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(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).Yes  x   No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).     Yes o   No  x

The aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant at June 25, 2023, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $1,387,631,718.

The registrant had outstanding 127,002,728 shares of common stock as of February 23, 2024.

Certain information from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on June 5, 2024 will be herein incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

MasterBrand, Inc. (“we,” “us,” “our,” “MasterBrand” or the “Company”) was founded nearly 70 years ago in 1954 under the name United Cabinet Incorporated. We are the largest manufacturer of residential cabinets in North America, based on 2022 reported net sales. Our products are sold throughout the United States and Canada to the remodeling and new construction markets through three primary channels: dealers, retailers and builders.

On December 14, 2022, our former parent company, Fortune Brands Innovations, Inc. (formerly known as Fortune Brands Home & Security, Inc.) (“Fortune Brands”) completed a tax free spin-off transaction to separate its Cabinets segment into a standalone publicly-traded company (the “Separation”). The Separation was completed through a series of transactions ending with a pro rata distribution of all of the shares of MasterBrand, Inc. common stock owned by Fortune Brands to Fortune Brands stockholders (the “Distribution”). After the Distribution, we became an independent, publicly-traded company.

Our superior product quality, innovative design and service excellence drives a compelling value proposition. We have insight into the fashion and features consumers desire, which we use to tailor our product lines across price points. Our volume leadership allows us to achieve an advantaged cost structure and service platform by standardizing product platforms and components to the greatest extent possible—resulting in a more flexible facility footprint and an efficient supply chain. Further, our decades of experience have informed how we use global geographies to optimize procurement and manufacturing costs. Finally, with the most extensive dealer network throughout the United States and Canada, we have an advantaged distribution model that we believe cannot be easily replicated. We plan to further extend our competitive advantages by using technology and data to enhance the consumer’s experience from visualization and ordering to delivery and installation.

We believe we are only beginning to unlock the potential value of our unique combination of scale, operational agility, data-first operating model and strong continuous improvement culture. We intend to continue to distinguish this advantaged platform by capitalizing on the powerful demographic trends that we expect will drive repair and remodel (“R&R”) and new construction growth for years to come. We believe the combination of our leading market position and size, strategic vision, strong partnerships and commitment to continuous improvement will drive our future growth.

We seek to achieve exceptional financial performance and growth through the disciplined execution of The MasterBrand Way and our continued strategic transformation.

Our ever-evolving business system and center of our culture is The MasterBrand Way. Based on foundational lean tools, The MasterBrand Way enables our associates across all locations and levels of work to operate under common frameworks and a consistent lexicon to effectively develop cross-functional solutions to complex business issues. The MasterBrand Way organizes these proven lean tools around three guiding principles: The Four Basics, Continuous Improvement and Associate Engagement. Our disciplined deployment of these tools in recent years has driven our strategic transformation and improvements in commercial and operational efficiency. To derive further efficiencies, we added three incremental initiatives to The MasterBrand Way: Align to Grow, Lead Through Lean and Tech Enabled.

As an organization that historically grew through acquisitions, processes across the disparate acquired companies were inherently different. We believe we have further opportunities to both commercially and operationally align our business to reduce complexity in our product offering to customers. We are focused on reducing complexity that consumers do not notice or value, without reducing the variety of choices available. Our ability to reduce complexity in our product offering, and move to common platforms, enables us to simplify our manufacturing processes as well. Common platforms across plants and standard work allow us to drive supply chain efficiencies. In addition to leveraging scale across our network, we believe these initiatives will reduce our lead times, allow for more rapid reaction to changing customer needs and preferences and increase our ability to respond to any future macroeconomic or other disruptions. We believe these factors will allow us to deliver on the unique needs of each customer and in the most efficient way possible.

The MasterBrand Way and the associated lean tools not only drive efficiencies, but engage our associates in the process. The importance of human capital, specifically the ability to attract, retain and develop associates, has become more apparent in a post-pandemic world. Through weekly kaizen events across our manufacturing facilities and offices, we provide the individuals closest to our business problems with the training and tools required to fix these issues. Through empowering associates to remedy issues locally, the MasterBrand Way fosters problem-solving and enhances our culture of continuous improvement. Beyond improved engagement and retention, we are able to witness leadership among our associates and develop internal talent. As opportunities present themselves across the organization, we are positioned to staff these roles internally. Given the competition for skilled labor in North America, we believe our Lead Through Lean initiative will help us achieve exceptional financial performance.

We are focused on ways to transform our business and how we service our customers and, ultimately, the end consumer by leveraging technology. We see opportunities to leverage data and analytics across our back office, plant floor and through customer interactions. The consumer journey in residential kitchen and bath cabinets is evolving as new technologies become available to both consumers and manufacturers. Beyond a transactional process, the consumer journey is increasingly relationship-based, starting from the initial contact or touchpoint, continuing through the buying cycle and finishing at the end of installation. Customers prefer partners that can support them through this evolving landscape, and consumers are demanding a transformation of the buying process. We are utilizing data-first strategies like net promoter scores and web analytics to unlock insights into customer and consumer trends and drive improvements in the consumer experience. We believe we can further differentiate ourselves as the leader in this space by continuing to invest in digital tools and sophisticated data analytics capabilities that will improve the overall experience, speed to market and access to information, allowing us to serve consumers’ evolving needs and capture additional sales growth.

In addition, we believe there is ongoing potential in the e-commerce channel for cabinets and vanities. We believe there is opportunity for us to expand in this channel, through commonly known large e-commerce platforms, our existing retailers’ websites, digital native specialized e-tailors or direct-to-consumer opportunities. As a result of our scale, our streamlined product offerings and our existing relationships, we believe we are uniquely positioned to win in the e-commerce space, and we plan to be the market leader in this high-potential channel.

Our Company was built in part through strategic, well-executed acquisitions, and we have proven to be a highly effective consolidation platform. We believe we will have opportunities to drive future value creation through thoughtful and strategic acquisitions. We regularly monitor the landscape for attractive opportunities that could allow us to leverage our operations and strong customer relationships, expand our portfolio of products and expand into new categories and geographies. We expect to drive long-term stockholder value by utilizing a disciplined process to identify, evaluate, and execute strategic acquisitions and integrate acquired businesses.

Our products are sold primarily throughout the United States and Canada to the remodeling and new construction markets through three primary channels: Dealers, Retailers and Builders.

1.Dealers: We built the industry’s largest and, we believe, strongest network, with well-established relationships with over 4,400 cabinet dealers across the United States and Canada, many of whom have been partners for decades. Our dealers cover a wide spectrum of the market. Some specialize in remodeling, while others provide regional service to a variety of new construction home builders. Our extensive dealer network allows us to have exceptional market reach and the ability to target key growth markets.

2.Retailers: We serve a variety of retailers, including the top continental retailers in North America, and have developed strong and lasting partnerships with them as a result of our deliberate category management and commitment to best-in-class execution. Retail sales occur in-store and through various emerging and established e-commerce channels, including our retail channel partners’ online presence.

3.Builders: We strategically partner with the industry’s regional and large scale builders for single-family construction throughout North America, serving them directly or through a large distribution network, allowing us to customize our service to each builder’s expectations. Our relationships with our key builders and our channel partners that service them have existed for decades, and we continue to work together to penetrate new and growing single-family construction markets.

In addition, we are actively growing our presence in the emerging cabinets e-commerce channel, including through our retail channel partners’ online presence, and are actively partnering with leading players to develop continuing opportunities to penetrate and innovate in this exciting category.

Our business competes based on quality, price, service and responsiveness to dealer, retailer and builder needs, as well as end-user consumer preferences. Our markets are very competitive. Lowe’s Companies, Inc. (“Lowe’s”) comprised approximately 21 percent and 20 percent of our net sales for our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, respectively. The Home Depot, Inc. (“The Home Depot”) comprised approximately 16 percent and 17 percent of our net sales for our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, respectively. Net sales to international markets represented approximately 5 percent and 6 percent for our 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, respectively.

We offer a comprehensive portfolio of leading residential cabinetry products for the kitchen, bathroom and other parts of the home. Our products are available in a wide variety of designs, finishes and styles and span the most attractive categories of the cabinets market: stock, semi-custom and premium cabinetry. Our unique product portfolio allows homeowners to create the living spaces of their dreams, tailored to their price point and personalized for their individual style. While our product offerings may overlap in different categories, they generally follow the following characteristics: (1) stock products provide consumers with a strong value proposition at entry level pricing, and these products benefit from low design complexity, standardized components and shorter lead times, while also offering exceptional quality and reliability; (2) semi-custom products offer more styles and features than stock cabinets, allowing consumers to create a more personalized space at a lower price point compared to premium products; and finally, (3) premium products enable consumers to achieve their dream home by designing highly customized cabinets to meet their exact specifications—if they can dream it, we can make it.

We utilize raw materials in the operation of our business, principally hardwoods (maple, birch and oak), plywood and particleboard. These materials are available from a number of sources. Volatility in the prices of commodities and transportation costs in making and distributing our products impacts the cost of manufacturing our products.

In addition to the brand protection offered by our trademarks, patent protection helps distinguish our unique product features in the market by preventing others from making, using, importing, and selling our innovations in markets in which we have patent protection. We hold U.S. and foreign patents covering various features used in products we sell. Although we rely on certain patents and patent groups that provide important protections to us, no single patent or patent group is material to our business as a whole.

There is year-round demand for our products. However, we traditionally experience lower sales in the first quarter of the year when new home construction and R&R activity are at their lowest. As a result of the seasonal demand pattern and associated timing of working capital fluctuations, our cash flow from operating activities is typically higher in the second half of the year.

We endeavor to be a leader in environmental compliance and sustainability. Since 2018, we have partnered with the National Forest Foundation (“NFF”) tree planting campaign. NFF works with U.S. Forest Service to promote the health and public enjoyment of our 193-million-acre National Forest System. We support NFF’s campaign to plant 50 million trees across national forests by the end of 2025, of which, the NFF has planted 32.9 million trees as of December 31, 2023.

We reserve for remediation activities to clean up potential environmental liabilities as required by federal and state laws based on our best estimate of undiscounted future costs, excluding possible insurance recoveries or recoveries from other third parties. There were no material environmental accruals for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022. We believe that the cost of complying with the present environmental protection laws, before considering estimated recoveries either from other potentially responsible parties under Superfund or similar state laws or from insurance, will not have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

We are subject to a wide variety of local, state, and federal laws and regulations in the countries where we conduct business. These laws and regulations often require the dedication of time and effort of associates, as well as financial resources. During 2023, compliance with the applicable regulations did not have a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position.

As of December 31, 2023, we had more than 12,000 full-time and part-time associates (excluding contract workers). Approximately 82 percent of our workforce is composed of hourly production and distribution associates and the remaining population is comprised of associates in administrative roles. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 37 percent of our associates worked under collective bargaining agreements. Below is a summary of the number of associates by role as of December 31, 2023:

We are a values-based organization and believe our strong culture is a true differentiator. We are guided by our purpose of building great experiences together. We do this through The MasterBrand Way, a cultural foundation where every individual plays a role to make the team better, be bold to drive our business forward and champion improvement in all that we do. We build opportunity, purpose, and reward into our associate experience and create a culture where our associates can thrive and bring the full power of MasterBrand to all that we do. We invest in our teams and develop our associates to become the next generation of leaders who seek out a continuous improvement mindset in all aspects of our business to unlock our full potential. We also endeavor to create a best place to work environment that keeps our associates safe, values their unique experiences and perspectives and fosters a culture of ethical behavior, transparency, honesty, business integrity, collaboration and belonging. We do this through the programs summarized below, and the objectives and related risks of each are overseen by our Board of Directors or its committees.

Safety is a critical element to our growth strategy, integral to our culture and one of our core values. This is reflected in our goal of zero safety incidents and through our efforts to create an injury-free workplace. Our Employee Safety & Environmental Policies set standards for how we maintain a safe work environment and guide our business operations. We also have an Environmental, Health & Safety Leadership team comprised of representatives from across our operations that share best practices and are responsible for driving environmental, health and safety strategy. This team helps drive our best-in-class programs designed to reinforce positive behaviors, to empower our associates to actively take part in maintaining a safe work environment, to heighten awareness and to mitigate risk on critical safety components. Within each of our manufacturing and distribution facilities, we have site-specific safety and environmental plans designed to reduce risk. Through a continued commitment to improve our safety performance, we have historically been successful in reducing the number of injuries sustained by our associates.

Two of our primary safety measures are the Total Recordable Incidence Rate (“TRIR”) and Lost Time Rate (“LTR”). For our 2023 fiscal year, our TRIR was 0.84, compared to 1.04 for our 2022 fiscal year, and our LTR was 0.18 for our 2023 fiscal year, compared to 0.26 for our 2022 fiscal year. Our safety focus is also demonstrated by comparing our TRIR and LTR to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (“BLS”) industry averages. For our 2023 fiscal year, our TRIR and LTR were below the 2022 BLS industry averages of 3.3 and 1.3, respectively.

To attract and retain superior talent at all levels of our Company, we have designed our offerings to be competitive and are seen as a leader in the communities where our associates live and work. Our total rewards are designed to be market competitive, align incentives with our performance and provide physical, emotional, and financial well-being support to meet the individualized needs of our associates. We have a strong pay-for-performance culture that is supported by incentive programs that take into consideration business results and associate performance. We also offer a range of benefits including retirement savings plans, comprehensive healthcare and mental-health benefits, including medical, dental and vision coverage, health savings and spending accounts, wellness and associate assistance services. In 2023, we strengthened inclusivity in our benefit offerings by providing enhanced parental support from fertility through post-partum for our U.S. associates.

We value fostering an inclusive, team-based culture and celebrate our diverse team of associates and experiences. We believe attracting and engaging talented and diverse associates enables us to be more innovative, responsive to consumer needs and deliver strong performance and growth.

We are committed to increasing the representation of professionals of color and women through building and developing robust talent pools, ensuring an inclusive, team-based culture through proactive programs, business practices and education, and by demonstrating support for equality in our communities through outreach and investment. As of December 31, 2023, our worldwide workforce was composed of approximately 35 percent women, while our workforce in the U.S. and Canada was composed of approximately 34 percent people of color.

Our engagement pulse survey fosters our associate listening strategy, providing routine feedback and meaningful action to drive improvement in our culture and awareness of diversity, equity, and inclusion.

Our talent philosophy guides our talent management approach from hiring to talent development and succession planning. We believe that it is about the team, and individual success cannot be achieved without exceptional team performance. We provide associates the tools to be successful in their current role and invest in front-line leader training across the organization to ensure we are developing those with the greatest impact on our associate experience. We expect high performance and raise the bar on ourselves every year. We invest heavily in goal setting to create clarity and alignment and use performance management programs to support this high-performance culture. We understand that our most critical roles serve as points of leverage to deliver value, and we place our best people in those roles, while attracting new talent and capabilities in support of continuous improvement in all we do. Our culture of making the team better, being bold and championing improvement is embedded in our performance management programs to drive alignment across teams. Finally, we know that we grow through transparency and have courageous conversations about expectations and development to ensure that we are helping each other be better every day.

Succession planning for critical roles is an important part of our talent program. Succession and development plans are created and monitored to ensure progress is made along established timelines. We make a significant investment in assessing our talent against our human capital needs both in the near term and the future and ensuring our leaders are prepared for greater levels of responsibility and can successfully transition into new roles.

MasterBrand, Inc. is a holding company that was initially organized as a Delaware corporation in July 2022. Our principal operating subsidiaries include MasterBrand Cabinets, LLC (“MBC LLC”), Norcraft Companies, L.P., Kitchen Craft of Canada and Woodcrafters Home Products, S. de R.L. de C.V. As a holding company, we are a legal entity separate and distinct from our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our right, and thus the rights of our creditors (including holders of debt and other obligations) and stockholders to participate in any distribution of the assets or earnings of any subsidiary is subject to the claims of creditors of the subsidiary, except to the extent that our claims as a creditor of such subsidiary may be recognized, in which event our claims may in certain circumstances be subordinate to certain claims of others. In addition, as a holding company, the source of our unconsolidated revenues and funds is dividends and other payments from subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries have financial obligations that must be satisfied before funding us. These obligations include debt service and obligations to trade creditors, among others.

The Company makes available free of charge, on or through its website, its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as soon as reasonably practicable after it electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") (https://www.sec.gov). The Company’s website is http://www.masterbrand.com. The Company has adopted charters for each of its Audit, Compensation and Nominating, Environmental, Social and Governance Committees, corporate governance guidelines and a code of conduct, which are available on the Company’s website and will be available to any stockholder who requests them from the Company’s Investor Relations department. The information contained on or accessible through the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered a part of this report.

