration of our operations in these states, our business may be adversely affected by economic conditions, contagious disease outbreaks, including COVID-19, political unrest, and other conditions over which we have no control that disproportionately affect these states as compared to other states. Such events could harm the patients and employees of our operating subsidiaries, severely damage or destroy one or more of our facilities, adversely affect our business, reputation and financial condition, or otherwise cause our business to suffer in ways that we currently cannot predict.

Some of our facilities are parties to collective bargaining agreements with labor unions, and we anticipate that additional facilities will enter into collective bargaining agreements in the future. Although the Biden‐Harris Administration requested that HHS and CMS study and issue proposed rules regarding care‐based careers that may increase the likelihood of employee unionization due to increased emphasis on care‑based careers in SNF facilities, the current administration may not prioritize these initiatives. If employees decide to unionize, our cost of doing business could increase, and we could experience contract delays, difficulty in adapting to a changing regulatory and economic environment, cultural conflicts between unionized and non‑unionized employees, strikes and work stoppages, and we may conclude that affected facilities or operations would be uneconomical to continue operating.

As of December 31, 2024, we leased 270 or 86% of our facilities (including 49 leased facilities partially owned through our joint ventures managed by third parties). Most of our leases are triple‑net leases, which means that, in addition to rent, we are required to pay for the costs related to the property (including property taxes, insurance, and maintenance and repair costs). Some of our leases cover more than one facility, including some leases that cover 25 or more facilities on a single master lease. We are responsible for paying these costs notwithstanding the fact that some of the benefits associated with paying these costs accrue to the landlords as owners of the associated facilities.

Each lease provides that the landlord may terminate the lease for a variety of reasons, including the default in any payment of rent, taxes or other payment obligations or the breach of any other covenant or agreement in the lease. For leases of certain facilities, our landlord could require us to purchase the associated real estate. Termination of a lease could result in a default under our debt agreements and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with all of our obligations under the leases in the future. Furthermore, there may be disputes with landlords regarding the obligations under such lease, or the ability of the landlord to terminate the lease, which could disrupt our business operations and increase expenses.

We may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to cover interest, principal and lease payments. Additionally, under the terms of our amended and restated credit agreement with Truist Bank and a syndicate of lenders (Amended and Restated 2023 Credit Facility), we are subject to certain affirmative and negative covenants customary for credit facilities of this type as well as two financial covenants, a total leverage financial covenant and a fixed charge coverage ratio financial covenant. These restrictions may limit our ability to obtain additional advances under our Amended and Restated 2023 Credit Facility or to obtain new financing or to engage in other business activities, which may inhibit our ability to grow our business and increase revenue. We are currently in a state of forbearance with the lenders associated with the Amended and Restated 2023 Credit Facility and, as a result, we are currently unable to borrow additional amounts. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity & Capital Resources—Credit Facilities.”

From time to time, the financial performance of one or more of our mortgaged facilities may not comply with the required operating covenants under the terms of the mortgage. Any non‑payment, noncompliance or other default under our financing arrangements could, subject to cure provisions, cause the lender to foreclose upon the facility or facilities securing such indebtedness or, in the case of a lease, cause the lessor to terminate the lease, each with a consequent loss of revenue and asset value to us or a loss of property. Furthermore, in many cases, indebtedness is secured by both a mortgage on one or more facilities, and a guaranty by us. In the event of a default under one of these scenarios, the lender could avoid judicial procedures required to foreclose on real property by declaring all amounts outstanding under the guaranty immediately due and payable, and requiring us to fulfill our obligations to make such payments. If any of these scenarios were to occur, our financial condition would be adversely affected. For tax purposes, a foreclosure on any of our properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but would not receive any cash proceeds, which would negatively impact our earnings and cash position. Further, because our mortgages and leases generally contain cross‑default and cross‑collateralization provisions, a default by us related to one facility could affect a significant number of other facilities and their corresponding financing arrangements and leases.

Because our Amended and Restated 2023 Credit Facility, mortgages and lease obligations are fixed expenses and secured by specific assets, and because our revolving loan obligations are secured by virtually all of our assets, if reimbursement rates, patient acuity mix or occupancy levels decline, or if for any reason we are unable to meet our loan or lease obligations, we may not be able to cover our costs and some or all of our assets may become at risk. Our ability to make payments of principal and interest on our indebtedness and to make lease payments on our leases depends upon our future performance, which will be subject to general economic conditions, industry cycles and financial, business and other factors affecting our operating subsidiaries, many of which are beyond our control.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations in the future to service our debt or to make lease payments on our leases, we may be required, among other things, to seek additional financing in the debt or equity markets, refinance or restructure all or a portion of our indebtedness, sell selected assets, reduce or delay planned capital expenditures or delay or abandon desirable acquisitions. Such measures might not be sufficient to enable us to service our debt or to make lease payments on our leases. The failure to make required payments on our debt or leases or the delay or abandonment of our planned growth strategy could result in an adverse effect on our future ability to generate revenue and sustain profitability. In addition, any such financing, refinancing or sale of assets might not be available on terms that are economically favorable to us, or at all.

Our founders have provided personal guarantees under certain of our leases using their personal property. Under the personal guarantees provided by our founders, our founders have agreed to satisfy our obligations under the leases in the event that we are unable to perform our obligations thereunder. In the event that the guarantee is enforced against either or both of our founders, they could be obliged to use their personal property to fulfill their obligations under the leases. If our founders are subject to personal bankruptcy or refute the guarantees, we may be subject to an increased risk of default under our leases. Our founders owe a fiduciary duty of loyalty to us. However, there is potential for conflicts of interest between each of their personal interests and ours whether their respective guaranty is called upon or not. No assurance can be given that material conflicts will not arise that could be detrimental to our operations and financial prospects.

Our ability to maintain and enhance our operating subsidiaries and facilities in a suitable condition to meet regulatory standards, operate efficiently and remain competitive in our markets requires us to commit substantial resources to continued investment in our facilities and equipment. We are sometimes more aggressive than our competitors in capital spending to address issues that arise in connection with aging and obsolete facilities and equipment, and to otherwise make our facilities more attractive in their local markets. In addition, continued expansion of our business through the acquisition of existing facilities, expansion of our existing facilities and construction of new facilities may require additional capital, particularly if we were to accelerate our acquisition and expansion plans. Financing may not be available to us or may be available to us only on terms that are not favorable, including being subject to interest rates that are higher than those incurred in the past. In addition, some of our outstanding indebtedness and long‑term leases restrict, among other things, our ability to incur additional debt. If we are unable to raise additional funds or obtain additional funds on terms acceptable to us, we may have to delay or abandon some or all of our growth strategies. Further, if additional funds are raised through the issuance of additional equity securities, the percentage ownership of our stockholders would be diluted. Any newly issued equity securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock.

If we experience problems with our billing information systems or if issues arise with Medicare, Medicaid or other payors, we may encounter delays in our payment cycle. The changes enacted in the OBBBA may impose further strain and limitation of funds available through the Medicaid programs in the states where our independent subsidiaries operate. In addition, third-party payors may not make timely payment to us. From time to time, we have experienced such delays as a result of government payors instituting planned reimbursement delays for budget balancing purposes or as a result of prepayment reviews. Delays also happen from time to time with managed care organizations and other insurance companies who are payors for our patients.

Some states in which we operate are operating with budget deficits or could have budget deficit in the future, which may delay reimbursement in a manner that would adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, from time to time, procedural issues require us to resubmit or appeal claims before payment is remitted, which contributes to our aged receivables. Unanticipated delays in receiving reimbursement from state programs or commercial payors due to changes in their policies or billing or audit procedures may adversely impact our liquidity and working capital.

In many states, including some of the largest where we operate, including California, state Medicaid benefits are administered through MCOs. Typically, these MCOs manage commercial health and federal Medicare Advantage benefits under a managed care contract.

MCOs and other third-party payors have continued to consolidate in order to enhance their ability to influence the delivery and cost structure of healthcare services. Consequently, the healthcare needs of a large percentage of the U.S. population are increasingly served by a smaller number of managed care organizations. These organizations generally enter into service agreements with a limited number of providers for needed services. In addition, third-party payors, including managed care payors, increasingly are demanding discounted fee structures.

Nationally, MCOs cover increasingly large numbers of Medicaid and Medicare Advantage beneficiaries. MCOs may be more aggressive than state Medicaid and federal Medicare agencies in denying claims or seeking recoupment of payments so that their services under these managed contracts are profitable. Additionally, restrictions on the availability and utilization of Medicaid funds under the OBBBA may result in MCOs becoming more aggressive in the denial of claims to preserve limited Medicaid funds. The additional steps created by the use of MCOs in disbursement of funds creates more risk of delayed, reduced, or recouped payments for our independent operating subsidiaries, and additional avenues for risks that include fines and other sanctions, including suspension or exclusion from participation in various governmental programs. To the extent that these organizations terminate us as a preferred provider, engage our competitors as a preferred or exclusive provider, demand discounted fee structures, limit the patients eligible for our services, or seek our assumption of all or a portion of the financial risk through a prepaid capitation arrangement, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Certain of our facilities are currently subject to regulatory agreements with HUD that give the Commissioner of HUD broad authority to require us to be replaced as the operator of those facilities in the event that the Commissioner determines there are operational deficiencies at such facilities under HUD regulations. Compliance with HUD’s requirements can often be difficult because these requirements are not always consistent with the requirements of other federal and state agencies. Appealing a failed inspection can be costly and time‑consuming and, if we do not successfully remediate the failed inspection, we could be precluded from obtaining HUD financing in the future or we may encounter limitations or prohibitions on our operation of HUD‑insured facilities.

Each of our facilities is required by federal law to maintain a patient trust fund to safeguard certain assets of their residents and patients. If any money held in a patient trust fund is misappropriated, we are required to reimburse the patient trust fund for the misappropriated money. If any monies held in our patient trust funds are misappropriated in the future and are unrecoverable, we will be required to reimburse those monies, and we may also be subject to citations, fines and penalties pursuant to federal and state laws.

Healthcare businesses are increasingly the target of cyberattacks whereby hackers disrupt business operations or obtain protected health information, often demanding large ransoms. Our business is dependent on the proper functioning and availability of our computer systems and networks. While we have taken steps to protect the safety and security of our information systems and the patient health information and other data maintained within those systems, we cannot assure you that our safety and security measures and disaster recovery plan will prevent damage, interruption or breach of our information systems and operations. Additionally, we cannot control the safety and security of our information held by third‑party vendors with whom we contract. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and may be difficult to detect, and as such we (or third‑party vendors) may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventive measures. In addition, hardware, software or applications we (or third‑party vendors) develop or procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise the security of information systems.

Unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to our systems or facilities, or those of third parties with whom we do business, through fraud or other forms of deception.

On occasion, we have acquired additional information systems through our business acquisitions, and these acquired systems may expose us to risk. We also license certain third‑party software to support our operations and information systems. Our inability, or the inability of third‑party vendors, to continue to maintain and upgrade information systems and software could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations. In addition, costs and potential problems and interruptions associated with the implementation of new or upgraded systems and technology or with maintenance or adequate support of existing systems also could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations.

A cyberattack or other incident that bypasses the security measures of our information systems could cause a security breach, which may lead to a material disruption to our information systems infrastructure or business, significant costs to remediate (e.g., data recovery) and may involve a significant loss of business or patient health information. If a cyberattack or other unauthorized attempt to access our systems or facilities were successful, it could also result in the theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation or release of confidential information or intellectual property, could cause operational or business delays that may materially impact our ability to provide various healthcare services and otherwise conduct our business operations, and could require us to expend significant costs to remediate the breach and retrieve our data or access to our systems. Any successful cyberattack or other unauthorized attempt to access our systems or facilities also could result in negative publicity which could damage our reputation or brand with our patients, referral sources, payors or other third parties and could subject us to a number of adverse consequences, the vast majority of which are not insurable, including but not limited to, disruptions in our operations, regulatory and other civil and criminal penalties, fines, investigations and enforcement actions (including, but not limited to, those arising from the SEC, Federal Trade Commission, Office of Civil Rights, the Office of the Inspector General (OIG) or state attorneys general), fines, private litigation with those affected by the data breach (including class action litigation), loss of customers, disputes with payors and increased operating expense, which either individually or in the aggregate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Our business depends, in part, on internally developed technology and content, including software and know-how, the protection of which is important to the success of our business and strategy. We rely on a combination of trademark, trade-secret, and copyright laws and confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property rights. We may, over time, increase our investment in protecting our intellectual property through additional trademark, patent and other intellectual property filings. These measures, however, may not be sufficient to offer us meaningful protection. If we are unable to establish or protect our intellectual property and other rights, our competitive position and our business could be harmed, as third parties may be able to develop technologies that are substantially the same as ours or challenge our ability to use our existing technologies.

