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x    QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

o    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of April 26, 2024, the registrant had 131,450,628 shares of common stock outstanding.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the securities laws. All statements that reflect our expectations, assumptions or projections about the future, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements relating to future operations and financial performance (including volume growth, pricing, sales and cash flows) and statements regarding our strategy for growth, future product development, regulatory approvals, competitive position and expenditures. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements related to our expectations regarding the performance of our business, our financial results, our operations, our liquidity and capital resources, the conditions in our industry and our growth strategy. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “believe,” “aim,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “goal,” “have confidence,” “intend,” “likely,” “look to,” “may,” “outlook,” “project,” “plan,” “seek,” “see,” “should,” “will,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely,” and other words and terms of similar meaning or the negative versions of such words. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may change at any time, and actual results or outcomes may differ materially from those that we expected. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in any forward-looking statements we make are based on reasonable assumptions, we can give no assurance that these expectations will be attained and it is possible that actual results may differ materially from those indicated by these forward-looking statements due to a variety of risks and uncertainties.

Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:

• unfavorable economic conditions including government shutdowns;

• increases in fuel and energy costs;

• the failure to retain current customers, renew existing customer contracts and obtain new customer contracts;

• natural disasters, global calamities, climate change, pandemics, strikes and other adverse incidents;

• competition in our industry;

• increased operating costs and obstacles to cost recovery due to the pricing and cancellation terms of our support services contracts;

• our leverage and ability to meet debt obligations;

• a determination by our customers to reduce their outsourcing or use of preferred vendors;

• the outcome of legal proceedings to which we are or may become subject;

• risks associated with suppliers from whom our products are sourced;

• challenge of contracts by our customers;

• our expansion strategy and our ability to successfully integrate the businesses we acquire and costs and timing related thereto;

• currency risks and other risks associated with international operations, including compliance with a broad range of laws and regulations, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act;

• our inability to hire and retain key or sufficient qualified personnel;

• continued or further unionization of our workforce;

• liability resulting from our participation in multiemployer-defined benefit pension plans;

• liability associated with noncompliance with applicable law or other governmental regulations;

• laws and governmental regulations including those relating to the environment, wage and hour and government contracting;

• unanticipated changes in tax law;

• new interpretations of or changes in the enforcement of the government regulatory framework;

• a cybersecurity incident or other disruptions in the availability of our computer systems or privacy breaches;

• stakeholder expectations relating to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) considerations which may

expose us to liabilities and other adverse effects on our business;

• the expected benefits of the Separation (as defined) from Aramark;

• the risk of increased costs from lost synergies due to the Separation;

• retention of existing management team members as a result of the Separation;

• any failure by Aramark to perform its obligations under the various separation agreements entered into in connection with the Separation;

• a determination by the IRS that the Separation or certain related transactions are taxable.

The above list of factors is not exhaustive or necessarily in order of importance. For additional information on identifying factors that may cause actual results to vary materially from those stated in forward-looking statements, see the discussions under Item 1A "Risk Factors," Item 3 "Legal Proceedings" and Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and other sections of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on December 21, 2023 and any updates or amendments we make in future filings. There may be other factors not presently known to us or which we currently consider to be immaterial that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements we make. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we assume no obligation to update or revise such statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

(1) The issuance of common stock in connection with the Separation consists of 130.7 million shares of common stock distributed and 0.5 million shares contributed to an Aramark donor advised fund for charitable contributions.

Vestis Corporation ("Vestis", the "Company", “we” or “us”) is a leading provider of uniforms and workplace supplies across the United States and Canada. The Company provides uniforms, mats, towels, linens, restroom supplies, first-aid supplies and safety products. The Company’s customer base participates in a wide variety of industries, including manufacturing, hospitality, retail, government, automotive, healthcare, food processing and pharmaceuticals. The Company serves customers ranging from small, family-owned operations with a single location to large corporations and national franchises with multiple locations. The Company’s customers value the uniforms and workplace supplies it delivers as its services and products can help them reduce operating costs, enhance their brand image, maintain a safe and clean workplace and focus on their core business. The Company leverages its broad footprint and its supply chain, delivery fleet and route logistics capabilities to serve customers on a recurring basis, typically weekly, and primarily through multi-year contracts. In addition, the Company offers customized uniforms through direct sales agreements, typically for large, regional or national companies.

The Company manages and evaluates its business activities based on geography and, as a result, determined that its United States and Canada businesses are its operating segments. The Company’s operating segments are also its reportable segments. The United States and Canada reportable segments both provide a range of uniforms and workplace supplies programs. The Company’s uniforms business (“Uniforms”) generates revenue from the rental, servicing and direct sale of uniforms to customers, including the design, sourcing, manufacturing, customization, personalization, delivery, laundering, sanitization, repair and replacement of uniforms. The uniform options include shirts, pants, outerwear, gowns, scrubs, high visibility garments, particulate-free garments and flame-resistant garments, along with shoes and accessories. The Company’s workplace supplies business (“Workplace Supplies”) generates revenue from the rental and servicing of workplace supplies, including managed restroom supply services, first-aid supplies and safety products, floor mats, towels and linens.

On September 30, 2023 (the "Distribution Date"), Aramark completed the previously announced spin-off of Vestis (the “Separation”). The Separation was completed through a distribution of the Company's common stock to holders of record of Aramark’s common stock as of the close of business on September 20, 2023 (the “Distribution”), which resulted in the issuance of approximately 131.2 million shares of common stock, which includes 0.5 million shares contributed to an Aramark donor advised fund for charitable contributions. Aramark stockholders of record received one share of Vestis common stock for every two shares of common stock, par value $0.01, of Aramark. As a result of the Separation, the Company became an independent public company. Our common stock is listed under the symbol “VSTS” on the NYSE. In connection with the Separation, the Company entered into or adopted several agreements that provide a framework for the relationship between the Company and Aramark. See Note 13. "Related Parties" for more information on these agreements.

During the three and six months ended March 29, 2024, certain additional Separation-related adjustments were recorded which included a net decrease in total equity of $3.1 million and net increase in total equity of $6.4 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended March 29, 2024, these items consisted of: (a) cash transfers paid to Aramark of $2.5 million and $6.1 million, respectively, to settle transactions related to the Separation, and (b) adjustments to the Company's deferred income tax liabilities totaling a $0.6 million decrease and a $12.7 million net increase, respectively.

The Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements (the "Financial Statements") were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) applicable to interim financial statements. The Financial Statements reflect the historical results of operations, comprehensive income and cash flows for the three and six months ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023 and the financial position as of March 29, 2024 and September 29, 2023 for the Company and are denominated in United States (“U.S.”) dollars.

Prior to the Separation, the Company’s business functioned together with other Aramark businesses. The assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses of the Company prior to the Separation have been reflected as Combined Financial Statements on a historical cost basis, as included in the consolidated financial statements of Aramark, using the historical accounting policies applied by Aramark. Prior to the Separation, separate financial statements had not been prepared for the Company, and it has not operated as a standalone business from Aramark. The historical results of operations, financial position and cash flows of the Company prior to the Separation presented in these Combined Financial Statements may not be indicative of what they would have been had the Company actually been an independent standalone public company. Transactions between the Company and Aramark for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 have been included in the Combined Financial Statements and are considered related party transactions (see Note 13. "Related Parties").