There are inherent risks and uncertainties associated with our business that could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Set forth below are descriptions of those risks and uncertainties that we currently believe to be material, but the risks and uncertainties described below are not the only risks and uncertainties that could affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition, (“results of operations”). If any of these risks materialize, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected, and the trading price of our common stock could materially decline.

Our business primarily relies on home improvement, R&R, and new home construction activity levels, principally in the U.S. and Canada. The housing market is sensitive to changes in economic conditions and other factors, such as the level of employment, access to and the cost of labor, consumer confidence, demographic changes, consumer income, government tax programs, home prices, availability of financing, inflation and interest rate levels. Adverse changes in any of these conditions generally, or in any of the markets where we operate, could decrease demand and could adversely impact our businesses by: causing consumers to delay or decrease homeownership; making consumers more price conscious, resulting in a shift in demand to smaller, less expensive homes; making consumers more reluctant to make investments in their existing homes or causing them to delay investments, including large kitchen and bath R&R projects; or making it more difficult to secure loans for renovations. Economic conditions, including as a result of inflation and increased interest rates, may adversely impact our business by causing softer end-market demand for our products, decreased customer orders, delays in decisions to purchase our products and price-consciousness and “trade-downs” to lower priced products by consumers.

The cabinet industry in which we operate is highly competitive. Additionally, there are few barriers to entry in the U.S. and Canadian cabinet markets and new competitors may enter these markets at any time. Since our competitors offer products that are similar to ours, we face significant price competition from our competitors, which tends to intensify during economic downturns, such as during the recent inflationary environment. This price competition impacts our ability to implement price increases or, in some cases, such as during an economic downturn, maintain prices, which could lower our profit margins. Although we believe that competition in our business is based largely on product quality, consumer and trade brand reputation, customer service and product features, as well as fashion trends, innovation and ease of installation, price is a significant factor for consumers as well as our trade customers. Additionally, some of our competitors may resort to price competition to sustain or grow market share and manufacturing capacity utilization. Due to the highly competitive nature of the cabinets industry and the low barriers to entry in our markets, we are continually subject to the risk of losing market share, which may adversely affect our profitability and revenue levels, as well as our results of operations.

We also use e-commerce to sell our products. E-commerce brings an increased number of competitors and greater pricing transparency for consumers, which could affect our results of operations. In addition, our relationships with our customers, including our retailers, may be affected if we increase the amount of business we transact in the e-commerce channel.

Furthermore, we compete with numerous large national and regional companies for, among other things, customers, raw materials, skilled management and labor resources. We may face challenges in: (1) maintaining, developing or expanding our customer relationships; (2) sourcing raw materials on a timely basis or for a cost-effective price due to ongoing global supply chain issues and elevated inflation; and (3) attracting and retaining qualified personnel at all levels, including our senior management team and other key associates.

We face competition with respect to some of our products from competitors who operate in countries that have lower labor and compliance costs. Accordingly, these competitors may be able to produce their products at lower costs compared to the costs we incur to produce similar products. These competitors may also benefit from certain local government subsidies or other incentives that are not available to us. Such competitors may be able to offer lower prices for their products as compared to the prices we offer, which could harm our competitive position and result in the loss of our market share.

Our success depends on meeting consumer needs and anticipating changes in consumer preferences with successful new products and product improvements. We aim to introduce products and new or improved production processes proactively to offset obsolescence and decreases in sales of existing products. We may not be successful in product development and our new products may not be commercially successful. In addition, it is possible that competitors may improve their products or processes more rapidly or effectively, which could adversely affect our sales. If the products we introduce do not gain widespread acceptance or if our competitors improve their products more rapidly or effectively than we do, we could lose market share or be required to reduce our prices, which could adversely impact our results of operations.

Furthermore, market demand may decline as a result of consumer preferences trending away from our categories or trending down within our brands or product categories.

We rely on a distribution network comprised of consolidating customers. Any disruption to the existing distribution channels could adversely affect our results of operations. The consolidation of dealers or retailers or the financial instability or default of a dealer or one of its major customers could potentially cause such a disruption. In addition to our own sales force, we offer our products through a variety of third-party dealers and retailers. Many of our customers may also market other products that compete with our products. In addition, one or more retailers may stop carrying certain of our products, reduce the volume of purchases of our products and/or replace certain of our products with the products of our competitors. The loss or termination of, or significant reduction in sales to, one or more of our major dealers or retailers, the failure of one or more of our dealers or retailers to effectively promote our products, or changes in the financial or business condition of these dealers or retailers could adversely affect our ability to bring products to market.

Our ten largest customers generated approximately 55 percent, 52 percent and 50 percent of our net sales for our 2023, 2022 and 2021 fiscal years, respectively. Lowe’s and The Home Depot comprised approximately 37 percent, 37 percent and 36 percent of our net sales for our 2023, 2022 and 2021 fiscal years. We cannot guarantee that we will maintain or improve our relationships with these customers or that we will supply these customers at historical levels. Moreover, in the event of any economic downturn, some of our customers may exit or severely curtail activity in certain of our markets.

The loss of one or more of our significant customers or deterioration in our relations with any of them could significantly affect our results of operations. Furthermore, our customers are not required to purchase any minimum amount of products from us. The contracts into which we have entered with most of our customers typically provide that we supply particular products for a certain period of time when and if ordered by the customer. Should our customers purchase our products in significantly lower quantities than they have in the past, such decreased purchases could adversely impact our results of operations.

Certain of our significant customers are large companies with strong buying power, and our customers may expand through consolidation or internal growth. Consolidation could decrease the number of potential significant customers for our products and increase our reliance on key customers. Further, the increased size of our customers could result in our customers seeking more favorable terms, including pricing, for the products that they purchase from us. Accordingly, the increased size of our customers may further limit our ability to maintain or raise prices in the future.

If our products have performance, reliability or quality problems, our reputation and brand equity, which we believe is a substantial competitive advantage, could be adversely affected. We may also experience increased and unanticipated warranty and service expenses. Furthermore, we manufacture a significant portion of our products based on the specific requirements of our customers, and delays in providing our customers the products and services they specify on a timely basis could result in reduced or canceled orders and delays in the collection of accounts receivable. Additionally, claims from our customers, with or without merit, could result in costly and time-consuming litigation that could require significant time and attention of management and involve significant monetary damages.

If we are unable to obtain sufficient components or raw materials on a timely basis or for a cost-effective price or if we experience other manufacturing, supply or distribution difficulties, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. We acquire our components and raw materials from many suppliers and vendors across the globe. We endeavor to ensure the continuity of our components and materials and make efforts to diversify certain of our sources of components and materials, but we cannot guarantee these efforts will be successful. A reduction or interruption in supply or an issue in the supply chain, including due to any potential cybersecurity attacks on our sourcing vendors as well as a result of our inability to quickly develop acceptable alternative sources for such supply, could adversely affect our ability to manufacture, distribute and sell our products in a timely or cost-effective manner.

We regularly evaluate our organizational productivity and global supply chains and assess opportunities to increase capacity, reduce costs and enhance quality. We may be unable to enhance quality, speed and flexibility to meet changing and uncertain market conditions, as well as manage continued cost inflation, including wages, pension and medical costs. Our success depends in part on refining our cost structure and supply chains to promote consistently flexible and low-cost supply chains that can respond to market changes to protect profitability and cash flow or ramp up quickly and effectively to meet demand. Global supply chain disruptions could continue to impact our ability to timely source necessary components and inputs. Import tariffs or other adverse trade actions could potentially lead to increases in prices of raw materials or components which are critical to our business. Failure to achieve the desired level of quality, capacity or cost reductions could impair our results of operations.

Because our component products have few distinguishing properties from producer to producer, competition for these products is based primarily on price, which is determined by supply relative to demand. Prices for our products are also affected by many other factors outside of our control. As a result, we have less influence or control over timing and price changes, which often are volatile in our industry. Moreover, our profit margins with respect to these products depend, in part, on managing our costs, particularly raw materials, labor (including contract labor) and transportation costs, which represent significant cost components that also fluctuate based upon market and other factors beyond our control.

We buy raw materials that contain commodities such as hardwoods (maple, birch and oak), plywood and particleboard. In addition, our distribution costs are significantly impacted by the price of oil and diesel fuel. Decreased availability and increased or volatile prices for these commodities, as well as energy used in making, distributing and transporting our products, could increase the costs of our products. While in the past we have been able to mitigate the impact of these cost increases through productivity improvements and passing on increasing costs to our customers over time, there is no assurance that we will be able to offset such cost increases in the future, and the risk of potentially sustained high levels of inflation could adversely impact our results of operations. During 2021 and 2022, we experienced price increases in nearly all raw materials due to inflation and continued global supply chain issues. In 2023, we experienced cost deflation in certain raw materials and transportation costs.

Our success depends in part on the efforts and abilities of qualified personnel at all levels, including our senior management team and other key associates. Their motivation, skills, experience, contacts and industry knowledge significantly benefit our operations and administration.

Low unemployment rates in the U.S., rising wages, competition for qualified talent and attracting and retaining personnel in remote locations could result in the failure to attract, motivate and retain personnel. This has resulted in higher associate costs, increased attrition and significant shifts in the labor market and associate expectations and we may continue to face challenges in finding and retaining qualified personnel, particularly at the production level, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

As of December 31, 2023, approximately 37 percent of our associates worked under collective bargaining agreements. These collective bargaining agreements are subject to periodic negotiation and renewal. If we are unable to enter into new, satisfactory labor agreements with our unionized associates upon expiration of their agreements, we could experience a significant disruption of our operations, which could cause us to be unable to deliver products to customers on a timely basis. Such disruptions could result in a loss of business and an increase in our operating expenses, which could reduce our net sales and profit margins. In addition, our non-unionized labor force may become subject to labor union organizing efforts, which could cause us to incur additional labor costs and increase the related risks that we now face.

The COVID-19 pandemic had, and future global pandemics would likely have, an adverse impact on many aspects of our business and operations, including impacting our ability to efficiently operate our facilities, manufacture and distribute our products, the ability of our suppliers to supply and manufacture key inputs, availability and cost of transportation and logistics, the operation of domestic and international supply chains, raw materials and commodity costs and competition, customer behaviors, our associates, the dealers and retailers who sell our products, and the market generally. Our business could be negatively impacted over the longer term if the disruptions related to global pandemics decrease consumer confidence and housing investments, or precipitate a prolonged economic downturn and/or an extended rise in unemployment or tempering of wage growth, any of which could lower demand for our products. Global pandemics may also exacerbate certain of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section.

We, or third-party systems that we rely upon, may be subject to information technology system failures and network disruptions caused by delays or disruptions due to system updates, natural disasters, malicious attacks and threats, accidents, power disruptions, telecommunications failures, acts of terrorism or war, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, or similar events or disruptions. We rely on information technology systems and infrastructure, including support provided by third parties. In particular, we rely on such systems for manufacturing, customer orders, shipping, regulatory compliance and various other matters, as well as information technology systems and infrastructure to aid us in the collection, use, storage and transfer and other processing of data including confidential, business, financial, and personal information such as customer buying preferences and marketing profiles.

Our businesses may implement digital systems or technologies, enterprise resource planning systems or add applications to replace outdated systems and to operate more efficiently. We may not be able to successfully implement these projects without experiencing difficulties. Any expected benefits of implementing projects might not be realized or the costs of implementation might outweigh the benefits realized.

We may be subject to security threats, including cyber and other attacks, which are becoming increasingly sophisticated, frequent and adaptive. In addition, many of our associates are working remotely, which, among other things, increases the importance of and exposes us to greater risks related to cybersecurity and our information technology systems. Third-party systems that we rely upon could also become vulnerable to the same risks and may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could result in system disruption or compromise the information security of our own systems. From time to time, we have had to address non-material security incidents. There can be no assurance that we will not experience security incidents in the future. Security measures and resources we devote to network security, data encryption, and other security measures to protect our systems and data cannot provide absolute security. Breaches and breakdowns affecting our information technology systems or protected data could lead to negative publicity, legal claims, extortion, ransom, theft, modification or destruction of proprietary information or key information, damage to or inaccessibility of critical systems, manufacture of defective products, production downtimes, operational disruptions, data breach claims, privacy violations and other significant costs.

In our business, we, ourselves and through our third parties, collect and process personal, confidential, and sensitive data about our business, which includes sensitive information about our customers, associates, suppliers, distributors and others, including users of our online product engagement applications. Some of this data is stored, accessible or transferred. The interpretation and application of information security and privacy laws, rules and regulations applicable to our business (collectively, the “Data Protection Laws”) are uncertain and evolving. It is possible that the Data Protection Laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. Complying with these various laws is difficult and could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business.

Further, there can be no assurance that our internal controls and procedures designed to manage compliance with the Data Protection Laws and protect our data will prevent a breach or that our procedures will enable us to be fully compliant with all Data Protection Laws. Cybersecurity attacks or breaches due to security vulnerabilities, associate error, supplier or third-party error, malfeasance or other disruptions may still occur and create data privacy risks, which may lead to negative publicity, legal claims, extortion, ransom, theft, remediation costs and other significant costs.

We manufacture, source or sell our products in a number of locations throughout the world, predominantly in the U.S., Mexico, Canada and Southeast Asia. Accordingly, we are subject to risks associated with potential disruption caused by changes in political, economic and social environments, including civil and political unrest, illnesses declared as a public health emergency (including global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic), terrorism, expropriation, local labor conditions, changes in laws, regulations and policies of foreign governments and trade disputes with the U.S., and U.S. laws affecting activities of U.S. companies abroad. We could be adversely affected by international trade regulations, including duties, tariffs and anti-dumping penalties. Risks inherent to international operations include: potentially adverse tax laws, unfavorable changes or uncertainty relating to trade agreements or importation duties, uncertainty regarding clearance and enforcement of intellectual property rights, risks associated with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-bribery laws, mandatory or voluntary shutdowns of our facilities or our suppliers due to changes in political dynamics, economic policies or health emergencies and difficulty enforcing contracts. While we hedge certain foreign currency transactions, a change in the value of the currencies will impact our financial statements when translated into U.S. dollars. In addition, fluctuations in currency can adversely impact the cost position of our products in local currency, making it more difficult for us to compete. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage our businesses through the impact of these potential changes. In addition, we source certain raw materials, components and finished goods from Southeast Asia where we have experienced higher manufacturing costs and longer lead times due to higher tariffs, currency fluctuations, higher wage rates, labor shortages and higher raw material costs.

We manufacture a significant portion of the products we sell. Any prolonged disruption in our manufacturing operations, whether due to technical or labor difficulties, continued labor shortages, transportation-related shortages, supply chain constraints, global pandemics such as COVID-19, weather conditions (including due to the impacts of climate change, particularly for those facilities near any shorelines or in any other area traditionally impacted by extreme weather), lack of raw material or component availability, startup inefficiencies for new operations, destruction of or damage to any facility (as a result of natural disasters, fires and explosions, use and storage of hazardous materials or other events) or other reasons, could negatively impact our profitability and competitive position.

We purchase raw materials to be used in manufacturing our products and also rely on third-party manufacturers to produce certain of the finished goods we sell. We often opt not to enter into long-term contracts with our suppliers or sourcing partners. Instead, most raw materials and sourced goods are obtained on a “purchase order” basis. In addition, in some instances we maintain single-source or limited-source sourcing relationships, either because multiple sources are not available or the relationship is advantageous due to performance, quality, support, delivery, capacity or price considerations. Financial, operating or other difficulties encountered by our suppliers or sourcing partners or changes in our relationships with them could result in manufacturing or sourcing interruptions, delays and inefficiencies, and prevent us from manufacturing or obtaining the finished goods necessary to meet customer demand.

We are dependent on third parties for many of our products and components and for certain services. Our ability to offer a wide variety of products and provide high levels of service to our customers depend on our ability to obtain an adequate and timely supply of products and components. Failure of our suppliers to timely provide us quality products or services on commercially reasonable terms or to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations or could damage our reputation. The operations of the third parties we depend on could be impacted by changing laws, regulations and policies, including those related to climate change, labor availability, cybersecurity attacks and by adverse weather conditions, pandemics, and other force majeure events, any of which could result in disruptions to their operations and result in shortages of supply, assertion of force majeure contract provisions and increases in the prices they charge for the raw materials, components and products they produce. Sourcing these products and components from alternate suppliers, including suppliers from new geographic regions, or re-engineering our products as a result of supplier disruptions, is time-consuming and costly and could result in inefficiencies or delays in our business operations or could negatively impact the quality of our products. In addition, the loss of critical suppliers, or a substantial decrease in the availability of products or components from our suppliers, could disrupt our business and may adversely affect our results of operations.