Also, some of our services rely on technologies and software developed by or licensed from third parties, and we may not be able to maintain our relationships with such third parties or enter into similar relationships in the future on reasonable terms or at all. Our failure to obtain, maintain and enforce our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are a holding company with no direct operating assets, employees or revenue. Each of our facilities is operated through a separate, wholly owned, independent subsidiary, which has its own local management, employees and assets. Our principal assets are the equity interests we directly or indirectly hold in our multiple operating and real estate holding subsidiaries. As a result, we are dependent upon distributions from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations and pay dividends. Our subsidiaries are legally distinct from us and have no obligation to make funds available to us. The ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us will depend substantially on their respective operating results and will be subject to restrictions under, among other things, the laws of their jurisdiction of organization, which may limit the amount of funds available for distribution to investors or stockholders, agreements of those subsidiaries, the terms of our financing arrangements and the terms of any future financing arrangements of our subsidiaries.

If the cash distributions we receive from our subsidiaries are insufficient for us to fund our financial obligations, we may be required to raise cash through the incurrence of debt, the issuance of equity or the sale of assets to fund. However, there is no assurance that we would be able to raise cash by these means. If the ability of any of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions or payments to us is materially restricted by regulatory or legal requirements, bankruptcy or insolvency, or our need to maintain our financial strength ratings, or is limited due to operating results or other factors, it could adversely affect our ability to meet our financial obligations and to pay dividends or make distributions to our stockholders.

We depend on the talents and continued efforts of our senior management and key employees. The loss of members of our management or key employees may disrupt our business and harm our results of operations. Furthermore, our ability to manage further expansion will require us to continue to attract, motivate, and retain additional qualified personnel. Competition for this type of personnel is intense, and we may not be successful in attracting, integrating, and retaining the personnel required to grow and operate our business effectively. There can be no assurance that our current management team or any new members of our management team will be able to successfully execute our business and operating strategies.

We derive substantial revenue from government healthcare programs, primarily Medicare and state Medicaid programs. Medicare and Medicaid are our largest sources of total revenue. Medicare accounted for 33.8%, 38.6%, and 47.6% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Medicaid accounted for 40.4%, 37.6%, and 30.2% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Many other payors may use published Medicare rates as a basis for reimbursements. Accordingly, if Medicare reimbursement rates are reduced or fail to increase as quickly as our costs, if there are changes in the rules governing the Medicare program that are disadvantageous to our business or industry, or if there are delays in Medicare, Medicaid and other third-party payors payments, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Congress and the CMS often change the rules governing the Medicare program, including those governing reimbursement. Payments received from state Medicaid programs vary from state to state. These payments and programs are subject to statutory and regulatory changes, administrative rulings, interpretations, budgetary and funding constraints, and changes to the methods of calculating payments and reimbursements and requirements to participate in the programs. When these changes are implemented, we must also modify our operations and internal billing processes and procedures accordingly, which can require significant time and expense. As federal healthcare expenditures continue to increase and state governments may face budgetary shortfalls, federal and state governments have made, and may continue to make, significant changes to the Medicare and Medicaid programs and reimbursement received for services rendered to beneficiaries of such programs. The U.S. federal budget is subject to change, including reductions in federal spending, and the Medicare program is frequently mentioned as a target for spending cuts. The full impact on our business of any changes is uncertain. Changes to the Medicare program, state Medicaid programs and other third-party payor program that could adversely affect our business include:

•statutory and regulatory changes and executive actions, including policy interpretations and changes that impact state reimbursement programs, particularly Medicaid reimbursement and managed care payments;

•administrative or legislative changes to base rates or the bases for payment;

•the reduction or elimination of annual rate increases, or the end of the reduced payments deferment;

•limits on the services or types of providers for which Medicare will provide reimbursement;

•changes in methodology for patient assessment and/or determination of payment levels;

•payment or other delays by fiscal intermediaries, carriers or payors;

•redefining enrollment standards and participation in government healthcare programs;

•changes in staff requirements as a condition of payment or eligibility for Medicare reimbursement;

•reduced reimbursement rates and changes in coverage under commercial and managed care contracts;

•changes in reimbursement rates, methods, or timing under governmental reimbursement programs, including reductions in annual reimbursement updates due to budgetary or other pressures;

•interruption or delays in payments due to any ongoing governmental investigations and audits or due to a partial or total federal or state government shutdown for a prolonged period of time;

•an increase in co‑payments or deductibles payable by beneficiaries;

•recoupment efforts and recovery of overpayments;

•federal, state, and local litigation, administrative proceedings, and enforcement actions, including those relating to false claims, COVID-19 or future pandemics and the failure to satisfy the terms and conditions of financial relief; and

•reputational harm of publicly disclosed enforcement actions, audits, or investigations related to quality of care, patient harm and abuse, billing and reimbursement.

The healthcare industry broadly, including government and commercial payors, is initiating cost containment efforts. The Medicare program and its reimbursement rates and rules are subject to frequent change, including statutory and regulatory changes, rate adjustments (including retroactive adjustments), annual caps that limit the amount that can be paid (including deductible and coinsurance amounts), administrative or executive orders and government funding restrictions, all of which may materially adversely affect the rates at which Medicare reimburses us for our services. Additionally, payments can be delayed or declined due to determinations that certain costs are not reimbursable or reasonable because either adequate or additional documentation was not provided or because certain services were not covered or considered medically necessary. Revenue from these payors can be retroactively adjusted after a new examination during the claims settlement process or as a result of post‑payment audits. Additionally, both government and private payors are increasingly looking to value-based purchasing to contain costs. Value-based purchasing focuses on quality of outcomes and efficiency of care, rather than quantity of care. Reductions in reimbursement rates or the scope of services being reimbursed could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations or even result in reimbursement rates that are insufficient to cover our operating costs.

For the fiscal year 2025, SNF prospective payment system (PPS) rule issued on July 31, 2024, Medicare Part A reimbursement for SNFs increased by 4.2%. CMS also added new quality measures to take effect in fiscal years 2026 through 2028 that assess staff turnover, discharge success, re‑hospitalization, and resident falls with injuries, which may adversely affect revenues obtained through the Medicare program. CMS’s changes to the SNF Value-Based Purchasing (VBP) program and the addition of new measures, may reduce the compensation our independent operating subsidiaries may receive under the SNF VBP program.

CMS implemented a final rule in October 2019 implementing a new case‑mix classification system, PDPM (patient-driven payment model), that focuses on the clinical condition of the patient. CMS may make future adjustments to reimbursement levels and underlying reimbursement formulae as it continues to monitor the impact of PDPM on patient outcomes and budget neutrality.

Loss of Medicare reimbursement, or a delay or default by the government in making Medicare payments, would also have a material adverse effect on our revenue. Non‑compliance with Medicare regulations exist, and any penalty, suspension, termination, or other sanction under any state’s Medicaid program could lead to reciprocal and commensurate penalties being imposed under the Medicare program, up to termination or rescission of our Medicare participation and payor agreements as noted above.

A significant portion of reimbursement for skilled nursing services comes from Medicaid. Medicaid is a state‑administered program financed by both state funds and matching federal funds. Medicaid spending has increased rapidly in recent years, becoming a significant component of state budgets, which has led both the federal government and many states to institute measures aimed at controlling the growth of Medicaid spending, and in some instances reducing aggregate Medicaid spending. Since a significant majority of our total revenue is generated from our skilled nursing operating subsidiaries in California, any budget reductions or delays in California could adversely affect our net patient service revenue and profitability. Despite present state budget surpluses in many of the states in which we operate, we can expect continuing cost containment pressures on Medicaid outlays for SNFs, and any such decline could have an adverse effect on our business financial condition and results of operations.

The Medicaid program and its reimbursement rates and rules are subject to frequent change at both the federal and state level, including through changes in laws, regulations, rate adjustments (including retroactive adjustments), administrative or executive orders and government funding restrictions, all of which may materially adversely affect the rates at which our services are reimbursed by state Medicaid plans or the amount of expense we incur. Moreover, the OBBBA imposes significant reductions in the funding of the Medicaid program, such reductions are expected to decrease the number of persons enrolled in Medicaid and reduce the services covered by Medicaid.

To generate funds to pay for the increasing costs of the Medicaid program, many states utilize financial arrangements commonly referred to as provider taxes. The OBBBA's passage prohibits the imposition of new provider taxes or increase of existing provider taxes, except for intermediate care facilities and nursing homes. Under provider tax arrangements, states collect taxes from healthcare providers and then use the revenue to pay the providers as a Medicaid expenditure, which allows the states to then claim additional federal matching funds on the additional reimbursements. Current federal law provides for a cap on the maximum allowable provider tax as a percentage of the providers’ net patient revenue. There can be no assurance that federal law will continue to provide matching federal funds on state Medicaid expenditures funded through provider taxes, or that the current caps on provider taxes will not be reduced. The changes to the Medicaid program enacted in the OBBBA limits avenues for states to generate Medicaid funding, and may limit who may qualify for Medicaid long-term care benefits. Additionally, states must conduct Medicaid eligibility redeterminations every six months, rather than annually, for individuals enrolled under Medicaid. Any discontinuance or reduction in federal matching of provider tax‑related Medicaid expenditures could have a significant and adverse effect on states’ Medicaid expenditures or delays in eligibility or coverage, and as a result could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The CAA 2023 provided for the wind‑down and termination of increased Federal Medicaid Assistance Percentage (FMAP) payments under the Families First Coronavirus Relief Act (FFCRA), and also provided for the disenrollment of Medicaid beneficiaries who have participated in the program since early in the COVID‑19 pandemic. CMS’s increased FMAP payments declined from 5% in the second quarter of 2023 to 2.5% in the third quarter, and to 1.5% in the fourth quarter. The increased FMAP payments will be discontinued in 2024. The CAA 2023 granted CMS the authority to impose fines, penalties, and other sanctions upon states that did not comply with this law’s requirements for the unwinding of increased FMAP payments. As a result, these reductions may impose further burdens on the Medicaid programs in states where we operate in the form of fines and penalties, which may result in reduced payments.

Beginning on April 1, 2023, states were allowed to begin disenrolling Medicaid beneficiaries. CMS is monitoring the disenrollment process in an effort to protect eligible beneficiaries from inappropriate coverage losses during the return to Medicaid’s historical renewal, enrollment and eligibility determination practices, and has required certain states to pause disenrollments unless they could ensure all eligible people are not improperly disenrolled. Although CMS announced in 2024 that all unwinding-related renewals for beneficiaries enrolled in Medicaid must be completed no later than December 31, 2025, our understanding is that the majority of states have now substantially completed their unwinding processes. Data from CMS on Medicaid redeterminations showed substantial increases in ACA plan enrollments among consumers in 2023 and 2024 who lost Medicaid or CHIP coverage, as well as decreases in Medicaid enrollment from 2023 to 2024. As a result of decreases in enrollment, there may be fewer current or potential patients able to pay for our operating subsidiaries’ services, and increased competition for Medicaid beneficiaries able to provide reimbursement for those services. In addition, states risk losing federal Medicaid matching funds for non‑compliance with CMS’s instructions, which could result in reduced Medicaid funds available for timely reimbursement of our operating subsidiaries for their operations.

Medicare and Medicaid nursing facilities are required to disclose data about the facility’s ownership, management and the owners of real property lessors upon initial enrollment and revalidation. In addition, the nursing facilities are required to timely report any changes, including in connection with any change of ownership. CMS defines the disclosable parties to include members of the facility’s governing body, persons or entities who are an officer, director, member, partner, trustee or managing employee of the facility, persons or entities that exercise operational, financial or managerial control, lease or sublease real property to the facility, own a direct or indirect interest of five percent or greater of the real property or provide management or administrative services to the facility. Additionally, for any disclosable party that is a corporation, the disclosure must include the stockholders who have a five percent or greater direct or indirect ownership interest. Additionally, facilities will be required to disclose whether any entity on the form is a private equity company or real estate investment trust (REIT). CMS makes the information that is provided publicly available. This new disclosure requirement involves reporting extensive information and may complicate our efforts to comply with Medicare and Medicaid requirements. Failure to comply with the new disclosure requirements could affect our participation in Medicare and state Medicaid programs and adversely impact our business and financial condition.