After the Separation, Vestis became a standalone public company and the Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the disclosures made are adequate to make the information not misleading. These Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements reflect, in the opinion of management, all material adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to fairly state, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. All intercompany transactions and balances within the Company have been eliminated.

It is suggested that these Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements be read in conjunction with the Combined Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 29, 2023. There have been no material changes in the accounting policies followed by the Company during the current fiscal year.

In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued an Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") to enhance the transparency of supplier finance programs, which may be referred to as reverse factoring, payables finance or structured payables arrangements. The guidance requires that a buyer in a supplier finance program disclose the program’s nature, activity and potential magnitude. The guidance was effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal 2024. The Company adopted the ASU prospectively and adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In October 2021, the FASB issued an ASU which requires that an entity (acquirer) recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers as if it had originated the contracts. The guidance was effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal 2024. The Company adopted the ASU prospectively and adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued an ASU which includes amendments that further enhance income tax disclosures, primarily through standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The amendments are effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning October 4, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued an ASU which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant expenses. The amendments will require public entities to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within segment profit and loss. The amendments are effective for the Company's annual periods beginning September 28, 2024, and interim periods beginning October 4, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements.

The Company is currently evaluating the ASU to determine its impact on the Company's disclosures.

Other new accounting pronouncements recently issued or newly effective were not applicable to the Company, did not have a material impact on the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements or are not expected to have a material impact on the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements and accompanying notes. The Company utilizes key estimates in preparing the financial statements including environmental estimates, goodwill, intangibles, insurance reserves, income taxes and long-lived assets. These estimates are based on historical information, current trends and information available from other sources. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are classified based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. The hierarchical levels related to the subjectivity of the valuation inputs are defined as follows:

•Level 1—inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets

•Level 2—inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument

•Level 3—inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement

The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, financing leases, derivatives and borrowings. Management believes that the carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, financing leases and borrowings are representative of their respective fair values. All derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value at the end of each quarter (refer to Note 5. "Derivative Instruments" for additional information).

The Company’s assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include long-lived assets, indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill. The Company reviews the carrying amounts of such assets at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Any resulting asset impairment would require that the asset be recorded at its fair value. The resulting fair value measurement of the assets are considered to be Level 3 measurements.

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (principally the first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. The Company records valuation adjustments to its inventories if the cost of inventory on hand exceeds the amount it expects to realize from the ultimate sale or disposal of the inventory. These estimates are based on management’s judgment regarding future demand and market conditions and analysis of historical experience. As of March 29, 2024 and September 29, 2023, the Company’s reserve for inventory was approximately $17.8 million and $18.7 million, respectively.

The inventory reserve is determined based on history and projected customer consumption and specific identification.

The components of inventories are as follows (in thousands):

Rental merchandise in service represents personalized work apparel, linens and other rental items in service. Rental merchandise in service is valued at cost less amortization, calculated using the straight-line method. Rental merchandise in service is amortized over its useful life, which primarily range from one to four years. The amortization rates are based on the Company’s specific experience and wear tests performed by the Company. These factors are critical to determining the amount of rental merchandise in service and related "Cost of services provided (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)" that are presented in the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements. Material differences may result in the amount and timing of operating income if management makes significant changes to these estimates.

During the three and six months ended March 29, 2024, the Company recorded $81.2 million and $162.0 million, respectively, of amortization related to rental merchandise in service within “Cost of services provided (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)” on the Consolidated Statements of Income. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded $92.2 million and $169.9 million, respectively, of amortization related to rental merchandise in service within “Cost of services provided (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)” on the Combined Statements of Income.

During the three and six months ended March 29, 2024, the Company paid interest related to principal debt of $22.7 million and $52.1 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not have payments of interest as the Company did not have principal debt.

During the three and six months ended March 29, 2024, the Company paid cash for income taxes of $14.9 million and $15.4 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company paid cash for income taxes of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

In fiscal 2023, the Company approved headcount reductions to streamline and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of operational and administrative functions. Severance charges of $6.6 million were recorded for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023. No material severance charges were incurred for the three and six months ended March 29, 2024. As of March 29, 2024 and September 29, 2023, the Company had an accrual of approximately $1.1 million and $3.4 million, respectively, related to unpaid severance obligations.

Goodwill represents the excess of the fair value of consideration paid for an acquired entity over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to an impairment test that is conducted annually or more frequently if a change in circumstances or the occurrence of events indicates that potential impairment exists, using discounted cash flows.

Changes in total goodwill for our reporting units during the six months ended March 29, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

Other intangible assets consist of (in thousands):

Amortization of intangible assets for the three and six months ended March 29, 2024 was approximately $6.5 million and $13.0 million, respectively. Amortization of intangible assets for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 was approximately $6.5 million and $13.0 million, respectively.

Long-term borrowings, net, are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

On February 22, 2024 the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to its Credit Agreement dated September 29, 2023 (the "Credit Agreement") and refinanced its $800 million Term Loan A-1 due September 2025 ("Term Loan A-1") with an $800 million Term Loan B-1 due February 2031 ("Term Loan B-1"). The Term Loan B-1 requires $2.0 million of principal payments each quarter until the maturity date, at which the remaining unpaid principal amount is due. The Term Loan B-1 interest rate for fiscal 2024 is at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 225 basis points and will adjust to SOFR plus 200 basis points once the Company reaches 3.30x Net Leverage as defined in the Credit Agreement. The Company recorded approximately $11.1 million of debt issuance costs related to Term Loan B-1 for the three months ended March 29, 2024, which are presented as a reduction of debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheet and are amortized as a component of interest expense over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method. The Company also incurred an original issue discount of $2.0 million upon the issuance of the Term Loan B-1 which is presented as a reduction of debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheet and is amortized as a component of interest expense over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method.

In conjunction with Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement and the repayment for Term Loan A-1, the Company recorded a $3.9 million non-cash loss for the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs to "Interest Expense and Other, net" on the Consolidated Statements of Income during the three and six months ended March 29, 2024.

During the three and six month period ended March 29, 2024, the Company prepaid a principal amount of $45.0 million of its $700 million Term Loan A-2 due September 2028.

The weighted-average interest rate for our senior secured term loan facilities was 7.71% for the six months ended March 29, 2024. The carrying amounts of the Company’s senior secured term loan facilities approximate their fair value as the interest rates are variable and reflective of market rates.

As of March 29, 2024, there was $5.3 million of letters of credit outstanding leaving $294.7 million available for borrowing under the Company's revolving credit facility. At March 29, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under its credit facilities.

Prior to the Separation, Aramark entered into contractual derivative arrangements to manage changes in market conditions related to exposure to fluctuating gasoline, diesel and natural gas fuel prices at the Company. These derivative arrangements transferred in-kind to the Company upon the execution of the Separation and Distribution Agreement between the Company and Aramark, which was effective upon the Separation on September 30, 2023. Derivative instruments utilized during the period include pay fixed/receive floating gasoline and diesel fuel agreements based on the Department of Energy weekly retail on-highway index, and pay fixed/receive floating natural gas fuel agreements based on the Henry Hub New York Mercantile Exchange index in order to limit the Company's exposure to price fluctuations for gasoline, diesel, and natural gas fuel mainly for the Company’s operations. All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 29, 2024. The counterparties to the contractual derivative agreements are all major international financial institutions. The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by these counterparties. The Company continually monitors its positions and the credit ratings of its counterparties, and does not anticipate nonperformance by the counterparties. The Company did not enter into any new derivative arrangements for the three or six months ended March 29, 2024.

The corresponding impact on earnings related to the contractual derivative arrangements have been recorded within the Consolidated Statement of Income for the three and six months ended March 29, 2024. Additionally, prior to the Separation the impact on earnings related to the contractual derivative arrangements were allocated to the Company and recorded within the Combined Statement of Income for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023.

As of March 29, 2024, the Company had gasoline and diesel contracts for approximately 1.0 million gallons and natural gas contracts for approximately 0.2 Metric Million British Thermal Units outstanding through June of fiscal 2024. The Company does not record its gasoline, diesel and natural gas fuel agreements as hedges for accounting purposes. The impact on earnings related to the change in fair value of these unsettled contracts was a gain of $0.9 million for the three months ended March 29, 2024 and a loss of $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The impact on earnings related to the change in fair value of these unsettled contracts was a gain of $0.1 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024 and a loss of $1.3 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 29, 2024, the Company had $0.2 million of gasoline, diesel and natural gas fuel agreements recorded within "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The following table summarizes the location of realized and unrealized (gain) loss for the Company’s derivatives not designated as hedging instruments in the Consolidated and Combined Statements of Income (in thousands):

The following table presents revenue disaggregated by revenue source (in thousands):

The Company generates and recognizes approximately 94% of its total revenue from route servicing contracts on both Uniforms, which the Company generally manufactures, and Workplace Supplies, such as mats, towels, and linens that are procured from third-party suppliers. Revenue from these contracts represent a single-performance obligation and are recognized over time as services are performed based on the nature of services provided and contractual rates (output method). The Company generates its remaining revenue primarily from the direct sale of uniforms to customers, with such revenue being recognized when the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied, typically upon the transfer of control of the promised product to the customer. Revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for the services or products described above and is presented net of sales and other taxes we collect on behalf of governmental authorities.

Certain customer route servicing contracts include terms and conditions that include components of variable consideration, which are typically in the form of consideration paid to a customer based on performance metrics specified within the contract. Some contracts provide for customer discounts or rebates that can be earned through the achievement of specified volume levels.

Each component of variable consideration is earned based on the Company’s actual performance during the measurement period specified within the contract. To determine the transaction price, the Company estimates the variable consideration using the most likely amount method, based on the specific contract provisions and known performance results during the relevant measurement period. When assessing if variable consideration should be limited, the Company evaluates the likelihood of whether uncontrollable circumstances could result in a significant reversal of revenue. The Company’s performance period generally corresponds with the monthly invoice period. No significant constraints on the Company’s revenue recognition were applied during the three or six months ended March 29, 2024 or three or six months ended March 31, 2023. The Company reassesses these estimates during each reporting period. The Company maintains a liability for these discounts and rebates within “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” on the Consolidated and Combined Balance Sheets. Variable consideration can also include consideration paid to a customer at the beginning of a contract. This type of variable consideration is capitalized as an asset (in “Other Assets” on the Consolidated and Combined Balance Sheets) and is amortized over the life of the contract as a reduction to revenue in accordance with the accounting guidance for revenue recognition.

The Company defers sales commissions earned by its sales force that are considered to be incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract. The deferred costs are amortized using the portfolio approach on a straight-line basis over the average period of benefit, approximately nine years, and are assessed for impairment on a periodic basis. Determination of the amortization period and the subsequent assessment for impairment of the contract cost asset requires judgment. The Company expenses sales commissions as incurred if the amortization period is one year or less. As of March 29, 2024 and September 29, 2023, the Company has $105.0 million and $104.4 million, respectively, of employee sales commissions recorded as assets within “Other Assets” on the Company’s Consolidated and Combined Balance Sheets. During the three and six months ended March 29, 2024, the Company recorded $5.3 million and $10.5 million, respectively, of expense related to employee sales commissions within “Selling, general and administrative expenses” on the Consolidated Statements of Income. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded $4.9 million and $9.9 million, respectively, of expense related to employee sales commissions within “Selling, general and administrative expenses” on the Combined Statements of Income.

The Company has lease arrangements primarily related to real estate, vehicles and equipment. Finance leases primarily relate to vehicles. The Company assesses whether an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, upon inception of the related contract. A right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability are not recorded for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less (“short-term leases”).

Variable lease payments, which primarily consist of real estate taxes, common area maintenance charges, insurance costs and other operating expenses, are not included in the operating lease right-of-use asset or operating lease liability balances and are recognized in the period in which the expenses are incurred. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain they will be exercised or not, respectively. Options to extend lease terms that are reasonably certain of exercise are recognized as part of the operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability balances.

The Company is required to discount its future minimum lease payments using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the incremental borrowing rate. The Company uses a portfolio approach to determine the incremental borrowing rate based on the geographic location of the lease and the remaining lease term. The incremental borrowing rate is calculated using a base line rate plus an applicable margin.

The following table summarizes operating lease costs, consisting of fixed lease costs, variable lease costs and short-term lease costs. Additionally, the table summarizes finance lease costs, consisting of amortization of right-of-use asset and interest on lease liabilities (in thousands):

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the period reported is as follows (in thousands):

Other information related to the operating lease right-of-use assets, net and operating lease liabilities was as follows (in thousands):

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable leases as of March 29, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

The following table summarizes the share-based compensation expense and related information for Time-Based Options (“TBOs”), Time-Based Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”), Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”), Deferred Stock Units ("DSUs") and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) classified as “Selling, general and administrative expenses” on the Consolidated and Combined Statements of Income (in thousands).

During the second quarter of fiscal 2024, the Company granted 54,800 RSUs with a weighted-average grant-date fair value per unit of $18.98 that vest one year from the grant date. The below table summarizes the number of shares granted and the weighted-average grant-date fair value per unit during the six months ended March 29, 2024:

From time to time, the Company and its subsidiaries are a party to various legal actions, proceedings and investigations involving claims incidental to the conduct of their business or otherwise related to the Company, including actions by customers, employees, government entities and third parties, including under federal, state, international, national, provincial and local employment laws, wage and hour laws, discrimination laws, immigration laws, human health and safety laws, import and export controls and customs laws, environmental laws, false claims or whistleblower statutes, tax codes, antitrust and competition laws, customer protection statutes, procurement regulations, intellectual property laws, supply chain laws, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption laws, lobbying laws, motor carrier safety laws, data privacy and security laws, or alleging negligence and/or breaches of contractual and other obligations. Based on information currently available, advice of counsel, available insurance coverage, established reserves and other resources, except as set forth below, the Company does not believe that any such actions are likely to be, individually or in the aggregate, material to its business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. However, in the event of unexpected further developments, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of these matters, or other similar matters, if unfavorable, may be materially adverse to the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

The Company is involved with environmental investigation and remediation activities at certain sites that it currently or formerly owned or operated or to which it sent waste for disposal (including sites which were previously owned and/or operated by businesses acquired by the Company or sites to which such businesses sent waste for disposal). The Company initially provides for estimated costs of environmental-related activities relating to its past operations and third-party sites for which commitments or clean-up plans have been developed and when such costs can be reasonably estimated based on industry standards and professional judgment. These estimated costs, which are mostly undiscounted, are determined based on currently available facts regarding each site.

If the reasonably estimable costs can only be identified as a range and no specific amount within that range can be determined more likely, the minimum of the range is used. The Company continuously assesses its potential liability for investigation and remediation-related activities and adjusts its environmental-related accruals as information becomes available upon which more accurate costs can be reasonably estimated. As of March 29, 2024 and September 29, 2023, the Company has $7.6 million and $6.8 million, respectively, recorded as liabilities within “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and $16.2 million and $17.3 million, respectively, recorded as liabilities within “Other Noncurrent Liabilities” on the Company’s Consolidated and Combined Balance Sheets.

The Company records the fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation both as an asset and a liability when there is a legal obligation associated with the retirement of a tangible long-lived asset and the liability can be reasonably estimated. The Company has identified certain conditional asset retirement obligations at various current and closed facilities. These obligations relate primarily to asbestos abatement, underground storage tank closures and restoration of leased properties to the original condition. Using investigative, remediation and disposal methods that are currently available to the Company, the estimated costs of these obligations were accrued. As of March 29, 2024 and September 29, 2023, the Company has $12.7 million and $12.3 million, respectively, recorded as liabilities within “Other Noncurrent Liabilities” on the Company’s Consolidated and Combined Balance Sheets.

On May 13, 2022, Cake Love Co. (“Cake Love”) commenced a putative class action lawsuit against AmeriPride Services, LLC (“AmeriPride”), a subsidiary of Vestis, in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota. The lawsuit was subsequently updated to add an additional named plaintiff, Q-Mark Manufacturing, Inc. (“Q-Mark” and, together with Cake Love, the “Plaintiffs”). Plaintiffs allege that the defendants increased certain pricing charged to members of the purported class without the proper notice required by service agreements between AmeriPride and members of the purported class and that AmeriPride breached the duty of good faith and fair dealing. Plaintiffs seek damages on behalf of the purported class representing the amount of the allegedly improperly noticed price increases along with attorneys’ fees, interest and costs. The parties have engaged in discovery. AmeriPride has moved for summary judgment related to Cake Love. The parties engaged in meditation, which has resulted in ongoing settlement discussions. The case is currently stayed until May 9, 2024. The stay may or may not be extended while settlement discussions are ongoing. The Company believes it has numerous defenses and intends to continue to vigorously defend the action. The Company cannot predict the outcome of this legal matter, nor can it predict whether any outcome will have a material adverse effect on the combined statements of income and/or combined statements of cash flows. Accordingly, the Company has made no material provision for this legal matter in the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements.

The Company manages and evaluates its business activities based on geography and, as a result, determined that its United States and Canada businesses are its operating segments. The United States and Canada operating segments both provide a full range of uniform programs, managed restroom supply services and first-aid and safety products, as well as ancillary items such as floor mats, towels and linens. The Company’s operating segments are also its reportable segments. Corporate includes administrative expenses not specifically allocated to an individual segment. The Company evaluates the performance of each operating segment based on several factors of which the primary financial measure is operating income.

Financial information by segment is as follows (in thousands):

Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding adjusted to include the potentially dilutive effect of stock awards.

On September 30, 2023, the Company separated from Aramark. As referenced in Note 1. "Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation", the Separation resulted in the initial issuance of approximately 131.2 million shares of Vestis common stock. For purposes of computing basic and diluted earnings per common share for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, the number of Vestis common shares issued upon completion of the Separation were used to reflect the outstanding shares.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to the Company's stockholders (in thousands, except per share data):

(1)Diluted earnings per share excludes certain shares issuable under share-based compensation plans because the effect would have been antidilutive.

The Company’s operations were included in Aramark’s U.S. federal and state tax returns for taxable periods through the Company’s Separation from Aramark on September 30, 2023. With respect to such taxable periods, income taxes on the Company’s financial statements were calculated on a separate tax return basis. Beginning after the Separation, the Company is filing tax returns separate from Aramark, and its deferred taxes and effective tax rates may differ from those of the historical periods.

The Company's effective tax rate was 28.5% and 25.6% for the three months ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. For the six months ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the Company's effective tax rate was 27.5% and 25.3%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended March 29, 2024 was higher than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to state taxes, permanent book/tax differences, and international operations in jurisdictions with higher income tax rates. For the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company’s effective tax rate was higher than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to state taxes and international operations in jurisdictions with higher income tax rates.

In connection with the Separation, the Company's net deferred tax liabilities decreased by $8.5 million, primarily related to shared-based compensation, inventoriable costs and tax attributes that were not part of the Company while consolidated with Aramark.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate was approximately $0.2 million as of March 29, 2024 and $4.4 million as of September 29, 2023. Our unrecognized benefits with respect to our uncertain tax positions decreased by $4.2 million as these remained the obligation of Aramark under the Tax Matters Agreement. The amount of accrued interest and penalties payable related to unrecognized tax benefits was less than $0.1 million as of March 29, 2024.

It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized benefits with respect to certain of our unrecognized tax positions will increase or decrease within the next 12 months. At this time, we estimate that the amount of gross unrecognized tax positions will not decrease within the next 12 months.

The Company’s Combined Financial Statements for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 include general corporate expenses of Aramark, which were not historically allocated to the Company for certain support functions that are provided on a centralized basis by Aramark and are not recorded at the Company level, such as expenses related to finance, supply chain, human resources, information technology, share-based compensation, insurance and legal, among others (collectively, “General Corporate Expenses”). For purposes of these Combined Financial Statements, General Corporate Expenses have been allocated to the Company. General Corporate Expenses are included in the Combined Statements of Income in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” with the impact related to Aramark’s gasoline, diesel and natural gas derivative agreements included in “Cost of services provided”. These expenses have been allocated to the Company on the basis of direct usage where identifiable, with the remainder allocated on a pro rata basis of revenues, headcount or other drivers. Management believes the assumptions underlying the Combined Financial Statements, including the assumptions regarding allocating General Corporate Expenses from Aramark, are reasonable. Nevertheless, the Combined Financial Statements may not include all of the actual expenses that would have been incurred and may not reflect the Company’s combined results of operations, financial position and cash flows had it been a standalone public company during the periods presented. Actual costs that would have been incurred if the Company had been a standalone public company would depend on multiple factors, including organizational structure and strategic decisions made in various areas, including information technology and infrastructure.

During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, General Corporate Expenses allocated to the Company were $8.1 million and $16.1 million, respectively.

On September 30, 2023, the Separation was completed through the Distribution of the Company’s common stock to Aramark shareholders who held shares of Aramark common stock as of the close of business on September 20, 2023, the record date for the Distribution, which resulted in the issuance of approximately 131.2 million shares of common stock. As a result of the Distribution, Aramark shareholders received one share of the Company’s common stock for every two shares of common stock, par value $0.01, of Aramark. On October 2, 2023, the Company began trading as an independent, publicly traded company under the stock symbol “VSTS” on the NYSE.

In connection with the Separation, the Company entered into or adopted several agreements that provide a framework for the relationship between the Company and Aramark, including, but not limited to the following:

Separation and Distribution Agreement - governs the rights and obligations of the parties regarding the

distribution following the completion of the separation, including the transfer of assets and assumption of liabilities, and establishes certain rights and obligations between the Company and Aramark following the distribution, including procedures with respect to claims subject to indemnification and related matters.

Transition Services Agreement - governs services between the Company and Aramark and their respective affiliates to provide each other on an interim, transitional basis, various services, including, but not limited to, administrative, information technology and cybersecurity support services and certain finance, treasury, tax and governmental function services. The services commenced on the distribution date and terminate no later than 24 months following the distribution date.

Tax Matters Agreement - governs the parties’ respective rights, responsibilities and obligations with respect to tax liabilities and benefits, tax attributes, the preparation and filing of tax returns, the control of audits and other tax proceedings and other matters regarding taxes. In addition, the Company is restricted from taking certain actions that could prevent the distribution and certain related transactions from being tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including specific restrictions on its ability to pursue or enter into acquisition, merger, sale and redemption transactions with respect to the Company’s stock.

Employee Matters Agreement - governs the allocation of liabilities and responsibilities relating to employment matters, employee compensation and benefits plans and programs and other related matters.

During the three and six months ended March 29, 2024, the Company paid $3.3 million and $7.9 million, respectively, to Aramark under the various agreements described above. Current amounts due from and to Aramark as of March 29, 2024 were not material.

The changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, for the three and six months ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

On February 20, 2024, the Company announced that its Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.035 per common share payable on April 4, 2024 to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 15, 2024. The dividend payable of $4.6 million was recorded within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 29, 2024. The amount and timing of any future dividend payment is subject to the approval of the Company's Board of Directors.

On April 19, 2024, Consolidated Mills Supply, Inc., operating as Vestis Group, an entity involved in the food ingredients business, provided a notice to the Company alleging trademark infringement based on the Company's use of the “Vestis” trademark and logo. On April 30, 2024, the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted the Company three federal trademark registrations for the Company's “Vestis” trademarks and the Company's associated logos for use in connection with several classes of goods and services that the Company offers to its customers. On April 30, 2024, the Company responded to Consolidated Mills Supply denying any trademark infringement. The Company believes Consolidated Mills Supply’s claims lack merit and that the Company has strong defenses to the alleged infringement claims. The Company will rigorously defend itself against this claim of infringement. The Company cannot predict the outcome of this legal matter, nor can it predict whether any outcome will have a material adverse effect on the combined statements of income and/or combined statements of cash flows.

Item 2.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

We are a leading provider of uniforms and workplace supplies across the United States and Canada. We provide a full range of uniform programs, managed restroom supply services, first aid supplies and safety products, as well as ancillary items such as floor mats, towels, and linens across the United States and Canada. We compete with national, regional, and local providers who vary in size, scale, capabilities and product and service offering. Primary methods of competition include product quality, service quality and price. Notable competitors of size include Cintas Corporation and UniFirst Corporation, as well as numerous regional and local competitors. Additionally, many businesses perform certain aspects of our product and service offerings in-house rather than outsourcing them to a third party and leveraging the benefits of full-service programs.

Our full-service uniform offering (“Uniforms”) includes the design, sourcing, manufacturing, customization, personalization, delivery, laundering, sanitization, repair, and replacement of uniforms. Our uniform options include shirts, pants, outerwear, gowns, scrubs, high visibility garments, particulate-free garments, and flame-resistant garments, along with shoes and accessories. We service our customers on a recurring rental basis, typically weekly, delivering clean uniforms while, during the same visit, picking up worn uniforms for inspection, cleaning and repair or replacement. In addition to our weekly, recurring customer contracts, we offer customized uniforms through direct sales agreements, typically for large, regional, or national companies.

In addition to Uniforms, we also provide workplace supplies (“Workplace Supplies”) including managed restroom supply services, first aid supplies and safety products, floor mats, towels, and linens. Similar to our uniform offering, on a recurring rental basis, generally weekly, we pick up used and soiled floor mats, towels and linens, replacing them with clean products. We also restock restroom supplies, first aid supplies and safety products as needed.

We manage and operate our business in two reportable segments, United States and Canada. Both segments provide Uniforms and Workplace Supplies, as described above, to customers within their specific geographic territories.

On September 30, 2023 (the "Distribution Date"), Aramark completed the previously announced spin-off of Vestis (the “Separation”). The Separation was completed through a distribution of our outstanding common stock to stockholders of record of Aramark’s common stock as of the close of business on September 20, 2023. Aramark stockholders of record received one share of Vestis common stock for every two shares of common stock, par value $0.01, of Aramark.

Following the Separation, certain functions that Aramark provided to us prior to the Separation continue to be provided to us by Aramark under a transition services agreement.

The Combined Financial Statements for the three and six months ended and as of March 31, 2023 have been derived from Aramark’s historical accounting records and were prepared on a standalone basis in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. The assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses of Vestis have been reflected in these Combined Financial Statements on a historical cost basis, as included in the consolidated financial statements of Aramark, using the historical accounting policies applied by Aramark. Historically, separate financial statements have not been prepared for Vestis as it previously did not operate as a standalone business from Aramark prior to the Separation. The historical results of operations, financial position and cash flows of Vestis presented in the Combined Financial Statements may not be indicative of what they would have been had we been an independent standalone public company, nor are they necessarily indicative of our future results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.

After the Separation, Vestis became a standalone public company and the consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. For additional information, see Note 1. "Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation" to the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements.

Our fiscal year is the 52- or 53-week period which ends on the Friday nearest to September 30th. The fiscal years ended September 29, 2023 and September 27, 2024 are both 52-week periods.

We serve the uniforms, mats, towels, linens, restroom supplies, first-aid supplies and safety products industry within the United States and Canada. This includes businesses that outsource these services through rental programs or direct purchases, as well as non-programmers, or businesses that maintain these services in-house. We believe that demand in this industry is largely influenced by macro-economic conditions, employment levels, increasing standards for workplace hygiene and safety and an ongoing trend of businesses outsourcing non-core, back-end operations. As a result of the diversity of our customers and the wide variety of industries in which they participate, demand for our products and services is not specifically linked to the cyclical nature of any one sector.

Global events, including ongoing geopolitical events, have adversely affected global economies, disrupted global supply chains and labor force participation, and created significant volatility and disruption of financial markets. While we do not have direct operations in Russia and Ukraine or in Israel, conflicts in those regions further disrupted global supply chains and heightened volatility and disruption of global financial markets. The ongoing volatility and disruption of financial markets caused by these global events, as well as other current global economic factors, triggered inflation in labor and energy costs and has driven significant changes in foreign currencies. The impact on our longer-term operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including our response and governmental response to inflation, the duration and severity of the ongoing volatility and disruption of global financial markets and our ability to effectively hire and retain personnel. Some of these future developments are outside of our control and are highly uncertain.

The following table presents an overview of our results with the amount of and percentage change between periods for the three months ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands).

(1)Exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Consolidated revenue of $705.4 million increased $6.1 million, or 0.9%, for the three months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. This increase was muted by 1.9% due to the non-recurrence of prior year temporary energy fees of $13.4 million enacted to offset the effect of inflationary pressure on energy costs. Revenue increased $55.3 million, or approximately 7.9%, from new customer sales and cross-selling activities to current customers and $29.3 million, or approximately 4.2%, from pricing actions. These increases were partially offset by $2.1 million of lower year-over-year direct sales and $63.0 million of prior year sales associated with lost customers, of which roughly 65% were from customers who ceased doing business with us during fiscal 2023. In fiscal 2023, customer retention was 90.4%. Retention is equal to lost annualized recurring revenue for the period reported divided by total company annualized recurring revenue for the trailing 52 weeks. This metric takes the full annualized impact of a lost customer in the period it is reported. Retention is a leading indicator, in that the financial impact from the lost business will be realized over the 12 months after the billings cease for the lost customer. Following actions to mitigate lost business, retention rate trends are improving. Retention in the three month period ended March 29, 2024, was 93.2%. There was a negligible impact to revenue growth from the change in foreign currency rates year-over-year.

Cost of services provided increased $5.0 million, or 1.0%, for the three months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in labor costs of $6.5 million partially offset by lower energy costs linked primarily to lower energy rates, as well as productivity savings from route optimization efforts.

Depreciation and amortization expense of $35.2 million for the three months ended March 29, 2024 increased $1.6 million, or 4.7%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A") increased $5.9 million, or 5.0%, for the three months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in SG&A was primarily due to approximately $4.0 million of incremental public company and one-time separation costs. The unfavorable year-over-year impact from merit based salary increases was offset by savings from organization optimization efforts executed during the last twelve months.

Operating income of $43.1 million decreased 12.8% for the three months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 from the impact of changes in revenue and costs noted above.

Interest expense and other, net, increased $34.9 million for the three months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily driven by interest expense related to our term loan debt issued on September 29, 2023, and subsequently partially refinanced on February 22, 2024, that was not outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Interest expense for the three months ended March 29, 2024 included a $3.9 million non-cash loss for the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the extinguishment of our $800 million Term Loan A-1.

The provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 29, 2024 was recorded at an effective rate of 28.5% compared to an effective rate of 25.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The higher effective tax rate was primarily due to non-deductible executive compensation and the income tax rate on international operations.

Net income of $6.0 million for the three months ended March 29, 2024 represented a decrease of $30.9 million or 83.8% compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 from the impact of changes to revenue, operating costs and net interest expense noted above.

The following table presents an overview of our results with the amount of and percentage change between periods for the six months ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands).

(1)Exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Consolidated revenue of $1,423.3 million increased $23.3 million, or 1.7%, for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023. This increase was muted by 1.9% due to the non-recurrence of prior year temporary energy fees of $26.7 million enacted to offset the effect of inflationary pressure on energy costs. Revenue increased $114 million, or approximately 8.1%, from new customer sales and cross-selling activities to current customers and $67.6 million, or approximately 4.8%, from pricing actions. These increases were partially offset by $4 million of lower year-over-year direct sales and $128 million of prior year sales associated with lost customers, of which roughly 77.0% were customers who ceased doing business with us during fiscal 2023. There was a negligible impact to revenue growth from the change in foreign currency rates year-over-year.

Cost of services provided increased $11.2 million, or 1.1%, for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in labor costs of $11.4 million partially offset by lower energy costs linked primarily to lower energy rates, as well as productivity savings from route optimization efforts.

Depreciation and amortization expense of $70.6 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024 increased $3.1 million or 4.5% compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023.

SG&A increased $12.1 million, or 5.0%, for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023, respectively. The increase in SG&A was primarily due to approximately $6.0 million of incremental public company costs and $13.1 million of one-time separation costs. The unfavorable year-over-year impact from merit based salary increases was offset by savings from organization optimization efforts executed during the previous twelve months.

Operating income of $90.7 million decreased 3.3% for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 from the impact of changes in revenue and costs noted above.

Interest expense and other, net, increased $65.8 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily driven by interest expense related to our term loan debt issued on September 29, 2023, and subsequently partially refinanced on February 22, 2024, that was not outstanding during the six months ended March 31, 2023. Interest expense for the six months ended March 29, 2024 included a $3.9 million non-cash loss for the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the extinguishment of our $800 million Term Loan A-1.

The provision for income taxes for the six months ended March 29, 2024 was recorded at an effective rate of 27.5% compared to an effective rate of 25.3% for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The higher effective tax rate was primarily due to non-deductible executive compensation and the income tax rate on international operations.

Net income of $18.2 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024 represented a decrease of $52.1 million, or 74.1% compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 from the impact of changes to revenue, operating costs and net interest expense noted above.

The following table presents an overview of our United States reportable segment results with the amount of and percentage change between periods for the three months ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands).

United States revenue of $642.1 million increased $5.1 million, or 0.8%, for the three months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. This increase was muted by 2.2% due to the non-recurrence of prior year temporary energy fees of $13.4 million enacted to offset the effect of inflationary pressure on energy costs. Revenue increased approximately $51.2 million, or 8.0%, from new customer sales and cross-selling activities to current customers and approximately $27.7 million, or 4.3%, from pricing actions. These increases were partially offset by approximately $2.1 million of lower year-over-year direct sales and approximately $57.9 million of prior year sales associated with lost customers.

Segment operating income of $71.2 million for the three months ended March 29, 2024 increased $3.0 million, or 4.4%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily driven by:

•the growth in revenue during the three months ended March 29, 2024 as described above;

•cost reductions of $5.5 million within salaries and wages from efficiency actions taken during the previous twelve months; and

•year-over-year energy savings of $5.5 million primarily driven by lower rates, as well as our route optimization efforts;

•the increases were partially offset by:

•incremental labor costs of approximately $4.9 million for the three months ended March 29, 2024; and

•higher year-over-year depreciation and amortization expense of $1.4 million.

Segment operating income margin improved approximately 40 basis points from 10.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to approximately 11.1% for the three months ended March 29, 2024.

The following table presents an overview of our United States reportable segment results with the amount of and percentage change between periods for the six months ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands).

United States revenue of $1,295.3 million increased $20.6 million, or 1.6%, for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023. This increase was muted by 2.2% due to the non-recurrence of prior year temporary energy fees of $26.7 million enacted to offset the effect of inflationary pressure on energy costs. Revenue increased approximately $104.2 million, or 8.2%, from new customer sales and cross-selling activities to current customers and approximately $64.5 million, or 5.1%, from pricing actions. These increases were partially offset by approximately $4.0 million of lower year-over-year direct sales and approximately $117.7 million of prior year sales associated with lost customers.

Segment operating income of $145.3 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024 increased $13.3 million, or 10.0%, compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023, primarily driven by:

•the growth in revenue during the six months ended March 29, 2024 as described above;

•cost reductions of $5.5 million within salaries and wages from efficiency actions taken during the previous twelve months; and

•year-over-year energy savings of $7.8 million primarily driven by lower rates, as well as our route optimization efforts;

•the increases were partially offset by:

•incremental labor costs of approximately $5.8 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024; and

•higher year-over-year depreciation and amortization expense of $2.8 million.

Segment operating income margin improved approximately 80 basis points from 10.4% for the six months ended March 31, 2023 to approximately 11.2% for the six months ended March 29, 2024.

The following table presents an overview of our Canada reportable segment results with the amount of and percentage change between periods for the three months ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands).

Canada revenue of $63.3 million increased 1.5% for the three months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. Revenue increased $4.1 million, or approximately 6.6%, from new customer sales and cross-selling activities to current customers and $1.6 million, or approximately 2.6%, from pricing actions. These increases were partially offset by $5.1 million of prior year sales associated with lost customers. The change in sales resulting from the year-over-year fluctuation in foreign exchange rates was immaterial.

Segment operating income of $1.0 million for the three months ended March 29, 2024 decreased $0.6 million, or 36.3%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily driven by:

•the growth in revenue during the three months ended March 29, 2024, as described above; more than offset by:

•incremental labor costs of approximately $0.7 million for the three months ended March 29, 2024; and

•incremental year-over-year fleet maintenance costs.

Segment operating income margin decreased approximately 100 basis points from 2.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, to approximately 1.5% for the three months ended March 29, 2024.

The following table presents an overview of our Canada reportable segment results with the amount of and percentage change between periods for the six months ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands).

Canada revenue of $128.0 million increased $2.7 million, or 2.1%, for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023. Revenue increased $9.8 million, or approximately 7.8%, from new customer sales and cross-selling activities to current customers and $3.1 million, or approximately 2.5%, from pricing actions. These increases were partially offset by the loss of $10.3 million of prior year sales associated with lost customers. The change in sales resulting from the year-over-year fluctuation in foreign exchange rates was immaterial.

Segment operating income of $5.5 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024 decreased $1.4 million, or 19.7%, compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023, primarily driven by:

•the growth in revenue during the six months ended March 29, 2024, as described above; more than offset by:

•incremental labor costs of approximately $1.4 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024; and

•incremental year-over-year fleet maintenance costs.

Segment operating income margin decreased approximately 120 basis points from 5.5% for the six months ended March 31, 2023, to approximately 4.3% for the six months ended March 29, 2024.

Historically, our business generated positive cash flows from operations. Prior to the Separation, cash flows within our United States operations were transferred to Aramark regularly as part of Aramark’s centralized cash management program. This arrangement was used to manage liquidity of Aramark and fund the operations of our business as needed. This arrangement is not indicative of how we would have funded our operations had we been a standalone company separate from Aramark prior to the Separation. Cash transferred to and from Aramark’s cash management accounts are reflected within net parent investment as a component of Aramark’s equity for the three and six months ended and as of March 31, 2023. After the Separation, our cash and cash equivalents are held and used solely for our own operations and commitments.

As part of our capital structure, we entered into a Credit Agreement on September 29, 2023 (the "Credit Agreement"). The Credit Agreement included senior secured term loan facilities consisting of term loan A-1 tranche due September 2025 in the amount of $800 million ("Term Loan A-1"), term loan A-2 tranche due September 2028 in the amount of $700 million ("Term Loan A-2") and a revolving credit facility. On February 22, 2024, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to our Credit Agreement and refinanced our Term Loan A-1 with an $800 million Term Loan B-1 due February 2031 ("Term Loan B-1"). The Term Loan B-1 requires $2.0 million of principal payments each quarter until the maturity date, at which the remaining unpaid principal amount is due. The Term Loan B-1 interest rate for fiscal 2024 is at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 225 basis points and will adjust to SOFR plus 200 basis points once the Company reaches 3.30x Net Leverage as defined in the Credit Agreement.

As of March 29, 2024, we had approximately $30.7 million of cash and cash equivalents and $294.7 million of availability for borrowing under our Revolving Credit Facility. The servicing of this debt will be supported by cash flows from our operations. As of March 29, 2024, we had $1,437.5 million of total principal debt compared to $1,500.0 million as of September 29, 2023.

On February 20, 2024, we announced that our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.035 per common share payable on April 4, 2024 to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 15, 2024. The total dividend payable amount was $4.6 million. The amount and timing of any future dividend payment is subject to the approval of our Board of Directors.

The table below summarizes our cash activity (in thousands):

Reference to the Consolidated and Combined Statements of Cash Flows will facilitate understanding of the discussion that follows.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $127.5 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024 and $68.8 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023, respectively. The change was driven by cash inflows from operating assets and liabilities of $29.3 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to cash outflows of $85.5 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023, partially offset by net income for the six months ended March 29, 2024 of $18.2 million compared to net income for the six months ended March 31, 2023 of $70.3 million, as discussed in "Results of Operations" above. The change in cash from operating assets and liabilities of $114.8 million, which was primarily due to:

•Increase in operating cash flows for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to the lower use of cash for inventories of $63.8 million;

•Increase in operating cash flows for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to a greater source of cash from accrued expenses of $51.7 million primarily due to the timing of other payments; and

•Increase in operating cash flows for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to a greater source of cash from accounts payable of $25.8 million primarily due to the lower use of cash for inventory purchases; partially offset by:

•Decrease in operating cash flows for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to a lower source of cash from other current assets of $12.6 million primarily due to increased cash outflows for prepaid assets;

•Decrease in operating cash flows for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to a lower source of cash from non-current liabilities of $11.5 million primarily due to the timing of disbursements;

•Decrease in operating cash flows for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to the higher use of cash for other assets of $4.4 million.

•Decrease in operating cash flows for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to a lower source of cash from accounts receivable of $2.7 million primarily due to the timing of cash receipts; and

•Decrease in operating cash flows for the six months ended March 29, 2024 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to the higher use of cash for rental merchandise in service of $2.1 million.

Net cash used in investing activities of $29.8 million for the six months ended March 29, 2024 was $8.1 million higher relative to the six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to lower proceeds from disposals of property and equipment for the six months ended March 29, 2024.

During the six months ended March 29, 2024, cash used in financing activities was impacted by the following:

•payments of long-term borrowings ($862.5 million);

•proceeds from long-term borrowings ($798.0 million);

•payments related to finance leases ($15.1 million);

•cash transferred to Aramark ($6.1 million);

•dividend payments ($4.6 million); and

•debt issuance costs ($11.1 million).

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, cash used in financing activities was impacted by the following:

•cash transferred to Aramark ($46.9 million); and

•payments related to finance leases ($13.9 million).

In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts and commitments that obligate us to make payments in the future. There have not been material changes to our cash requirements from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 29, 2023 filed with the SEC on December 21, 2023. Additional information regarding our obligations under debt and lease arrangements are provided in Note 4. "Borrowings" and Note 7. "Leases" to the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The Credit Agreement contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to: incur additional indebtedness; issue preferred stock or provide guarantees; create liens on assets; engage in mergers or consolidations; sell or dispose of assets; pay dividends, make distributions or repurchase our capital stock; engage in certain transactions with affiliates; make investments, loans or advances; create restrictions on the payment of dividends or other amounts to the Company from its restricted subsidiaries; amend material agreements governing our subordinated debt; repay or repurchase any subordinated debt, except as scheduled or at maturity; make certain acquisitions; change our fiscal year; and fundamentally change our business. The Credit Agreement contains certain customary affirmative covenants. The Credit Agreement also includes customary events of default and other provisions that could require all amounts due thereunder to become immediately due and payable, at the option of the lenders, if we fail to comply with the terms of the Credit Agreement or if other customary events occur.

Under the Credit Agreement, we are required to satisfy and maintain specified financial ratios and other financial condition tests and covenants. Our continued ability to meet those financial ratios, tests and covenants can be affected by events beyond our control, and there can be no assurance that we will meet those ratios, tests and covenants.

The Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a maximum Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio, defined as consolidated total indebtedness in excess of unrestricted cash divided by Covenant Adjusted EBITDA, not to exceed 5.25x for any fiscal quarter ending prior to March 31, 2025, and not to exceed 4.50x for any fiscal quarter ending on or after March 31, 2025, subject to certain exceptions. Consolidated total indebtedness is defined in the Credit Agreement as total indebtedness consisting of debt for borrowed money, finance leases, disqualified and preferred stock and advances under any receivables facility. Covenant Adjusted EBITDA is defined in the Credit Agreement as consolidated net income increased by interest expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, initial public company costs, restructuring charges, write-offs and noncash charges, non-controlling interest expense, net cost savings in connection with any acquisition, disposition, or other permitted investment under the Credit Agreement, share-based compensation expense, non-recurring or unusual gains and losses, reimbursable insurance costs, cash expenses related to earn outs, and insured losses.

The Credit Agreement establishes a minimum Interest Coverage Ratio, defined as Covenant Adjusted EBITDA divided by consolidated interest expense. The minimum Interest Coverage Ratio is required to be at least 2.00x for the term of the Credit Agreement.

At March 29, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement.

Our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to the audited Combined Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on form 10-K, filed with the SEC on December 21, 2023. For a more complete discussion of the critical accounting policies and estimates that we have identified in the preparation of our Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements, please refer to our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on December 21, 2023. Management believes that there have been no significant changes during the six months ended March 29, 2024 to the items that we disclosed as our critical accounting policies and estimates in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 29, 2023.

In preparing our Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that, among other things, affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are most significant where they involve levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or matters susceptible to change, and where they can have a material impact on our financial condition and operating performance. If actual results were to differ materially from the estimates made, the reported results could be materially affected.

Critical accounting estimates and the related assumptions are evaluated periodically as conditions warrant, and changes to such estimates are recorded as new information or changed conditions require.

See Note 1. "Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation" to the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting standards updates, including the expected dates of adoption.

Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to market risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. This exposure results from revenues and profits denominated in foreign currencies being translated into U.S. dollars and from our legal entities entering into transactions denominated in a foreign currency other than their functional currency. We currently do not enter into financial instruments to manage this foreign currency translation risk.

We are exposed to interest rate risk through fluctuations in interest rates on our debt obligations. Our outstanding Term Loan Facilities bear interest at variable rates. As a result, increases in interest rates could increase the cost of servicing our debt and could materially reduce our profitability and cash flows. There has been no material change to this market risk exposure to interest rates from that which was previously disclosed in Part II, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 29, 2023.

We are exposed to changes in prices of commodities used in our operations, primarily associated with gasoline, diesel and natural gas fuel. We seek to manage exposure to adverse commodity price changes through our normal operations as well as through entering into commodity derivative agreements.

Item 4.    Controls and Procedures.

Under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 29, 2024 (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended).

Based on their evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that, as of March 29, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended March 29, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings.

On May 13, 2022, Cake Love Co. (“Cake Love”) commenced a putative class action lawsuit against AmeriPride Services, LLC (“AmeriPride”), a subsidiary of Vestis, in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota. The lawsuit was subsequently updated to add an additional named plaintiff, Q-Mark Manufacturing, Inc. (“Q-Mark” and, together with Cake Love, the “Plaintiffs”). Plaintiffs allege that the defendants increased certain pricing charged to members of the purported class without the proper notice required by service agreements between AmeriPride and members of the purported class and that AmeriPride breached the duty of good faith and fair dealing. Plaintiffs seek damages on behalf of the purported class representing the amount of the allegedly improperly noticed price increases along with attorneys’ fees, interest and costs. The parties have engaged in discovery. AmeriPride has moved for summary judgment related to Cake Love. The parties engaged in meditation, which has resulted in ongoing settlement discussions. The case is currently stayed until May 9, 2024. The stay may or may not be extended while settlement discussions are ongoing. We believe we have numerous defenses and intend to continue to vigorously defend the action. We cannot predict the outcome of this legal matter, nor can we predict whether any outcome will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated statements of income and/or consolidated statements of cash flows. Accordingly, we have made no material provision for this legal matter in the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements.

On April 19, 2024, Consolidated Mills Supply, Inc., operating as Vestis Group, an entity involved in the food ingredients business, provided a notice to us alleging trademark infringement based on our use of the “Vestis” trademark and logo. On April 30, 2024, the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted us three federal trademark registrations for our “Vestis” trademarks and our associated logos for use in connection with several classes of goods and services that we offer to our customers. On April 30, 2024, we responded to Consolidated Mills Supply denying any trademark infringement. We believe Consolidated Mills Supply’s claims lack merit and that we have strong defenses to the alleged infringement claims. We will rigorously defend ourselves against this claim of infringement.

Item 1A.    Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 29, 2023 filed with the SEC on December 21, 2023.

Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5.    Other Information

During the three months ended March 29, 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended).

Item 6.    Exhibits

*Filed herewith.

+ Represents a management contract or compensatory arrangement.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on May 8, 2024.