Many of the suppliers we rely upon are located in foreign countries. The differences in business practices, shipping and delivery requirements, changes in economic conditions and trade policies and laws and regulations, together with the limited number of suppliers, have increased the complexity of our supply chain logistics and the potential for interruptions in our production scheduling. We may experience constraints on and disruptions to transporting our raw materials, components and products from our international suppliers and may have to pay higher transportation costs. If we are unable to effectively manage our supply chain or if we experience transportation constraints, disruptions and higher costs for timely delivery of our products or components, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

We will consider acquisitions and joint ventures as a means of enhancing stockholder value. Acquisitions and joint ventures involve risks and uncertainties, including: difficulties integrating acquired companies and operating joint ventures; difficulties retaining the acquired businesses’ customers; the inability to achieve the expected financial results and benefits of transactions; the loss of key associates from acquired companies; implementing and maintaining consistent standards, controls, policies and information systems; incurrence of acquisition and integration costs and diversion of management’s attention from other business and strategic matters. Future acquisitions could cause us to incur additional debt or issue additional shares, resulting in increased financial leverage, increased borrowing costs, dilution in earnings per share or decreased return on capital.

Goodwill and other acquired intangible assets expected to contribute indefinitely to our cash flows are not amortized, but must be evaluated for impairment by management at least annually. If the carrying value exceeds the implied fair value of goodwill, the goodwill is considered impaired and is reduced to fair value via a non-cash charge to earnings. If the carrying value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is greater than its fair value, the intangible asset is considered impaired and is reduced to fair value via a non-cash charge to earnings. In 2022, we recognized impairment charges of $46.4 million, consisting of $38.8 million related to an indefinite-lived tradename, and $7.6 million related to another indefinite-lived tradename. No intangible asset impairments were recorded during 2023. Future events may occur that would adversely affect the fair value of our goodwill or other acquired intangible assets and require impairment charges. Such events may include, but are not limited to, lower than forecasted revenues, actual new construction and R&R growth rates that fall below our assumptions, actions of key customers, increases in discount rates, continued economic uncertainty, higher levels of unemployment, weak consumer confidence, lower levels of discretionary consumer spending, a decrease in royalty rates and a decline in the trading price of our common stock. We continue to evaluate the impact of economic and other developments to assess whether impairment indicators are present. Accordingly, we may be required to perform impairment tests based on changes in the economic environment and other factors, and these tests could result in impairment charges in the future.

Increases in the costs of pension benefits and accelerated expenses may continue and negatively affect our business as a result of: the effect of potential declines in the stock and bond markets on the performance of our pension plan assets; potential reductions in the discount rate used to determine the present value of our benefit obligations; the decision by the Company to transfer administration of the pension plan to a third-party; and changes to our investment strategy that may impact our expected return on pension plan asset assumptions. U.S. generally accepted accounting principles require that we calculate income or expense for the plans using actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect assumptions about financial markets and interest rates, which may change based on economic conditions. Our accounting policy for defined benefit plans may subject earnings to volatility due to the recognition of actuarial gains and losses, particularly due to the change in the fair value of pension assets and interest rates. Funding requirements for our U.S. pension plan may become more significant. However, the ultimate amounts to be contributed are dependent upon, among other things, interest rates, underlying asset returns and the impact of legislative or regulatory changes related to pension funding obligations.

Our total debt was approximately $712.5 million at December 31, 2023. This debt could potentially have important consequences to us and our debt and equity investors, including:

▪requiring a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make interest and principal payments, which could reduce our profitability;

▪making it more difficult to satisfy debt service and other obligations;

▪if we have a credit rating, increasing the risk of a future credit ratings downgrade of our debt, which could increase future debt costs and limit the future availability of debt financing;

▪increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions, such as adverse interest rates;

▪reducing the cash flow available to fund capital expenditures and other corporate purposes and to grow our business;

▪limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry;

▪placing us at a competitive disadvantage relative to our competitors that may not be as highly leveraged with debt; and

▪limiting our ability to borrow additional funds as needed or take advantage of business opportunities as they arise, pay cash dividends or repurchase shares of our common stock.

To the extent that we incur additional indebtedness, the foregoing risks could increase. In addition, our actual cash requirements in the future may be greater than expected. Our cash flow from operations may not be sufficient to repay all of the outstanding debt as it becomes due, and we may not be able to borrow money, sell assets or otherwise raise funds on acceptable terms, or at all, to refinance our debt.

Additionally, our access to, and the availability of, financing on acceptable terms and conditions in the future will be impacted by many factors, including, but not limited to: (1) our financial performance; (2) our credit ratings or absence of a credit rating; (3) the liquidity of the overall capital markets; and (4) the state of the economy, including the housing market. There can be no assurance that we will have access to the capital markets on terms acceptable to us.

Government regulations and policies pertaining to trade agreements, health and safety (including protection of associates as well as consumers), taxes and environment (including those specific to climate change and the reduction of air and energy emissions) may continue to emerge in the U.S., as well as internationally. There are many government and industry regulatory standards focused on wood, including the Toxic Substances Control Act and the Lacey Act. In particular, there may be additional tariffs or taxes related to our imported raw materials, components and finished goods. It is necessary for us to comply with current requirements (including requirements that do not become effective until a future date), and even more stringent requirements could be imposed on our products or processes in the future. Compliance with changes in taxes, tariffs and other regulations may require us to further alter our manufacturing and installation processes and our sourcing. Such actions may result in customers transitioning to available competitive products, loss of market share, negative publicity, reputational damage, loss of customer confidence or other negative consequences (including a decline in stock price) and could increase our capital expenditures and adversely impact our results of operations.

We are, from time to time, involved in various claims, litigation matters, audits and regulatory proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business and that could have an adverse effect on us. These matters may include contract disputes, intellectual property disputes, product recalls, personal injury claims, construction defects and home warranty claims, warranty disputes, environmental claims or proceedings, other tort claims, employment, trade and tax matters and other proceedings and litigation, including class actions. It is not possible to predict the outcome of pending or future claims, litigation, audits and regulatory proceedings and, as with any litigation, it is possible that some of the actions could be decided unfavorably and could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are subject to product safety regulations, recalls and direct claims for product liability that can result in significant liability and, regardless of the ultimate outcome, can be costly to defend. As a result of the difficulty of controlling the quality of products or components sourced from other manufacturers, we are exposed to risks relating to the quality of such products and to limitations on our recourse against such suppliers.

We are subject to a wide variety of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations pertaining to:

▪securities matters;

▪taxation (including import and export related taxes);

▪anti-bribery/anti-corruption;

▪employment and labor matters;

▪wage and hour matters;

▪environment, health and safety matters;

▪the protection of associates and consumers;

•unclaimed property (i.e., aged outstanding checks to vendors & associates, aged unused credits issued to customers, etc.)

▪product safety and performance;

▪competition practices;

▪trade, including duties and tariffs;

▪data privacy and the collection and storage of information; and

▪climate change and protection of the environment.

In addition to complying with current requirements and known future requirements, we may be subject to new or more stringent requirements in the future.

As we sell new types of products or existing products in new geographic areas or channels, we are subject to the requirements applicable to those sales. Compliance with new or changed laws, regulations and other requirements, including as a part of government or industry response to climate change, may require us to alter our product designs, our manufacturing processes, our packaging or our sourcing. Existing and new compliance activities are or may be costly and require significant management attention and resources. If we do not effectively and timely comply with such regulations and other requirements, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our past and present operations, assets and products are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations at the federal, state, and local level worldwide. These laws regulate, among other things, traceability of our wood sources, air emissions, the discharge or release of materials into the environment, the handling and disposal of wastes, remediation of contaminated sites, worker health and safety, and the impact of products on human health and safety and the environment. Under certain of these laws, liability for contaminated property may be imposed on current or former owners or operators of the property or on parties that generated or arranged for waste sent to the property for disposal. Liability under these laws may be joint and several and may be imposed without regard to fault or the legality of the activity giving rise to the contamination. Notwithstanding our compliance efforts, we may still face material liability, limitations on our operations, fines, or penalties for violations of environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, including releases of regulated materials and contamination by us or previous occupants at our current or former properties or at offsite disposal locations we use.

The applicable environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, and any changes to them or in their enforcement, may require us to make material expenditures with respect to ongoing compliance with or remediation under these laws and regulations or require that we modify our products or processes in a manner that increases our costs and/or reduces our profitability. For example, additional pollution control equipment, process changes, or other environmental control measures may be needed at some of our facilities to meet future requirements. In addition, discovery of currently unknown or unanticipated soil or groundwater conditions at our properties could result in significant liabilities and costs. Accordingly, we are unable to predict the exact future costs of compliance with or liability under environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations.

Concerns over the long-term effects of climate change have led to, and we expect will continue to lead to, governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those effects, including potential changes to wood sourcing practices. We will need to respond to any new laws and regulations as well as to consumer, investor and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns, which may increase our operational complexity and result in costs to us in order to comply with any new laws, regulations or preferences. Further, the effects of climate change may negatively impact international, regional and local economic activity, which may lower demand for our products or disrupt our manufacturing or distribution operations. Additionally, sustained changes to the climate may impact the growing patterns or locations of some of the species of wood we use, resulting in increased costs or shortages. Overall, climate change, its effects and the resulting, unknown impact on government regulation, consumer, investor and business preferences could have a long-term adverse effect on our business.

In addition to the importance of their financial performance, companies are increasingly being judged by their performance on a variety of Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) matters. In light of the increased focus on ESG matters, there can be no certainty that we will manage such issues successfully, or that we will successfully meet stakeholder expectations. Any failure or perceived failure by us in this regard could adversely impact our business and reputation, including reducing our profitability and stock price. The current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations with respect to ESG matters, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. In addition, customers have, and are likely to continue to, require us and our products to comply with their internal ESG-related standards, such as wood-sourcing policies. Complying with such standards may impose significant additional costs on us, and we may no longer be able to do business with customers with whose standards we are unable to comply with.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. The determination of our income tax positions involves consideration of uncertainties, changing fiscal policies, tax laws, court rulings, regulations, and related legislation.

New income, sales, use, or other tax laws, treaties, statutes, rules, regulations, interpretations, or court rulings could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Additionally, existing tax laws, treaties, statutes, rules, regulations, or court rulings could be interpreted, changed, modified, or applied adversely to us.

In 2023, certain jurisdictions in which we operate enacted, or announced their intention to enact, legislation consistent with one or more Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (Pillar Two). The model rules include minimum domestic top up taxes, income inclusion rules, and undertaxed profit rules all aimed to ensure that multinationals pay a minimum effective corporate tax rate of 15 percent in each jurisdiction in which they operate, with some rules becoming effective in 2024. The Pillar Two legislation does not impact our 2023 annual effective tax rate, nor do we expect it to materially impact our annual effective rate in 2024. However, further changes to our entity structure or changes in jurisdictions in which we operate could adversely impact our results of operations.

We regularly undergo tax audits in various jurisdictions in which our products are sold or manufactured, including audits of indirect taxes, value-added tax, import and export related taxes, customs and duties in certain jurisdictions. There can be no assurance that tax authorities agree with our determinations on tax positions, and tax authorities have disagreed and may disagree with certain tax positions we have taken or may challenge our compliance with related rules and regulations. We may decide to challenge any assessments, if made, and may exercise our right to appeal, which could result in expensive and time-consuming litigation that may ultimately be unsuccessful. Any final determination by tax authorities, including related litigation, penalties and interest, with respect to any tax, import and export tax, customs and duty audits, could be materially different from our estimates or from our historical results in the periods for which that determination is made. Such determinations and additional costs relating to reviews of our practices as a result of such audits may adversely impact future period results of operations.

We have many patents, trademarks, brand names, trade names and trade secrets that, in the aggregate, are important to our business. Unauthorized use of these intellectual property rights or other loss of our intellectual property may not only erode sales of our products, but may also cause us to incur substantial significant damage to our brand name and reputation, interfere with our ability to effectively represent our self to our customers, contractors and suppliers and increase litigation costs. There can be no assurance that our efforts to protect our intellectual property will be effective. In addition, existing patent, trade secret and trademark laws offer only limited protection, and the laws of some countries in which our products are or may be developed, manufactured or sold may not fully protect our intellectual property from infringement by others. There can be no assurance that our efforts to assess possible third party intellectual property rights will ensure our ability to manufacture, distribute, market or sell our products in any given country or territory. Furthermore, others may assert claims of intellectual property infringement, misappropriation or violation against us or our customers that may require us to incur significant expense to defend such claims or indemnify our customers.

Our historical consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K do not necessarily reflect the results of operations that we would have achieved as an independent, publicly-traded company during the periods presented or those that we will achieve in the future, including as a result of the following factors:

▪Historically, prior to Separation, our working capital requirements and capital for our general corporate purposes, including acquisitions and capital expenditures, were financed by Fortune Brands. Additionally, Fortune Brands historically managed and retained cash we generated prior to Separation. Following completion of the Separation as of December 14, 2022, Fortune Brands no longer provides us with funds to finance our working capital or other cash requirements.

Without the opportunity to obtain financing from Fortune Brands, we have obtained and may need to obtain additional financing from banks, through public offerings or private placements of debt or equity securities, strategic relationships or other arrangements, and such arrangements may not be available to us or available on terms that are as favorable as those we could have obtained when we were part of Fortune Brands.

•Prior to the Separation, our business was operated by Fortune Brands as part of its broader corporate organization, rather than as an independent company. Fortune Brands historically performed various corporate functions for us, including, but not limited to, tax administration, treasury activities, accounting, legal, ethics and compliance program administration, investor and public relations, certain governance functions, including the board of directors and related committees, internal audit and external reporting. Our historical consolidated financial statements reflect allocations of corporate expenses from Fortune Brands for these and similar functions. These allocations may be more or less than the comparable expenses we would have incurred had we operated as an independent, publicly-traded company.

•Prior to the Separation, we took advantage of Fortune Brands’ overall size and scope to obtain more advantageous procurement terms. After the Separation, we may be unable to obtain similar arrangements to the same extent as Fortune Brands did, or on terms as favorable as those Fortune Brands obtained.

•Other significant changes may occur in our cost structure, management, financing and business operations as a result of our operation as a company separate from Fortune Brands.

The Separation resulted in our business becoming smaller and less diversified. As a result, we are more vulnerable to changing market conditions,. In addition, the diversification of our revenues, costs and cash flows are diminished as a standalone company, such that our results of operations, cash flows, working capital and financing requirements may be subject to increased volatility and our ability to fund capital expenditures and investments and service debt may be diminished. We may experience decreased capital allocation efficiency and flexibility because we can no longer use cash flow from Fortune Brands to fund our business.

The agreements we entered into with Fortune Brands in connection with the Separation, including the Separation and Distribution Agreement, a tax allocation agreement (the “Tax Allocation Agreement”), Transition Services Agreement and an associate matters agreement (the “Employee Matters Agreement,”) that are still in effect, were prepared in the context of the Separation while we were still a wholly-owned subsidiary of Fortune Brands. Accordingly, during the period in which the terms of those agreements were prepared, we did not have an independent Board of Directors or a management team that was independent of Fortune Brands. As a result, the terms of those agreements may not reflect terms that would have resulted from negotiations between unaffiliated third parties.

The Separation and Distribution Agreement, the Tax Allocation Agreement and the Employee Matters Agreement determined the allocation of assets and liabilities between the companies following the Separation for those respective areas and includes any necessary indemnifications related to liabilities and obligations. The Employee Matters Agreement also provides for the establishment or amendment of certain associate benefit arrangements and the conversion or adjustment of equity incentive awards. The Transition Services Agreement provides for the performance of certain services by each company for the benefit of the other generally for a term of up to 24 months after the Separation. We will rely on Fortune Brands to satisfy its performance and payment obligations under these agreements. If Fortune Brands is unable or unwilling to satisfy its obligations under these agreements, including its indemnification obligations, we could incur operational difficulties or losses.

In connection with the Separation and prior to the Distribution, we and Fortune Brands entered into the Separation and Distribution Agreement and also entered into various other agreements, including a Tax Allocation Agreement, a Transition Services Agreement and an Employee Matters Agreement. The Separation and Distribution Agreement, the Tax Allocation Agreement and the Employee Matters Agreement determined the allocation of assets and liabilities between the companies following the Separation for those respective areas and includes any necessary indemnifications related to liabilities and obligations.

The Employee Matters Agreement also provides for the establishment or amendment of certain employee benefit arrangements and the conversion or adjustment of equity incentive awards. The Transition Services Agreement provides for the performance of certain services by each company for the benefit of the other generally for a term of up to 24 months after the Separation. We will rely on Fortune Brands to satisfy its performance and payment obligations under these agreements. If Fortune Brands is unable or unwilling to satisfy its obligations under these agreements, including its indemnification obligations, we could incur operational difficulties or losses.