Medicaid is an important source of funding for our independent operating subsidiaries. We may be adversely affected by the disenrollment of Medicaid beneficiaries, which may lead to a reduction in reimbursement that may adversely impact our revenue and profit. Although CMS announced in 2024 that all unwinding-related renewals for beneficiaries enrolled in Medicaid must be completed no later than December 31, 2025, the majority of states have now substantially completed their unwinding processes. The ultimate impact of Medicaid disenrollment on our finances and operations will depend on individual states’ specific circumstances and actions. See Part I, Item 1 “Business--Regulatory Matters.”

The ACA has resulted in significant changes to our operations and reimbursement models for services we provide. CMS continues to issue rules to implement the ACA, including most recently, new rules regarding the implementation of the anti‑discrimination provisions and new rules requiring the disclosure of SNF ownership, organization, management and the identity of the real property owners from which the SNF leases or subleases its operating space. With the passage of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) in August of 2022, Congress continues to expand and supplement the ACA, including through the continuation of federally funded insurance premium subsidies. This modification of the ACA by the IRA indicates that Congress may continue to change and expand the ACA in the future.

The efficacy of the ACA is the subject of much debate among members of Congress and the public and it has been the subject of extensive litigation before numerous courts, including the United States Supreme Court, with varying outcomes ‑ some expanding and others limiting the ACA. In the event that the ACA is repealed or any elements of the ACA that are beneficial to our business are materially amended or changed, such as provisions regarding the health insurance industry, reimbursement and insurance coverage by payers, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. Thus, the future impact of the ACA on our business is difficult to predict and its continued uncertain future may negatively impact our business. However, any material changes to the ACA or its implementing regulations may negatively impact our operations.

Most recently, the OBBBA was enacted in July 2025, which imposes significant reductions in the funding of the Medicaid program. The law requires states to establish work requirements and more frequent redeterminations, among other modifications, and these changes are expected to reduce enrollment in state Medicaid programs. The timing and magnitude of the reductions may vary by state depending on how quickly states implement the changes. The law also reduces limits on payments to Medicaid providers to 100 percent of the mandated Medicare rate for expansion states and 110 percent of the Medicare rate for non-expansion states. Their impact is uncertain at this time and will depend on how states may adapt their future tax and Medicaid funding policies in response.

While it is not possible to predict whether and when any such healthcare reform initiatives or changes to the ACA will occur, specific proposals, including a repeal or material amendment of the ACA, could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, even if the ACA is not amended or repealed, the President and the executive branch of the federal government, as well as CMS and HHS have a significant impact on the implementation of the provisions of the ACA, and a new administration could make changes impacting the implementation and enforcement of the ACA, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We have already seen this with regulatory activity promulgating rules regarding anti‑discrimination under Section 1557 of the ACA and the disclosure of SNF ownership and service providers under Section 6101 of the ACA. If we are slow or unable to adapt to any such changes, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Since the ACA, there have been healthcare reform proposals and we expect that other healthcare reform legislative and regulatory changes will be proposed and enacted, including reductions in payments to SNFs and impose the staffing and reporting requirements. We cannot predict what effect future reforms to the U.S. healthcare system will have on our business, including the demand for our services, the cost of our operations, or the amount of reimbursement available for those services. However, it is possible these new laws may lower reimbursement or increase the cost of doing business and adversely affect our business. See Part I, Item 1 “Business-Regulatory Matters.”

Regulators and third-party payors are increasing scrutiny of claims, which may require additional resources to response to audits and may cause additional delays or denials in receiving payment. As a result of our participation in the Medicaid and Medicare programs, we and other program participants are subject to various governmental reviews, audits and investigations to verify compliance with the rules associated with these programs and related applicable laws and regulations, including claims for payments submitted to those programs, which are subject to reviews by Recovery Audit Contractors, Zone Program Integrity Contractors, Program Safeguard Contractors, Unified Program Integrity Contractors, Supplemental Medical Review Contractors and Medicaid Integrity Contractors programs (collectively referred to as Reviews). In these Reviews, third-party firms engaged by CMS conduct extensive analysis of claims data and medical and other records to identify potential improper payments under the Federal and State programs. Although we have always been subject to post‑payment audits and Reviews, more intensive “probe reviews” performed by Medicare administrative contractors in recent years appear to be a regular procedure with our fiscal intermediaries. Managed care and other third-party payors also often reserve the right to conduct audits and do on a regular basis.

We believe that billing and reimbursement errors and disagreements are common in our industry, and thus we are regularly engaged in reviews, audits and appeals of our claims for reimbursement due to the subjectivities inherent in the process related to patient diagnosis and care, record keeping, claims processing and other aspects of the patient service and reimbursement processes, and the errors and disagreements those subjectivities can produce. An adverse review, audit or investigation could result in:

•an obligation to refund amounts previously paid to us pursuant to the Medicare or Medicaid programs or from private payors, in amounts that could be material to our business;

•state or federal agencies imposing fines, penalties or other sanctions on us;

•temporary or permanent loss of our right to participate in the Medicare or Medicaid programs or one or more private payor networks or admission bans or moratoriums;

•protracted regulatory oversight, including education and sampling of claims, extended pre‑payment review, referral of the operating business to recovery audit or integrity contractors, or extrapolation of an error rate to other reimbursement made outside of specifically reviewed claims;

•an increase in private litigation against us; and

•damage to our reputation in the geographies served by our independent operating subsidiaries.

Both federal and state government continue to pursue intensive enforcement polices resulting in a significant number of investigations, audits, citations or regulatory deficiencies and other regulatory actions. Federal and state agencies have heightened and coordinated civil and criminal enforcement efforts as part of numerous ongoing audits, inquiries and investigations of healthcare companies and, in particular, SNFs. The focus of these investigations includes, among other things, billing and cost reporting practices; quality of care provided; and the medical necessity of rendered services. In 2023, CMS announced a nationwide audit, the “SNF 5‑Claim Probe & Educate Review,” in which the Medicare Administrative Contractors review five claims from each of the facilities to check for compliance with PDPM billings, which could result in individual claim payment denials if errors are identified. All facilities that are not undergoing Targeted Probe and Educate (TPE) reviews, or have not recently passed a TPE review, will be subject to the nationwide audit.

If we fail to comply with these extensive laws, regulations and prohibitions to our business, we and certain officers could become subject to demands for refund of alleged overpayments, civil and criminal penalties, termination, exclusion or payment suspensions from the Medicare and Medicaid program, loss of Medicare or Medicaid certification, bans on Medicare and Medicaid payments for new admissions, admission moratoriums. We may also become subject to corporate integrity agreements or extensive monitoring by regulatory agencies. For example, we are subject to various legal proceedings, claims, and governmental inspections, audits, and investigations, including civil investigative demands (CIDs) and criminal subpoenas such as the ones discussed in more detail in Part I. Item 3 “Legal Proceedings” relating to alleged violations of the Federal False Claims Act and the making of false or fraudulent statements under HIPAA. We cannot predict their outcome of these investigations. We could be forced to expend considerable resources responding to these investigations and to any other investigations, audits and other enforcement actions that we may receive, which could divert material time, resources and attention away from our management team and our staff. Additionally, an adverse finding in any such matters could lead to the imposition of damages, fines, penalties, restitution, other monetary liabilities, sanctions, settlements or changes to our business practices or operations that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The laws and regulations governing our operations, along with the terms of participation in various government programs, regulate how we conduct our business, the services we offer, the manner in which we provide and bill for services and collect reimbursement from governmental programs and private payors, and our interactions with patients, healthcare providers and referral sources, our marketing activities, and other aspects of our operations. These laws and regulations are subject to frequent change. We, along with other companies in the healthcare industry, are required to comply with extensive and complex laws and regulations at the federal, state and local government levels. Restrictions under applicable federal and state laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include the following:

•the federal Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS) that prohibits the knowing and willful offer, payment, solicitation or receipt of any bribe, kickback, rebate or other remuneration for referring an individual, in return for ordering, leasing, purchasing or recommending or arranging for or to induce the referral of an individual or the ordering, purchasing or leasing of items or services covered, in whole or in part, by any federal healthcare program, such as Medicare and Medicaid. “Remuneration” includes the transfer of anything of value, in cash or in kind and directly or indirectly. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation;

•the federal physician self-referral law (Stark Law), that, subject to limited exceptions, prohibits physicians, which includes a doctor of medicine, from referring Medicare or Medicaid patients to an entity for the provision of certain designated health services if the physician or a member of such physician’s immediate family has a direct or indirect financial relationship (including an ownership interest or a compensation arrangement) with the entity, and prohibit the entity from billing Medicare or Medicaid for such designated health services. Unlike the AKS, the Stark Law is violated if the financial arrangement does not meet an applicable exception, regardless of any intent by the parties to induce or reward referrals or the reasons for the financial relationship and the referral;

•the federal False Claims Act (FCA), that imposes civil and criminal liability on individuals or entities that knowingly submit false or fraudulent claims for payment to the government or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement in order to have a false claim paid. There are many potential bases for liability under the FCA. The government has used the FCA to prosecute Medicare and other government healthcare program fraud such as coding errors, billing for services not provided, and providing care that is not medically necessary or that is substandard in quality. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal AKS or Stark Law constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the FCA. Actions under the FCA may be brought by the Attorney General, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), the United States Attorney Offices, or as a qui tam action by a private individual in the name of the government. These private parties, often referred to as relators or whistleblowers, are entitled to share in any amounts recovered by the government through trial or settlement, and these qui tam cases are sealed by the court at the time of filing;

•the criminal healthcare fraud provisions of HIPAA and related rules that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing a scheme or artifice to defraud any healthcare benefit program or falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the AKS, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation;

•similar state law provisions pertaining to anti-kickback, self-referral and false claims issues, some of which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any payor, including patients and commercial insurers;

•state corporate practice and fee-splitting laws that prohibit general business corporations such as us, from practicing medicine or other healthcare professionals, controlling licensed healthcare professionals’ medical decisions or engaging in some practices, such as spitting fees with licensed healthcare professionals;

•laws that regulate debt collection practices;

•federal and state antitrust laws that prohibit or limit exclusive contracting relationships with healthcare providers, prohibit or limit the sharing of cost and pricing data, prohibit competitors from taking collective action to set commercial payer reimbursement rates, and determine when a joint venture or healthcare network is sufficiently integrated, by either sharing substantial financial risk or substantial clinical integration, to jointly contract with commercial payers;

•laws that impose criminal penalties on healthcare providers who fail to disclose or refund known overpayments;

•laws that require maintenance of licensure, certification and accreditation;

•laws relating to adequacy and quality of healthcare services, quality and maintenance of medical equipment and facilities;

•laws that impose reporting, transparency and disclosure requirements of the ownership, management. managing employees and the owners of real property lessors or sublessors, including any private equity companies or REITs;

•laws relating to staffing levels and qualifications and vaccination (including boosting) of healthcare and support personnel;

•confidentiality, maintenance and security issues associated with medical records and claims processing; and

•constraints on protective contractual provisions with patients and third‑party payors.

These laws and regulations are complex, and we do not always have the benefit of significant regulatory or judicial interpretation of these laws and regulations. We are unable to predict the future course of federal, state and local regulation or legislation, including as it pertains to Medicare, Medicaid, or fraud and abuse laws, and how they are enforced. Additionally, in the future, different interpretations or enforcement of these laws and regulations could subject our current or past practices to allegations of impropriety or illegality or could require us to make changes in our facilities, equipment, personnel, services, operations, capital expenditure programs and operating expenses. Our efforts to comply with these laws and regulations could be costly and result in diversion of management time and effort and may still not guarantee compliance. Regulators continue to increase their scrutiny of compliance with these obligations, which may require us to further revise or expand our compliance program. While we diligently strive to maintain compliance with these laws, we cannot assure you that governmental officials charged with the responsibility for enforcing these prohibitions will not assert that we are violating the provisions of such laws and regulations. For example, we are subject to various governmental inspections, audits, and investigations, including civil investigative demands (CIDs) and criminal subpoenas such as the ones discussed in more detail in Part I. Item 3 “Legal Proceedings” relating to alleged violations of the Federal False Claims Act and the making of false or fraudulent statements under HIPAA. We cannot predict the outcome of these ongoing investigations and any future legal proceeding, government inspection, audit or investigation.We could be forced to expend considerable resources responding to these investigations and to any other investigations, audits and other enforcement actions that we may receive, which could divert material time, resources and attention away from our management team and our staff.