Pursuant to the Separation and certain other agreements between Fortune Brands and us, each party agrees to indemnify the other for certain liabilities, in each case for uncapped amounts. Indemnities that we may be required to provide Fortune Brands are not subject to any cap, may be significant and could negatively impact our business. Third parties could also seek to hold us responsible for any of the liabilities that Fortune Brands has agreed to retain. Any amounts we are required to pay pursuant to these indemnification obligations and other liabilities could require us to divert cash that would otherwise have been used in furtherance of our operating business. Further, the indemnities from Fortune Brands for our benefit may not be sufficient to protect us against the full amount of such liabilities, and Fortune Brands may not be able to fully satisfy its indemnification obligations, and we could incur operational difficulties or losses.

Moreover, even if we ultimately succeed in recovering from Fortune Brands any amounts for which we are held liable, we may be temporarily required to bear these losses ourselves. Each of these risks could negatively affect our results of operations.

Prior to the Separation, Fortune Brands received a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) together with a written opinion of counsel to the effect that, among other things, the Distribution will qualify as a transaction that is tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”).

The opinion of counsel does not address any U.S. state or local or foreign tax consequences of the Separation. The opinion of counsel and the private letter ruling rely on certain facts, assumptions, representations and undertakings from Fortune Brands and us regarding the past and future conduct of the companies’ respective businesses and other matters. If any of these facts, assumptions, representations, or undertakings are incorrect or not otherwise satisfied, Fortune Brands and its stockholders may not be able to rely on the private letter ruling or the opinion of counsel and could be subject to significant tax liabilities. The opinion of counsel is not binding on the IRS or the courts, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. Notwithstanding the private letter ruling or opinion of counsel, the IRS could determine on audit that the Distribution or any of certain related transactions is taxable if it determines that any of these facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings are not correct or have been violated or if it disagrees with the conclusions in the opinion that are not covered by the private letter ruling, or for other reasons, including as a result of certain significant changes in the stock ownership of Fortune Brands or us after the Distribution.

If the Distribution were determined not to qualify for non-recognition of gain or loss under Section 355 and related provisions of the Code, each stockholder that is subject to U.S. federal income tax who received our common stock in the Distribution would generally be treated as having received a distribution in an amount equal to the fair market value of our common stock received, which would generally result in: (1) a taxable dividend to such stockholder to the extent of that such stockholder’s pro rata share of Fortune Brand’s current or accumulated earnings and profits; (2) a reduction in such stockholder’s basis (but not below zero) in Fortune Brand common stock to the extent the amount received exceeds the stockholder’s share of Fortune Brand’s earnings and profits; and (3) taxable gain from the exchange of Fortune Brand common stock to the extent the amount received exceeded the sum of such stockholder’s share of Fortune Brand’s earnings and profits and such stockholder’s basis in its Fortune Brand common stock.

Our ability to engage in significant equity transactions could be limited or restricted after the Distribution in order to preserve, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax-free nature of the Distribution by Fortune Brands. Even if the Distribution otherwise qualifies for tax-free treatment under Section 355 of the Code, it may result in a corporate level taxable gain to Fortune Brands under Section 355(e) of the Code if 50 percent or more, by vote or value, of shares of our stock or Fortune Brands’ stock are acquired or issued as part of a plan or series of related transactions that includes the Separation. Any acquisitions or issuances of our stock or Fortune Brands’ stock within two years after the Distribution are generally presumed to be part of such a plan, although we or Fortune Brands may be able to rebut that presumption.

To preserve the tax-free treatment to Fortune Brands of the Distribution, under the Tax Allocation Agreement that we entered into with Fortune Brands, we are prohibited from taking or failing to take any action that prevents the Distribution and related transactions from being tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Further, for the two-year period following the Distribution, without a private letter ruling from the IRS or an unqualified opinion of a nationally recognized law or accounting firm that is acceptable to Fortune Brands acting reasonably and in good faith, we may be prohibited from:

▪approving or allowing any transaction that results in a change in ownership of more than a specified percentage of our common stock;

•a redemption of equity securities;

•a sale or other disposition of a specified percentage of our assets;

•an acquisition of a business or assets with equity securities to the extent one or more persons would acquire in excess of a specified percentage of our common stock; or

•engaging in certain internal transactions.

These restrictions may limit our ability to pursue strategic transactions or engage in new business or other transactions that may maximize the value of our business. Moreover, the Tax Allocation Agreement also provides that we are responsible for any taxes imposed on Fortune Brands or any of its affiliates as a result of the failure of the Distribution to qualify for favorable treatment under the Code if such failure is attributable to certain actions taken after the Distribution by or in respect of us, any of our affiliates or our stockholders. Any such indemnification obligation could adversely affect our results of operations.

A court could deem the Distribution or certain internal restructuring transactions undertaken by Fortune Brands in connection with the Separation to be a fraudulent conveyance or transfer. Fraudulent conveyances or transfers are defined to include transfers made or obligations incurred with the actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud current or future creditors or transfers made or obligations incurred for less than reasonably equivalent value when the debtor was insolvent, or that rendered the debtor insolvent, inadequately capitalized or unable to pay its debts as they become due. A court could void the transactions or impose substantial liabilities upon us, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Among other things, the court could require our stockholders to return to Fortune Brands, for the benefit of its creditors, some or all of the shares of our common stock issued in the Distribution, or require us to fund liabilities of other companies involved in the restructuring transaction. Whether a transaction is a fraudulent conveyance or transfer under applicable state law may vary depending upon the jurisdiction whose law is being applied.

Our common stock has been listed and is being traded on the NYSE under the trading symbol “MBC.” Many factors could cause the market price of our common stock to rise and fall, including the following:

▪a shift in our investor base;

•our quarterly or annual earnings, or those of other companies in our industry or in similar industries;

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results;

•success or failure of our business strategy;

•our ability to obtain financing as needed;

•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

•changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;

•announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions or dispositions;

•the failure of securities analysts to cover our common stock after the Distribution;

•changes in earnings estimates by securities analysts or our ability to meet our earnings guidance;

•the operating and stock price performance of other comparable companies; and

•overall market fluctuations and general economic and geopolitical conditions.

Stock markets in general have also experienced volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of a particular company. These broad market fluctuations could negatively affect the trading price of our common stock. Additionally, if any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if successfully defended, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management.

We are a holding company that conducts all of our operations through subsidiaries and our operating income is derived from our subsidiaries. Consequently, we rely on dividends or advances from our subsidiaries. We presently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance our business or reduce debt. As a result, we do not currently expect to pay any cash dividends, although we may do so in the future. To the extent that we determine in the future to pay cash dividends on our common stock, none of our subsidiaries will be obligated to make funds available to us for the payment of dividends. The ability of such subsidiaries to pay dividends to us is subject to applicable local law and may be limited due to terms of other contractual arrangements, including our indebtedness. Such laws and restrictions would restrict our ability to continue operations.

The existence of some provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (“our charter”), our amended and restated bylaws (“our bylaws”) and Delaware law may discourage a future takeover attempt not approved by our Board of Directors but which our stockholders may deem to be in their best interests or in which stockholders may receive a substantial premium for their shares over then current market prices. These provisions include but are not limited to: a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms (however, beginning with our 2030 annual meeting, all directors will be elected annually); the right of our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval; no stockholder ability to fill director vacancies; elimination of the rights of our stockholders to act by written consent and call special stockholder meetings; until our Board of Directors is no longer classified, prohibiting stockholders from removing directors other than “for cause”; and rules regarding how stockholders may present proposals or nominate directors for election at stockholder meetings.

In addition, following the Separation, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), which may have an anti-takeover effect with respect to transactions not approved in advance by our Board of Directors, including discouraging takeover attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for shares of our common stock.

These provisions apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders and could delay or prevent an acquisition that our Board of Directors determines is not in our best interests or the best interests of our stockholders.

Our charter provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the state courts within the State of Delaware (or, if no state court located within the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any state derivative action or proceeding brought or purporting to be brought on our behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director or officer of ours to us or our stockholders, (3) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our charter or our bylaws, (4) any action asserting a claim relating to or involving us governed by the internal affairs doctrine or (5) any action asserting an “internal corporate claim” as that term is defined in Section 115 of the DGCL.

Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our charter will further provide that the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty of liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and as a result, the exclusive forum provision does not apply to actions arising under the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. While the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our federal forum provision described above. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

This exclusive forum provision may limit the ability of our stockholders to bring a claim in a judicial forum that such stockholders find favorable for disputes with us or our directors or officers, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors and officers. Alternatively, if a court were to find this exclusive forum provision inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings described above, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could negatively affect our results of operations.

Our Board of Directors has adopted a stock repurchase program, and we may make repurchases under such program. The actual manner, timing, amount and value of repurchases under our repurchase program or any future repurchase programs will be determined by management at its discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of our common stock, trading volume, other capital management objectives and opportunities, applicable legal requirements, applicable tax effects and general market and economic conditions. Any stock repurchases could affect our share trading price, increase volatility and reduce our cash reserves, which may result in a decrease in the trading price of our common stock. In addition, if we are unable to make repurchases in accordance with our repurchase program, then we would not be able to reduce the effects of dilution experienced when we issue stock under our equity incentive programs, and we would not receive other benefits contemplated by the repurchase program.

None.

We are committed to protecting the confidentiality and integrity of our data, as well as the data of our associates and customers. The mission of our cybersecurity program is to protect the assets used to create products, generate revenue, and service customers while complying with industry frameworks. Our cybersecurity program consists of three key pillars: cyber defense, governance and compliance, and risk management. Each of these pillars consists of controls and processes that are aligned with the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cyber Security Framework.

Managing cybersecurity risk and maintaining a secure, reliable, and functional corporate network and data systems are among our highest priorities. As a result, we have implemented practices, procedures, processes, and management mechanisms to help us achieve a robust cybersecurity environment.

Our Board delegates to the Audit Committee the oversight of our programs, policies, and procedures related to cybersecurity, information asset security, network security, and data privacy and protection. Broad oversight is maintained by our full Board, which receives a report from the Audit Committee at least annually.

Our VP, Cyber Security and Risk oversees our cybersecurity matters and has over 20 years of experience in cybersecurity and is a Certified Information Security Services Professional (CISSP). Our VP, Cyber Security and Risk reports to both the Audit Committee and the Board at least once a year, or more frequently as needed. The Audit Committee reviews and discusses with Company management key process and risk indicators, progress on plans to address keys risks, and any material changes in threat landscapes or risk posture which could negatively affect our business.

Cybersecurity risk management is a critical component of our overall enterprise risk management program. We consider cybersecurity to be a key risk, and we prioritize mitigating those risks.

Our cyber defense practices prioritize protection against cyber threats. We have operationalized a written incident response plan designed to assess, identify, address, and manage risks from cybersecurity threats that may result in material adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our business and information systems. We perform periodic cybersecurity assessments, including with the assistance of external third parties, to identify, assess, and prioritize potential risks that could affect our information and data assets and infrastructure.

In addition, we use a threat intelligence platform to routinely monitor risks specific to both our organization and third parties. Risks we identify are assessed based on severity and are addressed as appropriate through both tactical and strategic plans.

Our governance and compliance practice focuses on cybersecurity and data privacy policy taxonomy and policy compliance.

We have implemented a number of measures to enhance the security and resiliency of our network and information and data systems. These measures include, but are not limited to: (i) user access control management; (ii) intrusion detection and prevention systems; (iii) information security continuity measures, including redundant systems and information backups; (iv) network segmentation; (v) encryption of critical information and data; (vi) event logging; (vii) implementation of an application patching and update cadence; and (viii) incident response planning.

Our associates are a critical part of our defense against potential cybersecurity incident exposure. All of our associates and contractors have a responsibility and a role to play by complying with our cybersecurity operational practices and reporting any potential cybersecurity incidents or exposures to our cybersecurity team.

To ensure that associates can play their part in protecting our networks and data from cybersecurity incident exposure, all of our associates receive cybersecurity training in the form of online modules on an annual basis, routine simulations, and newsletters.

We are not aware of any cyber event that has had a material effect on our business. However, we cannot assure that we will not experience any such event in the future. Any security breach or other significant disruption involving our computer networks and related systems could cause substantial costs and other negative effects, including litigation, remediation costs, costs to deploy additional protection strategies, compromising of confidential information, and reputational damage adversely affecting investor confidence. Further, a penetration of our systems or a third-party’s systems or other misappropriation or misuse of personal information could subject us to business, regulatory, litigation and reputation risk, which could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for further details on risks related to potential breaches of our information technology systems.

As of December 31, 2023, our principal executive office was located at One MasterBrand Cabinets Drive, Jasper, Indiana, 47546. In February 2024, we relocated our corporate headquarters to Beachwood, Ohio. While our new corporate headquarters will be in Beachwood, Ohio, our operations headquarters will remain in Jasper, Indiana.

As of December 31, 2023, we principally operated 41 manufacturing facilities, distribution centers and warehouses throughout North America.

* Manufacturing facilities include 15 which are owned and 5 which are leased.

** Distribution centers and warehouses include 4 which are owned and 17 which are leased.

We believe these principal properties have been adequately maintained, generally are in good condition and are suitable to meet the demands and production capacities required of our business.

We are defendants in lawsuits that are ordinary routine litigation matters incidental to our business and operations. In addition, other matters, including tax assessments, audits, claims and governmental investigations and proceedings covering a wide range of matters are pending against us. It is not possible to predict the outcome of the pending actions, and, as with any such matters, it is possible that these actions could be decided unfavorably to us. We believe that there are meritorious defenses to these actions and that these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, and, where appropriate, these actions are being vigorously contested. Accordingly, we believe the likelihood of material loss is remote. However, such matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and unfavorable rulings or other events could occur. The Company regularly undergoes tax audits in various jurisdictions in which our products are sold or manufactured. In the future, such costs or an unfavorable outcome could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations. Based on available information to date and subject to below, we do not consider any such action, assessment, claim, investigation or proceeding to be material, within the meaning of that term as used in “Item 103 of Regulation S-K” and the instructions thereto.

For additional information regarding our legal proceedings, refer to Note 16, "Contingencies and Accrued Losses," of our audited consolidated financial statements within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol “MBC”.

We presently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance our business or reduce debt. As a result, we do not currently expect to pay any cash dividends in the short term. Our Board of Directors will continue to evaluate dividend payment opportunities on a quarterly basis. There can be no assurance as to when and if future dividends will be paid, or at what level, because the payment of dividends is dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, debt covenants and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors.

As a holding company, we are a legal entity separate and distinct from our subsidiaries. Accordingly, the source of our unconsolidated revenues and funds is dividends and other payments from subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries are not limited by long-term debt or other agreements in their abilities to pay cash dividends or to make other distributions with respect to their capital stock or other payments to the Company.

On February 23, 2024, there were 8,574 record holders of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share. A substantially greater number of holders of our common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers or other financial institutions.

We include in our Annual Report a line graph presentation comparing the relative performance of our stock compared with the S&P SmallCap 600 Index and the S&P 600 Building Products Industry Index from the date we became publicly traded, December 15, 2022, through December 31, 2023. We have selected the S&P SmallCap 600 Index and the S&P 600 Building Products Industry Index for comparison due to the similarities of the companies in those indexes with respect to our market capitalization and line of business, respectively.

The following chart assumes a hypothetical $100 investment on December 15, 2022 and shows the cumulative value at the end of each succeeding year.

The following table presents information with respect to purchases of common stock of the Company made during the fourteen week period that ended on December 31, 2023 by the Company or any “affiliated purchaser” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended:

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” regarding business strategies, market potential, future financial performance, and other matters. Statements preceded by, followed by or that otherwise include the word “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “projects,” “estimates,” “plans,” “may increase,” “may fluctuate,” and similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “should,” “would,” “may,” and “could,” are generally forward-looking in nature and not historical facts. Where, in any forward-looking statement, we express an expectation or belief as to future results or events, such expectation or belief is based on the current plans and expectations of our management. Although we believe that these statements are based on reasonable assumptions, they are subject to numerous factors, risks and uncertainties that could cause actual outcomes and results to be materially different from those indicated in such statements. These factors include those listed under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The forward-looking statements included in this document are made as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, except pursuant to any obligations to disclose material information under the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to update, amend or clarify any forward-looking statements to reflect events, new information or circumstances occurring after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Some of the important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in any such forward-looking statements include:

◦Our ability to develop and expand our business;

◦Our anticipated financial resources and capital spending;

◦Our ability to manage costs;

◦The impact of our dependence on third parties with respect to sourcing our raw materials;

◦Our ability to accurately price our products;

◦Our anticipated future revenues and expectations of operational performance;

◦The effects of competition and consolidation of competitors in our industry;

◦Costs of complying with evolving tax and other regulatory requirements and the effect of actual or alleged violations of tax, environmental or other laws;

◦The effect of climate change and unpredictable seasonal and weather factors;

◦Failure to realize the anticipated benefits of the Separation;

◦Conditions in the housing market in the United States and Canada;

◦The expected strength of our existing customers and consumers;

◦Worldwide economic, geopolitical and business conditions and risks associated with doing business on a global basis;

◦The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic or another public health crisis or other unexpected event; and

◦Other statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding items that are not historical facts or that involve predictions.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is a supplement to the accompanying consolidated financial statements of MasterBrand and its consolidated subsidiaries and provides additional information on our business, recent developments, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources, cash flows and results of operations.