Any adverse finding in these ongoing matters, or in any similar matter that may arise in the future, could subject us to civil or criminal penalties, sanctions, remedial measures and other detrimental consequences, including denial of reimbursement, imposition of fines, temporary suspension of admission of new patients, suspension or decertification from the Medicaid and Medicare programs, restrictions on our ability to acquire new facilities or expand or operate existing facilities, the loss of our licenses to operate and the loss of our ability to participate in federal and state reimbursement programs.

In addition, if we fail to comply, even inadvertently, with any of these requirements, we could be required to alter our operations and enter into a corporate integrity agreement, deferred prosecution or similar agreements with state or federal government agencies. Furthermore, should we lose licenses or certifications for a number of our facilities or other businesses as a result of regulatory action or legal proceedings, we could be deemed to be in default under some of our agreements, including agreements governing outstanding indebtedness.

Our facilities must comply with required conditions of participation in the Medicare program and state Medicaid programs and state licensure requirements. We are subject to surveys and investigations from federal and state agencies as well as accreditation organizations. We receive deficiency reports from state and federal regulatory bodies resulting from such inspections or surveys. If we fail to meet the conditions of participation or licensure standards, we may receive a notice of deficiency from the applicable surveyor. Although most inspection deficiencies are resolved through an agreed‑upon plan of corrective action, the reviewing agency typically has the authority to take further action against a licensed or certified facility.

We have received notices of potential sanctions and remedies based upon alleged regulatory deficiencies from time to time, and such sanctions have been imposed on some of our facilities. No material remedial actions have been taken against us to date, however, we have had facilities placed on special focus facility (SFF) status in the past, continue to have some facilities on this status currently and other operating subsidiaries may be identified for such status in the future. In particular, as our strategy includes the targeted acquisition of underperforming SNFs, we from time to time acquire facilities with special focus facility status. As of December 31, 2024, we had four facilities with special focus facility status. Three such facilities were acquired with this status and one was placed on such status following our acquisition of the facility. These facilities received such status as a result of accumulating an above average number survey deficiency points over the course of multiple surveys, some of which occurred prior to their acquisition. Survey deficiency points are issued by the government survey agency when inspecting a nursing facility to reflect the deficiencies that the facility is cited for in the survey, which include, but are not limited to, quality of life and care, freedom from abuse, neglect and exploitation deficiencies.

If a facility then fails to institute an acceptable plan of correction to remediate the deficiency within the correction period provided by the state surveyor, that facility could be subject to remedial action. These actions include the imposition of fines, imposition of a license to a conditional or provisional status, admission holds, suspension or revocation of a license, payment suspension, loss of certification as a provider under state or federal healthcare programs, or imposition of other sanctions, including civil monetary penalties and criminal penalties. Termination of one or more of our facilities from the Medicare or state Medicaid programs for failure to satisfy conditions of participation, or the imposition of alternative sanctions, could disrupt operations, require significant attention by management or have a material adverse effect on our business and reputation and consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

From time to time, we have opted to voluntarily stop accepting new patients pending completion of a new state survey, in order to avoid possible denial of payment for new admissions during the deficiency cure period, or simply to avoid straining staff and other resources while retraining staff, upgrading operating systems or making other operational improvements. If we elect to voluntary close any operations in the future or to opt to stop accepting new patients pending completion of a state or federal survey, it could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operation.

Furthermore, in some states, citation of one affiliated facility could negatively impact other facilities in the same state. Revocation of a license at a given facility could therefore impair our ability to obtain new licenses or to renew, or maintain, existing licenses at other facilities, which may also trigger defaults or cross‑defaults under our leases and our credit arrangements, or adversely affect our ability to operate or obtain financing in the future. CMS’s rules requiring disclosure of ownership, management and the owners of real property lessors or sublessors, heighten this risk. Our failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements in any single facility could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

As CMS turns its attention to enhancing enforcement activities towards SNFs, state survey agencies will have more accountability for their survey and enforcement efforts. Effective October 1, 2024, CMS finalized expanded authority to impose multiple per day and per instance CMPs on facilities for non-compliance identified in surveys, with a look back period of three standard surveys. Although we are not able to predict whether the new administration will continue to prioritize regulation applicable to LTCs, the measures implemented under the Biden administration may result more frequent surveys of our facilities, with more substantial penalties, fines and consequences if they do not perform well. For low‑performing facilities in the SFF program, the standards for successfully emerging from that program and not being subject to ongoing and enhanced government oversight will be higher and measured over a longer period of time, prolonging the risks of monetary penalties, fines and potential suspension or exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Additionally, CMS recently updated the survey resources that CMS and state surveyors use in evaluating our SNFs’ compliance with federal Requirements for Participation. The application of CMS’s new guidance could result in more aggressive and stringent surveys, and potential fines, penalties, sanctions, or administrative actions taken against our independent operating subsidiaries.

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, requires us to adopt and maintain business procedures and systems designed to protect the privacy, security and integrity of patients’ individual health information, in addition to state laws governing the privacy of patient information. We must comply with these state privacy laws to the extent that they are more protective of healthcare information or provide additional protections not afforded by HIPAA. HIPAA and other comparable state and federal laws and regulations change periodically. If we fail to comply with these state and federal laws and regulations, we could be subject to criminal penalties, civil sanctions, litigation, and be forced to modify our policies and procedures, in addition to undertaking costly breach notification and remediation efforts, as well as sustaining reputational harm. As described in more detail in Part I. Item 3 “Legal Proceedings”, we are currently subject to a criminal investigation relating to the alleged making of false or fraudulent statements under HIPAA. We cannot predict the outcome of this investigation.

In addition to breaches of protected patient information, under HIPAA and other federal and state laws and regulations, healthcare entities are also required to afford patients with certain rights of access to their health information and to promote sharing of patient data between and among healthcare providers involved in the same patient’s course of care. Recently, the Office for Civil Rights, the agency responsible for HIPAA enforcement, has targeted investigative and enforcement efforts on violations of patients’ rights of access, imposing significant fines for violations largely initiated from patient complaints. If we fail to comply with our obligations under HIPAA or other comparable federal or state laws and regulations, we could face significant fines and penalties.

Several government actions have been taken in recent years to try and contain the costs of rehabilitation therapy services provided under Medicare Part B, including the Multiple Procedure Payment Reduction (MPPR), institution of annual caps, mandatory medical reviews for annual claims beyond a certain monetary threshold, and a reduction in reimbursement rates for therapy assistant claim modifiers. Of specific concern has been CMS’s recent efforts to lower Medicare Part B reimbursement rates for outpatient therapy services. Such cost‑containment measures and ongoing payment changes could have an adverse effect on our revenue. The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) or other regulatory authorities may choose to more closely scrutinize billing practices in areas where we operate or propose to expand, which could result in an increase in regulatory monitoring and oversight, decreased reimbursement rates, or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The OIG regularly conducts investigations regarding certain payment or compliance issues within the healthcare industry. The OIG identified SNF compliance as an issue of concern in recent semi‑annual reports to Congress, and its January 2023 study regarding SNF emergency preparedness identified the need for further oversight and addition of SNF emergency readiness to the OIG’s 2023 work plan. Nursing homes were also a topic of discussion in the OIG’s 2023 semi-annual report to Congress, which emphasized the continued protection and oversight of care that nursing facilities provide to residents. Among other things, the OIG recommended a reduction in the use of psychotropic drugs in nursing homes and urged CMS to evaluate the appropriateness of psychotropic drug use among residents, including the use of data to identify nursing homes with higher rates of use for potential further scrutiny and action. Based on this information, SNFs in particular are potential targets for more robust scrutiny and examination by regulators, although it is unknown whether the current presidential administration will seek further or escalating scrutiny of SNFs.

Our business model, like those of some other for‑profit operators, is based in part on attracting higher‑acuity patients whom we believe provide us more opportunity to be profitable due to the higher level of services they need and accordingly higher reimbursement rates, and over time our overall patient mix has consistently shifted to higher‑acuity and higher‑resource utilization patients in most facilities we operate. These efforts may place us under greater scrutiny with the OIG, CMS, our fiscal intermediaries, recovery audit contractors and others.

A bill in the State of California, where a significant majority of our facilities are located, was recently signed into law which increases the cap of non‑economic damages awarded to plaintiffs who are successful in medical malpractice litigation. The cap increased from $250,000 to $350,000 beginning on January 1, 2023, then increases over the following 10 years until the cap reaches a maximum of $750,000, with further adjustments for inflation. In wrongful death cases, the cap increased from $250,000 to $500,000 on January 1, 2023, with incremental increases over the following 10 years until the cap reaches a maximum of $1,000,000, with adjustments for inflation. Due to California’s influence on other states, other jurisdictions where we operate may enact similar laws. Similar to the potential incentive of increased damages caps, the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Health and Hospital Corporation of Marion City v. Talevskimay increase public interest in potential claims against SNFs, particularly pertaining to specific civil rights claims against governmental actors rather than general liability claims against privately owned SNFs such as those operated by our independent operating subsidiaries.

As another example, California’s adoption of the Skilled Nursing Facility Ownership and Management Reform Act of 2022 imposes new requirements for obtaining licenses to operate SNFs. These new requirements may delay or limit the ability to obtain new SNF licenses within that state, whether through acquisition of existing facilities or opening a new facility. This law’s obligations may increase the costs of obtaining licensure, make applications more time‑consuming and complex, and may result in civil penalties and other sanctions against our facilities in the event they are not compliant with these new licensure application requirements. As a result, this law may delay or impede growth within California. As with the law that increases the cap of non‑economic damages for medical malpractice litigation, California’s influence on other states may result in this legislation becoming a model for other states and having similar, potentially adverse effects within those jurisdictions as well.

More recently, California’s legislature has proposed, among other things, bills related to increasing the minimum wage for workers, spending requirements and increased disclosure. These and other bills would create new and costly obligations on our independent operating subsidiaries if they became law and if enacted, would adversely affect our business, operations, and profitability. In October 2023, California adopted legislation that requires, if and when a minimum spending bill is later enacted with respect to skilled nursing facilities, workers at skilled nursing facilities, as well as most other healthcare facilities throughout the state, be paid a minimum wage that begins at $21 per hour beginning June 1, 2024, increasing to $23 per hour beginning June 1, 2026, and then increasing to $25 per hour beginning June 1, 2028. While California’s state Medicaid reimbursement program will, barring intervening changes to the program, reimburse providers for some of the increased operating costs, there can be no assurance that they will be reimbursed for the full increase, or that they will be reimbursed in a timely manner.

On April 24, 2024, the California Department of Health Care Access and Information (HCAI) announced that the Office of Health Care Affordability’s Board approved a statewide healthcare spending target of 3%, which represents a long‐term reduction of current levels of statewide healthcare spending. The spending target will be phased in over time, initially starting at 3.5% for 2025 and 2026, the target will be lowered to 3.2% for 2027 and 2028 before ultimately reaching 3% for 2029 and beyond.

As another example, Texas passed a bill which partially restored Medicaid state relief funding for SNFs through August 31, 2023. Texas also enacted regulations effective September 1, 2023 that provide rate increases for direct care staff, which may provide financial relief to our independent operating subsidiaries in Texas. Other states may continue to propose bills impacting skilled nursing facilities, which may adversely affect our business, operations, and profitability.

Our operating subsidiaries are subject to a variety of federal and state employment‑related laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act that governs such matters as minimum wages, overtime and other working conditions, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and similar state laws that provide civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities in the context of employment, public accommodations and other areas, the National Labor Relations Act, regulations of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), regulations of the Office of Civil Rights, regulations of state attorney generals, family leave mandates and a variety of similar laws enacted by the federal and state governments that govern these and other employment law matters.

On June 5, 2023, CMS published the Omnibus Final Rule, withdrawing the COVID‑19 vaccination IFR 60 days after the rule’s publication. At present, there is no nationally significant litigation concerning such mandates. The effects of the COVID‑19 vaccination IFR’s withdrawal on our operations and the labor pool for nursing and administrative staff is unknown, but may have an impact on our business, operations, and profitability.

Furthermore, the Biden Administration requested HHS and CMS study and issue proposed rules regarding care‑based careers, including improving access to training, increasing the attractiveness of compensation in care‑based positions, and improving the retention and career progression of care workers. The new administration may discontinue these studies, discontinue ongoing rulemaking activity, and may pursue significantly different policy‐setting and rulemaking priorities that do not include any of the Biden‐Harris Administration’s priorities. Simultaneously, certain actions taken under the Biden‐Harris Administration, such as increased enforcement authority by HHS and CMS, may be retained and utilized by the new Administration and its new leaders of HHS and CMS.

The compliance costs associated with these laws and evolving regulations could be substantial. By way of example, all of our facilities are required to comply with the ADA, which has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial properties,” but generally requires that buildings be made accessible to people with disabilities. Compliance with ADA requirements could require removal of access barriers and non‑compliance could result in imposition of government fines or an award of damages to private litigants. Further legislation may impose additional burdens or restrictions with respect to access by disabled persons. In addition, federal proposals to introduce a system of mandated health insurance and flexible work time and other similar initiatives could, if implemented, adversely affect our operations. We also may be subject to employee‑related claims such as wrongful discharge, discrimination or violation of equal employment law. While we are insured for these types of claims, we could be subject to damages that are not covered by our insurance policies or that exceed our insurance limits, and we may be required to pay such damages directly, which would negatively impact our cash flow from operations.

In addition, there currently is pending legislation in California to raise the minimum wage to $25 per hour for all healthcare workers and require SNFs to maintain a minimum spend of 85% of revenue on direct care costs. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 49% of our skilled nursing beds are located in California. Although there currently is no similar proposed legislation in the other states in which we operate, if we expand to other states, we may be subject to similar legislation.

The operations of our operating subsidiaries must be licensed under applicable state law and, depending upon the type of operation, certified or approved as providers under the Medicare and/or Medicaid programs. In the process of acquiring or transferring operating assets, our operations must receive change of ownership approvals from state certificate of need boards, licensing agencies, Medicare and Medicaid as well as third-party payors. Rules regarding the disclosure of SNF facility ownership may increase the scrutiny placed on companies that operate, directly or indirectly, multiple SNFs, and may subject our licensing and approval process to additional scrutiny or delays.

In recent years, states have become increasingly interested in the review of healthcare transactions for impacts on costs, access to care and quality, and certain states are particularly focused on transactions involving private equity investments. Transactions involving single multi-state organizations with hundreds of healthcare providers and facilities across the country are and may be in the future subject to state reviews because one or more providers or facilities derive revenue from patients within the state. Certain state review processes can involve lengthy review and approval periods, require enhanced disclosure obligations and impact analysis, public notices and hearings, and approval conditions and post-closing oversight, including ongoing reporting obligations.

Overall, these state laws regulating costs, access to care and quality, in effect and those that may go into effect in the future, may delay or burden our transactions, including future add-on acquisitions, increase costs associated with expansion, require intrusive disclosures, and impose onerous, ongoing reporting obligations.

If there are any delays in receiving regulatory approvals from the applicable federal, state or local government agencies, or the inability to receive such approvals, such delays or denials could result in delayed or lost reimbursement related to periods of service prior to the receipt of such approvals, which could negatively impact our cash position.

We must comply with the federal Fair Housing Act and similar state laws, which prohibit us from discriminating against individuals if it would cause such individuals to face barriers in gaining residency in any of our facilities. Additionally, the Fair Housing Act and other similar state laws require that we advertise our services in such a way that we promote diversity and not limit it. We may be required, among other things, to change our marketing techniques to comply with these requirements.

In addition, we are required to operate our facilities in compliance with applicable fire and safety regulations, building codes and other land use regulations and food licensing or certification requirements as they may be adopted by governmental agencies and bodies from time to time. Like other healthcare facilities, our affiliated SNFs are subject to periodic surveys or inspections by governmental authorities to assess and assure compliance with regulatory requirements. Surveys occur on a regular (often annual or biannual) schedule, and special surveys may result from a specific complaint filed by a patient, a family member or one of our competitors. We may be required to make substantial capital expenditures to comply with these requirements.

We are subject to a wide variety of federal, state and local environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations. Regulatory requirements faced by healthcare providers such as us include those relating to air emissions, wastewater discharges, air and water quality control, occupational health and safety (such as standards regarding blood-borne pathogens and ergonomics), management and disposal of low-level radioactive medical waste, biohazards and other wastes, management of explosive or combustible gases, such as oxygen, specific regulatory requirements applicable to asbestos, lead-based paints, polychlorinated biphenyls and mold, other occupational hazards associated with our workplaces, and providing notice to employees and members of the public about our use and storage of regulated or hazardous materials and wastes. Failure to comply with these requirements could subject us to fines, penalties and increased operational costs. Moreover, changes in existing requirements or more stringent enforcement of them, as well as discovery of currently unknown conditions at our owned or leased facilities, could result in additional cost and potential liabilities, including liability for conducting cleanup, and there can be no guarantee that such increased expenditures would not be significant.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and fluctuate or decline significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

•variations between our actual operating results, or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us, and the expectations of securities analysts, investors and the financial community;

•any forward-looking financial or operating information we may provide to the public or securities analysts, any changes in this information or our failure to meet expectations based on this information;

•actions of securities analysts who initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our Company or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

•additional shares of our common stock being sold into the market by us or our existing stockholders;

•hedging activities by market participants;

•announcements by us or our competitors of significant features, technical innovations in facilities, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

•changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of companies in our industry, including our competitors;

•changes in third-party payor reimbursement policies;

•an inability to obtain additional funding;

•general economic, political, industry and market conditions, including rising inflation, high interest rates, capital market disruptions, and price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market;

•lawsuits threatened or filed against us;

•developments in new legislation and pending lawsuits or regulatory actions, including interim or final rulings by judicial or regulatory bodies; and

•other events or factors, including those resulting from political conditions, election cycles, pandemics, war or incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events, many of which are outside of our control.

Furthermore, short sellers may engage in activity intended to drive down the market price of our common stock, which could also result in related regulatory and governmental scrutiny, among other effects. Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed or intends to borrow from a third party with the intention of later buying lower priced identical securities to return to the lender. Accordingly, it is in the interest of a short seller of our common stock for the price to decline. At any time, short sellers may also publish, or arrange for the publication of, opinions or characterizations that are intended to create negative market momentum in our common stock. Short selling reports can cause downward pressure and increased volatility in an issuer’s stock price. For example, on November 4, 2024, a short-seller report was published about us, which contained certain allegations related to components of our operating results and other strategic matters. As a result, our Audit Committee commenced an independent investigation to review the matters referenced in the report. As discussed in more detail in the Explanatory Note to this Annual Report, our Audit Committee has completed its independent investigation; however, the publication of the short-seller report has created significant downward pressure and volatility on the market price of our common stock.

In addition, extreme price and volume fluctuations in the stock markets have affected and continue to affect many healthcare companies’ stock prices. Stock prices often fluctuate in ways unrelated or disproportionate to the companies’ operating performance. Following the publication of the short-seller report about us in November 2024 and following the significant decline in the market price of our common stock, we and certain of our executive officers were named as defendants in a securities class action discussed in more detail in Part I, Item 3. “Legal Proceedings”. Securities litigation could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business and seriously harm our business.

Moreover, because of these fluctuations, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failure to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenues or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue or earnings forecasts that we may provide.

We are subject to a securities class action litigation and derivative lawsuit.

Securities class action litigation is often been brought against companies following a decline in the market price of their securities, and is often followed by derivative litigation. Following the publication of the short-seller report about us in November 2024, the market price of our common stock declined significantly and we and certain of our executive officers have been named as defendants in a securities class action and derivative lawsuits discussed in more detail in Part I, Item 3.

“Legal Proceedings”. These lawsuits and any future lawsuits to which we may become a party are subject to inherent uncertainties and will likely be expensive and time-consuming to investigate, defend and resolve, and will divert our management's attention and financial and other resources. The outcome of litigation is necessarily uncertain, and we could be forced to expend significant resources in the defense of these and other suits, and we may not prevail. Any litigation to which we are a party may result in an onerous or unfavorable judgment that may not be reversed upon appeal or in payments of substantial monetary damages or fines, or we may decide to settle this or other lawsuits on similarly unfavorable terms, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or stock price.

We did not timely file our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, due to an independent investigation by the Company’s independent Audit Committee and the process of restating of our consolidated financial statements for the periods ended March 31 and June 30, 2024. As a result of these delinquent filings, we were out of compliance with NYSE Listing Rule 802.01E. The delisting of our common stock from NYSE would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock, impair our stockholders’ ability to sell or purchase our common stock, lead to a limited amount of analyst coverage and may make it more difficult for us to raise capital on favorable terms in the future. In addition, delisting could subject us to additional litigation or regulatory investigation or enforcement. There can be no assurance that we will not receive future notifications regarding noncompliance with any of the requirements for continued listing on NYSE.

Although our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “PACS,” an active trading market for our common stock may not be sustained. In the absence of an active trading market for our common stock, you may not be able to sell your shares of our common stock when desired or at or above the price you paid. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other businesses or properties using our shares as consideration, which, in turn, could materially and adversely affect our business.

Our founders, Jason Murray and Mark Hancock, collectively beneficially own approximately 70.4% of the voting power of our common stock. In addition, pursuant to the terms of our Amended and Restated Charter, our founders are able to control corporate matters for the foreseeable future. For example, each founder has the right to designate (i) up to two individuals for inclusion in our slate of director nominees if such founder beneficially owns at least 20% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately following the completion of our initial public offering (IPO) or (ii) one individual for inclusion in our slate of director nominees if such founder beneficially owns less than 20% but at least 10% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately following the completion of our IPO. Accordingly, each founder currently has the right to designate two directors and collectively have the right to designate four directors, which represents four out of our five-member board of directors.

In addition, pursuant to the terms of our Amended and Restated Charter, for so long as Messrs. Murray and Hancock beneficially own, in the aggregate, the majority of the voting power of our outstanding shares of voting stock, they are able to remove any of our directors at any time with or without cause and may take action by written consent without a meeting of stockholders. As a result, Messrs. Murray and Hancock are able to determine or significantly influence our management, business plans, policies, and governance for the foreseeable future. This concentrated control of the composition of the board of directors and voting power of our common stock will preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including with respect to the composition of our board of directors, the election and removal of directors, the authorization and issuance of additional shares of our common stock that would be dilutive to you, the issuance of shares of preferred stock that could be dilutive to you and could have disparate voting rights, amendments to our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval.

In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may feel are in your best interests as one of our stockholders and may deprive us of what we perceive as an attractive business combination opportunity. These limitations could deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your shares of common stock as part of a sale of our company and ultimately might affect the market price of our common stock.

Even when the parties to our Stockholders Agreement cease to own shares of our stock representing a majority of the total voting power, for so long as such parties continue to own a significant percentage of our stock, they will still be able to significantly influence or effectively control the composition of our board of directors and the approval of actions requiring stockholder approval through their voting power. Accordingly, for such period of time, the parties to our Stockholders Agreement will have significant influence with respect to our management, business plans, policies, and governance.

If our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after the lock-up and legal restrictions on resale lapse, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

As of November 17, 2025, we had a total of 156,615,144 shares of our common stock outstanding. Of these shares, 45,925,732 shares of common stock are freely tradable, without restriction, in the public market unless purchased by our affiliates. The remaining shares are held by our directors, executive officers and other affiliates and may be sold in the public markets subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 of the Securities Act (Rule 144), and various vesting agreements. Sales of a substantial number of such shares or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause our market price to fall or make it more difficult for you to sell your common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. Messrs. Murray and Hancock are additionally entitled to rights with respect to the registration of all of their shares and they may be able to sell their shares outside of the volume limitations imposed by Rule 144.

Additionally, the shares of our common stock registered on our registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act and issuable or reserved for issuance under our 2024 Incentive Award Plan (2024 Plan) and our 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2024 ESPP) are eligible for sale in the public market, subject to Rule 144 limitations applicable to affiliates. If these additional shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

The preparation of combined/consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our combined/consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. It is possible that interpretation, industry practice and guidance involving estimates and assumptions may evolve or change over time. If our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from our assumptions, our operating results may be adversely affected and could fall below our publicly announced guidance or the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

Jason Murray and Mark Hancock collectively control a majority of the voting power of shares eligible to vote in the election of our directors. Because more than 50% of the voting power in the election of our directors is held by an individual, group, or another company, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the New York Stock Exchange.

As a controlled company, we may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that, within one year of the date of the listing of our common stock:

•a majority of our board of directors consists of “independent directors,” as defined under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange;

•our board of directors has a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities;

•our board of directors has a nominating and corporate governance committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and

•there will be an annual performance evaluation of the nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees.

For so long as we remain a “controlled company,” we may elect to rely on these exemptions. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange rules.

As of December 31, 2024, our executive officers, directors and 5% or greater stockholders beneficially owned 71.2% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Therefore, these stockholders (in particular, Messrs. Murray and Hancock) have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. The interests of these stockholders may not be the same as or may even conflict, or appear to conflict, with your interests. For example, these stockholders could attempt to delay or prevent a change in control of us, even if such change in control would benefit our other stockholders, which could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of us or our assets, and might affect the prevailing market price of our common stock due to investors’ perceptions that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. In addition, these stockholders, acting together, will be able to significantly influence all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger or other significant corporate transactions. As a result, this concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders.

Our Amended and Restated Charter and Amended and Restated Bylaws contain provisions that could depress the trading price of our common stock by acting to discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our management that the stockholders of our company may deem advantageous. These provisions include the following:

•establishing a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board of directors are elected at one time;

•permitting our board of directors to establish the number of directors and fill any vacancies and newly-created directorships, subject to rights granted to Messrs. Murray and Hancock pursuant to our Amended and Restated Charter and the Stockholders Agreement;

•providing that directors may be removed at any time with or without cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the then outstanding shares of our voting stock; provided, however, that at any time when Messrs. Murray and Hancock beneficially own, in the aggregate, less than the majority of the voting power of our outstanding shares of voting stock, directors may only be removed for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power of all then outstanding shares of our voting stock;

•requiring the approval of holders of two-thirds of the total voting power of all then outstanding shares of our capital stock to amend certain provisions in our Amended and Restated Charter and our Amended and Restated Bylaws;

•authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;

•prohibiting stockholders from calling special meetings of stockholders;

•providing that, at any time when Messrs. Murray and Hancock beneficially own, in the aggregate, at least a majority of the voting power of our outstanding shares of voting stock, our stockholders may take action by written consent without a meeting, and at any time when Messrs. Murray and Hancock beneficially own, in the aggregate, less than a majority of the voting power of our outstanding shares of voting stock, our stockholders may not take action by written consent, which has the effect of requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

•providing that the board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our Amended and Restated Bylaws;

•restricting the forum for certain litigation involving us to Delaware or federal courts, as applicable; and

•establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.

Any provision of our Amended and Restated Charter or Amended and Restated Bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our Amended and Restated Charter provides that, unless we otherwise consent in writing, (A) (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, other employee or stockholder of us to the us or the our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our Amended and Restated Charter or our Amended and Restated Bylaws (as either may be amended or restated) or as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers exclusive jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine of the law of the State of Delaware shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be exclusively brought in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction thereof, the federal district court of the State of Delaware; and (B) the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act; however, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provision, and investors cannot waive compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the exclusive forum provision shall not apply to claims seeking to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts of the United States have exclusive jurisdiction. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees and may also result in increased costs for stockholders to bring any such claim, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our Amended and Restated Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum provisions in our Amended and Restated Charter (as may be amended or restated).

Because the determination of whether we are a “U.S. real property holding corporation” (USRPHC) for U.S. federal income tax purposes depends on the fair market value of our “U.S. real property interests” (USRPIs) relative to the fair market value of our non-U.S.

real property interests and our other business assets, and because we have significant interests in real property located in the U.S., we may currently be, or may become in the future, a USRPHC. There can be no assurance that we do not currently constitute, or will not become, a USRPHC. As a result, a “Non-U.S. Holder” may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gain realized on a sale or other taxable disposition of our common stock if such Non-U.S. Holder has owned, actually or constructively, more than 5% of our common stock at any time during the shorter of the five-year period ending on the date of the sale or other taxable disposition or the Non-U.S. Holder’s holding period in such stock.

As a public company, we continue to incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Protection Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the New York Stock Exchange. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly, which increases our operating expenses. For example, these rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and are required to incur substantial costs to maintain sufficient coverage. We cannot accurately predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees, or as executive officers.

In addition, as a public company we are required to incur additional costs and obligations in order to comply with SEC rules that implement Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Under these rules, beginning with our second Annual Report on Form 10-K, we will be required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and we will be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaging in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are designed and operating effectively, and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting.

The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation to meet the detailed standards under the rules. During the course of its testing, our management may identify material weaknesses, in addition to the one described below, which may not be remedied in time to meet the deadline imposed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or combined/consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

In connection with the preparation of our combined/consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and facts learned during the Audit Committee’s independent investigation described more fully in the Explanatory Note in this Annual Report, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Specifically, we did not design and maintain a sufficiently robust compliance program with necessary levels of personnel and expertise, to perform an ongoing risk assessment process at the reasonable assurance level related to identifying, reviewing, communicating, and incorporating the associated operational risks into our accounting judgments related to revenue recognition. We did not maintain controls at the reasonable assurance level for (i) the control environment, (ii) risk assessment, (iii) control activities, (iv) information and communication and (v) monitoring activities.

As described in Part II, Item 9A “Controls and Procedures”, these material weaknesses resulted in a restatement of our previously issued interim condensed combined/consolidated financial statements as of and for the interim periods ended March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024. Management is taking steps to remediate the material weaknesses in our internal controls, but we cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and that we are continuing to implement, will be sufficient to remediate the material weaknesses we have identified or to avoid the identification of additional material weaknesses in the future. If the steps we take do not remediate the material weaknesses in a timely manner, or we identify new material weaknesses in the future, there could continue to be a reasonable possibility that these material weaknesses or others could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, any of which could diminish investor confidence in us and cause a decline in the price of our common stock. Furthermore, the steps to remediate any such material weaknesses, including the ones described in Part II, Item 9A “Controls and Procedures”, could require additional remedial measures, including hiring additional personnel, which could be costly and time-consuming.

If, when required in the future, we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected, and we could become subject to additional litigation or investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources. In any of these cases, there could be an adverse affect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We restated our condensed combined/consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024, and for the three months then ended, included in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 13, 2024 (as amended on May 21, 2024) and our condensed combined/consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024, and for the three and six months then ended, included in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 12, 2024. The preparation of our restated financial statements has caused us to incur substantial expenses for legal, accounting, tax and other professional services and has diverted our management’s attention from our business and could continue to do so. In addition, as a result of the restatement, we failed to timely file multiple periodic reports and faced delisting from NYSE. The restatement may cause investors to lose confidence in our operating results, the price of our common stock could decline and we could be subject to future, stockholder or other litigation or regulatory enforcement actions.

Most members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage us as a public company that is subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a public company, we are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We must design our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. For example, our directors or executive officers could inadvertently fail to disclose a new relationship or arrangement causing us to fail to make a required related party transaction disclosure. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced in part by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If one or more analysts initiate research with an unfavorable rating or downgrade our common stock, provide a more favorable recommendation about our competitors or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our common stock price would likely decline. For example, in November 2024 a short-seller published a report containing numerous allegations of wrongdoing within our business. As a result, the trading price of our common stock experienced a significant and immediate decline, from which it has yet to fully recover. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the trading price or trading volume of our common stock to decline.

Regardless of accuracy, unfavorable interpretations of our financial information and other public disclosures could have a negative impact on our stock price. If our financial performance fails to meet analyst estimates, for any of the reasons discussed above or otherwise, or one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or change their opinion of our common stock, our stock price would likely decline.

Even if our common stock is actively covered by analysts, we do not have any control over the analysts or the measures that analysts or investors may rely upon to forecast our future results. Overreliance by analysts or investors on any particular metric to forecast our future results may lead to forecasts that differ significantly from our own.

The global economy can be negatively impacted by a variety of factors such as the spread or fear of spread of contagious diseases, man-made or natural disasters, actual or threatened war, terrorist activity, political unrest, civil strife and other geopolitical uncertainty. If we or any of the third parties with whom we engage were to experience prolonged business shutdowns or other disruptions as result of any of the foregoing events, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially and negatively affected, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, such adverse and uncertain economic conditions may impact the post-acute services industry and consumer demand for our services. Decreases in demand for our services without a corresponding decrease in our costs would put downward pressure on margins and would negatively impact our financial results. Prolonged unfavorable economic conditions or uncertainty may have an adverse effect on our sales and profitability.

Changes in the U.S. and global social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development and investment could also adversely affect our business. If global economic conditions remain volatile for a prolonged period or experience further disruptions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may evaluate and consider potential strategic transactions, including acquisitions of, or investments in, businesses, technologies, services, products, and other assets in the future. An acquisition, investment or business relationship may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. In particular, we may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, products, personnel, or operations of the acquired companies. Key personnel of the acquired companies may choose not to work for us, their software may not be easily adapted to work with ours, or we may have difficulty retaining the customers of any acquired business due to changes in ownership, management, or otherwise. We may also experience difficulties integrating personnel of the acquired company into our business and culture. Acquisitions may also disrupt our business, divert our resources and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for development of our existing business. The anticipated benefits of any acquisition, investment, or business relationship may not be realized or we may be exposed to unknown risks or liabilities.

Negotiating these transactions can be time-consuming, difficult, and expensive, and our ability to close these transactions may often be subject to approvals that are beyond our control. Consequently, these transactions, even if undertaken and announced, may not close. For one or more of those transactions, we may:

•issue additional equity securities that would dilute our stockholders;

•use cash that we may need in the future to operate our business;

•incur debt on terms unfavorable to us or that we are unable to repay;

•incur large charges or substantial liabilities;

•encounter difficulties retaining key employees of the acquired company or integrating diverse software codes or business cultures; and

•become subject to adverse tax consequences, substantial depreciation, or deferred compensation charges.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we paid $33.7 million, $80.4 million, and $60.3 million, respectively, in cash dividends to holders of our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to any appreciation in the value of their stock. Our ability to pay and maintain cash dividends is based on many factors, including our ability to make and finance acquisitions, our ability to negotiate favorable lease and other contractual terms, anticipated operating cost levels, the level of demand for occupancy at our facilities, the rates we charge and actual results that may vary substantially from estimates. Some of the factors are beyond our control and a change in any such factor could affect our ability to pay or maintain dividends. The Amended and Restated 2023 Credit Facility restricts our ability to pay dividends to stockholders if we are in default under the agreement. The failure to pay or maintain dividends could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

None.

We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information.

We design and assess our program based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework, or NIST CSF. This means that we use the NIST CSF as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business. It does not, however, mean that we meet any technical standards, specifications, or requirements.

Our cybersecurity risk management program is part of our overall risk management program and shares similar governance processes and reporting channels that apply across the risk management program to financial, legal, compliance, and other operational risk areas.

Key elements of our cybersecurity risk management program and strategy include but are not limited to the following:

•Adhering to principles of Security by Design and Security by Default

•Conducting third-party vulnerability scans, and penetration testing

•Access controls enforcing principles of Least Privilege, Zero Trust, and Role-Based Access Controls with MFA requirements for critical systems and accounts

•Cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents

•A third-party risk management evaluation process for key service providers based on our assessment of their criticality to our operations and respective risk profile, suppliers, and vendors with access to our information systems or data

•An employee cybersecurity awareness training program including awareness training and simulated attacks

•A dedicated team responsible for incident identification, management, and remediation

•Implementation of cybersecurity controls with ongoing monitoring and improvement internally, with assistance from external auditors

•Third-party security vendors and auditors, where appropriate, to assess, test otherwise assist with aspects of our security processes.

We have not identified cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We face risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See “Risk Factors – Security breaches, cybersecurity incidents, or our inability to effectively integrate, manage and keep our information systems secure and operational could violate security laws, disrupt our operations, and subject us to significant liability.”

Our Board considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee (the Committee) oversight of cybersecurity risks, including oversight of management’s implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program. The Committee receives quarterly reports from management on our cybersecurity risks. In addition, management updates the Committee, where it deems appropriate, regarding cybersecurity incidents it considers to be significant or potentially significant.

The Committee reports to the full Board regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity. The full Board also regularly receives briefings from management on our cyber risk management program, as well as presentations on cybersecurity topics from our Vice President of Technology Support, internal security staff, or external experts as part of the Board’s continuing education on topics that impact public companies.

Our management team, including the Vice President of Technology Support and Director of IT Service Management, is primarily responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The team has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. Our internal information technology management team has over 15 years of tenure with the Company and over 45 years of experience in the information technology space.

We also leverage a third party cybersecurity team from FIT Solutions to assist with cybersecurity governance and operations. Our third party team has over 65 years of experience across cybersecurity leadership, information technology engineering, and operations. Further, both our internal and retained consultants have obtained industry certifications, including Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), Rapid7 Certified Security Analyst, GIAC Security Operation Center Analyst (GSOC), GIAC Certified Incident Handler (GCIH), GIAC Penetration Tester (GPEN), Microsoft Security Certifications, and AWS Practitioner, among others.

Our management team takes steps to stay informed about and monitor efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include: briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in our IT environment.

PACS Services. Our PACS Services’ main office is located in Farmington, Utah. The property consists of approximately 35,000 square feet of usable office space.

Operating Facilities. As of December 31, 2024, we operated 314 post-acute care facilities in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Washington, with the operational capacity to serve approximately 34,260 patients with 32,016 skilled nursing beds and 2,244 assisted living beds. Of these post-acute care facilities, we leased 221 facilities, directly owned the real estate at 44 facilities and had joint ventures for 49 facilities which we also leased. In addition, subsequent to December 31, 2024, we acquired seven facilities (one leased facility representing 96 assisted living beds in California, three leased facilities representing 376 skilled nursing beds in Nevada, two owned facilities representing 175 assisted living beds in South Carolina, and one leased facility representing 119 skilled nursing beds in Tennessee) and acquired the real estate for five facilities at the option of the lessor (all of which were in California) resulting in five additional owned properties. Additionally, subsequent to December 31, 2024 we divested of one leased facility in Kansas which included 120 skilled nursing beds. A majority of our facilities are operated under long-term, triple-net lease arrangements pursuant to which we are responsible for property taxes, insurance, maintenance, and repairs. As of December 31, 2024, the average remaining lease term across our portfolio was approximately 14 years for operating leases and 6 years for finance leases, and certain leases include purchase options, purchase obligations, and rights of first refusal. Our owned facilities are subject to mortgages and other customary encumbrances for similar properties. See Note 13 “Leases” to our audited combined/consolidated financial statements for additional information.

We believe our facilities are suitable and adequate for their current needs. The following table provides summary information regarding the location of our post-acute care facilities and operational beds by property type as of December 31, 2024:

We are subject to various legal proceedings, claims, and governmental inspections, audits, and investigations that arise in the ordinary course of our business.

On April 8, 2024, Providence Administrative Consulting Services (“Providence”) and Paradise Valley Healthcare Center (“Paradise Valley”) received a Civil Investigative Demand (“CID”) from the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) requesting information and documents relating to an investigation of Paradise Valley and Providence to determine whether Paradise Valley and Providence violated the False Claims Act by submitting false claims to Medicare. The investigation relates to whether Providence and Paradise Valley improperly induced patient referrals through remuneration in violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute. The CID includes requests for information relating to referral source relationships, including relationships with medical directors and other individuals. We are cooperating with the investigation, which is ongoing.

On September 11, 2024, we received a CID from the DOJ requesting information and documents relating to an investigation of our California-based skilled nursing facilities to determine whether PACS violated the False Claims Act by submitting false claims to Medicare for reimbursement under the patient-driven payment model for skilled nursing and rehabilitation services. The CID includes requests for information relating to PACS’ practices and incentives pertaining to the completion and submission of Minimum Data Set Assessments and the resulting PDPM rates. We are cooperating with the investigation, which is ongoing.

On September 30, 2024, Providence Group, Inc. (“Providence Group”) received a CID from the DOJ requesting information and documents relating to an investigation of its skilled nursing facilities, specifically including Bishop Care Center (“Bishop”) to determine whether Providence Group violated the False Claims Act by submitting false claims to Medicare for reimbursement under the COVID-19 related Hospital Stay Waiver (otherwise known as the 1135 waiver). The CID includes requests for information relating to 1135 COVID Waiver practices at Bishop. We are cooperating with the investigation, which is ongoing.

On February 26, 2025, we received a subpoena from the DOJ per the HIPAA relating to an investigation into possible violations of various sections of 18 U.S.C. that prohibit the making of fraudulent or false statements to any branch of the government of the United States. The subpoena includes requests for information relating to PACS’ 1135 COVID Waiver practices, billing of Medicare Part B for respiratory and sensory integration therapy services, change of insurance enrollment, cost waivers for co-pays, deductibles, and co-insurance, and claim reimbursement from Medicare for bad debt. We are cooperating with the investigation, which is ongoing.

The SEC’s Division of Enforcement is conducting an investigation into matters that relate to our accounting and financial reporting and disclosure, and our internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls.

We are cooperating with each of the regulatory investigations identified above and the SEC investigation to produce the requested information and documentation. At this time, we cannot predict the outcome of any of these investigations and there can be no assurance that one or more of these investigations will not result in suits or actions alleging, or findings of, violations of federal or state laws that could lead to the imposition of damages, fines, penalties, restitution, other monetary liabilities, sanctions, settlements or changes to our business practices or operations that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The legal costs associated with responding to the regulatory investigations and SEC investigations can be substantial, regardless of the outcome.

We are unable at this time to estimate a loss or range of loss that may arise in the event that a claim is asserted against us in connection with any of these investigations for reasons including that these matters are in early stages, no factual issues have been resolved in these matters, and there is uncertainty as to the outcome of these matters, which can result in large settlement amounts or damage awards.

The skilled nursing business involves a significant risk of liability given the age and health of the patients and residents served by our independent operating subsidiaries. We, and others in the industry are subject to an increasing number of claims and lawsuits, including professional liability claims, alleging that services provided have resulted in personal injury, elder abuse, wrongful death or other related claims. In addition, we, our independent operating subsidiaries, and others in the industry are subject to claims and lawsuits in connection with COVID-19 and a facility’s preparation for and/or response to COVID-19.

Healthcare litigation (including class action litigation) is common and is filed based upon a wide variety of claims and theories. We and other companies in its industry are routinely subjected to varying types of claims and suits, including class-actions. Class-action suits have the potential to result in large jury verdicts and settlements, and may result in significant legal costs. We expect the plaintiffs’ bar to continue to be aggressive in their pursuit of claims.

We have been, and continue to be, subject to other claims and legal actions that arise in the normal course of business, including potential claims filed by patients or others on their behalf related to patient care and treatment (professional negligence claims), as well as employment related claims filed by current or former employees. While there can be no assurance, based on our evaluation of information currently available, we do not believe the results of such litigation would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows, taken as a whole. However, our assessment may evolve based upon further developments in the proceedings at issue. The results of legal proceedings are inherently uncertain, and material adverse outcomes are possible.

For example, we have been subjected to, and are currently involved in, litigation alleging violations of state and federal wage and hour laws resulting from the alleged failure to pay wages, to timely provide and authorize meal and rest breaks, and related causes of action.

In addition to the litigation described above, we are also subject to the following litigation:

On November 13, 2024, a putative securities class action captioned Manchin v. PACS Group, Inc., et al., Case No. 1:24-cv-08636-LJL (S.D.N.Y.) (“Manchin Action”) was filed against us, individual defendants Jason Murray, Derick Apt, Mark Hancock, Jacqueline Millard, and Taylor Leavitt; and underwriter defendants Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P.

Morgan Securities LLC, Truist Securities, Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, Stephens Inc., KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc., Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., and Regions Securities LLC. The complaint brings claims under Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act, and Section 10(b), and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and alleges we and our leadership engaged in a multi-year scheme to inflate revenue and profitability by (i) exploiting a COVID-era Medicare waiver to “flip” long-term Medicaid patients to higher-paying Medicare coverage, (ii) billing unnecessary Medicare Part B respiratory and sensory integration therapies, and (iii) falsifying licensure and staffing documentation. On January 7, 2025, the court consolidated the Manchin action with a similar action brought by plaintiff New Orleans Employees’ Retirement System, and on February 11, 2025 the court appointed 1199SEIU Health Care Employees Pension Fund as lead plaintiff, and its counsel, Labaton Keller Sucharow LLP, as lead counsel. Pursuant to the parties’ stipulation and as ordered by the court on May 29, 2025, the Lead Plaintiff’s consolidated complaint is not due until 14 days after we file our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2024 and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the consolidated complaint is due 60 days after the complaint is filed, Plaintiffs’ opposition is due 60 days after the filing of the motion to dismiss, and Defendants’ reply is due 45 days after the filing of the opposition.

Legal proceedings can be complex and take many months, or even years, to reach resolution, with the final outcome depending on a number of variables, some of which are not within our control. Therefore, although we will vigorously defend ourself in each of the actions described above and any other legal proceedings, their ultimate resolution and potential financial and other impacts on us are uncertain but could be material. Regardless of final outcomes, however, any such proceedings, claims, and investigations may nonetheless impose a significant burden on management and employees and be costly to defend, with unfavorable preliminary, interim or final rulings.

Our common stock is listed under the ticker symbol “PACS” on The New York Stock Exchange.

As of October 31, 2025, there were 128 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we paid $33.7 million, $80.4 million and $60.3 million, respectively, in cash dividends to holders of our common stock. We have no current plans to pay dividends or other distributions on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the sole discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, cash requirements, financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant, and subject to the restrictions contained in any future financing instruments and applicable law.

None.

None.

The graph below shows a cumulative total stockholder return of investment of $100 (and reinvestment of any dividend thereafter) on the date of our IPO, April 11, 2024 in (i) PACS Group, Inc. common stock, (ii) our Peer Group(1), and (iii) the S&P 500 Index.

Among PACS Group Inc., the S&P 500 Index, and our Peer Group

*Assumes $100 invested on April 11, 2024 in stock in index, including reinvestment of dividends.

(1) “Peer Group” includes the following companies: The Ensign Group, Inc., Encompass Healthcare Corp., and Select Medical Holdings Corp.

We are a leading post-acute healthcare company primarily focused on delivering high-quality skilled nursing care through a portfolio of independently operated facilities. Founded in 2013, we are one of the largest skilled nursing providers in the United States based on number of facilities.

We also provide senior care, assisted living, and independent living options in some of our communities. As of December 31, 2024, our portfolio consisted of 314 post-acute care, assisted living, and independent living facilities across 17 states serving over 30,100 patients daily. We believe our significant historical growth has been primarily driven by our expertise in acquiring underperforming long-term custodial care skilled nursing facilities and transforming them into higher acuity, high value-add short-term transitional care skilled nursing facilities. We believe our success is driven in significant part by our decentralized, local operating model, through which we empower local leaders at each facility to operate their facility autonomously and deliver excellence in clinical quality and a superior experience for our patients. We provide our independently operated facilities with a comprehensive suite of technology, support, and back-office services that enable local leadership teams to focus more of their time and effort on providing quality care to patients. We believe our operating model delivers value to all of our healthcare stakeholders, including patients and families, referring providers, payors, and administrators and clinicians.

We aim to create value by identifying and acquiring underperforming custodial care facilities and converting them into higher-value short-term transitional care facilities by investing in clinical teams and processes and upgrading technology, equipment, training, staffing, aesthetics, and other aspects of the business. We believe the resources and guidance offered by PACS Services are key to rapid integration of new facilities and provides our local leadership teams with an effective technology infrastructure, support tools, and regional support teams that enable local leadership to focus on operational improvements. Our facilities generally undergo an up to three-year post-acquisition transition period. During this period, we seek to implement best practices designed to realize and sustain the facility’s full potential. These practices often result in significant improvements to clinical quality and other operational metrics, including skilled mix, occupancy rates and payor contracting. We believe the results of our acquisition strategy are demonstrated by our high average QM Star rating and occupancy rate for Mature facilities of 4.3 and 94%, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the average QM Star rating and occupancy rate for New facilities was 3.3 and 83%, respectively.