MD&A is organized as follows:

•Overview: This section provides a general description of our business, as well as recent developments we believe are important in understanding our results of operations and financial condition or in understanding anticipated future trends.

•Separation from Fortune Brands: This section provides a general discussion of our Separation from Fortune Brands.

•Basis of Presentation: This section provides a discussion of the basis on which our consolidated financial statements were prepared, including our historical results of operations and adjustments thereto, primarily allocations of general corporate expenses from Fortune Brands.

•Results of Operations: Our consolidated financial statements are based on a 52- or 53-week fiscal year ending on the last Sunday in December in each calendar year. This section provides an analysis of our results of operations for the 53-week period that ended on December 31, 2023 as compared to the 52-week period that ended on December 25, 2022. Unless the context otherwise requires, references to years and quarters contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K pertain to our fiscal years and fiscal quarters. Additionally, unless the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to: (1) “2023,” “fiscal 2023” or our “2023 fiscal year” refers to our 2023 fiscal year that is a 53-week period that ended on December 31, 2023; (2)“2022,” “fiscal 2022” or our “2022 fiscal year” refers to our 2022 fiscal year that was a 52-week period that ended on December 25, 2022; and (3) “2021,” “fiscal 2021” or our “2021 fiscal year” refers to our 2021 fiscal year that was a 52-week period that ended on December 26, 2021.

•Liquidity and Capital Resources: This section provides a discussion of our financial condition and an analysis of our cash flows for our 2023 fiscal year as compared to our 2022 fiscal year. This section also provides a discussion of our contractual obligations, other purchase commitments and customer credit risk that existed at December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022, as well as a discussion of our ability to fund our future commitments and ongoing operating activities through internal and external sources of capital.

•Recently Issued Accounting Standards: This section identifies our adoption of recently issued accounting standards.

•Critical Accounting Estimates: This section identifies and summarizes those accounting policies that significantly impact our reported results of operations and financial condition and require significant judgment or estimates on the part of management in their application.

Founded nearly 70 years ago, we are the largest manufacturer of residential cabinets in North America based on 2022 reported net sales. Our superior product quality, innovative design and service excellence drives a compelling value proposition. We have insight into the fashion and features consumers desire, which we use to tailor our product lines across price points. Our volume leadership allows us to achieve an advantaged cost structure and service platform by standardizing product platforms and components to the greatest extent possible—resulting in an improved facility footprint and an efficient supply chain. Further, our decades of experience have informed how we use global geographies to optimize procurement and manufacturing costs. Finally, with the most extensive dealer network throughout the United States and Canada, we have an advantaged distribution model that cannot be easily replicated. We expect to further extend our competitive advantages by using technology and data to enhance the consumer’s experience from visualization to ordering to delivery and installation.

On April 28, 2022, Fortune Brands announced that its Board of Directors approved in principle the Separation. The Cabinets segment of Fortune Brands had historically been operated by MasterBrand Cabinets, Inc. (“MBCI”). In July 2022, Fortune Brands incorporated MasterBrand, Inc. in the State of Delaware and subscribed to all of the shares of MasterBrand, Inc.’s common stock upon its incorporation. After the incorporation of MasterBrand, Inc., the following occurred: (1) Fortune Brands contributed all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of MBCI to MasterBrand, Inc., resulting in MBCI becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of MasterBrand, Inc. through a transaction between entities under common control; and (2) MBCI was converted into a Delaware limited liability company, MasterBrand Cabinets LLC (collectively, the “Reorganization”).

On December 14, 2022, the Separation was completed via the Distribution. On December 14, 2022, the date of Separation, 128.0 million shares of MasterBrand, Inc. common stock were issued. Fortune Brands shareholders received one share of MasterBrand, Inc. common stock for each share of Fortune Brands common stock held on the record date. Following the Distribution, Fortune Brands stockholders owned 100 percent of the shares of MasterBrand, Inc. common stock, and MasterBrand, Inc. became an independent, publicly-traded company, listed under the symbol “MBC” on the New York Stock Exchange beginning December 15, 2022. All share and per share amounts for all prior periods presented in the consolidated financial statements, as discussed in further detail in Note 5, "Earnings Per Share," of our audited consolidated financial statements within this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been retroactively recast to reflect the effects of the changes in equity structure resulting from the Reorganization, Separation and Distribution. The historical activity of the Company is that of MBCI prior to the Reorganization. The Company’s equity structure prior to the Separation and Distribution included 5,000 shares of MasterBrand, Inc. common stock authorized and 100 shares issued. Prior to the incorporation of MasterBrand, Inc. in July 2022, the equity structure of MBCI included 1,000 authorized and issued shares of common stock. MasterBrand, Inc. is the registrant and the financial reporting entity following the consummation of the Separation and Distribution.

•Separation and Distribution Agreement – sets forth the principal actions to be taken in connection with the Separation, including the transfer of assets and assumption of liabilities, among others, and sets forth other agreements governing aspects of the relationship between MasterBrand and Fortune Brands.

•Transition Services Agreement – allows for Fortune Brands and MasterBrand to provide certain transition services to each other for a limited time, up to 24 months following the Separation.

•Tax Allocation Agreement – governs the respective rights, responsibilities and obligations of MasterBrand and Fortune Brands with respect to tax liabilities and benefits, tax attributes, tax contests and other matters regarding income taxes, non-income taxes and related tax returns.

•Employee Matters Agreement – addresses certain employment, compensation and benefits matters, including the allocation and treatment of certain assets and liabilities relating to MasterBrand associates.

Separating the former Cabinets segment into a standalone publicly-traded company significantly enhances the long-term growth and return prospects of our Company and offers substantially greater long-term value to stockholders, customers and associates. Moreover, separating the Cabinets segment into an independent, standalone company with publicly-traded stock provides our Company with a number of benefits, including:

•Strategic and Management Focus: The Separation enables our management team to better focus on strengthening our market-leading business and pursue targeted opportunities for long-term growth, profitability, and value creation. Like many of our competitors and peers, we believe that we will be more effective in managing our capital structure with credit tied more specifically to its industry and business performance and achieving greater margin expansion by focusing on our operational effectiveness specific to its products. A dedicated management team and board of directors streamlines operational and strategic decision-making, and ensures management incentives are optimized and aligned with our strategic priorities and financial objectives are in line with our industry.

•Resource Allocation and Capital Deployment: The Separation provides us with an opportunity to implement a tailored capital structure that ties specifically to our industry and business that provides greater financial and operational flexibility and increased agility. We are better positioned to more effectively allocate resources to address unique operating needs relating to our manufacturing and marketing requirements within our specific markets, invest in strategic priorities that will maximize long-term potential, and manage capital return strategies. Our unique operating needs are tailored towards enhancing the standardization of our processes, including with respect to our supply chain, and the specific manufacturing needs of our products, and strengthening our lean manufacturing capabilities. The Separation provides an opportunity for us to more effectively focus on these unique operating needs and markets.

•Distinct Investment Opportunities and Investor Choice: The Separation creates a compelling investment opportunity for investors based on our unique operating model and financial profile. It also provides investors with enhanced insight into our distinct value drivers and allows for more targeted investment decisions.

Our consolidated financial statements are based on a 52- or 53-week fiscal year ending on the last Sunday in December in each calendar year and have been principally derived from the consolidated financial statements of our Company and its consolidated subsidiaries using the historical results of operations, and historical basis of assets and liabilities. Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Our historical financial statements through the date of Separation include allocations of expenses related to certain Fortune Brands corporate functions, including information technology, finance, executive, human resources, supply chain, internal audit, governance and legal services. These expenses have been allocated based on direct usage or benefit where specifically identifiable, with the remainder allocated on a proportional cost allocation method based primarily on net sales, associate headcount or number of facilities, as applicable. Prior to the Separation, total expenses allocated for our 2022 and 2021 fiscal years were $92.5 million and $62.0 million, respectively. Of these allocations, $72.4 million and $42.3 million, respectively, were not previously allocated to us for our 2022 and 2021 fiscal years. Such amounts are primarily included within selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of income. We consider the expense methodology and resulting allocation to be reasonable for all periods presented; however, the allocations may not be indicative of actual expenses that would have been incurred had we operated as an independent, publicly-traded company during all periods presented. Actual costs that we may have incurred had we been a standalone company during all periods presented would depend on a number of factors, including the chosen organizational structure, whether functions were outsourced or performed by our associates and strategic decisions made in areas such as manufacturing, selling and marketing, research and development, information technology and infrastructure. Accordingly, historical allocations may not be indicative of future costs we incur operating as an independent, publicly-traded company.

The income tax amounts in our consolidated financial statements have been calculated on a separate return method and presented as if our operations were separate taxpayers in the respective jurisdictions. For the period prior to the Separation in 2022, including the Separation, federal and state income tax payments and refunds were paid and received by Fortune Brands on our behalf. The net taxes paid on our behalf are payable to Fortune Brands, as provided in the indemnification provisions of the Tax Allocation Agreement. Accordingly, the net tax payable of $32.6 million to Fortune Brands as of December 25, 2022, was recorded in accounts payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and settled in 2023.

Following the Separation, a limited number of services that Fortune Brands provided to us, or we provided to them, prior to the Separation continue to be provided for a period of time under a Transition Services Agreement. We are now incurring certain costs as a standalone public company, including services provided by our own resources or through third-party service providers relating to corporate functions, including information technology, finance, executive, human resources, supply chain, internal audit, governance and legal services, as well as ongoing additional costs associated with operating as an independent, publicly-traded company.

All transactions between us and Fortune Brands previously resulting in related party balances were settled in our consolidated financial statements immediately prior to the Distribution, or were settled shortly thereafter, including by making a distribution of capital by us to Fortune Brands of any remaining related party receivable owed by Fortune Brands to us. For more information regarding related party transactions with Fortune Brands, see Note 20, "Related Party Transactions," of our audited consolidated financial statements within this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Fortune Brands utilized a central approach to treasury management, and we historically participated in related cash pooling arrangements prior to the Separation. Our cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheets represent cash balances held in bank accounts owned by us and our consolidated subsidiaries. Prior to Separation, we had no third-party borrowings. All borrowings attributable to our business and due to Fortune Brands were recorded as “related party payable” in our consolidated balance sheets and classified as current or noncurrent based on loan maturity dates. Fortune Brands’ third-party debt and related interest expense have not historically been attributed to us as we were not the legal obligor of the debt, and the borrowings are not specifically identifiable to us. However, we incurred indebtedness in connection with the Separation and Distribution, which resulted in additional interest expense beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022.

The following discussion includes a comparison of results of operations for the fifty-three weeks ended December 31, 2023 compared to the fifty-two weeks ended December 25, 2022. For comparisons of our 2022 fiscal year compared to our 2021 fiscal year, please refer to the heading “Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 25, 2022, as filed with the SEC.

__________

(1)Not meaningful.

Net sales were $2,726.2 million for 2023 compared to $3,275.5 million for 2022, a decrease of $549.3 million, or 16.8 percent. The lower net sales compared to 2022 was driven mainly by a decrease in sales unit volume, partially offset by favorable price, including the carryover of price increases implemented in the second half of 2022. Foreign currency impact was unfavorable by $3.8 million during 2023 as compared to 2022.

Cost of products sold decreased by $510.2 million, or 21.9 percent, to $1,824.8 million (66.9 percent of net sales) in 2023 as compared to $2,335.0 million (71.3 percent of net sales) in 2022. In addition to the impact of decreased sales unit volume, the lower cost of products sold as a percentage of net sales in 2023 is due to the favorable carryover of price increases implemented in the second half of 2022, as well as realized savings from various cost reduction actions taken in the fourth quarter of 2022 and throughout 2023. Fiscal 2023 was also favorably impacted by deflation in commodity costs and inbound transportation. These factors were partially offset by labor inflation. Additionally, 2023 included $9.4 million of incremental costs, less $7.4 million of insurance recoveries, related to the tornado that occurred during the first quarter at our Jackson, GA facility.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $78.8 million, or 12.2 percent, to $569.7 million (20.9 percent of net sales) in 2023 compared to $648.5 million (19.8 percent of net sales) in the prior year. 2023 includes lower unit volume related costs, including distribution costs ($40.4 million) and commission costs ($18.1 million), offset by increased associate-related costs ($40.3 million), including salaries, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation, and professional support fees ($37.0 million). 2023 reflects associate-related and professional support fee costs for newly established MasterBrand corporate functions, as compared to 2022, which included $92.5 million of allocated costs from Fortune Brands that did not recur in 2023. In 2023, we incurred $2.4 million of additional costs directly related to the Separation from Fortune Brands, as compared to $15.4 million in 2022.

During 2022, we incurred $46.4 million of asset impairment charges related to indefinite-lived tradenames. During the second quarter of 2022, we incurred an asset impairment charge of $26.0 million related to an indefinite-lived tradename, as production was shifted within our manufacturing footprint to enable what we expect to be a higher value purpose and growth opportunity, which led to downward revisions to forecasted revenue growth rates associated with the tradename and the recognition of the corresponding asset impairment charge. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we incurred an additional asset impairment charge of $12.8 million related to the same indefinite-lived tradename as a result of further shifts within our product portfolio to better align with forecasted future customer demand as a result of a significant decrease in sales during the fourth quarter of 2022, driven by continued and persistent inflation, as well as elevated interest rates and economic uncertainty. These downward revisions to forecasted revenue growth were not known when recording the impairment charge during the second quarter of 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we also incurred an impairment charge of $7.6 million related to another indefinite-lived tradename, due to a shift in customer demand in the fourth quarter from this tradename to a lower price point product, as a result of continued and persistent inflation, as well as elevated interest rates and economic uncertainty. We did not incur any asset impairment charges in 2023.

Restructuring charges were $10.1 million in 2023 as compared to $25.1 million in 2022. Restructuring charges for all periods presented are largely related to severance costs and other associate-related costs in order to better align our workforce with our forecasted demand within our manufacturing footprint. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we also recorded an asset impairment charge associated with a decision to permanently close our Newton, Kansas manufacturing facility, which had previously been idled.

We recorded operating income of $306.3 million for 2023, compared to operating income of $203.3 million for 2022. The $103.0 million, or 50.7 percent, increase in operating income was driven by the favorable carryover of price increases implemented in 2022, realized savings from various cost reduction actions taken in the fourth quarter of 2022 and fiscal 2023, and lower commodity costs and inbound transportation. Additionally, 2023 included lower selling, general and administrative expenses, decreased restructuring charges and the non-recurrence of the impairment of indefinite-lived tradenames of $46.4 million occurring in fiscal 2022.

Related party interest income, net, was $12.9 million in 2022 based upon the related party loan receivable from Fortune Brands. Prior to the Separation, excess cash generated by our operations was remitted to Fortune Brands on a regular basis through the cash pooling arrangements. At the date of the Separation, such arrangements ceased.

We incurred indebtedness in connection with the Separation and Distribution, which resulted in $65.2 million of interest expense in fiscal 2023, as compared to $2.2 million in fiscal 2022. Prior to the Separation, we had no third-party borrowings in 2022.

Other expense, net of $2.4 million in 2023 was comparable to other expense, net of $0.6 million in 2022.

Our consolidated income tax expense, income before taxes, and effective tax rate for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022 were as follows:

Net income was $182.0 million for 2023 compared to $155.4 million for 2022. The $26.6 million, or 17.1 percent, increase in net income was primarily due to the increase in operating income partially offset by the $65.2 million of interest expense in 2023 resulting from the indebtedness we incurred upon Separation from Fortune Brands.

Our primary liquidity needs have historically been to support working capital requirements and fund capital expenditures. Subsequent to the Separation, we may have liquidity needs to finance acquisitions and return cash to stockholders, if and when appropriate. Historically, prior to Separation, our principal sources of liquidity were cash on hand, cash flows from operating activities and financial support from Fortune Brands via participation in Fortune Brands’ centralized approach to treasury management, including financing and cash management activities. Subsequent to the Separation, we implemented our own centralized approach to treasury, including cash management performed through cash pooling arrangements. Certain of our entities have standalone cash accounts that are not included in the centralized cash pooling arrangements. All cash balances specifically identifiable to us are included in our consolidated balance sheets and statement of cash flows. The cash flows presented in our consolidated statement of cash flows may not be indicative of the cash flows we would have recognized had we operated as a standalone publicly-traded company for the periods presented prior to the Separation.