Subsequent to the issuance of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 12, 2024, we received information that indicated certain ancillary services, including respiratory, sensory integration and wound care ultrasound mist therapy, may not be eligible for reimbursement under Medicare Part B. We determined that due to the underlying regulatory ambiguity those certain ancillary services revenue may be subject to significant reversal in the future. As such, we have concluded that such revenue should not be recognized until definitive conclusions regarding the eligibility of billing those certain ancillary services under Medicare Part B is permissible.

The error has been corrected in the unaudited restated condensed combined/consolidated financial statements for the Restatement Periods, whereby the amount of ancillary services billable under Medicare Part B revenue at each relevant reporting date for those certain services has been recognized as a reduction to accounts receivable outstanding or as a refund liability, for cash received, with the corresponding impact of the resulting change as a decrease in the amount of revenue in the unaudited condensed combined/consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss). As a result of the adjustments to revenue, additional financial statement lines were impacted by the restatement on the unaudited condensed combined/consolidated balance sheets and statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) for the Restatement Periods related to the associated claw-back of certain bonuses and any related tax impact of the adjustments.

Refer to Note 22, “Restatement of Previously Issued Quarterly Financial Statements (Unaudited),” in the notes to the combined/consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as our Explanatory Note, for additional information, including a summary of the impacts of these adjustments. In addition, under the heading “Results of Operations”, we are providing an updated discussion for each of the following periods: the three months ended March 31, 2024 (restated) compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023; the three months ended June 30, 2024 (restated)

compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023; and the six months ended June 30, 2024 (restated) compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023.

We use the following key skilled services metrics and non-GAAP financial measures to help us evaluate our business, identify trends that affect our financial performance, and make strategic decisions.

We monitor the below key skilled services metrics across all of our facilities and by Mature facilities, Ramping facilities, and New facilities. Mature facilities are defined as facilities purchased more than 36 months prior to a respective measurement date. Ramping facilities are defined as facilities purchased within 18 to 36 months prior to a respective measurement date. New facilities are defined as facilities purchased, or built, less than 18 months prior to a respective measurement date.

•Skilled nursing services revenue — Skilled nursing services revenue reflects the portion of patient and resident service revenue generated from all patients in skilled nursing facilities, excluding revenue generated from our assisted and independent living services.

•Skilled mix — We measure both revenue and nursing patient days by payor. Medicare and managed care patients, whom we refer to as high acuity patients, typically require a higher level of skilled nursing care. As a result, Medicare and managed care reimbursement rates are typically higher than those from other payors. In most states, Medicaid reimbursement rates are generally the lowest of all payor types. Changes in the payor mix can significantly affect our revenue and profitability. To monitor this performance, we evaluate two different measures of skilled mix:

◦Skilled mix by revenue — Skilled mix by revenue represents the portion of routine revenue generated from treating high acuity Medicare and managed care patients. Routine revenue refers to skilled nursing services revenue generated by contracted daily rates charged for skilled nursing services. Services provided outside of routine contractual agreements are recorded separately as ancillary revenue, including Medicare Part B therapy services, and are not routine revenue. The inclusion of therapy and other ancillary treatments in the contracted daily rate varies by payor source and by contract.

Revenue associated with calculating skilled mix is based on contractually agreed-upon amounts or rates, excluding the estimates of variable consideration under the revenue recognition standard, Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606).

◦Skilled mix by nursing patient days — Skilled mix by nursing patient days represents the number of days our high acuity Medicare and managed care patients receive skilled nursing services at skilled nursing facilities as a percentage of the total number of days that patients from all payor sources receive skilled nursing services at skilled nursing facilities for any given period.

•Occupancy — The total number of patients occupying a bed in a skilled nursing facility as a percentage of the beds in such facility that are available for occupancy during the period.

•Number of facilities — The total number of skilled nursing facilities that we operate. Excludes 27 and five assisted living and independent living facilities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

•Number of operational beds — The total number of operational beds associated with the skilled nursing facilities that we own.

The following tables present the above key skilled services metrics by category for all skilled nursing facilities, and for the skilled nursing facilities in each of the three facility cohorts, as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

The following tables present additional detail regarding our skilled mix, including our percentage of nursing patient days and revenue by payor source for all facilities, and for each of the three facility cohorts, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

•Average daily rates — The routine revenue by payor source for a period at the skilled nursing facilities divided by actual patient days for that revenue source for that given period. Revenue associated with calculating average daily rates is based on contractually agreed-upon amounts or rates, excluding the estimates of variable

consideration under ASC 606. These rates also exclude additional state relief funding, which includes payments we recognized as part of The Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA).

The following table presents average daily rates by payor source, excluding services that are not covered by the daily rate, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

__________________

(1)Represents weighted average of revenue generated by Medicare and managed care payor sources.

(2)Represents weighted average.

The following tables present the skilled nursing services revenue for all facilities, Mature facilities, Ramping facilities, and New facilities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 (restated) and 2023, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 (restated) and 2023:

In addition to our results provided throughout that are determined in accordance with GAAP, we also present the following non-GAAP financial measures: EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDAR (collectively, Non-GAAP Financial Measures).

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are performance measures. Adjusted EBITDAR is a valuation measure. These Non-GAAP Financial Measures have no standardized meaning defined by GAAP, and therefore have limitations as analytical tools, and they should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported in accordance with GAAP. You should review the reconciliation of net income to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures in the table below, together with our audited combined/consolidated financial statements and the related notes in their entirety, and should not rely on any single financial measure. Additionally, other companies may define these or similar Non-GAAP Financial Measures with the same or similar names differently, and because these Non-GAAP Financial Measures are not standardized, it may not be possible to compare these financial measures to those of other companies.

Performance Measures

We use EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to facilitate internal comparisons of our historical operating performance on a more consistent basis, as well as for business planning and forecasting purposes. In addition, we believe the presentation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors, analysts and other interested parties in comparing our operating performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our ongoing operating performance.

EBITDA – We calculate EBITDA as net income, adjusted for net losses attributable to noncontrolling interest, before: interest expense, net; provision for income taxes; and depreciation and amortization.

Adjusted EBITDA – We calculate Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA further adjusted for non-core business items, which for the reported periods includes, to the extent applicable, costs incurred to acquire operations that are not capitalizable, lease termination fees, losses incurred from debt restructuring, gains on lease termination, stock-based compensation expense, loss from equity method investment, forfeiture of a seller’s note, recognition of a bargain purchase gain, legal and other costs, recognition of Employee Retention Tax Credit (ERTC), disaster relief payment, and certain one-time expenses that are not representative of our underlying operating performance. Costs related to acquisitions include costs related to our acquisition of SNF facilities and providers, including related costs such as legal fees, financial and tax due diligence, consulting and escrow fees. The loss related to our equity method investment is a loss allocated to us from a discrete disposal recognized by one of our equity method investments. The bargain purchase gain was recognized as part of our acquisition from the former operator Prestige. Legal and other costs include legal and professional fees incurred associated with the Audit Committee’s independent investigation and with other ongoing investigations. The adjustment related to the ERTC represents the recognition of the tax credit against labor as the statute of limitations surrounding the uncertainty of the qualifications, for a portion of the funds received, expired. The disaster relief payment was made to support facilities impacted by Hurricane Helene.

Valuation Measure

We use Adjusted EBITDAR as a measure to determine the value of prospective acquisitions and to assess the enterprise value of our business without regard to differences in capital structures and leasing arrangements. In addition, we believe that Adjusted EBITDAR is also a commonly used measure by investors, analysts and other interested parties to compare the enterprise value of different companies in the healthcare industry without regard to differences in capital structures and leasing arrangements, particularly for companies with operating and finance leases. For example, finance lease expenditures are recorded in depreciation and interest and are therefore removed from Adjusted EBITDA, whereas operating lease expenditures are recorded in rent expense and are therefore retained in Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDAR is a financial valuation measure that is not specified in GAAP, and is not displayed as a performance measure as it excludes rent expense, which is a normal and recurring cash operating expense, and is therefore presented only for the current period. While we believe that Adjusted EBITDAR provides useful insight regarding our underlying operations, excluding the impact of our operating leases, we must still incur cash operating expenses related to our operating leases and rent and such expenses are necessary to operate our leased operations. As a result, Adjusted EBITDAR may understate the extent of our cash operating expenses for the respective period relative to our actual cash needs to operate our leased operations and business.

Adjusted EBITDAR – We calculate Adjusted EBITDAR as Adjusted EBITDA less rent-cost of services.

The table below presents a reconciliation of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDAR to net income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, on a combined/consolidated basis for the periods presented:

The additional table below presents a reconciliation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, on a condensed combined/consolidated basis for the periods presented:

Patient and Resident Service Revenue

Patient and resident service revenue typically represents over 99% of our total revenue. Patient and resident service revenue comprises skilled nursing services revenue, revenue generated from our senior assisted living services and revenue generated from certain ancillary services provided outside of routine contractual agreements.

We derive patient and resident service revenue from services rendered, under short-term contracts, to patients for skilled and intermediate nursing, rehabilitation therapy, and assisted living services. This revenue is reported at the amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for providing patient services. These amounts are due from patients, governmental programs, and other third-party payors, and include variable consideration for retroactive revenue adjustments due to settlement of audits and reviews. Within our skilled nursing operations, we generate revenue from payor sources including Medicaid, Medicare and other payors such as commercial insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, and preferred provider organizations.

We expect patient and resident service revenue to continue to represent the vast majority of our total revenue and that such revenue will continue to increase to the extent we successfully execute on our acquisition strategy.

Additional Funding

We received funding from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) through the Provider Relief Fund (PRF) as we were the healthcare providers who diagnosed, tested, or cared for individuals with cases of COVID-19 and had health care related expenses and lost revenues attributable to COVID-19. In 2023, this program ended and we do not expect to recognize any revenue based on funding through the PRF in the future.

Other Revenue

Other revenue relates to ancillary revenue generating activities and primarily consists of revenue associated with arrangements in which we are a lessor of certain facilities. Other revenue typically represents an immaterial portion of our total revenue and we expect this to continue for the foreseeable future.

Our cost of services represents the costs of operating our operating subsidiaries, which primarily consist of payroll and related benefits, supplies, purchased services, and ancillary expenses such as the cost of pharmacy and therapy services provided to patients. Cost of services also includes the cost of general and professional liability insurance, rent expenses related to leasing our operational facilities (such as taxes, insurance, impounds, capital reserves or other charges payable under the applicable lease agreements), dietary services, contracted services and other administrative and general cost of services with respect to our operations. As we continue to execute on our acquisitions strategy and grow our business, we expect that our cost of services will continue to increase.

Rent - cost of services consists solely of base rent amounts payable under lease agreements to third-party real estate owners. Our operating subsidiaries lease and operate, but do not own the underlying real estate of, 270 facilities and these amounts do not include taxes, insurance, impounds, capital reserves or other charges payable under the applicable lease agreements. As we continue to execute on our acquisitions strategy and expand our network of facilities, we expect that our rent - cost of services will continue to increase.

General and administrative expense consists primarily of payroll and related benefits and travel expenses for our PACS Services personnel, including training and other operational support. General and administrative expense also includes professional fees (including accounting and legal fees) and costs relating to our information systems. Historically, our general and administrative expense has not included any stock-based compensation. In connection with our IPO in April 2024, we adopted the 2024 Plan and 2024 ESPP. From this point forward, our general and administrative expense includes stock-based compensation.

We expect general and administrative expense to increase on an absolute dollar basis for the foreseeable future as we continue to increase investments to support our growth. Our costs related to legal, audit, accounting, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance costs, investor and public relations costs, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company are higher as a public company. Legal and professional fees incurred associated with the Audit Committee’s independent investigation and with ongoing investigations are included in general and administrative expense. We anticipate that general and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue will vary from period to period, but we expect to leverage these expenses over time as we grow our revenue.

Property and equipment are recorded at their original historical cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the depreciable assets. The following is a summary of the estimated useful lives of our depreciable assets:

•Buildings and improvements - minimum of 5 years to a maximum of 40 years, but generally 30 years

•Leasehold improvements - shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life, generally 5 years to 15 years

•Furniture and equipment - minimum of 3 years to a maximum of 15 years

Other expense, net consists primarily of interest expense related to our debt, as well as income from gains and losses from investments in partnerships, including joint ventures.

Provision for income taxes consists primarily of income taxes in certain jurisdictions in which we conduct business.