After the Separation, we no longer have financial support from Fortune Brands. Our operating income is generated by our subsidiaries. There are no restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to MasterBrand. We periodically review our portfolio of brands, manufacturing and supply chain footprint, and evaluate potential strategic transactions to increase stockholder value. However, we cannot predict whether or when we may enter into acquisitions, joint ventures or dispositions, or what impact any such transactions could have on our results of operations. Our cash flows from operations, borrowing availability and overall liquidity are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

On November 18, 2022, we entered into a 5-year, $1.25 billion credit agreement, consisting of a $750.0 million term loan and a $500.0 million revolving credit facility (the “2022 Credit Agreement”). Initial proceeds of $955.0 million from the credit agreement were received at the time of Separation from Fortune Brands. The proceeds were primarily used to make a cash dividend payment of $940.0 million to Fortune Brands and to pay related fees and expenses at the Separation. The 2022 Credit Agreement is secured by certain assets as well as the guarantee of certain of our subsidiaries.

Interest rates under these facilities are variable based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) at the time of the borrowing, and our net leverage ratio as measured by our Net Leverage to our consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Consolidated EBITDA”). Net Leverage is defined as consolidated total indebtedness minus certain cash and cash equivalents. Consolidated EBITDA is defined as consolidated net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, losses from asset impairments, and certain other one-time adjustments. The Net Leverage Ratio could not exceed 3.875 to 1.0 at the initial borrowing through the second fiscal quarter of 2023, adjusting downward in various future quarters before settling at 3.25 to 1.0 in January 2025. As of December 31, 2023, the net leverage ratio could not exceed 3.75 to 1.0. Interest rates can range from SOFR plus 1.85 percent to SOFR plus 2.60 percent. We also are required to maintain a minimum Interest Coverage Ratio of 3.0 to 1.0. The Interest Coverage Ratio is defined as Consolidated EBITDA to consolidated interest expense.

Our 2022 Credit Agreement contains additional covenants which limit or preclude certain corporate actions based upon the measurement of certain financial covenant metrics. The $750.0 million Term Loan has quarterly required amortization payments, which began in March 2023. During the third quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company made total payments of $28.1 million on the term loan, consisting of a $4.7 million required payment due September 2023, and $23.4 million of required amortization payments due during each of the next three quarters. We did not make any additional term loan payments during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, and, as of December 31, 2023, we were paid in advance for our next two scheduled quarterly payments due during the first and second quarters of 2024. Additionally, the revolving credit facility was paid in full during the third quarter of 2023. These additional amortization payments, made possible due to the generation of strong operating cash flow, were made to reduce future interest expense and provide financial flexibility.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants set forth in the 2022 Credit Agreement, and expects to remain in compliance for the foreseeable future.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $707.8 million outstanding in third-party borrowings, net of deferred financing fees. We may also incur additional indebtedness in the future.

Below is a summary of cash flows for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022.

Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $405.6 million in 2023 as compared to $235.6 million in 2022. Net cash provided by operating activities included net income of $182.0 million in 2023, as compared to net income of $155.4 million in 2022. Net income in 2023 included interest expense of $65.2 million on external debt that was entered into at the Separation, which resulted in cash outflows of $64.0 million for interest in the period. In 2023, accounts receivable generated $88.1 million of cash, as a result of improvements in our collection processes and decreased sales. In 2022, our accounts receivable generated $13.5 million. In 2023, the movement in inventory was $123.6 million favorable, as compared to 2022, which had an unfavorable movement in inventory of $70.1 million. In 2022, we executed an intentional build in inventory in the first three quarters of the year in order to mitigate the impact of an uncertain and volatile global supply chain environment. The favorable inventory movement in 2023 reflects our efforts to more efficiently manage our inventory levels in the current supply chain environment and in alignment with sales volume. Accounts payable was $69.4 million unfavorable in 2023 as a result of decreased purchasing levels aligned with our lower inventory levels, as well as a reduction in the payable to Fortune Brands of $42.4 million, primarily related to income tax related payments. This compares to the favorable accounts payable movement of $18.3 million in 2022 in conjunction with our increasing inventory levels. Fiscal 2023 was also unfavorably impacted by $9.4 million of restructuring charges net of cash payments, primarily for reserves established in fiscal 2022, as compared to favorable restructuring charges net of cash payments of $13.0 million in fiscal 2022.

Net cash used in investing activities of $56.9 million in 2023 was comparable to net cash used in investing activities of $55.9 million in 2022.

Net cash used in financing activities was $299.9 million in 2023 as compared to $215.3 million in 2022. Fiscal 2023 included net payments on external debt of $272.5 million, as we used cash generated from operations to pay off our revolving credit facility and make advanced payments on our term loan. Fiscal 2023 also includes $22.0 million of stock repurchases made under the $50.0 million stock repurchase program authorized in the second quarter of 2023. Financing activities in 2022 reflect the payment of a dividend of $940.0 million to Fortune Brands in conjunction with the Separation. This dividend was funded by the borrowing of $985.0 million of external debt at, and subsequent to, the Separation date. The remaining activity in 2022 primarily reflects our cash remittances to Fortune Brands, net of cash lending from Fortune Brands, to finance our operations prior to the Separation. The financing relationship with Fortune Brands ceased as of the date of Separation.

We believe that our cash and cash equivalent balances, along with available cash from operating cash flows and credit facilities, will be adequate to fund our typical needs, including working capital requirements and projected capital expenditures. We also believe we have access to additional funds from capital markets to fund strategic initiatives.

We routinely grant unsecured credit to customers in the normal course of business. Accounts receivable, net, were $203.0 million and $289.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022, respectively, and are recorded at their stated amount less allowances for discounts and credit losses. Allowances for credit losses include provisions for certain customers where a risk of default has been specifically identified, as well as provisions determined on a general formula basis when it is determined that the risk of some default is probable and estimable but cannot yet be associated with specific customers. The assessment of the likelihood of customer defaults is based on a variety of factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, the historical collection experience, existing economic conditions and estimated future collection expectations. In accordance with our policy, our allowance for credit losses was $4.6 million and $11.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022, respectively. The conditions in the global economy and ongoing market volatility may reduce our customers’ ability to access sufficient liquidity and capital to fund their operations and make our estimation of customer defaults inherently uncertain. While we believe current allowances for credit losses are adequate, it is possible that continued weak economic conditions may cause significantly higher levels of customer defaults and bad debt expense in future periods.

We sponsor a defined benefit pension plan. However, the plan has been frozen to new participants and benefit accruals were frozen for active participants on or prior to December 31, 2016. The defined benefit pension plan is funded with a portfolio of investments maintained within our benefit plan trust. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate fair value of our pension plan assets was $131.1 million, representing 96.7 percent of the accumulated benefit obligation liability. During fiscal 2023, we made pension contributions of $8.1 million. For the foreseeable future, we believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet the minimum funding that may be required by the Pension Protection Act of 2006.

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2023:

(a) Purchase obligations related to operating activities include agreements and contracts that give the supplier recourse to us for cancellation or nonperformance under the contract or contain terms that would subject us to liquidated damages. The purchase obligations in the table above include contracts for raw materials and finished goods purchases, selling and administrative services and capital expenditures.

(b) Debt payments include our $750.0 million term loan and $500.0 revolving credit facility under the 2022 Credit Agreement.

In addition to the contractual obligations and commitments described above, we also had other corporate commercial commitments for which we are contingently liable as of December 31, 2023. Other corporate commercial commitments as of December 31, 2023 include standby letters of credit of $19.8 million and surety bonds outstanding of $3.6 million, of which $3.4 million are due in the next 12 months.

We do not currently have any off-balance sheet arrangements that are material or reasonably likely to be material to our financial condition or results of operations.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) requirements for derivatives and hedging, we recognize all derivative contracts as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet, and the measurement of those instruments is at fair value.

•Derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges - The changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument are reported in other comprehensive income and are recognized in the consolidated statements of income when the hedged item affects earnings. In all periods presented, the recognized gain or loss on the derivative instrument, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item, are recognized in cost of products sold on the consolidated statements of income.

•Derivative instruments that are designated as fair value hedges - The gain or loss on the derivative instrument, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item, are recognized in other expense, net on the consolidated statements of income.

•Derivative instruments that are designated as net investment hedges - The changes in fair value of the derivative instrument are recognized in the consolidated statements of income when realized upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of the investment in the foreign entity.

Deferred currency gains of $10.2 million, $4.5 million, and $2.9 million (before tax impact) were reclassified into earnings for the 2023, 2022, and 2021 fiscal years, respectively. Based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2023, we estimate that $2.2 million of net derivative gain included in other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) as of December 31, 2023, will be reclassified to earnings within the next twelve months.

We have operations in various foreign countries, principally Canada and Mexico. Therefore, changes in the value of the related currencies affect our financial statements when translated into U.S. dollars. Certain anticipated transactions, assets and liabilities are exposed to foreign currency risk. Principal currencies hedged include the Canadian dollar and the Mexican peso. We regularly monitor our foreign currency exposures in order to maximize the overall effectiveness of our foreign currency hedge positions.

The adoption of recent accounting standards, as discussed in Note 2, "Significant Accounting Policies," of our audited consolidated financial statements within this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has not had and is not expected to have a significant impact on our revenue, earnings or liquidity.

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which require us to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Management has established detailed policies and control procedures intended to ensure the appropriateness of such estimates and assumptions and their consistent application from period to period. For a description of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2, "Significant Accounting Policies," of our audited consolidated financial statements within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Due to their nature, estimates involve judgment based upon available information. Actual results or amounts could differ from estimates and the difference could have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. Therefore, understanding these critical accounting estimates is important in understanding our reported results of operations and financial position. We believe that of our accounting estimates and assumptions, those described in the following sections involve a high degree of judgment and complexity.

Inventory provisions are recorded to reduce inventory to the net realizable dollar value for obsolete or slow moving inventory based on assumptions about future demand and marketability of products, the impact of new product introductions, inventory levels and turns, product spoilage and specific identification of items, such as product discontinuance, engineering/material changes, or regulatory-related changes. In accordance with this policy, our inventory provision was $15.9 million and $19.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022, respectively.

Goodwill

In accordance with ASC Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter and written down when impaired. An interim impairment test is performed if an event occurs or conditions change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below the carrying value.

To evaluate the recoverability of goodwill, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, margin, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that goodwill for a reporting unit is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test using a weighting of the income and market approaches. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. For the income approach, we use a discounted cash flow model, estimating the future cash flows of the reporting units to which the goodwill relates and then discounting the future cash flows at a market-participant-derived discount rate. In determining the estimated future cash flows, we consider current and projected future levels of income based on management’s plans for that business; business trends, prospects and market and economic conditions; and market-participant considerations. For the market approach, we apply market multiples for peer groups to the current operating results of the reporting unit to determine the reporting unit’s fair value. Our reporting unit is our operating segment. When the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we measure and recognize the amount of the goodwill impairment loss based on that difference.

The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value for goodwill impairment testing include the following: third-party market forecasts of U.S. new home starts and home R&R spending; management’s sales, operating income and cash flow forecasts; peer company earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) multiples; the market-participant-based discount rate; and the perpetuity growth rate. Our estimates of reporting unit fair values are based on certain assumptions that may differ from our historical and future actual operating performance. Specifically, assumptions related to growth in the new construction and R&R market of the U.S. home products markets drive our forecasted sales growth. The market forecasts are developed using independent third-party forecasts from multiple sources. In addition, estimated future operating income and cash flow consider our historical performance at similar levels of sales volume and management’s future operating plans as reflected in annual and long-term plans that are reviewed and approved by management.

Certain of our tradenames have been assigned an indefinite life as we currently anticipate that these tradenames will contribute cash flows to us indefinitely. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but are evaluated at least annually to determine whether the indefinite useful life is appropriate. We measure the fair value of identifiable intangible assets upon acquisition and we review for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever market or business events indicate there may be a potential impairment of that intangible. Impairment losses are recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value. The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value for indefinite-lived intangible assets upon acquisition and subsequent impairment testing are: forecasted revenue growth rates; the assumed royalty rates; and the market-participant discount rates.

Our cash flow projections used to assess impairment of our goodwill and other intangible assets are significantly influenced by our projection for the U.S. home products market, our annual operating plans finalized in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year and our ability to execute on various planned cost reduction initiatives supporting operating income improvements. Our projection for the U.S. home products market is inherently uncertain and is subject to a number of factors, such as employment rates, home prices, interest rates, credit availability, new home starts and the rate of home foreclosures.

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that an intangible asset is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. We measure fair value of our indefinite-lived tradenames using the relief-from-royalty approach which estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the brand name to a third party over the remaining useful life. The determination of fair value using this technique requires the use of estimates and assumptions related to forecasted revenue growth rates, the assumed royalty rates and the market-participant discount rates.

In the second quarter ended June 26, 2022, we recognized an impairment charge of $26.0 million related to an indefinite-lived tradename. During the second quarter ended June 26, 2022, production was shifted within our manufacturing footprint to enable what we expect to be a higher value purpose and growth opportunity, which led to downward revisions to forecasted revenue growth rates associated with the tradename. In the fourth quarter ended December 25, 2022, we incurred an additional asset impairment charge of $12.8 million related to the same indefinite-lived tradename as a result of further shifts within our product portfolio to better align with forecasted future customer demand as a result of a significant decrease in sales during the fourth quarter of 2022, driven by continued and persistent inflation, as well as elevated interest rates and economic uncertainty. These downward revisions to forecasted revenue growth were not known when recording the impairment charge during the second quarter of 2022. In 2023, we did not recognize any impairment charges related to this indefinite-lived tradename. As of both December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022, the carrying value of this tradename was $46.2 million.

In the fourth quarter ended December 25, 2022, we incurred an impairment charge of $7.6 million to another indefinite-lived tradename. This was primarily due to a shift in customer demand from this tradename to a lower price point product, as a result of continued and persistent inflation as well as elevated interest rates and economic uncertainty. In 2023, we did not recognize any impairment charges related to this indefinite-lived tradename. As of both December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022, the carrying value of this tradename was $19.1 million.

The fair values of the impaired tradenames were measured using the relief-from-royalty approach. Some of the more significant assumptions inherent in estimating the fair values include forecasted revenue growth rates, assumed royalty rates, and market-participant discount rates that reflect the level of risk associated with the tradenames’ future revenues and profitability. We selected the assumptions used in the financial forecasts using historical data, supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions, estimated growth rates, and management plans. These assumptions represent Level 3 inputs of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 8, "Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets," and Note 10, "Fair Value Measurements," of our audited consolidated financial statements within this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional information.

During our 2023 impairment test, we elected to bypass the qualitative test and tested all of our indefinite lived tradenames quantitatively. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the tradenames tested quantitatively during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, December 25, 2022 and December 26, 2021 were as follows:

(a)Weighted by the relative fair value of the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

(b)Represents estimated percentage of sales a market-participant would pay to license the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

(c)Selected long-term revenue growth rate within 10-year projection period of the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

A 50 basis point change in any of the significant assumptions used during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 would not have resulted in an impairment being recognized when estimating the fair value of our indefinite-lived tradenames. A 50 basis point change in any of the significant assumptions used during the fiscal year ended December 25, 2022 would not have resulted in an impairment being recognized when estimating the fair value of our indefinite-lived tradenames, with the exception of the fourth quarter indefinite-lived tradename impairments noted above, which were subject to partial impairments of $20.4 million. Relating to the impaired indefinite-lived tradenames in the fourth quarter of 2022, a 50 basis point change in the discount rate, royalty rate or long-term revenue growth rate at December 25, 2022 would have resulted in an incremental impairment of $2.8 million, $12.2 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

For taxable periods prior to and including the Separation, our operations were included in the consolidated U.S. federal and certain state and local income tax returns of Fortune Brands, as applicable. We filed separate foreign income tax returns. The income tax expense in our Consolidated Financial Statements has been determined on a stand-alone return basis in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, which requires the recognition of income taxes using the liability method. The tax provision and current and deferred tax balances have been prepared on a separate-return basis as if we were a separate filer.

Post-Separation, our income tax provisions are calculated based on our operating footprint, as well as our tax return elections and assertions. For taxable periods ended after the Separation, we file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and various state and local income tax returns. Our foreign income tax returns will continue to be filed on a full-year basis.

Customer programs and incentives are a common practice in our business. Our business incurs customer program costs to obtain favorable product placement, to promote sales of products and to maintain competitive pricing. We record estimates to reduce revenue for customer programs and incentives, which are considered variable consideration, and include price discounts, volume-based incentives, promotions and cooperative advertising when revenue is recognized in order to determine the amount of consideration we will ultimately be entitled to receive. These estimates are based on historical and projected experience for each type of customer. In addition, for certain customer program incentives, we receive an identifiable benefit in exchange for the consideration given and record the associated expenditure in selling, general and administrative expenses. Volume allowances are accrued based on management’s estimates of customer volume achievement and other factors incorporated into customer agreements, such as new products, store sell-through, merchandising support, levels of returns and customer training. Management periodically reviews accruals for these rebates and allowances, and adjusts accruals when circumstances indicate, typically as a result of a change in volume expectations.

We are exposed to various market risks, including changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. We do not enter into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We enter into financial instruments to manage and reduce the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The counterparties are major financial institutions.

We had $712.5 million of external variable rate borrowings as of December 31, 2023. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates affecting our external borrowings as of December 31, 2023 would increase our borrowing costs by $7.1 million on a pre-tax basis annually.

We enter into forward foreign exchange contracts principally to hedge currency fluctuations in transactions denominated in certain foreign currencies, thereby limiting our risk that would otherwise result from changes in exchange rates. The periods of the forward foreign exchange contracts correspond to the periods of the hedged transactions.

The estimated fair value of foreign currency contracts represents the amount required to enter into offsetting contracts with similar remaining maturities based on quoted market prices.

The estimated potential loss under foreign exchange contracts from movement in foreign exchange rates would not have a material impact on our results of operations.

We are subject to commodity price volatility caused by weather, supply conditions, geopolitical and economic variables, and other unpredictable external factors.

Background MasterBrand, Inc. is a leading manufacturer of residential cabinets in North America with a portfolio of leading residential cabinetry products for the kitchen, bathroom and other parts of the home. References to “Cabinets,” “MasterBrand,” “the Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MasterBrand, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.

On April 28, 2022, Fortune Brands announced that its Board of Directors approved in principle the Separation. The Cabinets segment of Fortune Brands had historically been operated by MBCI. In July 2022, Fortune Brands incorporated MasterBrand, Inc. in the State of Delaware and subscribed to all of the shares of MasterBrand, Inc.’s common stock upon its incorporation. After the incorporation of MasterBrand, Inc., the following occurred: (1) Fortune Brands contributed all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of MBCI to MasterBrand, Inc., resulting in MBCI becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of MasterBrand, Inc. through a transaction between entities under common control; and (2) MBCI was converted into a Delaware limited liability company, MasterBrand Cabinets LLC (collectively, the “Reorganization”).

On December 14, 2022, the Separation was completed via the Distribution. On December 14, 2022, the date of Separation, 128.0 million shares of MasterBrand, Inc. common stock were issued. Fortune Brand shareholders received one share of MasterBrand, Inc. common stock for each share of Fortune Brands common stock held on the record date. Following the Distribution, Fortune Brands stockholders owned 100 percent of the shares of MasterBrand, Inc. common stock and MasterBrand, Inc. became an independent, publicly-traded company, listed under the symbol “MBC” on the New York Stock Exchange, beginning December 15, 2022. All share and per share amounts for all prior periods presented in the consolidated financial statements, including Note 5, "Earnings Per Share," have been retroactively recast to reflect the effects of the changes in equity structure resulting from the Reorganization, Separation and Distribution. The historical activity of the Company is that of MBCI prior to the Reorganization. The Company’s equity structure prior to the Separation and Distribution included 5,000 shares of MasterBrand, Inc. common stock authorized and 100 shares issued. Prior to the incorporation of MasterBrand, Inc. in July 2022, the equity structure of MBCI included 1,000 authorized and issued shares of common stock. MasterBrand, Inc. is the registrant and the financial reporting entity following the consummation of the Separation and Distribution.

•Separation and Distribution Agreement - sets forth the principal actions to be taken in connection with the Separation, including the transfer of assets and assumption of liabilities, among others, and sets forth other agreements governing aspects of the relationship between MasterBrand, Inc. and Fortune Brands.

•Transition Services Agreement – allows for Fortune Brands and MasterBrand to provide certain transition services to each other for a limited time, up to 24 months following the Separation.

•Tax Allocation Agreement – governs the respective rights, responsibilities and obligations of MasterBrand and Fortune Brands with respect to tax liabilities and benefits, tax attributes, tax contests and other matters regarding income taxes, non-income taxes and related tax returns.

•Employee Matters Agreement – addresses certain employment, compensation and benefits matters, including the allocation and treatment of certain assets and liabilities relating to MasterBrand associates.

Basis of Presentation The accompanying financial statements are presented on a consolidated basis as the Company is a standalone public company. We have historically existed and functioned as a reporting segment of the consolidated business of Fortune Brands up until the Separation on December 14, 2022, at which time we became a standalone public company. Certain information from prior to the Separation was derived from Fortune Brands’ consolidated financial statements and accounting records. The consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements as of and subsequent to December 14, 2022, the date of the Separation, reflect the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows for MasterBrand as an independent company. Prior to the Separation, the consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements were prepared on a carve-out basis using the financial statements and accounting records of Fortune Brands. The carve-out basis financial statements represent the historical financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of MasterBrand as they were historically managed in accordance with GAAP and reflect significant assumptions and allocations. The carve-out financial statements may not include all expenses that would have been incurred had MasterBrand existed as a standalone entity.

Our consolidated financial statements are based on a 52- or 53-week fiscal year ending on the last Sunday in December in each calendar year. Fiscal 2023 consisted of 53 weeks ended on December 31, 2023. Fiscal 2022 and 2021 both consisted of 52 weeks ending on December 25, 2022 and December 26, 2021, respectively. References herein to years are to our fiscal years.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The Company has one operating segment based on the nature of products the Company sells, its production and distribution model, the internal management structure and information that is regularly reviewed by the chief executive officer (“CEO”), who is the chief operating decision maker, for the purpose of assessing performance and allocating resources.

The consolidated statements of income include all revenues and costs directly attributable to our business, including costs for facilities, functions, and services we utilize. The consolidated statements of income also include an allocation of expenses related to certain Fortune Brands corporate functions through the Separation, including information technology, finance, executive, human resources, supply chain, internal audit, governance and legal services. These expenses have been allocated based on direct usage or benefit where specifically identifiable, with the remainder allocated on a proportional cost allocation method based primarily on net sales, associate headcount, or number of facilities, as applicable. Prior to the Separation, total expenses allocated for the 2022 and 2021 years were $92.5 million and $62.0 million respectively, of which $72.4 million and $42.3 million, respectively, was not previously allocated to us. Such amounts are primarily included within selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income. We consider the expense methodology and resulting allocation to be reasonable; however, the allocations may not be indicative of actual expenses that would have been incurred had we operated as an independent, publicly-traded company in the prior year periods presented. Actual costs that we may have incurred during the time period when we were not a standalone company would depend on a number of factors, including the chosen organizational structure, whether functions were outsourced or performed by our associates and strategic decisions made in areas such as manufacturing, selling and marketing, research and development, information technology and infrastructure. Accordingly, historical allocations may not be indicative of future costs we incur operating as an independent, publicly-traded company.

The consolidated statements of income also include $2.4 million and $15.4 million of costs related to the separation from Fortune Brands for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022, respectively. The Separation-related costs include advisory fees, professional fees and other transaction related costs incurred directly by us. These costs are included within selling, general and administrative expenses.

The income tax amounts in the consolidated financial statements have been calculated on a separate-return method and presented as if our operations were separate taxpayers in the respective jurisdictions. For the period prior to the Separation in 2022, including the Separation, federal and state income tax payments, withholding taxes, and refunds were paid and received by Fortune Brands on our behalf. The net income taxes paid on our behalf are payable to Fortune Brands, as provided in the indemnification provisions of the Tax Allocation Agreement. Accordingly, the net income tax payable of $32.6 million to Fortune Brands as of December 25, 2022, was recorded in accounts payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and settled in 2023.

Following the Separation, a limited number of services that Fortune Brands provided to us, or we provided to them, prior to the Separation continue to be provided for a period of time under a Transition Services Agreement. Throughout fiscal 2023, we have incurred certain costs as a standalone public company, including services provided by our own resources or through third-party service providers relating to corporate functions, including information technology, finance, executive, human resources, supply chain, internal audit, governance, and legal services, as well as ongoing additional costs associated with operating as an independent, publicly-traded company.

Fortune Brands utilized a central approach to treasury management, and prior to the Separation, we historically participated in related cash pooling arrangements. Our cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheets represent cash balances held in bank accounts owned by the Company and its subsidiaries. Prior to the Separation, we had no third-party borrowings, and all borrowings attributable to our business and due to Fortune Brands were recorded as “related party payable” in our consolidated balance sheets and classified as current or noncurrent based on loan maturity dates. Fortune Brands’ third-party debt and related interest expense were not attributed to us as we were not the legal obligor of the debt, and the borrowings were not specifically identifiable to us. However, in connection with the Separation, we completed a financing transaction, which resulted in additional interest expense beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022. See Note 11, "Debt," for additional information. For more information regarding related party transactions with Fortune Brands, see Note 20, "Related Party Transactions." During the fourth quarter of 2022, we recognized $8.7 million of additional expense in cost of goods sold as an out-of-period adjustment.

This adjustment was to correct errors for expenses that should have been recognized of $5.1 million, $1.6 million and $2.0 million in the thirteen weeks ended March 27, 2022, June 26, 2022 and September 25, 2022, respectively. The adjustment did not have any impact on our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 25, 2022.

Tornado at Jackson, GA Production Facility On January 12, 2023, a tornado hit the Company’s leased Jackson, Georgia production facility, causing damage to the Company’s assets and disrupting certain operations. Insurance, less applicable deductibles, covered the repair or replacement of the Company’s assets that suffered loss or damage, and the Company worked closely with its insurance carriers and claims adjusters to ascertain the full amount of insurance proceeds due to the Company as a result of the damages and the losses the Company suffered. The Company’s insurance policies also provide business interruption coverage, including lost profits, and reimbursement for other expenses and costs that have been incurred relating to the damages and losses suffered. In the first quarter of 2023, the Company incurred expenses of $9.4 million solely related to damages caused by the tornado. These expenses included compensation costs that we continued to pay skilled labor at the Jackson facility to enable a timely ramp up of production upon re-opening the facility on March 27, 2023, the first day of our fiscal second quarter of 2023, as well as the write-off of damaged inventory, freight costs to move product to other warehouses and professional fees to secure and maintain the site. No expenses related to the tornado were incurred during our second, third, or fourth quarters of 2023, and we do not expect to incur any additional costs related to this matter. During 2023, we received $7.4 million of insurance proceeds for direct costs caused by the tornado, consisting of $2.2 million, $2.0 million, and $3.2 million received during our second, third, and fourth quarters, respectively. Both the expenses and insurance recoveries are recorded as a component of cost of products sold in the consolidated statements of income. Upon receipt of the final insurance payment in the fourth quarter, we consider this claim to be closed.

Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company recognizes revenue for the sale of goods based on its assessment of when control transfers to our customers, which generally occurs upon shipment or delivery of the products. See Note 3, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers," for additional information.

Customer Program Costs Customer programs and incentives are a common practice in our business. Our business incurs customer program costs to obtain favorable product placement, to promote sales of products and to maintain competitive pricing. These costs are recognized as either a reduction of revenue or within the selling, general and administrative expenses category, depending on the underlying nature of the cost.

We record estimates to reduce revenue for customer programs and incentives, which are considered variable consideration, and include price discounts, volume-based incentives, promotions and cooperative advertising when revenue is recognized in order to determine the amount of consideration the Company will ultimately be entitled to receive. These estimates are based on historical and projected experience for each type of customer. Volume allowances are accrued based on management’s estimates of customer volume achievement and other factors incorporated into customer agreements, such as new products, store sell-through, merchandising support, levels of returns and customer training. Management periodically reviews accruals for these rebates and allowances, and adjusts accruals when circumstances indicate, typically as a result of a change in volume expectations.

Cost of Products Sold Cost of products sold includes all costs to make products saleable, including the cost of materials, as well as labor costs, inbound freight, purchasing and receiving costs, inspection costs and internal transfer costs. In addition, all depreciation expense associated with assets used to manufacture products and make them saleable is included in cost of products sold.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses include advertising costs; marketing costs; selling costs, including commissions; research and development costs; shipping and handling costs, including warehousing costs; and general and administrative expenses. Shipping and handling costs included in selling, general and administrative expenses were $169.4 million, $209.9 million and $170.1 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Advertising costs, which amounted to $65.0 million, $69.1 million and $65.6 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are principally expensed as incurred. Advertising costs paid to customers as pricing rebates include product displays, marketing administration costs, media production costs and point of sale materials. Advertising costs recorded as a reduction to net sales, primarily cooperative advertising, were $27.6 million, $29.4 million and $24.4 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Advertising costs recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses were $37.4 million, $39.7 million and $41.2 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Stock-based Compensation Some of our associates participate in stock-based compensation plans sponsored by the Company. Stock based compensation plans may include stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units, other types of stock-based awards, and other cash-based compensation. Stock-based compensation expense, measured as the fair value of an award on the date of grant, is recognized in the financial statements over the period that an associate is required to provide services in exchange for the award. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures. The fair value of each option award is measured on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of each performance share award is based on the average of the high and low share prices on the date of grant and the probability of meeting performance targets. The fair value of each restricted stock unit granted is equal to the average of the high and low share prices on the date of grant. See Note 17, "Stock-Based Compensation," for additional information.

Foreign Currency Translation Foreign currency balance sheet accounts are translated into U.S. dollars at the actual rates of exchange at the balance sheet date. Income and expenses are translated at the average rates of exchange in effect during the period for the foreign subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency. The related translation adjustments are made directly to a separate component of the AOCI caption in equity. Transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of a subsidiary are translated into the functional currency with resulting transaction gains or losses recorded in other expense, net.

Income Taxes The income tax expense in our Consolidated Financial Statements has been determined on a stand-alone return basis in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, which requires the recognition of income taxes using the liability method. The tax provision and current and deferred tax balances have been prepared on a separate-return basis as if the Company were a separate filer. The income taxes of the Company, as presented in the consolidated financial statements, may not be indicative of the income taxes that the Company will incur in the future.

For taxable periods prior to and including the Separation, our operations were included in the consolidated U.S. federal and certain state and local income tax returns of Fortune Brands, as applicable. The Company filed separate foreign income tax returns. Post-Separation, our income tax provisions are calculated based on the Company’s operating footprint, as well as our tax return elections and assertions. Income tax liabilities related to unrecognized tax benefits (“UTBs”), including interest and penalties, are reported as a liability within the Consolidated Balance Sheets based upon tax authorities’ ability to assert the Company may be legally liable for UTBs. For taxable periods ended after the Separation, the Company will file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and various state and local income tax returns. The Company’s foreign income tax returns will continue to be filed on a full-year basis.

The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. The determination of the Company’s income tax positions involves consideration of uncertainties, changing fiscal policies, tax laws, court rulings, regulations, and related legislation. Accordingly, significant management judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, unrecognized tax benefits and the valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets.

The Company recognizes liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits which are recognized if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is not more-likely-than-not that the positions will be sustained on examination, including resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. We record liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is recognition, where we evaluate whether an individual tax position has a likelihood of greater than 50 percent of being sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. For tax positions that are currently estimated to have a less than 50 percent likelihood of being sustained, no tax benefit is recorded. Considerable management judgment is necessary to assess the inherent uncertainties related to the interpretations of complex tax laws, regulations, and taxing authority rulings. For tax positions that have met the recognition threshold in the first step, we perform the second step of measuring the benefit to be recorded. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from our estimates. As of each balance sheet date, unrecognized tax benefits are reassessed and adjusted if the Company’s judgment changes as a result of new information, and changes in facts or circumstances. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Consolidated Balance Sheets in the period in which such changes occur.

The Company recognizes Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) tax as a period cost.

The Company recognizes tax-related interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense.

Earnings Per Share Earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to MasterBrand by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share include the impact of all potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the year. For comparative purposes, 2021 has been retroactively recast to reflect the effects of the changes in equity structure resulting from the Reorganization, Separation and Distribution and assumes the same basic weighted average shares. For years prior to the Separation, it is assumed that there are no dilutive securities as there were no stock-based awards of MasterBrand outstanding. See Note 5, "Earnings Per Share," for further discussion.

Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. We do not believe we are exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value.

Allowances for Credit Losses Trade receivables are recorded at the stated amount, less allowances for discounts and credit losses. The allowances represent estimated uncollectible receivables associated with potential customer defaults on contractual obligations (usually due to customers’ potential insolvency) or discounts related to early payment of accounts receivable by our customers. The allowances for credit losses include provisions for certain customers where a risk of default has been specifically identified. In addition, the allowances include a provision for expected customer defaults on a general formula basis when it cannot yet be associated with specific customers. Expected credit losses are estimated using various factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, historical collection experience and existing economic conditions.

Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, cost being determined on a first-in, first-out basis and net realizable value being determined on the basis of replacement cost. Inventory costs include direct materials, including freight, labor and manufacturing overhead. Inventory provisions are recorded to reduce inventory to the net realizable dollar value for obsolete or slow moving inventory based on assumptions about future demand and marketability of products, the impact of new product introductions, inventory levels and turns, product spoilage and specific identification of items, such as product discontinuance, engineering/material changes, or regulatory-related changes. If actual market conditions differ from our projections, and our estimates prove to be inaccurate, write-downs of inventory values and adjustments to cost of products sold may be required.

Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost. Depreciation is provided, principally on a straight-line basis, over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Gains or losses resulting from dispositions are included in operating income. Betterments and renewals, which improve and extend the life of an asset, are capitalized; maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred. Assets held for use to be disposed of at a future date are depreciated over the remaining useful life. Assets to be sold are written down to fair value less costs to sell at the time the assets are being actively marketed for sale. Estimated useful lives of the related assets are as follows:

Held for Sale Assets and liabilities to be disposed of by sale ("disposal groups") are reclassified into other current assets and other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. The reclassification occurs when all the held for sale criteria have been met, including when management, having the requisite authority, have committed to a plan to sell the assets within one year. Disposal groups are measured at the lower of carrying value or fair value less costs to sell and are not depreciated or amortized. The fair value of a disposal group, less any costs to sell, is assessed each reporting period it remains classified as held for sale and any remeasurement to the lower of carrying value or fair value less costs to sell is reported as an adjustment to the carrying value.

Long-lived Assets A long-lived asset (including amortizable identifiable intangible assets) or asset group held for use is tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. Examples of events or circumstances indicating that its carrying amount may not be recoverable include changes in volume, margin, customers and the industry. When such events occur, we compare the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group to the carrying amount of a long-lived asset or asset group. The cash flows are based on our best estimate of future cash flows derived from the most recent business projections. If this comparison indicates that there is an impairment, the amount of the impairment is calculated based on fair value. Fair value is estimated primarily using discounted expected future cash flows on a market-participant basis.

In 2023, no triggering events were noted related to our goodwill or indefinite-lived tradenames. However, we did note a triggering event requiring assessment of impairment for certain of our long-lived assets due to a restructuring action, resulting in a $4.6 million impairment charge included within restructuring charges. See Note 12, "Restructuring Charges," for additional information.

In 2022, we concluded we had triggering events requiring assessment of impairment for certain of our long-lived assets due to the impairment of certain indefinite-lived tradenames, as well as specific restructuring actions announced in 2022. We performed quantitative impairment analyses during the year and determined there were no impairments of long-lived assets through December 25, 2022.

Leases Operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of our lease contracts do not provide an explicit interest rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of future lease payments. Our incremental borrowing rates include estimates related to the impact of collateralization and the economic environment where the leased asset is located. The operating lease assets also include any prepaid lease payments and initial direct costs incurred, but exclude lease incentives received at lease commencement. Our lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 32 years, some of which may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We do not recognize leases with an initial term of twelve months or less on the balance sheet and instead recognize the related lease payments as expense in the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all asset classes. Additionally, for certain equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach and account for multiple lease components as a single lease component.

Certain lease agreements include variable rental payments, including rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. Variable rental payments are expensed during the period they are incurred and therefore are excluded from our lease assets and liabilities. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets We account for goodwill and other intangible assets in accordance with the provisions of ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other, and account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the entities acquired are recorded at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date.

Goodwill

Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter and written down when impaired. An interim impairment test is performed if an event occurs or conditions change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below the carrying value.

To evaluate the recoverability of goodwill, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, margin, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that goodwill for a reporting unit is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test using a weighting of the income and market approaches. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. Assessing qualitative factors during both 2023 and 2022 would not have resulted in us performing a quantitative impairment test. In both 2023 and 2022, we elected to bypass the qualitative testing and performed quantitative tests for all goodwill.

For the income approach, we use a discounted cash flow model, estimating the future cash flows of the reporting units to which the goodwill relates and then discounting the future cash flows at a market-participant-derived discount rate based on the weighted-average cost of capital. In determining the estimated future cash flows, we consider current and projected future levels of income based on management’s plans for that business; business trends, prospects and market and economic conditions; and market-participant considerations. For the market approach, we apply market multiples for peer groups to the current operating results of the reporting units to determine the reporting unit’s fair value. The Company’s reporting units are operating segments, or one level below operating segments when appropriate. When the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we measure and recognize the amount of the goodwill impairment loss based on that difference.

The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value for goodwill impairment testing include the following: third-party market forecasts of U.S. new home starts and home repair and remodel spending; management’s sales, operating income and cash flow forecasts; peer company EBITDA earnings multiples; the market-participant-based discount rate; and the perpetuity growth rate. Our estimates of reporting unit fair values are based on certain assumptions that may differ from our historical and future actual operating performance. Specifically, assumptions related to growth in the new construction and repair and remodel segments of the U.S. home products markets drive our forecasted sales growth. The market forecasts are developed using independent third-party forecasts from multiple sources. In addition, estimated future operating income and cash flow consider our historical performance at similar levels of sales volume and management’s future operating plans as reflected in annual and long-term plans that are reviewed and approved by management. As a result of the annual impairment assessments performed for 2023, 2022 and 2021, there were no goodwill impairments.

Certain of our tradenames have been assigned an indefinite life as we currently anticipate that these tradenames will contribute cash flows to the Company indefinitely. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but are evaluated at least annually to determine whether the indefinite useful life is appropriate. We measure the fair value of identifiable intangible assets upon acquisition and we review for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever market or business events indicate there may be a potential impairment of that intangible. Impairment losses are recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value. The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value for indefinite-lived intangible assets upon acquisition and subsequent impairment testing are the market-participant discount rates based on the weighted-average cost of capital; forecasted revenue growth rates; and the assumed royalty rates.

The market-participant discount rate used in estimating the fair value of future cash flows is dependent on comparable company prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions, as well as broader market assumptions, such as U.S. treasury rates. Our cash flow projections used to assess impairment of our goodwill and other intangible assets are significantly influenced by our projection for the U.S. home products market, our annual operating plans finalized in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, and our ability to execute on various planned cost reduction initiatives supporting operating income improvements. Our projection for the U.S. home products market is inherently uncertain and is subject to a number of factors, such as employment, home prices, interest rates, credit availability, new home starts and the rate of home foreclosures.

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that an intangible asset is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. In both 2023 and 2022, we elected to bypass the qualitative testing and tested all of our indefinite-lived tradenames quantitatively.

We measure fair value of our indefinite-lived tradenames using the relief-from-royalty approach which estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the brand name to a third party over the remaining useful life. The determination of fair value using this technique requires the use of estimates and assumptions related to forecasted revenue growth rates, the assumed royalty rates and the market-participant discount rates. During both our 2023 and 2022 annual impairment tests, we elected to quantitatively test all of our indefinite-lived tradenames. During our 2021 annual impairment test, of our $231.8 million indefinite lived tradenames, we tested $180.7 million quantitatively, and the remainder was assessed using qualitative factors. We recognized impairment charges, which are classified as “Asset impairment charges” on our consolidated statements of income, related to certain indefinite-lived tradenames of $46.4 million in 2022. We did not recognize any impairment charges related to indefinite-lived intangible assets in either fiscal 2023 or 2021. See Note 8, "Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets," for additional information.

Events or circumstances that could have a potential negative effect on the estimated fair value of our reporting units and indefinite-lived tradenames include: increases in discount rates, lower than forecasted revenues, actual new construction and repair and remodel growth rates that fall below our assumptions, actions of key customers, continued economic uncertainty, higher levels of unemployment, weak consumer confidence, lower levels of discretionary consumer spending, a decrease in royalty rates and decline in the trading price of our common stock. We cannot predict the occurrence of certain events or changes in circumstances that might adversely affect the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets.

Derivative Financial Instruments In accordance with ASC requirements for derivatives and hedging, we recognize all derivative contracts as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet, and the measurement of those instruments is at fair value.

•Derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges - The changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument are reported in other comprehensive income and are recognized in the consolidated statements of income when the hedged item affects earnings. In all periods presented, the recognized gain or loss on the derivative instrument, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item, are recognized in cost of products sold on the consolidated statements of income.

•Derivative instruments that are designated as fair value hedges - The gain or loss on the derivative instrument, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item, are recognized in other expense, net on the consolidated statements of income.

•Derivative instruments that are designated as net investment hedges - The changes in fair value of the derivative instrument are recognized in the consolidated statements of income when realized upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of the investment in the foreign entity.

Restructuring Actions Restructuring actions generally include significant actions involving employee-related severance charges, contract termination costs, and impairment or accelerated depreciation or amortization of assets associated with such actions. Employee-related severance charges are largely based upon distributed employment policies and substantive severance plans. These charges are reflected in the quarter when the actions are probable and the amounts are estimable, which typically is when management approves the associated actions. Severance amounts for which affected employees in certain circumstances are required to render service in order to receive benefits at their termination dates are measured at the date such benefits are communicated to the applicable employees and recognized as expense over the employees’ remaining service periods. Contract termination and other charges primarily reflect costs to terminate a contract before the end of its term (measured at fair value at the time the Company provided notice to the counterparty) or costs that will continue to be incurred under the contract for its remaining term without economic benefit to the Company.

Pension and Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions We have a pension plan in the United States covering many of the Company’s associates. However, the plan has been frozen to new participants and benefit accruals were frozen for active participants on or before December 31, 2016. During 2023, the Board of Directors of MasterBrand, Inc. approved a plan to terminate the defined benefit pension plan. The termination and settlement process, which preserves retirement benefits due to participants but changes the ultimate payor of such benefits, is expected to take up to 24 months to complete, subject to receipt of customary regulatory approvals. During 2024, the Company expects to offer a lump-sum benefit payout option to certain plan participants. During 2025, we expect to complete the purchase of group annuity contracts that will transfer any remaining pension benefit obligation to an insurance company. In addition, the Company provides postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to certain retirees.

We record amounts relating to these plans based on calculations in accordance with ASC requirements for Compensation—Retirement Benefits, which include various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, assumed rates of return, turnover and mortality rates and health care cost trend rates. Actuarial gains or losses related to these assumptions represent the difference between actual and actuarially assumed experience. We recognize changes in the fair value of pension plan assets and net actuarial gains or losses in other expense, net to the extent they are in excess of 10 percent of the greater of the fair value of pension plan assets or each plan’s projected benefit obligation for each plan (the “corridor”) in earnings immediately upon remeasurement, which is at least annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current economic conditions and trends. The discount rate used to measure obligations is based on a spot-rate yield curve on a plan-by-plan basis that matches projected future benefit payments with the appropriate interest rate applicable to the timing of the projected future benefit payments. The expected rate of return on plan assets is determined based on the nature of the plans’ investments, our current asset allocation and our expectations for long-term rates of return. For postretirement benefits, our health care trend rate assumptions are based on historical cost increases and expectations for long-term increases. The cost or benefit of plan changes, such as increasing or decreasing benefits for prior associate service (prior service cost), is deferred and included in expense on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of the related associates. We believe that the assumptions utilized in recording obligations under our plans, which are presented in Note 14, "Pension and Other Postretirement Plans," are reasonable based on our experience and on advice from our independent actuaries; however, differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions may materially affect our financial position and results of operations. We will continue to monitor these assumptions as market conditions warrant.

Insurance Reserves We provide for expenses associated with workers’ compensation and product liability obligations when such amounts are probable and can be reasonably estimated. The accruals are adjusted as new information develops or circumstances change that would affect the estimated liability.

Litigation Contingencies Our business is subject to risks related to threatened or pending litigation and we are routinely defendants in lawsuits associated with the normal conduct of business. Liabilities and costs associated with litigation-related loss contingencies require estimates and judgments based on our knowledge of the facts and circumstances surrounding each matter and the advice of our legal counsel. We record liabilities for litigation-related losses when a loss is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss in accordance with ASC Topic 450, Contingencies. We evaluate the measurement of recorded liabilities each reporting period based on the then-current facts and circumstances specific to each matter. The ultimate losses incurred upon final resolution of litigation-related loss contingencies may differ materially from the estimated liability recorded at any particular balance sheet date. Changes in estimates are recorded in earnings in the period in which such changes occur.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss refers to gains and losses that under GAAP are included in comprehensive income but are excluded from net earnings as these amounts are recorded directly as an adjustment to equity.

Accounting Standards Issued and Adopted

There are no recently issued accounting pronouncements that we have adopted that had a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Accounting Standards Issued, But Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures," which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses, allowing financial statement users to better understand the components of a segment's profit or loss to assess potential future cash flows for each reportable segment and the entity as a whole. The amendments expand a public entity's segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), clarifying when an entity may report one or more additional measures to assess segment performance, requiring enhanced interim disclosures, providing new disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and requiring other new disclosures. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures," which is intended to enhance the transparency, decision usefulness and effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in this ASU require a public entity to disclose a tabular tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and currency, with specific categories. A public entity is also required to provide a qualitative description of the states and local jurisdictions that make up the majority of the effect of the state and local income tax category and the net amount of income taxes paid, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and also disaggregated by individual jurisdictions. The amendments also remove certain disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial. The amendments are effective prospectively for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

Our principal performance obligations are the sale of high quality stock, semi-custom and premium cabinetry, as well as vanities, for the kitchen, bath and other parts of the home (collectively, “goods” or “products”). We recognize revenue for the sale of goods based on our assessment of when control transfers to our customers, which generally occurs upon shipment or delivery of the products. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods to our customers. Payment terms on our product sales normally range from 30 to 90 days. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that we collect are excluded from revenue. The expected costs associated with our contractual warranties are recognized as expense when the products are sold. See Note 16, "Contingencies and Accrued Losses," for further discussion.

We record estimates to reduce revenue for customer programs and incentives, which are considered variable consideration, and include price discounts, volume-based incentives, promotions and cooperative advertising when revenue is recognized in order to determine the amount of consideration the Company will ultimately be entitled to receive. These estimates are based on historical and projected experience for each type of customer. In addition, for certain customer program incentives, we receive an identifiable benefit (goods or services) in exchange for the consideration given and record the associated expenditure in selling, general and administrative expenses. We account for shipping and handling costs that occur after the customer has obtained control of a product as a fulfillment activity (i.e., as an expense) rather than as a promised service (i.e., as a revenue element). These costs are classified within selling, general and administrative expenses.

Settlement of our outstanding accounts receivable balances normally occurs within 30 to 90 days of the original sale transaction date. Obligations arise for us from customer rights to return our goods, including among others, product obsolescence, stock rotations, trade-in agreements for newer products and upon termination of a customer contract. We estimate future product returns at the time of sale based on historical experience and record a corresponding refund obligation, which amounted to $2.1 million and $3.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022, respectively. Refund obligations are classified within other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. Return assets related to the refund obligation are measured at the carrying amount of the goods at the time of sale, less any expected costs to recover the goods and any expected reduction in value.

Net sales to two of the Company’s customers, Lowe’s and The Home Depot each accounted for greater than 10 percent of the Company’s net sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021. Net sales to Lowe’s were 21 percent, 20 percent and 18 percent of net sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Net sales to The Home Depot were 16 percent, 17 percent, and 18 percent of net sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into (i) major sales distribution channels and (ii) total sales to customers by shipping location, as these categories depict the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows that are affected by economic factors. The following table disaggregates our consolidated revenue by major sales distribution channels and by shipping location for 2023, 2022 and 2021.

a)Net sales by channel presented in fiscal 2022 and 2021 have been reclassified to conform with the new format of this table, which is intended to provide a consolidated view of our net sales by channel and shipping location. Prior to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, net sales by channel was presented for our domestic sales only.

b)Represents sales to domestic dealers whose end customers include builders, professional trades and home remodelers, inclusive of sales through our dealers’ respective internet website portals.

c)Represents sales to domestic “Do-It-Yourself” retailers, including our two largest customers: 1) Lowe’s and 2) The Home Depot, inclusive of sales through their respective internet website portals.

d)Represents sales directly to builders.

Incremental costs of obtaining a contract include only those costs the Company incurs that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been obtained. These costs are required to be recognized as assets and amortized over the period that the related goods or services transfer to the customer. As a practical expedient, we expense as incurred costs to obtain a contract when the expected amortization period is one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Our primary allowance for credit losses is the allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts reduces the trade accounts receivable balance to the estimated net realizable value that is expected to be collected. The allowance is based on assessments of current creditworthiness of customers, historical collection experience, the aging of receivables and other currently available evidence. Trade accounts receivable balances are written-off against the allowance if a final determination of uncollectibility is made. All provisions for allowances for doubtful collection of accounts are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The following table summarizes the activity for the allowance for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 25, 2022:

The components of other expense, net for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 25, 2022 and December 26, 2021 were as follows: