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(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No  ☒

Note: Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No  ☒

As of June 30, 2024 (the last business day of the registrant’s second fiscal quarter), the registrant's aggregate market value of its voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates was $2,236,347,924.

As of February 20, 2025, there were 68,152,042 shares of Class A common stock outstanding and 49,440,870 shares of Class B common stock outstanding.

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

We have made statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including matters discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors, Item 3. Legal Proceedings, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and in other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, that are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue,” the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us, may include projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth strategies and anticipated trends in our business. These statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and projections about future events. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including those factors discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. We are under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to conform our prior statements to actual results or revised expectations.

The following terms have the following meanings throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K unless the context indicates or requires otherwise:

The Baldwin Insurance Group, Inc. is a holding company and sole managing member of The Baldwin Insurance Group Holdings, LLC (formerly Baldwin Risk Partners, LLC) (“Baldwin Holdings”) and its sole material asset is its ownership interest in Baldwin Holdings, through which all of our business is conducted. In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context otherwise requires, the words “Baldwin,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to The Baldwin Insurance Group, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, including Baldwin Holdings and its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliates.

Baldwin is an independent insurance distribution firm providing indispensable expertise and insights that strive to give our clients the confidence to pursue their purpose, passion and dreams. As a team of dedicated entrepreneurs and insurance professionals, we have come together to help protect the possible for our clients. We do this by delivering bespoke client solutions, services, and innovation through our comprehensive and tailored approach to risk management, insurance, and employee benefits. We support our clients, colleagues, insurance company partners and communities through the deployment of vanguard resources and capital to drive our organic and inorganic growth. When we consistently execute for these key stakeholders, we believe that the outcome is an increase in value for our fifth stakeholder, our stockholders. We are innovating the industry by taking a holistic and tailored approach to risk management, insurance and employee benefits. Our growth plan includes continuing to recruit, train and develop industry leading talent, continuing to add geographic representation, insurance product expertise and end-client industry expertise via our partnership strategy, and continuing to build out our MGA platform (“MSI”), which delivers proprietary, technology-enabled insurance solutions to our internal risk advisors as well as to a growing channel of external distribution partners. We are a destination employer supported by an award-winning culture, powered by exceptional people and fueled by industry-leading growth and innovation.

We represent over three million clients across the United States and internationally. Our 4,000 plus colleagues include over 700 risk advisors, who are fiercely independent, relentlessly competitive and “insurance geeks.” We have approximately 110 offices in 24 states, all of which are equipped to provide diversified products and services to empower our clients at every stage through our three operating groups.

In 2011, we adopted the “Azimuth” as our corporate and cultural constitution. Named after a historical navigation tool used to find “true north,” the Azimuth asserts our core values, business basics and stakeholder promises. The ideals encompassed by the Azimuth support our mission to deliver indispensable, tailored insurance and risk management insights and solutions to our clients. We strive to be regarded as the preeminent insurance advisory firm—fueled by relationships, powered by people and exemplified by client adoption and loyalty. This type of environment is upheld by the distinct vernacular we use to describe our services and culture. We are a firm, instead of an agency; we have colleagues, instead of employees; and we have risk advisors, instead of producers/agents. We serve clients instead of customers and we refer to our strategic acquisitions as partnerships. We refer to insurance brokerages that we have acquired, or in the case of asset acquisitions, the producers, as partners.

Our core products include commercial property and casualty insurance, employee benefits insurance, personal lines insurance, wealth management and retirement services, and Medicare. As a distributor of these products, we compete on the basis of reputation, client service, industry insights and know-how, product offerings, ability to tailor our services to the specific needs of a client and, to a lesser extent, price of our services. In the United States, our industry is comprised of large, global participants, such as those described in the section titled “Competition” below. The remainder of our industry is highly fragmented and comprised of over 30,000 regional and community participants that vary significantly in size and scope.

Despite the recent consolidation in the insurance brokerage industry, the industry remains highly fragmented, and the number of independent agencies has remained roughly constant since 2006. The fragmented industry landscape presents us with the opportunity to continue acquiring high-quality partners.

Commission revenues are generally based on a percentage of the premiums paid by insureds and normally follow premium levels. Insurance premiums are cyclical in nature and may vary widely based on market conditions. Various factors, including competition for market share among underwriting enterprises, increased underwriting capacity and improved economies of scale following consolidations, can result in flat or reduced property/casualty premium rates (a “soft” market). A soft market tends to put downward pressure on commission revenues. Various countervailing factors, such as greater than anticipated loss experience, unexpected loss exposure and capital shortages, can result in increasing property/casualty premium rates (a “hard” market). A hard market tends to favorably impact commission revenues. Hard and soft markets may be broad-based or more narrowly focused across individual product lines or geographic areas. As markets harden, buyers of insurance (such as our brokerage clients), have historically tried to mitigate premium increases and the higher commissions these premiums generate, including by raising their deductibles and/or reducing the overall amount of insurance coverage they purchase. As the market softens, or costs decrease, these trends have historically reversed. During a hard market, buyers may switch to negotiated fee in lieu of commission arrangements to compensate us for placing their risks, or may consider the alternative insurance market, which includes self-insurance, captives, rent-a-captives, risk retention groups and capital market solutions to transfer risk.

Commercial property and casualty brokers provide businesses with access to property, professional liability, workers’ compensation, management liability, commercial auto insurance products as well as risk-management services. In addition to negotiating competitive policy terms on behalf of clients, insurance brokers also serve as a distribution channel for insurers and often perform much of the administrative functions. Insurance brokers generate revenues through commissions, calculated as a percentage of total insurance premium, and through fees for management and consulting services. We have relationships with leading commercial writers, as well as regional insurers who have a presence in our target markets. We conduct commercial property and casualty business within all of our operating groups, which includes manufacturing our own proprietary products and captive solutions within our Underwriting, Capacity & Technology Solutions operating group. Current MGA products include commercial umbrella, commercial property, general liability and management liability, with several additional commercial lines products in our existing product pipeline.

Employee benefit advisors provide businesses and their employees with access to individual and group medical, dental, life and disability coverage. In addition to functioning as distributors, employee benefits brokers also provide assistance with benefit plan design. Employee benefits brokers’ capabilities often enable middle-market businesses to fully outsource their employee benefits program design, management and administration without committing internal resources or investing substantial capital in systems. Employee benefit advisors generate revenues through commissions and fees for management and consulting services. In recent years, as a result of the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”), healthcare has become increasingly more complex, and the demand has grown for sophisticated employee benefits consultants. We expect this trend to continue and believe we remain well positioned as a result of our consistent investment in our employee benefits capabilities. We conduct employee benefits business within our Insurance Advisory Solutions and Mainstreet Insurance Solutions operating groups.

Personal lines brokers provide individual consumers with access to home, auto, umbrella and recreational insurance products. Similar to commercial lines agents, personal lines insurance agents generate revenues through commissions and fees for management and consulting services. In addition to negotiating competitive policy terms on behalf of clients, insurance brokers also serve as a distribution channel for insurers and often perform much of the administrative functions. We conduct personal lines business within all of our operating groups. We believe that embedded distribution will play a meaningful role in the future of personal lines—to that end, we have made deep investments in technology to enable our long-term vision of creating a one-stop, digital distribution platform for advisors, consumers and businesses alike. We believe our retail agency model, embedded technology, national distribution capabilities and ability to build proprietary products in our MSI platform uniquely position us to execute on this strategy.

Wealth management and retirement services is comprised of financial solutions for small and mid-sized businesses and certain individuals. Our specialties include risk management, employee benefits, and retirement plan consulting. We advise on corporate retirement plans and executive benefits focused on employee retention and engagement. We also provide comprehensive financial planning and wealth management services to high-net-worth individuals and families. Wealth management services can include investment advisory services, tax and financial planning, and other services. We conduct wealth management and retirement services within our Insurance Advisory Solutions operating group.

In the U.S., Medicare provides health insurance to retirees, who by definition lack coverage via an employer sponsored healthcare program. U.S. citizens typically become eligible for Medicare upon turning 65 years old. The Medicare market is split between the Original Medicare Plan, a fee-for-service plan managed by the federal government which represents approximately two-thirds of the market, and Medicare Advantage, a rapidly growing private Medicare option representing approximately one-third of the market. Medicare advisors within our Mainstreet Insurance Solutions operating group assist in determining optimal coverage and healthcare/doctor access based on an individual’s healthcare needs and spending limitations.

We believe our business strategy is centered around using the results of outstanding service to clients to reinvest the vast majority of retained earnings into future growth, which we believe over time produces better and more sustainable results for all of our stakeholders, including our clients, colleagues, insurance company partners, the communities in which we work and live, and our stockholders. For our clients, our growth affords us the ability to provide better advice and an expanded and more cost-effective suite of insurance solutions. For our colleagues, our growth provides expanded career and development opportunities. For our insurance company partners, our growth facilitates expanded access to a more diversified universe of clients and more distributed pools of risk. For our communities, our growth facilitates enhanced economic contribution, and the ability of our colleagues to make charitable impacts. And for our stockholders, we believe that revenue growth, along with margin accretion over time, will generate significant adjusted free cash flow and growth in firm value.

We have taken, and will continue to take, a two-pronged approach to growing our business, which includes investing meaningfully into our existing businesses to drive organic growth, and to drive inorganic growth via our partnership strategy.

Over time, our organic growth will be driven primarily by our ability to continue to win new business, our ability to offer and advise on a broader array of insurance solutions in an increasingly larger geographic footprint, and to capture an increasingly larger portion of the economics associated with the sale of insurance. To achieve this, we have invested heavily in our sales leadership infrastructure and recruitment of sales talent, technology talent and solutions to better deliver insurance insights and solutions to our risk advisors and clients. In our MSI platform, we continue to deliver proprietary and technology-enabled insurance solutions that provide our risk advisors and select external distribution partners speed, ease of use, and certainty of execution, while also delivering Baldwin an enhanced share of the economics associated with the underlying insurance transaction. Factors contributing to our organic growth include net new business growth, fees, rate increases, retention, exposure unit growth, and contingent commissions. Contributions to organic revenue growth from recent partnerships begins after we have owned the partner firm for 12 months.

We did not execute any partnerships during 2024 and we continue to anticipate relatively little partnership activity in 2025. Though partnerships have contributed meaningful inorganic growth to Baldwin and we expect them to contribute to our long-term growth strategy, we anticipate they will be episodic in nature going forward. Adding new colleagues through partnerships can significantly bolster our geographic footprint, product expertise, and end-client industry expertise, while adding incremental industry-leading talent to our organization. We are uniquely focused on the industry’s best and fastest growing independent firms, and we believe we offer a truly differentiated value proposition to prospective partners relative to our more mature and/or private equity-backed peers, which includes retained business decision-making autonomy, leadership opportunities for new partners and an environment focused on entrepreneurialism and the continued growth of our partners’ businesses. We believe our success attracting high quality partners has validated our differentiated value proposition—we have consummated partnerships with 35 firms since the beginning of 2020, for a total of $538.7 million of Acquired Revenue, which includes eight “Top 100” firms since 2020, more than any other peer in our industry. We also have a highly systematic and regimented integration process for all new partners, which balances ensuring proper operational, financial and accounting, and technology and cybersecurity controls with business decision-making autonomy and impact on new colleagues.

We continue to make the investments designed to better service our clients and establish a competitive advantage in the industry. Ongoing investments to date focused on, but are not limited to, the continued buildout of our MSI platform, the continued buildout of our tech-enabled homeowners efforts (both in MSI and in our Mainstreet Insurance Solutions business), enterprise-wide technology initiatives, the exploration of potential alternative capacity solutions, and the continued hiring of risk advisors and sales leadership infrastructure in our Insurance Advisory Solutions and Mainstreet Insurance Solutions operating groups.

Effective January 1, 2024, the Company’s FounderShield Partner moved from the Underwriting, Capacity & Technology Solutions operating group to the Insurance Advisory Solutions operating group. Prior year segment reporting information has been recast to conform to the current organizational structure.

IAS provides expertly-designed commercial risk management, employee benefits and private risk management solutions for businesses and high-net-worth individuals, as well as their families. Risk management solutions typically involve the sale of a wide variety of both commercial and personal lines insurance products that mitigate risks for firms and individuals. Employee benefits solutions can include health plans, dental plans, and retirement accounts for firms and their employees. We are privileged to have partnered with some of the highest quality independent insurance brokers across the country with vast and varied strategic capabilities and expertise. We have been intentional in recognizing and elevating this talent across the organization to build world class industry-focused practice groups and product Centers of Excellence that can be leveraged by the entire firm.

UCTS consists of three distinct businesses—MSI, our reinsurance brokerage business, Juniper Re, and our captive management business. Through MSI, we manufacture proprietary, technology-enabled insurance products that are then distributed (in many instances via technology and/or API integrations) internally via our risk advisors across our other operating groups and externally via select distribution partners, with a focus on sheltered channels where our products deliver speed, ease of use and certainty of execution. An example of this is our national embedded renters insurance product sold at point of lease via integrations with property management software providers. As a prominent growth driver for the Company, we have invested heavily in the expansion of our MGA product suite, which is now comprised of more than 20 products across commercial, personal and professional lines. In 2024, we made a significant investment in the development of new middle market oriented commercial lines products, which will go live in the first half of 2025. UCTS’ Wholesale Business was sold in the first quarter of 2024 and its operations are included in our results through the end of February 2024.

In January of 2025, we received final approval and a Certificate of Authority from the Texas Department of insurance to form a Texas-domiciled reciprocal insurance exchange (the “Reciprocal”), for which we intend to serve as and own the Attorney-in-Fact (“AIF”). We are in the process of finalizing a third-party led capitalization of the Reciprocal, ahead of beginning to write business into the Reciprocal two to three months thereafter. Based on how we intend to structure the Reciprocal, we do not expect to consolidate the Reciprocal's financial results, but the AIF entity will be a subsidiary in our UCTS operating group.

MIS offers personal insurance, commercial insurance and life and health solutions to individuals and businesses in their communities, with a focus on accessing clients via sheltered distribution channels, which include, but are not limited to, new home builders, realtors, mortgage originators/lenders, master planned communities, and various other community centers of influence. We have invested deeply in talent, technology and capabilities across MIS, including in Westwood's homeowners solutions that are embedded in many of the top home builders in the U.S., the national expansion of our distribution footprint through our National Mortgage and Real Estate Channel, and enhanced digital capabilities focused on improving the risk advisor and client experience. Mainstreet Insurance Solutions also offers consultation for government assistance programs and solutions, including traditional Medicare, Medicare Advantage and Affordable Care Act, to seniors and eligible individuals through a network of primarily independent contractor agents.

The business of providing insurance products and services is highly competitive. We compete for clients on the basis of reputation, client service, program and product offerings, and our ability to tailor products and services to meet the specific needs of a client. We actively compete with numerous integrated financial services organizations as well as insurance companies and brokers, producer groups, individual insurance agents, investment management firms, independent financial planners and broker-dealers, including public participants, such as Aon plc, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., Willis Towers Watson plc, Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. and Brown & Brown Inc.; private company participants, such as Hub International Limited and USI, Inc.; and in our personal lines business, Goosehead Insurance, Inc. and The Woodlands Financial Group.

Our clients are highly diversified and include individuals, professionals, businesses, including those in niche industries, and specialty insurers. No material part of our business depends upon a single client or on a few clients. The loss of any one client would not have a material adverse effect on our operations. In 2024, our largest single client represented less than 1% of our core commissions and fees.

We have relationships with a significant number of insurance company partners who contribute to the commissions and fees we generate. While we do not have a dependency on any one insurance company partner, we derive a significant portion of our core commissions and fees from a limited number of insurance company partners. In 2024, two insurance company partners accounted for an aggregate of approximately 19% of our core commissions and fees.

Baldwin is an independent colleague-centric insurance solutions firm fueled by relationships, powered by people, and exemplified by our ability to cultivate teams with deep expertise to perpetuate a winning culture and drive our high-performing team dynamic to deliver the best of our firm to clients. Our success continues to be driven by our greatest asset, our talented team of colleagues, each of which plays a crucial role in helping us achieve our firm goals. We attract colleagues who share our passion for excellence and working collaboratively to harness the tremendous power in the collective expertise of our firm. Our colleagues are inspired by and deeply committed to the Best Team Wins approach outlined in our cultural guide, The Azimuth.

As of December 31, 2024, we had over 4,000 colleagues, the vast majority of whom are full-time. There were 4,052 full-time colleagues (98% of total colleague population) and 64 part-time colleagues. The firm also partners with over 5,400 independent contracted agents, primarily supporting our Medicare business.

Baldwin is a place for colleagues to build a career, not just have a job, and we believe every colleague should feel a sense of ownership in the firm. To promote that connection, we grant all newly-hired colleagues shares of Baldwin common stock.

We highly value the powerful and innovative results that come from seeking and weighing a broad range of perspectives and we strive to hire and promote talent that brings wide ranging diversity of thought, background, and experience.

•More than half of our executive leadership team joined Baldwin from other industries, bringing unique background and thoughtful insight on our continued best path to success.

•As of December 31, 2024, women comprise 59% of our colleague population and 50% of our leadership positions.

•We benefit from a wide age range and experience level within the firm. We have a robust mix of entry-level and post-college colleagues. This balanced representation fosters our talent strategy of providing great mentoring and learning opportunities for our developing colleagues.

•Our talent acquisition team continues to proactively source and contact underrepresented candidates as part of our recruiting process for open roles. Importantly, we hire for competency, capability, and potential, while maintaining a competitive culture that values and rewards results.

Baldwin continues to focus on attracting and retaining the very best talent and creating an environment that is known to be a destination for top talent. We maintain a strong annual retention rate, which was 79% for 2024. Our commitment to rewarding our colleagues is evidenced by merit increases and bonuses we have continued to pay each year.

Part of how we operate and support each other as a “Best Team” as outlined in our Azimuth, is by operating with transparency and striving to make it easy for colleagues to know and trust each other striving to always do the right thing in an open and authentic way. We actively seek out our colleagues’ input through our formal and anonymous Baldwin Pulse Engagement survey, asking for feedback on a variety of topics including career path opportunities, trust in team and leadership, and feeling valued. The results of this annual pulse check are always shared with colleagues and leadership so thoughtful and meaningful improvements can be made to enhance engagement.

Another way we aim to create a sense of belonging for our colleagues is vigilant focus on remaining a destination employer for top talent. We are continuously recognized for our people-first approach, our commitment to a culture of continuous learning, and for providing a place where our colleagues learn, grow, and thrive.

•Baldwin continued to be Great Place to Work-Certified™ and once again ranked as a Fortune Best Workplaces in Financial Services and Insurance™ in 2024.

•We were also recognized by Top Workplaces USA as a 2024 nationally recognized employer for making the world a better place to work by prioritizing a people-centered culture and giving employees a voice.

We have a variety of ways we promote our culture, support our communities, and take care of each other within the Baldwin family.

•We promote our colleagues actively participating in community outreach by providing three days of Community Service PTO.

•Our IAS International Aid and Development Practice enables International Development Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations to operate safely and securely, to help the most vulnerable communities in some of the highest risk communities in the world.

•To help any qualifying colleague experiencing extraordinary hardship, we provide the Baldwin True North Colleague Fund (operated by America’s Charities, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization), to which colleagues can also contribute by making a donation. Baldwin has pledged up to $250,000 to the fund and is honored to provide an additional dollar-for-dollar match for colleague contributions up to another $250,000.

•We believe in having fun at work and celebrating our successes by promoting peer recognition at all levels of the firm through our “Give a Wow” compliment program. We share “Give a Wows” with colleagues during our quarterly Town Hall meetings.

At Baldwin, we care about our colleagues and their families from a holistic perspective and take great care in supporting them in meaningful ways. We believe that by taking care of our colleagues, we empower them to live their best lives—both professionally and personally. To that end, we offer a comprehensive benefits package designed to enhance overall well-being. Our offerings include:

•Health & Wellness: Comprehensive medical coverage, mental health services, and an Employee Assistance Program (EAP)

•Retirement Savings: A competitive 401(k) plan with employer matching, aiding colleagues in future planning

•Flexible Time Off: Paid sick leave, recognition of 11 national holidays, and a Summer Friday Initiative providing half-days off during the summer season

•Parental & Family Support: Adoption Assistance Program and parental leave after one year of service

•Financial & Legal Guidance: Expert referral services for financial and legal planning

•Wellness & Fitness: The Baldwin Vitality Wellness Program in partnership with AAPTIV for customizable fitness benefits

•Health Savings Accounts (HSA): An employer contribution of $600+ to mitigate medical costs.

To promote an environment where all colleagues can learn, grow, and thrive, we provide education and training on a variety of topics, including technical, professional, business development, client experience, leadership, and regulatory and compliance. Some examples of the ways we continued to support colleague growth and colleague development in 2024 are listed below.

•Expansion of our Azimuth Institute: The Azimuth Institute is our formal program to provide foundational and progressive training for all of our IAS client-facing roles in the areas of job skills, system training, insurance acumen, power skills, business development and leadership training for leaders. In 2024, we developed and implemented a new 12-16 week program for one of our key client experience leader roles.

•Enhancement of two of our core sales training programs:

◦SCORE is a 10-week intensive training for new and developing risk advisors within our IAS business, offered across multiple modalities.

◦SCORE PRO is a 2-day advanced sales development program for established risk advisors interested in taking their business development skills to the next level.

•Additional leadership training and resources to support our leaders, including:

◦Leadership Essentials: A leadership program designed to support newly hired and promoted leaders. These instructor-facilitated workshops provide new leaders with tools and resources to help guide and support their efforts in interviewing and hiring, communication, coaching, and influencing others.

◦The Baldwin Group Leader Playbook: A comprehensive on-demand resource that helps leaders model Azimuth values, develop themselves as coaches, hire and onboard top talent, and execute their roles with excellence.

•Strategic Partnerships to offer robust curriculum for our colleagues and support their capabilities for professional and self-development.

◦The Institutes: We’re proud to partner with the premier educational purveyor of technical acumen to the insurance industry, The Institutes. Through this partnership, we provide access to over 400 courses, certification programs, and insurance-related designations, all of which are easily accessible through an integration with our Baldwin learning management system.

◦LinkedIn Learning: Through LinkedIn Learning, colleagues have access to thousands of skill-building courses across a broad array of topics. Enhanced with AI coaching, role guides, and data driven insights, this partnership broadens and deepens the resources available to our colleagues.

◦Continuing Education: We support the licensing, continuing education, and professional development needs of our colleagues by providing access to a variety of technical training certifications and designations. Dedicated landing pages for WebCE and The Institutes make navigating ongoing education seamless and keeps our colleagues on the vanguard of industry changes.

We also promote colleague growth and development through an ongoing performance feedback model, including 90-day and 120-day check-ins for new colleagues, and a formal year-end performance check-in for all colleagues. Our performance feedback processes enable every colleague to have clear alignment with how we execute on our goals, maximize their performance potential, and drive their own development and growth through individual action plans.

We take very seriously our responsibility to operate with the highest level of integrity and foster an ethical environment for both our colleagues and clients. We have established numerous policies and procedures outlining our intention to live our values and do business in a responsible and ethical manner, including providing avenues for asking questions or reporting concerns about non-compliance. Many of these can be found publicly on our Company website at baldwin.com or our investor relations website at ir.baldwin.com. Documented policies and procedures include, but are not limited to:

•The Azimuth (our cultural and corporate constitution, available on our Company website);

•The Baldwin Equal Employment Opportunity Policy, Statement of Policy Concerning Harassment, Open Door Policy and internal formal employment complaint process;

•Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (available in the “Governance” section of our investor relations website);

•Whistleblower Policy, which governs reporting of concerns related to accounting, auditing and ethical violations (available in the “Governance” section of our investor relations website);

•Statement of Policy Concerning Trading in Company Securities, which prohibits colleagues from trading Baldwin securities while in possession of Material Non-Public Information (available in the “Governance” section of our investor relations website);

•Privacy Policy, which governs how we handle personal client information in a responsible manner (available at the bottom of our Company homepage);

•Transparency & Disclosure Statement, which sets forth our commitment to fair dealings with our clients (available at the bottom of our Company homepage); and

•Anti-Corruption Policy, which defines our commitment to adhere to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and avoid corrupt business practices (available in the “Governance” section of our investor relations website).

Our activities in connection with insurance brokerage services are subject to regulation and supervision by state regulatory authorities. State insurance laws are often complex and generally grant broad discretion to supervisory authorities in adopting regulations and supervising regulated activities, which generally includes the licensing of insurance brokers and agents, intermediaries and third-party administrators. Our continuing ability to provide insurance brokerage in the states in which we currently operate is dependent upon our compliance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the regulatory authorities in each of these states.

The health insurance industry is heavily regulated by the ACA, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) and state jurisdictions. Each jurisdiction has its own rules and regulations relating to the offer and sale of health insurance plans, typically administered by a department of insurance, department of financial services, or similar regulatory authority. We are required to maintain valid life or health agency or agent licenses in each jurisdiction in which we transact health insurance business.

Regulations and guidelines issued by CMS place a number of requirements on health insurance carriers and agents and brokers in connection with the marketing and sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. We are subject to similar requirements of state insurance departments with respect to our marketing and sale of Medicare Supplement plans. CMS and state insurance department regulations and guidelines include a number of prohibitions regarding the ability to contact Medicare-eligible individuals and place many restrictions on the marketing of Medicare-related plans. In addition, the laws and regulations applicable to the marketing and sale of Medicare-related plans are ambiguous, complex and, particularly with respect to regulations and guidance issued by CMS for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, change frequently.

We are subject to federal law and the laws of many states that require financial institutions to protect the security and confidentiality of certain sensitive client information, notify clients about their policies and practices relating to collection, disclosure and security of certain sensitive client information. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) and regulations adopted pursuant to HIPAA require us to maintain the privacy of protected health information that we collect on behalf of insurance company partners and employer-sponsored health plans, implement measures to safeguard such information and provide notification in the event of certain breaches in the privacy or confidentiality of such information. The use and disclosure of certain data that we collect from consumers is also regulated by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”) and state statutes implementing GLBA, which generally require brokers to provide clients with notice regarding how their non-public personal health and financial information is used and the opportunity to “opt out” of certain disclosures before sharing such information with a third party, and which generally require safeguards for the protection of personal information.

In addition, we currently operate in the U.K. and Bermuda and as we continue to expand internationally, the global nature of our operations increases the complexity and cost of compliance with laws and regulations which adds to our cost of doing business. Many of these laws and regulations may have differing or conflicting legal standards across jurisdictions, increasing further the complexity and cost of compliance. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Legal, Compliance and Regulatory Matters—Non-compliance with or changes in laws, regulations or licensing requirements applicable to us could restrict our ability to conduct our business and/or could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations."

In addition, our portfolio of companies includes several registered investment advisors (“RIAs”), each of which are federally registered with the SEC. Our portfolio includes a limited purpose broker dealer (“LPBD”), registered with the SEC, and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). These areas of our financial services business are also subject to rules formulated by the SEC under both the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “40 Act”) and the Exchange Act, as well as by state securities regulators under applicable state law. Through a combination of the SEC, FINRA, the 40 Act and the Exchange Act, our RIAs and the LPBD are heavily regulated in the areas of duties to clients, disclosures, communications, contracting, fee sharing, oversight and audit.

As a publicly-traded company, we are required to file certain reports, and are subject to various marketing restrictions, among other requirements, in connection with the Exchange Act and SEC regulations.

As an insurance distribution firm, our operations do not have a large environmental footprint or significant direct greenhouse gas emissions. However, we are committed to thoughtful stewardship of the environment and our resources while managing the impact on our business.

Through our strategic planning process and risk management framework, we identify and track a number of ways in which our industry, our clients, and our operations are being impacted by climate change issues today, or could be impacted by climate change issues in the medium-to-long-term. We take a number of actions to address relevant opportunities and risks.

•Evolving Client Solutions: Climate-related issues can have an impact on our clients in a number of ways, for which we can offer relevant risk management guidance.

•Promoting Client Safety: As a commitment to our clients’ safety and well-being, we provide resources and information to help prepare for and protect against severe weather events.

•Ensuring Operational Continuity: We recognize that workplace emergencies might result from extreme weather events, exacerbated by the impacts of climate change, including hurricanes, floods, tornados, and other natural or environmental disasters. In order to manage workplace emergencies, we have developed and implemented a company-wide Emergency Preparedness Plan, which describes the process by which we respond when a major event threatens to harm our organization, our stakeholders, or the general public. Critical elements of the Plan include assigned responsibilities, relevant operating procedures, crisis communication guidelines, and evacuation and recovery procedures.

Baldwin is a holding company and its sole material asset is a controlling ownership interest in Baldwin Holdings. Baldwin has engaged to date only in activities relating to Baldwin Holdings. All of our business is conducted through Baldwin Holdings and its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliates, and the financial results of Baldwin Holdings and its consolidated subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements of Baldwin.

Baldwin Holdings is currently taxed as a partnership for federal income tax purposes and, as a result, its members, including Baldwin, pay taxes with respect to their allocable shares of its net taxable income. We expect that redemptions and exchanges of LLC Units will result in increases in the tax basis in our share of the tangible and intangible assets of Baldwin Holdings that otherwise would not have been available. These increases in tax basis may reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. The Tax Receivable Agreement requires Baldwin to pay 85% of the amount of such cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that we actually realize to Baldwin Holdings’ applicable LLC Members that redeem and exchange LLC Units. Furthermore, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will give rise to additional tax benefits and therefore additional payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement itself.

We make available free of charge on our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. To access these filings, go to our investor relations website at ir.baldwin.com, click on “Financials” and then click on “SEC Filings.” We also make available other reports filed with or furnished to the SEC under the Exchange Act, including our proxy statements and reports filed by officers and directors under Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, as well as our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, our Insider Trading and Whistleblower Policies, and charters for our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, Technology and Cyber Risk Committee and Executive Committee. To access these filings, go to our investor relations website, click on “Governance” and then click on “Governance Overview.” In addition, our website may include disclosure relating to certain non-GAAP financial measures that we may make public orally, telephonically, by webcast, by broadcast or by similar means from time to time. The SEC also maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information filed electronically by us with the SEC, which are available at www.sec.gov.

We may use our website as a channel of distribution of material company information. Financial and other material information regarding the Company is routinely posted on and accessible through our website. Any information on our or the SEC's website or obtained through any such website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our Investor Relations Department can be contacted at ir@baldwin.com by going to our investor relations website, clicking on “Resources” and then “Contact IR,” or by telephone at (813) 259-8032.

Some of the factors that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects, include the following:

•We may not have sufficient cash flows from operating activities, cash on hand and available capital sources to service any indebtedness, pay contingent earnout liabilities, or finance other working capital needs, which could force us to sell assets, cease operations or take other detrimental actions for our business.

•We have debt outstanding that could adversely affect our financial flexibility and subjects us to restrictions and limitations that could significantly impact our ability to effectively operate our business.

•We may incur significant additional indebtedness, which may affect our ability to satisfy our obligations under the 2024 Credit Agreement and indenture governing our Senior Secured Notes.

•Downgrades in our credit ratings could increase future debt financing costs and limit the future availability of debt financing.

•Macroeconomic conditions, political events, other market conditions in the U.S. and around the world and a decline in economic activity could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

•Volatility or declines in premiums or other adverse trends in the insurance industry may seriously undermine our profitability.

•Because the commissions and fees we earn on the sale of certain insurance products is based on premiums and commission rates set by our insurance company partners, any decreases in these premiums or commission rates, or actions by our insurance company partners seeking repayment of commissions, could result in commissions and fees decreases or expenses to us.

•Quarterly and annual variations in our commissions that result from the timing of policy renewals and the net effect of new and lost business production may have unexpected effects on our results of operations.

•Conditions impacting our insurance company partners or other parties with whom we do business may impact us.

•If we are unable to apply technology effectively in driving value for our clients through technology-based solutions or gain internal efficiencies through the application of technology and related tools, our results of operations, client relationships, growth and compliance programs could be adversely affected.

•Competition in our industry is intense and, if we are unable to compete effectively, we may lose clients and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be negatively affected.

•Our inability to retain or hire qualified colleagues, as well as the loss of any of our executive officers or senior leaders, could negatively impact our reputation and/or ability to retain existing business and generate new business.

•The occurrence of natural or man-made disasters, health epidemics and pandemics, and associated governmental responses, could result in declines in business and increases in claims that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•Our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem could cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.

•Our ownership of one or more protected cells in certain captive insurance companies (and/or other ownership or participation in similar risk-bearing structures or facilities) will subject us to limited underwriting risk through such ownership and/or participation and may also subject us to limited claims expenses.

•If our ability to enroll individuals during enrollment periods is impeded, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

•Partnerships have been, and may in the future continue to be, important to our growth. We may not be able to successfully identify and acquire partners or integrate partners into our company, and we may become subject to certain liabilities assumed or incurred in connection with our partnerships that could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

•An impairment of goodwill could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

•In connection with the implementation of our corporate strategies, we face risks associated with the entry into new lines of business and the growth and development of these businesses.

•Our business had historically been highly concentrated in the Southeastern United States. While we still maintain a concentration in the Southeastern United States, our rapid growth has resulted in our having several regional concentrations of our business, such that adverse economic conditions, natural disasters, loss trends or regulatory changes in one of these regions could adversely affect our financial condition.

•We derive a significant portion of our commissions and fees from a limited number of our insurance company partners, the loss of which could result in additional expense and loss of market share.

•Our business may be harmed if we lose our relationships with insurance and reinsurance company partners, fail to maintain good relationships with insurance and reinsurance company partners, become dependent upon a limited number of insurance and reinsurance company partners or fail to develop new insurance and reinsurance company partner relationships.

•Our business, and therefore our results of operations and financial condition, may be adversely affected by conditions that result in reduced insurer and/or reinsurer capacity.

•We rely on third parties to perform key functions of our business operations, enabling our provision of services to our clients. These third parties may act in ways that could harm our business.

•We rely on a single vendor or a limited number of vendors to provide certain key products or services to us, and the inability of these key vendors to meet our needs could have a material adverse effect on our business.

•We have experienced significant growth in recent periods, and our recent growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth. As our costs increase, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve and, if achieved, maintain profitability.

•Certain of our results of operations and financial metrics may be difficult to predict as a result of seasonality.

•E&O claims against us, and other incidents, claims, risks, exposures and/or liabilities that require us to make claims against our insurance policies, may negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•Non-compliance with or changes in laws, regulations or licensing requirements applicable to us could restrict our ability to conduct our business and/or could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•Proposed tort reform legislation, if enacted, could decrease demand for casualty insurance, thereby reducing our commissions revenues.

•Our business depends on information processing systems. Data breaches or other security incidents with respect to our or our vendors’ information processing systems may hurt our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•We are a holding company with our principal asset being our 58% ownership interest in Baldwin Holdings, and our Pre-IPO LLC Members, whose interest in our business may be different from yours, have approval rights over certain transactions and actions taken by us or Baldwin Holdings.

•In certain circumstances, Baldwin Holdings will be required to make distributions to us and the other holders of LLC Units, and the distributions that Baldwin Holdings will be required to make may be substantial.

•We will be required to pay Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members and any other persons that become parties to the Tax Receivable Agreement for certain tax benefits we may receive, and the amounts we may pay could be significant.

As of December 31, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents were $148.1 million and we had $588.0 million of available borrowing capacity on the Revolving Facility under the 2024 Credit Agreement. We will continue to expend substantial cash resources for the foreseeable future for servicing our debt obligations and future earnout payment liabilities. Following the successful refinancing of our Term Loan B on January 10, 2025, borrowings under our 2024 Credit Agreement include $935.8 million under the Term Loan B bearing interest of 7.30%, maturing May 2031. There were no outstanding borrowings on the Revolving Facility, which has an expiration date of May 2029, however we had unused letters of credit issued under the Revolving Facility of $12.0 million. On May 24, 2024, we issued $600.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the 7.125% Senior Secured Notes due May 2031. In connection with certain prior partnerships and acquisitions of select books of business, we are required to pay contingent earnouts. Based on estimates of the partners’ future performance using financial projections for the earnout period, the aggregate estimated contingent earnout liabilities included on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2024 was $145.6 million, of which $4.7 million must be settled in cash and the remaining $140.8 million can be settled in cash or stock at our option. The undiscounted estimated contingent earnout obligation at December 31, 2024 was $185.2 million, of which $5.0 million must be settled in cash and the remaining $180.2 million can be settled in cash or stock at our option. The maximum estimated exposure to the contingent earnout liabilities was $268.8 million at December 31, 2024. There is no assurance that we will have sufficient cash flows from operating activities, cash on hand and available capital sources to service any indebtedness or pay contingent earnout liabilities when due, or finance other working capital needs, and failure to do so may result in a material adverse effect on our business, operations, and financial condition. Refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Contractual Obligations and Commitments for further discussion of our debt obligations and contingent earnout liabilities.

If our cash flows and capital resources are at any time insufficient to fund our obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital, restructure or refinance our indebtedness, or reduce or cease operations. There can be no assurance that additional capital or debt financing will be available to us at any time. Even if additional capital is available, we may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing on terms favorable to us. In the absence of such operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to reduce or curtail our operations.

As of December 31, 2024, we had total consolidated debt outstanding of approximately $1.44 billion, collateralized by substantially all of Baldwin Holdings' assets, including a pledge of all equity securities Baldwin Holdings holds in each of its subsidiaries. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we had debt servicing costs of $583.5 million, inclusive of $453.8 million in principal repayments and $111.4 million of interest payments.

The level of debt we have outstanding during any period could adversely affect our financial flexibility. We also bear risk at the time debt matures. Our ability to make interest and principal payments, to refinance our debt obligations and to fund our planned capital expenditures will depend on our ability to generate cash from operations. Our ability to generate cash from operations is, to a certain extent, subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control, such as a high interest rate environment. The need to service our indebtedness will also reduce our ability to use cash for other purposes, including earnouts, working capital, dividends to stockholders, acquisitions, capital expenditures, share repurchases and general corporate purposes. If we cannot service our indebtedness, we may have to take actions such as selling assets, raising additional equity or reducing or delaying capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions and investments, any of which could impede the implementation of our business strategy or prevent us from entering into transactions that would otherwise benefit our business. Additionally, we may not be able to effect such actions, if necessary, on favorable terms, or at all. We may not be able to refinance any of our indebtedness on favorable terms, or at all.

The 2024 Credit Agreement and indenture governing the Senior Secured Notes contain covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to make certain restricted payments, incur additional debt, engage in certain asset sales, mergers, acquisitions or similar transactions, create liens on assets, engage in certain transactions with affiliates, change our business or make certain investments and require us to comply with certain financial covenants. The restrictions in the 2024 Credit Agreement and indenture governing the Senior Secured Notes may prevent us from taking actions that we believe would be in the best interest of our business and our stockholders and may make it difficult for us to execute our business strategy successfully or effectively compete with companies that are not similarly restricted. We may also incur future debt obligations that might subject us to additional or more restrictive covenants that could affect our financial and operational flexibility, including our ability to pay dividends. We cannot make any assurances that we will be able to refinance our debt or obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us, or at all. A failure to comply with the restrictions under the 2024 Credit Agreement and/or indenture governing the Senior Secured Notes could result in a default under the financing obligations or could require us to obtain waivers from our lenders for failure to comply with these restrictions. The occurrence of a default that remains uncured or the inability to secure a necessary consent or waiver could cause our obligations with respect to our debt to be accelerated and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Under the terms of the 2024 Credit Agreement and indenture governing the Senior Secured Notes, we may be able to incur significant additional indebtedness, including secured indebtedness, in the future. This could require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, reduce the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital and capital expenditures and execute on our partnership strategy, expose us to the risk of increased interest rates and increase our vulnerability to adverse economic or industry conditions. If new indebtedness is added to our current indebtedness levels, the related risks that we face could be increased, and we may not be able to meet all of our debt obligations. Furthermore, the terms of any future indebtedness we may incur could include more restrictive covenants, which could affect our financial and operational flexibility, including our ability to pay dividends.

The major rating agencies routinely evaluate our credit profile and assign credit ratings to us. If we need to raise capital in the future (for example, in order to maintain adequate liquidity, fund maturing debt obligations or finance acquisitions or other initiatives), credit rating downgrades would increase our financing costs, and could limit our access to financing sources. We may also face the risk of a credit rating downgrade if we do not retire or refinance the debt to levels acceptable to the credit rating agencies in a timely manner.

Macroeconomic conditions, political events and other market conditions in the U.S. and around the world, including the recent resurgence of inflation and interest rate increases, and the risk that the U.S. economy will decelerate into a recession, affect the financial services industry. These conditions may reduce demand for our services or depress pricing for those services, which could have a material adverse effect on our costs and results of operations. Changes in macroeconomic and political conditions, such as the impact from rising inflation and interest rates could also shift demand to services for which we do not have a competitive advantage, and this could negatively affect the amount of business that we are able to obtain. Any changes in U.S. trade policy could trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries, resulting in “trade wars,” which could affect volume of economic activity in the U.S., including demand for our services.

For example, the demand for insurance policies may be depressed by higher levels of inflation. In addition, a significant portion of our operating expenses goes to employee compensation and benefits, which, in addition to other areas of our operating expenses, are sensitive to inflation. To maintain our ability to successfully compete for the best talent, rising inflation rates may require us to provide compensation increases beyond historical increases, which may significantly increase our compensation costs. Consequently, inflation is expected to increase our operating expenses (both compensation and non-compensation related) over time and may adversely impact our results of operating cash flow.

Moreover, we have various agreements to lease office space located in 24 states throughout the U.S. and part of such leases contain effective annual rent escalations either fixed or indexed based on a consumer price index or other index. During higher inflationary periods, our rent expenses may increase significantly, which may adversely affect to our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Furthermore, during inflationary periods, interest rates have historically increased, which would have a direct effect on the interest expense in case we decide to refinance our existing long-term borrowings, including the 2024 Credit Agreement, or incur in any additional indebtedness.

In addition to macroeconomic conditions, political events and other market conditions, other factors such as business commissions and fees, microeconomic conditions, and the volatility and strength of the capital markets, can affect our business and economic environment. The demand for insurance generally rises as the overall level of economic activity increases and generally falls as such activity decreases, affecting both the commissions and fees generated by our IAS, MIS and UCTS operating groups. Downward fluctuations in the year-over-year insurance premiums charged by our insurance company partners to protect against the same risk, referred to in the industry as softening of the insurance market, could adversely affect our business as a significant portion of the earnings are determined as a percentage of premium charged to our clients. Insolvencies and consolidations associated with an economic downturn could adversely affect our brokerage business through the loss of clients by hampering our ability to place insurance business. Also, some of our clients may experience liquidity problems or other financial difficulties in the event of a prolonged deterioration in the economy, or any segment or sub-segment of the economy, which could have an adverse effect on our collectability of receivables. Errors and omissions claims against us, which we refer to as E&O claims, may increase in economic downturns, adversely affecting our brokerage business. In addition, other incidents, claims, risks, exposures and/or liabilities that require us to make claims against our own policies of insurance may have a similar effect. Also, the volatility or decline of economic or other market conditions could result in the increased surrender of insurance products or cause individuals to forgo insurance, thereby impacting our contingent commissions, which are primarily driven by our insurance company partners’ growth and profitability metrics. A decline in economic activity could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We derive most of our commissions and fees from our brokerage and related services. We do not determine the insurance premiums on which our commissions are generally based. Moreover, insurance premiums are cyclical in nature and may vary widely based on market conditions. Because of market cycles for insurance product pricing, which we cannot predict or control, our brokerage commissions and fees and profitability can be volatile or remain depressed for significant periods of time. In addition, there have been and may continue to be—including as a result of substantial increases in insurance premiums— various trends in the insurance industry toward alternative insurance markets, including, among other things, greater levels of self-insurance, captives, rent-a-captives, risk retention groups and non-insurance capital markets-based solutions to traditional insurance and reinsurance needs. Our ability to generate premium-based commission revenue may also be challenged by the growing desire of some clients to compensate brokers based upon flat fees rather than a percentage of premium. This could negatively impact us because fees are generally not indexed for inflation and might not increase with premiums as commissions do or with the level of service provided.

As traditional risk-bearing insurance companies continue to outsource the production of premium commissions and fees to non-affiliated brokers or agents such as us, those insurance companies may seek to further minimize their expenses by reducing the commission rates payable to insurance brokers or agents. The reduction of these commission rates, along with general volatility or declines in premiums, may significantly affect our profitability. Because we do not determine the timing or extent of premium pricing changes, it is difficult to precisely forecast our commission and contingent commissions and fees, including whether they will significantly decline. As a result, we may have to adjust our budgets for future acquisitions, capital expenditures, dividend payments, loan repayments and other expenditures to account for unexpected changes in commissions and fees, and any decreases in premium rates may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We derive commissions and fees from the sale of insurance products that are paid by our insurance company partners from whom our clients purchase insurance. Because payments for the sale of insurance products are processed internally by our insurance company partners, we may not receive a payment that is otherwise expected in any particular period until after the end of that period, which can adversely affect our ability to budget for significant future expenditures. Additionally, our insurance company partners or their affiliates may, under certain circumstances, seek the chargeback or repayment of commissions as a result of policy lapse, surrender, cancellation, rescission, default or upon other specified circumstances. As a result of the chargeback or repayment of commissions, we may incur an expense in a particular period related to commissions and fees previously recognized in a prior period and reflected in our financial statements. Such an expense could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, particularly if the expense is greater than the amount of related commissions and fees retained by us.

The commission rates are set by our insurance company partners and are based on the premiums that the insurance company partners charge. The potential for changes in premium rates is significant, due to pricing cyclicality in the insurance market. In addition, the insurance industry has been characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excessive underwriting capacity and periods of favorable premium levels due to shortages of capacity. Capacity could also be reduced by our insurance company partners’ failing or withdrawing from writing certain coverages and/or geographic areas that we offer our clients. Commission rates and premiums can change based on prevailing legislative, economic and competitive factors that affect our insurance company partners. These factors, which are not within our control, include the capacity of our insurance company partners to place new business, underwriting and non-underwriting profits of our insurance company partners, consumer demand for insurance products, the availability of comparable products from other insurance companies at a lower cost and the availability of alternative insurance products, such as government benefits and self-insurance products, to consumers. We cannot predict the timing or extent of future changes in commission rates or premiums or the effect any of these changes will have on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our commission income (including profit-sharing contingent commissions and override commissions) can vary quarterly or annually due to the timing of policy renewals and the net effect of new and lost business production. We do not control the factors that cause these variations. Specifically, clients’ demand for insurance products can influence the timing of renewals, new business and lost business (which includes policies that are not renewed and cancellations). In addition, we rely on our insurance company partners for the payment of certain commissions. Quarterly and annual fluctuations in commissions and fees based on increases and decreases associated with the timing of new business, policy renewals and payments from our insurance company partners may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Profit-sharing contingent commissions are special revenue-sharing override commissions paid by our insurance company partners based on the attainment of certain metrics such as the profitability, volume or growth of the business placed with such companies generally during the prior year. These are not guaranteed payments and our insurance company partners may change the calculations or potentially elect to stop paying them at all on an annual basis. Over the last two years contingent commissions generally have been in the range of 7.0% to 9.0% of the year’s total core commissions and fees. Increases in loss ratios experienced by our insurance company partners will result in a decreased profit to them and may result in decreases in payments of contingent or profit-sharing commissions to us. Due to, among other things, potentially poor macroeconomic conditions, the inherent uncertainty of loss in our clients’ industries and changes in underwriting criteria (including profitability, volume or growth thresholds), due in part to the high loss ratios experienced by our insurance company partners, we cannot predict the payment of these profit-sharing contingent commissions. Further, we have no control over the ability of our insurance company partners to estimate loss reserves, which affects our ability to make profit-sharing calculations. Override commissions are paid by our insurance company partners based on the attainment of certain metrics such as the profitability, volume or growth of the business that we place with them and are generally paid over the course of the year or in the beginning of the following year. Because profit-sharing contingent commissions and override commissions materially affect our commissions and fees, any decrease in their payment to us could adversely affect our results of operations, profitability and our financial condition.

We have a significant amount of accounts receivable from our insurance company partners with whom we place insurance. If those insurance company partners were to experience liquidity problems or other financial difficulties, we could encounter delays or defaults in payments owed to us, which could have a significant adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. The potential for one of our insurance company partners to cease writing insurance we offer our clients could negatively impact overall capacity in the industry, which in turn could have the effect of reduced placement of certain lines and types of insurance and reduced commissions and fees and profitability for us. Questions about one of our insurance company partners’ perceived stability or financial strength may contribute to such insurance company partners’ strategic decisions to focus on certain lines of insurance to the detriment of others. The failure of an insurance company partner with whom we place insurance could result in E&O claims against us by our clients, and the failure of our insurance company partners could make the E&O insurance we rely upon cost prohibitive or unavailable, which could have a significant adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if any of our insurance company partners merge or if one of our large insurance company partners fails or withdraws from certain geographic areas or from offering certain lines of insurance, overall risk-taking capital capacity could be negatively affected, which could reduce our ability to place certain lines of insurance and, as a result, reduce our commissions and fees and profitability. Such failures or insurance withdrawals on the part of our insurance company partners could occur for any number of reasons, including large unexpected payouts related to climate events or other emerging risk areas.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and respond effectively to the threat of, and the opportunity presented by, digital disruption and other technology change. These may include new applications or insurance-related services based on artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, blockchain or new approaches to data mining. We may be exposed to competitive risks related to the adoption and application of new technologies by established market participants (for example, through disintermediation) or new entrants such as technology companies, Insurtech start-up companies and others. We must also develop and implement technology solutions and technical expertise among our employees that anticipate and keep pace with rapid and continuing changes in technology, industry standards, client preferences and control standards. We may not be successful in anticipating or responding to these developments on a timely and cost-effective basis, and our ideas may not be accepted in the marketplace. Additionally, the effort to gain technological expertise and develop new technologies in our business may require us to incur significant expenses. Our technological development projects may also not deliver the benefits we expect once they are completed or may be replaced or become obsolete more quickly than expected, which could result in the accelerated recognition of expenses. If we cannot develop or implement new technologies as quickly as our competitors, or if our competitors develop more cost-effective technologies or product offerings, we could experience a material adverse effect on our results of operations, client relationships, growth and compliance programs. Our investments in new products and services may not generate the expected returns, which could hinder our ability to generate organic growth in the future.

The business of providing insurance products and services is highly competitive and we expect competition to intensify. We compete for clients on the basis of reputation, client service, program and product offerings and our ability to tailor products and services to meet the specific needs of a client.

We actively compete with numerous integrated financial services organizations as well as insurance company partners and brokers, producer groups, individual insurance agents, investment management firms, independent financial planners and broker-dealers. Competition may reduce the fees that we can obtain for services provided, which would have an adverse effect on commissions and fees and margins. Many of our competitors have greater financial and marketing resources than we do and may be able to offer products and services that we do not currently offer and may not offer in the future. To the extent that banks, securities firms, insurance companies’ affiliates and the financial services industry may experience further consolidation, we may experience increased competition from insurance companies and the financial services industry, as a growing number of larger financial institutions increasingly, and aggressively, offer a wider variety of financial services, including insurance intermediary services. In addition, a number of insurance companies are engaged in the direct sale of insurance, primarily to individuals, and do not pay commissions to brokers or other market intermediaries. Furthermore, we compete with various other companies that provide risk-related services or alternatives to traditional insurance services, including Insurtech start-up companies, which are focused on using technology and innovation, including artificial intelligence (AI), digital platforms, data analytics, robotics and blockchain, to simplify and improve the client experience, increase efficiencies, alter business models and effect other potentially disruptive changes in the industries in which we operate. In addition, in recent years, private equity sponsors have invested tens of billions of dollars into the insurance sector, transforming existing players and creating new ones to compete with large brokers. These new competitors, alliances among competitors or mergers of competitors could emerge and gain significant market share, and some of our competitors may have or may develop a lower cost structure, adopt more aggressive pricing policies or provide services that gain greater market acceptance than the services that we offer or develop. With respect to our sale of Medicare-related insurance, we also compete with government-run health insurance exchanges. The federal government operates a website where Medicare beneficiaries can purchase Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans or be referred to carriers to purchase Medicare Supplement plans. We also compete with the original Medicare program. The Affordable Care Act exchanges have websites where individuals and small businesses can purchase health insurance, and they also have offline customer support and enrollment capabilities.

Competitors may be able to respond to the need for technological changes and innovate faster, or price their services more aggressively. They may also compete for skilled professionals, finance acquisitions, fund internal growth and compete for market share more effectively than we do. To respond to increased competition and pricing pressure, we may have to lower the cost of our services or decrease the level of services provided to clients, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In the event that any of such competitors initiates litigation against us, such litigation, even if without merit, could be time-consuming and costly to defend and may divert management’s attention and resources away from our business and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Similarly, any increase in competition due to new legislative or industry developments could adversely affect us. These developments include:

•increased capital-raising by insurance companies, which could result in new capital in the industry, which in turn may lead to lower insurance premiums and commissions;

•insurance companies selling insurance directly to the insured without the involvement of a broker or other intermediary;

•changes in our business compensation model as a result of legal, policy and/or regulatory developments;

•federal and state governments establishing programs to provide property insurance in catastrophe-prone areas or other alternative market types of coverage that compete with, or completely replace, insurance products offered by insurance companies;

•climate change regulation in the U.S. and around the world moving us toward a low-carbon economy, which could create new competitive pressures around innovative insurance solutions; and

•increased competition from new market participants such as banks, accounting firms, consulting firms and Internet or other technology firms offering risk management, insurance brokerage services or new distribution channels for insurance, such as payroll firms.

New competition as a result of these or other competitive or industry developments could cause the demand for our products and services to decrease, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success depends on our ability to attract and retain skilled and experienced personnel. There is significant competition from within the insurance industry and from businesses outside the industry for exceptional employees, especially in key positions. Our competitors may be able to offer a work environment with higher compensation or more opportunities than we can. Any new personnel we hire may not be or become as productive as we expect, as we may face challenges in adequately or appropriately integrating them into our workforce and culture. Our effort to retain and develop personnel may also result in significant additional expenses, which could adversely affect our profitability. We can make no assurances that qualified colleagues will continue to be employed or that we will be able to attract and retain qualified personnel in the future. If we are not able to successfully attract, retain and motivate our colleagues, whether as a result of an insufficient number of qualified applicants, difficulty in recruiting new colleagues, or inadequate resources to train, integrate, and retain qualified colleagues, our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we could be adversely affected if we fail to adequately plan for the succession of our senior leaders, including our founders and key executives, or if one or more of them is the victim of any accident, injury, illness or other ailment. In particular, our future success depends substantially on the continued service of our co-founder and Chairman, Lowry Baldwin, and our Chief Executive Officer, Trevor Baldwin. The loss of our senior managers or other key personnel (including the legacy management of certain joint ventures or acquired subsidiaries) in any circumstance, including any limitation on the performance of their duties or short- or long-term absence as a result of any accident, injury, illness or other ailment, or our inability to continue to identify, recruit and retain such personnel, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are exposed to various risks arising out of natural disasters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, floods, landslides, tornadoes, typhoons, tsunamis, hailstorms, explosions, climate events or weather patterns and public health crises, epidemics or pandemic health events, as well as man-made disasters, including acts of terrorism, military actions, cyber-terrorism, explosions and biological, chemical or radiological events, and associated governmental responses. The continued threat of terrorism and ongoing military actions may cause significant volatility in global financial markets, and a natural or man-made disaster could trigger an economic downturn in the areas directly or indirectly affected by the disaster. These consequences could, among other things, result in a decline in business and may also subject any capitalized insurance facilities in which we choose to participate, to increased claims expenses from those areas. They could also result in reduced underwriting capacity of our insurance and reinsurance company partners, making it more difficult for our colleagues and contracted agents to place business. Disasters also could disrupt public and private infrastructure, including communications and financial services, which could disrupt our ordinary business operations. Any increases in loss ratios due to natural or man-made disasters could impact our contingent commissions, which are primarily driven by both growth and profitability metrics.

A natural or man-made disaster also could disrupt the operations of our counterparties or result in increased prices for the products and services they provide to us. Finally, a natural or man-made disaster could increase the incidence or severity of E&O claims against us, or other incidents, claims, risks, exposures and/or liabilities that require us to make claims against our insurance policies.

Our operations are dependent upon our ability to protect our personnel, offices, and technology infrastructure against damage from business continuity events that could have a significant disruptive effect on our operations. Should we experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity problem, such as an earthquake, hurricane, fire, terrorist attack, pandemic, protest or riot, security breach, power loss, telecommunications failure or other natural or man-made disaster, our continued success will depend, in part, on the availability of personnel, office facilities, and the proper functioning of computer, telecommunication and other related systems and operations. In events like these, we can experience near-term operational challenges in particular areas of our operations. We could potentially lose key executives, personnel, client data or experience material adverse interruptions to our operations or delivery of services to clients in a disaster recovery scenario. We may experience additional disruption due to system upgrades, outages, an increase in remote work or other impacts as a result of health epidemics or pandemics. Our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, could materially interrupt our business operations and cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm, damaged client relationships, or legal liability. Our insurance coverage with respect to natural disasters is limited and is subject to deductibles and coverage limits. Such coverage may not be adequate, or may not continue to be available at commercially reasonable rates and terms.

The Company currently owns, and may continue to own, from time to time, one or more protected cells in certain captive insurance companies (and/or otherwise have an ownership interest in or participate in similar risk-bearing structures or facilities) for the purpose of facilitating additional underwriting capacity for our clients and to participate in underwriting results. While the Company’s underwriting risk through any such captive insurance company (and/or similar risk-bearing structure or facility) would generally be limited (absent any regulatory requirement for the contribution of additional capital or contractual obligation to fund any underwriting losses in excess of contributed capital), we may be subject to claims expenses associated with any losses from these clients or programs, which could include losses from catastrophic weather events. Our results of operations may be negatively impacted if any such captive insurance company (and/or similar risk-bearing structure or facility) incurs claims expenses.

It is difficult for the health insurance risk advisors we employ and our systems and processes to handle the increased volume of health insurance transactions that occur in a short period of time during the healthcare reform annual open enrollment period and the Medicare annual enrollment period. We hire additional colleagues on a temporary or seasonal basis in a limited period of time to address the expected increase in the volume of health insurance transactions during the Medicare annual enrollment period. We must ensure that our health insurance risk advisors and those of outsourced call centers are timely licensed, trained and certified and have the appropriate authority to sell health insurance in a number of states and for a number of different health insurance companies. We depend on our own colleagues, state departments of insurance, government exchanges and insurance company partners for licensing, certification and appointment. If our ability to market and sell Medicare-related health insurance and individual and family health insurance is constrained during an enrollment period for any reason, such as technology failures, reduced allocation of resources, any inability to timely employ, license, train, certify and retain our colleagues and our contractors and their health insurance risk advisors to sell health insurance, interruptions in the operation of our website or systems or issues with government-run health insurance exchanges, we could acquire fewer members, suffer a reduction in our membership and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

Strategic acquisitions to complement and further expand our business, which we refer to as partnerships, have been an important part of our competitive strategy. The acquisition landscape is competitive and accordingly we do not expect that partnerships will be as important to our growth in 2025, although we will remain active in pursuing potential transactions. Our ability to identify and complete acquisitions, or if we are inefficient or unsuccessful at integrating any partner into our operations, may impact our ability to achieve our planned rates of growth or improve our market share, profitability or competitive position in specific markets or services. The process of integrating a partner has created, and will continue to create, operating difficulties. The risks we face include:

•diversion of management time and focus from operating our core business to acquisition integration challenges;

•excessive costs of deploying our business support and financial management tools in acquired companies;

•delays in the successful integration of the partner into our operations;

•failure to successfully integrate the partner into our operations, including cultural challenges associated with integrating and retaining colleagues;

•failure to achieve anticipated efficiencies or benefits, including through the loss of key clients or personnel of the partner;

•failure to realize our strategic objectives for the partner or further develop the partner; and

•the consequences of the conduct of our acquired companies prior to their acquisition by us, including the occurrence of data breaches or other cybersecurity attacks during the integration of information systems, as well as increased costs associated with implementing state and regulatory compliance procedures, including data privacy and cybersecurity protections.

Furthermore, when regulatory approval of our proposed partnerships is required, our ability to complete such partnerships may be limited by an ongoing regulatory review or other issues with the relevant regulator.

There may be liabilities that we fail to discover while conducting due diligence, that we inadequately assess or that are not properly disclosed to us. In particular, to the extent that any partner (i) failed to comply with or otherwise violated applicable laws or regulations, (ii) failed to fulfill contractual obligations to clients, insurance company partners or other third parties such as vendors, service providers or contracted agents, or (iii) incurred material liabilities or obligations to clients that are not identified during the diligence process, we, as the successor owner, may be financially responsible for these violations, failures and liabilities and may suffer financial or reputational harm or otherwise be adversely affected. In addition, as part of a partnership, we may assume responsibilities and obligations of the partner pursuant to the terms and conditions of agreements entered by the acquired entity that are not consistent with the terms and conditions that we typically accept and require. We also may be subject to litigation or other claims in connection with a partner, including claims from colleagues, clients, stockholders or other third parties. Any material liabilities we incur that are associated with our partnerships could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our partnership strategy is also affected by our ability to secure additional debt or equity financing in the future to fund acquisitions. We may not be able to obtain such additional financing or, if available, it may not be in amounts and on terms acceptable to us. We cannot predict or guarantee that we will successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates, consummate any partnership or integrate any partner. Any failure to do so could have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

When we acquire partners, we record goodwill and other intangible assets. As of December 31, 2024, goodwill represented 40% of our total assets. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to assessment for impairment at least annually. The identification and measurement of goodwill impairment involves the estimation of the fair value of our reporting units. We compare the fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying amount to determine if there is potential impairment of goodwill. Management reviews the carrying value attributed to each reporting unit at least annually to determine if the facts and circumstances suggest that there is impairment.

We may in the future be required to take additional goodwill or other asset impairment charges. Any such non-cash charges could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, either through partnerships or internal development, we may enter new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. These new lines of business or new products and services may present additional risks, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. Such risks include the investment of significant time and resources; the possibility that these efforts will not be successful; the possibility that the marketplace does not accept our products or services, or that we are unable to retain clients that adopt our new products or services; and the risk of additional liabilities associated with these efforts. Other risks include developing knowledge of and experience in the new lines of business, integrating the partner into our systems and culture, recruiting professionals and developing and capitalizing on new relationships with experienced market participants. External factors, such as compliance with new or revised regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business. Failure to manage these risks in the acquisition or development of new businesses could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we dispose of or otherwise exit certain businesses, there can be no assurance that we will not incur certain disposition-related charges, or that we will be able to reduce overhead related to the divested assets. Our investments in new products and services may not generate the expected returns, which could hinder our ability to generate organic growth in the future.

A significant portion of our business remains concentrated in the Southeastern U.S., with several other regional concentrations. The insurance business is primarily a state-regulated industry, and therefore state legislatures may enact laws that adversely affect the insurance industry. Because our business is concentrated in several regions of the U.S., we face greater exposure to unfavorable changes in regulatory conditions in those regions than insurance intermediaries whose operations are more diversified through a greater number of states. In addition, the occurrence of adverse economic conditions, natural or other disasters, loss trends or other circumstances specific to or otherwise significantly impacting these states could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Increases in loss ratios, combined ratios and related costs experienced by our insurance company partners will result in a decreased profit to them and may result in decreases in payments of contingent or profit-sharing commissions to us. This trend may also cause one or more of our insurance company partners to reduce or cease writing insurance we offer our clients, whether in part, entirely or on a geographic basis, which in turn could reduce our ability to place certain lines of insurance and, as a result, reduce our commissions and fees and profitability.

In addition, we are susceptible to losses and interruptions caused by hurricanes (particularly in Florida, where our headquarters and numerous offices are located), earthquakes, tornadoes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, fire, extreme weather conditions, geopolitical events, such as terrorist acts, and other natural or man-made disasters. Hurricanes and wildfires in particular may have an outsized impact on the insurance industry. We expect to continue to grow our footprint throughout the country and beyond, but our plans to execute on this geographic diversification effort may not be successful.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, two insurance company partners accounted for an aggregate of approximately 19% of our total core commissions and fees. Should either of these insurance company partners seek to terminate their respective arrangements with us or in the case of material financial impairment of such insurance company partners, we could be forced to move our business to other insurance company partners and additional expense and loss of market share could possibly result.

Our business typically enters into contractual agency relationships with insurance and reinsurance company partners that are sometimes unique to Baldwin, but nonexclusive and terminable on short notice by either party for any reason. In many cases, insurance and reinsurance company partners also have the ability to amend the terms of our agreements unilaterally, including commission rates on short notice. Our insurance and reinsurance company partners may be unwilling to allow us to sell their existing or new insurance products or may amend our agreements with them, for a variety of reasons, including for competitive or regulatory reasons or because of a reluctance to distribute their products through our platform. Our insurance company partners may decide to rely on their own internal distribution channels, choose to exclude us from their most profitable or popular products, or decide not to distribute insurance products in individual markets in certain geographies or altogether. The termination or amendment of our relationship with an insurance and reinsurance company partner could reduce the variety of insurance products we offer. We also could lose a source of, or be paid reduced commissions for, future sales and could lose renewal commissions for past sales. Our business could also be harmed if we fail to develop new insurance and reinsurance company partner relationships.

In the future, it may become necessary for us to offer insurance products from a reduced number of insurance and reinsurance company partners or to derive a greater portion of our commissions and fees from a more concentrated number of insurance and reinsurance company partners as our business and the insurance industry evolve. Should our dependence on a smaller number of insurance and reinsurance company partners increase, whether as a result of the termination of insurance and reinsurance company partner relationships, insurance and reinsurance company partner consolidation or otherwise, we may become more vulnerable to adverse changes in our relationships with our insurance and reinsurance company partners, particularly in states where we offer insurance products from a relatively small number of insurance and reinsurance company partners or where a small number of insurance companies dominate the market. The termination, amendment or consolidation of our relationship with our insurance and reinsurance company partners could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our results of operations depend on the continued capacity of our insurance and reinsurance company partners to underwrite risk and provide coverage, in turn which depends on those insurance and reinsurance company partners’ ability to procure reinsurance. Capacity could also be reduced by insurance and reinsurance company partners failing or withdrawing from writing certain coverages that we offer to our clients. To the extent that reinsurance becomes less widely available or significantly more expensive, we may not be able to procure the amount or types of coverage that our clients desire, and the coverage we are able to procure for our clients may be more expensive or limited.

We rely on third parties, and in some cases subcontractors, to provide services, data, and information, such as technology, information security, billing systems, funds transfers, data processing and administration and support functions, that are critical to our business operations. These third parties include correspondents, agents and other brokerage and intermediaries, insurance markets, data providers, plan trustees, payroll service providers, benefits administrators, software and system vendors, health plan providers, investment managers and providers of human resources, among others. As we do not fully control the actions of these third parties, we are subject to the risk that their decisions, actions or inactions may adversely impact us and replacing these service providers could create significant delays and expenses. Because we do not control our vendors and our ability to monitor their cybersecurity is limited, we cannot ensure the cybersecurity measures they take will be sufficient to protect any information we share with them or to which they may have access. Due to applicable laws and regulations or contractual obligations, we may be held responsible for security breaches, cyberattacks or other similar incidents attributed to our vendors as they relate to the information we share with them or to which we grant them access. A failure by third parties to comply with service level agreements or regulatory or legal requirements in a high-quality and timely manner, particularly during periods of our peak demand for their services, could result in economic and reputational harm to us. In addition, we face risks as we transition from in-house functions to third-party support functions and providers, or vice versa, that there may be disruptions in service or other unintended results that may adversely affect our business operations. These third parties face their own technology, operating, business, and economic risks, and any significant failures by them, including the improper use or disclosure of our confidential client, colleague, consumer, or Company information, could cause harm to our reputation. An interruption in or the cessation of service by any service provider as a result of systems failures, data breaches or other cybersecurity incidents, capacity constraints, financial difficulties, or for any other reason could disrupt our operations, impact our ability to offer certain products and services, and result in contractual or regulatory fines or penalties, liability claims from clients, or colleagues, damage to our reputation, and harm to our business.

Historically, we have contracted with and rely on a single vendor or a limited number of vendors to provide certain key products or services to us such as information technology support and billing systems. If these vendors are unable to meet our needs because they fail to perform adequately, are no longer in business, are experiencing shortages or supply chain issues or discontinue a certain product or service we need, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. By way of example, certain payment processing vendors of ours have in the past discontinued or threatened to discontinue, and may in the future discontinue or threaten to discontinue, certain payment processing products upon which we rely in certain parts of our business, which if executed upon could disrupt our ability to operate those certain parts of our business and/or could require us to make substantial additional investments to remediate.

While alternative sources for these products and services exist, in the event we are forced to rely on them, we may not be able to develop these alternative sources quickly and cost-effectively or at all, which could materially impair our ability to operate our business. Furthermore, our vendors may request changes in pricing, payment terms or other contractual obligations between the parties, which could require us to make substantial additional investments.

We have experienced significant revenue growth in recent periods. In future periods, we may not be able to sustain revenue growth consistent with recent history, or at all. We believe our revenue growth depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to:

•attract new clients, successfully deploy and implement our products, obtain client renewals and provide our clients with excellent client support;

•increase our network of insurance company partners and the profit-sharing, override and/or contingent commissions that we earn from such insurance company partners;

•adequately expand, train, integrate and retain our colleagues, including our executive officers and senior leaders, and maintain or increase our sales force’s productivity;

•improve our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures to ensure timely and accurate reporting of our operational and financial results;

•successfully introduce new products and enhance existing products;

•successfully deploy information technology assets for use by our colleagues and interaction with our clients and insurance company partners;

•adapt to the ever-changing regulatory and legal landscape;

•protect sensitive, personal and confidential information and data within Baldwin’s custody from third-party bad actors;

•successfully identify and acquire new partners;

•successfully integrate partnerships into the Company in an operationally efficient manner;

•service our existing indebtedness;

•access the capital markets or otherwise obtain access to capital to satisfy future needs of the Company;

•successfully introduce our products to new markets and geographies; and

•successfully compete against larger companies and new market entrants.

We may not successfully accomplish any of these objectives and ongoing macroeconomic and geopolitical uncertainty may impact our ability to successfully accomplish any of the above, and as a result, it is difficult for us to forecast our future results of operations. Our historical growth rate should not be considered indicative of our future performance and may decline in the future. In future periods, our revenue could grow more slowly than in recent periods or decline for any number of reasons, including those outlined above. If our revenue or revenue growth rates decline, investors’ perceptions of our business may be adversely affected and the market price of common stock could decline.

We have presented, and may continue to present, certain non-GAAP financial measures, such as adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin, in filings with the SEC and other public statements. Any failure to accurately report and present our non-GAAP financial measures could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock.

The insurance brokerage market is seasonal and our results of operations are somewhat affected by seasonal trends. Our adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margins are typically highest in the first quarter and lowest in the fourth quarter. This variation is primarily due to fluctuations in our revenue, while overhead remains consistent throughout the year. Our revenues are generally highest in the first quarter due to the impact of contingent commission payments received in the first quarter from insurance company partners that we cannot readily estimate before receipt without the risk of significant reversal and a higher degree of first quarter policy commencements and renewals in certain IAS and MIS lines of business such as employee benefits, commercial and Medicare. In addition, a higher proportion of our first quarter revenue is derived from our highest margin businesses.

Our reputation is one of our key assets. We advise our clients on and provide services related to a wide range of subjects and our ability to attract and retain clients depends greatly on the external perceptions of our level of service, trustworthiness, business practices, financial condition and other subjective qualities. If a client is not satisfied with our services, it could cause us to incur additional costs and impair profitability or lose the client relationship altogether, which may negatively impact other clients’ perception regarding us. Our success is also dependent on maintaining a good reputation with existing and potential colleagues, investors, insurance company partners, vendors, regulators and the communities in which we operate. Negative perceptions or publicity regarding these or other matters, including our association with clients or business partners who themselves have a damaged reputation, or from actual or alleged conduct by us or our colleagues, could damage our reputation. Any of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There is increased focus, including from governmental organizations, investors, employees and clients, on ESG issues such as environmental stewardship, climate change, diversity and inclusion, pay equity, racial justice, workplace conduct and cybersecurity and data privacy. There can be no certainty that we will manage such issues successfully, or that we will successfully meet society’s expectations as to our proper role. Negative public perception, adverse publicity or negative comments in social media, including as a result of actions taken by companies we acquire before the acquisition, could damage our reputation, or harm our relationships with investors, other stakeholders, regulators and the communities in which we operate, if we do not, or are not perceived to, adequately address these issues. Any harm to our reputation could impact colleague engagement and retention and the willingness of clients and insurance company partners to do business with us.

A variety of organizations have developed ratings to measure the performance of companies on ESG topics, and the results of these assessments are widely publicized. Investments in funds that specialize in companies that perform well in such assessments are increasingly popular, and major institutional investors have publicly emphasized the importance of such ESG measures to their investment decisions. Unfavorable ratings of Baldwin or our industry, as well as omission of inclusion of our stock into ESG-oriented investment funds may lead to negative investor sentiment and the diversion of investment to other companies or industries, which could have a negative impact on our stock price.

We have an advisory services business that assists certain clients with establishment of captive insurance companies, for their own purposes, which leverage the benefits of Section 831(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and which are subject to audit and oversight from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). The IRS has conducted investigations, and may be conducting investigations, of certain peers of ours that also provide similar services, with respect to whether or not such third parties are acting as a tax shelter promoter in connection with those operations. We have no reason to believe that we have been or are currently a target of any such investigation. If the IRS were to disallow 831(b) elections, modify its guidance around 831(b) elections, or otherwise investigate our business and conclude that we are a tax shelter promoter, such actions, whether or not merited, could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We have experienced rapid growth. This growth has placed significant demands on management and our operational infrastructure. As we continue to grow, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate a large number of new colleagues, while maintaining the beneficial aspects of our Company culture. If we do not manage the growth of our business and operations effectively, the quality of our services and efficiency of our operations could suffer and we may not be able to execute on our business plan, which could harm our brand, results of operations and overall business.

We believe that a significant contributor to our success has been our entrepreneurial and sales-oriented culture, as outlined in the Azimuth, our corporate constitution. As we grow, including from the integration of colleagues and businesses acquired in connection with previous or future partnerships, we may find it difficult to maintain important aspects of our corporate culture, which could negatively affect our profitability or our ability to retain and recruit people of the highest integrity and quality who are essential to our future success. We may face pressure to change our culture as we grow, particularly if we experience difficulties in attracting competent personnel who are willing to embrace our culture. In addition, as our organization grows and we are required to implement more complex organizational structures, or if we experience a change in management, management philosophy or business strategy, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture, which could negatively impact our future success.

In the past, state regulators have scrutinized the manner in which insurance brokers are compensated. For example, the Attorney General of the State of New York brought charges against members of the insurance brokerage community. These actions have created uncertainty concerning longstanding methods of compensating insurance brokers. Given that the insurance brokerage industry has faced scrutiny from regulators in the past over its compensation practices, and the transparency and discourse to clients regarding brokers’ compensation, it is possible that regulators may choose to revisit the same or other practices in the future. If they do so, compliance with new regulations along with any sanctions that might be imposed for past practices deemed improper could have an adverse impact on our future results of operations and inflict significant reputational harm on our business.

The effects of climate events continue to create an alarming level of concern. The U.S. Congress, state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies continue to propose numerous initiatives to supplement the global effort to address climate and climate-related events. If new legislation or regulation is enacted, we could incur increased costs and capital expenditures to comply with its limitations, which may impact our financial condition and operating performance.

In addition, the U.S. Federal Reserve has identified the climate as a systemic risk to the economy. It also reported that a gradual change in investor sentiment regarding climate risk introduces the possibility of abrupt tipping points or significant swings in sentiment, which could create unpredictable follow-on effects in financial markets. If this occurred, not only would we be negatively impacted by the general economic decline, but a drop in the stock market affecting our stock price could negatively impact our ability to grow through mergers and acquisitions financed using our common stock.

The transition to a low-carbon economy could harm specific industries or sectors such as oil and gas in ways that could impact our business. Our clients in certain industries may be more adversely affected by climate events and could go out of business or have reduced needs for insurance-related services, which could adversely impact our revenues. Negative publicity arising from our association with clients in disfavored businesses or industries, or the perception that we are not sufficiently focused on climate risks, could damage our reputation with investors, clients, colleagues and regulators. In addition, the transition to a low-carbon economy could give rise to the need for innovative insurance and risk management solutions for entirely new industries and companies, as well as advice and services to bolster climate resilience for existing companies. If we fail to innovate in response to these changes, we could lose market share to our competitors or new market entrants that do.

Moreover, if our insurance company partners fail or withdraw from offering certain lines of coverage because of large payouts related to climate events, overall risk-taking capital capacity could be negatively affected, which could reduce our ability to place certain lines of coverage and, as a result, reduce our revenues and profitability.

Furthermore, climate events may pose physical risks to our business, such as the frequency and intensity of unfavorable weather conditions, such as fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, drought, water shortages, rainfall, unseasonably warm. Overall, climate events, their effects and the resulting, unknown impact could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We have significant insurance agency and brokerage operations, and are subject to claims and litigation in the ordinary course of business resulting from alleged and actual E&O in placing insurance and rendering coverage advice. In addition, many of our colleagues regularly interact with clients and prospective clients in the field, which increases the risks of property and casualty claims arising from such interactions. Further, many of our office locations are in jurisdictions (such as California, Texas and Florida) that see higher incidents of climate events (such as hurricanes, other aggressive weather patterns and earthquakes). Dealing with any of these activities can involve the expenditure of substantial amounts of money. Since E&O claims against us may allege our liability for all or part of the amounts in question, claimants may seek large damage awards. These claims can involve significant defense costs. E&O could include failure to, whether negligently or intentionally, place coverage on behalf of clients, provide our insurance company partners with complete and accurate information relating to the risks being insured or appropriately apply funds that we hold on a fiduciary basis. It is not always possible to prevent or detect E&O and other types of claims, and the precautions we take may not be effective in all cases.

We have E&O insurance coverage to protect against the risk of liability resulting from our alleged and actual E&O. We also maintain a variety of other property and casualty policies of insurance providing varying degrees of protection against loss and damage to our property and liability for certain conduct of our colleagues. Prices for these policies of insurance and the scope and limits of the coverage terms available depend on our claims history as well as market conditions that are outside of our control. While we endeavor to purchase coverage that is appropriate to our assessment of our risk, we are unable to predict with certainty the frequency, nature or magnitude of claims for direct or consequential damages or whether our policies of insurance will cover such claims.

In establishing liabilities for claims, we utilize case level reviews by outside counsel and an internal analysis to estimate potential losses. The liability is reviewed annually and adjusted as developments warrant. Given the unpredictability of E&O and other claims and of litigation that could flow from them, it is possible that an adverse outcome in a particular matter could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flow in a given quarterly or annual period.

The industry in which we operate is subject to extensive regulation. We are subject to regulation and supervision at the federal level in the U.S., in each applicable local jurisdiction in the U.S. and internationally both in the U.K. and Bermuda, and would be subject to additional international regulations and supervision as we expand globally. In general, these regulations are designed to protect clients and the insured and to protect the integrity of the financial markets, rather than to protect stockholders or creditors. Our ability to conduct business in these jurisdictions depends on our compliance with the rules and regulations, including securities laws, promulgated by federal, state and other regulatory and self-regulatory authorities. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements, or changes in regulatory requirements or interpretations, could result in actions by regulators, potentially leading to fines and penalties, adverse publicity and damage to our reputation in the marketplace. There can be no assurance that we will be able to adapt effectively to any changes in law. Furthermore, in some areas of our business, we act on the basis of our own or the industry's interpretations of applicable laws or regulations, which may conflict from state to state. In the event those interpretations eventually prove different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities, we may be penalized. In extreme cases, revocation of a subsidiary’s authority to do business in one or more jurisdictions could result from failure to comply with regulatory requirements. Due to the complexity, periodic modification and differing interpretations of state insurance laws and regulations, we may not have always been, and we may not always be, in compliance with them. In addition, we could face lawsuits by clients, the insured and other parties for alleged violations of certain of these laws and regulations. It is difficult to predict whether changes resulting from new laws and regulations, as well as changes in interpretation of current laws and regulations, will affect the industry or our business and, if so, to what degree.

As we grow our global presence, a risk exists that our employees or third parties acting on our behalf in countries outside the U.S. could engage in business practices prohibited by applicable laws and regulations, including anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, and sanctions laws such as those administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. Anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, such as the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act, generally prohibit companies from making improper payments to foreign officials and require companies to keep accurate books and records and maintain appropriate internal controls. Trade and financial sanctions laws generally restrict the ability to engage in trade with, or provide goods or services, to designated governments or other parties, or may require freezing of such parties’ assets.

The complexity and cost of compliance with laws and regulations, including staffing needs, the development of new policies, procedures and internal controls and providing training to employees in multiple locations, will also increase as we grow our global presence, adding to our cost of doing business. Many of these laws and regulations may have differing or conflicting legal standards across jurisdictions, increasing further the complexity and cost of compliance. In emerging markets and other jurisdictions with less developed legal systems, local laws and regulations may not be established with sufficiently clear and reliable guidance to provide us with adequate assurance that we are aware of all necessary licenses to operate our business, that we are operating our business in a compliant manner, or that our rights are otherwise protected. In addition, major political and legal developments in jurisdictions in which we do business may lead to new regulatory costs and challenges.

Colleagues and principals who engage in the solicitation, negotiation or sale of insurance, or provide certain other insurance services, generally are required to be licensed individually. Insurance and laws and regulations govern whether licensees may share commissions with unlicensed entities and individuals. We believe that any payments we make to third parties are in compliance with applicable laws. However, should any regulatory agency take a contrary position and prevail, we will be required to change the manner in which we pay fees to such colleagues or principals or require entities receiving such payments to become registered or licensed.

State insurance laws grant supervisory agencies, including state departments of insurance, departments of financials services, and similar regulatory authorities, broad administrative authority. State insurance regulators and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners continually review existing laws and regulations, some of which affect our business. These supervisory agencies regulate many aspects of the insurance business, including, the licensing of insurance brokers and agents and other insurance intermediaries, the handling of third-party funds held in a fiduciary capacity and trade practices, such as marketing, advertising and compensation arrangements entered into by insurance brokers and agents. This legal and regulatory oversight could reduce our profitability or limit our growth by increasing the costs of legal and regulatory compliance, and by limiting or restricting the products or services we sell, the markets we serve or enter, the methods by which we sell our products and services, and the form of compensation we can accept from our clients, insurance company partners and third parties. Moreover, in response to perceived excessive cost or inadequacy of available insurance, states have from time to time created state insurance funds and assigned risk pools, which compete directly, on a subsidized basis, with private insurance providers.

Federal, state and other regulatory and self-regulatory authorities have focused on, and continue to devote substantial attention to, the insurance industry as well as to the sale of products or services to seniors. Regulatory review or the issuance of interpretations of existing laws and regulations may result in the enactment of new laws and regulations that could adversely affect our operations or our ability to conduct business profitably. We are unable to predict whether any such laws or regulations will be enacted and to what extent such laws and regulations would affect our business.

Other legislative developments that could adversely affect us include: changes in our business compensation model as a result of regulatory developments (for example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act), and federal and state governments establishing programs to provide health insurance or other alternative market types of coverage, that compete with, or completely replace, insurance products offered by insurance carriers. Also, as climate risk issues become more prevalent, the U.S. is beginning to respond to these issues. This increasing governmental focus on climate risks may result in new environmental regulations that cause us to incur additional compliance costs, which may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

An increasing quantity of state legislatures and judiciaries, as well as the Federal Trade Commission, have begun promulgating laws, orders and regulations that reflect a shifting sentiment against the enforceability of certain types of restrictive covenant agreements, including non-compete agreements and non-solicitation agreements, that are core to our business. The further promulgation of such laws, orders and regulations could adversely affect our operations or our ability to conduct business profitably. We are unable to predict whether any such laws, orders or regulations will be enacted, and if enacted, enforceable, and to what extent such laws and regulations would affect our business.

Legislation concerning tort reform has been considered, from time to time, in the United States Congress and in several state legislatures. Among the provisions considered in such legislation have been limitations on damage awards, including punitive damages, and various restrictions applicable to class action lawsuits. Enactment of these or similar provisions by Congress, or by states in which we sell insurance, could reduce the demand for casualty insurance policies or lead to a decrease in policy limits of such policies sold, thereby reducing our commission revenues.

Our insurance company partners are also regulated by state departments of insurance for solvency and other issues and are subject to reserve requirements. We cannot guarantee that all insurance company partners with which we do business comply with regulations instituted by state departments of insurance. We may need to expend resources to address questions or concerns regarding our relationships with these insurance company partners, which diverts management resources away from business operations.

We are subject to litigation, regulatory investigations and claims arising in the ordinary course of our business operations. The risks associated with these matters often may be difficult to assess or quantify and the existence and magnitude of potential claims often remain unknown for substantial periods of time. While we have insurance coverage for some of these potential claims, others may not be covered by insurance, insurers may dispute coverage or any ultimate liabilities may exceed our coverage. We may be subject to actions and claims relating to the sale, solicitation and negotiation of insurance, including the suitability of such products and services, as well as denials of coverage from our insurance company partners. Actions and claims may result in the rescission of such sales; consequently, our insurance company partners may seek to recoup commissions paid to us, which may lead to legal action against us. The outcome of such actions cannot be predicted and such claims or actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to laws and regulations, as well as regulatory investigations. The insurance industry has been subject to a significant level of scrutiny by various regulatory bodies, including state Attorneys General offices and state departments of insurance, concerning certain practices within the insurance industry. These practices include, without limitation, the receipt of contingent commissions by insurance brokers and agents from insurance companies and the extent to which such compensation has been disclosed, the collection of agency fees, which we define as fees separate from commissions charged directly to clients for efforts performed in the issuance of new insurance policies, bid rigging and related matters. From time to time, our subsidiaries receive informational requests from governmental authorities.

There have been a number of revisions to existing, or proposals to modify or enact new, laws and regulations regarding insurance agents and brokers. These actions have imposed or could impose additional obligations on us with respect to our products sold. Some insurance companies have agreed with regulatory authorities to end the payment of contingent commissions on insurance products, which could impact our commissions that are based on the volume, consistency and profitability of business generated by us.

We cannot predict the impact that any new laws, rules or regulations may have on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Given the current regulatory environment and the number of our subsidiaries operating in local markets throughout the country, it is possible that we will become subject to further governmental inquiries and subpoenas and have lawsuits filed against us. Regulators may raise issues during investigations, examinations or audits that could, if determined adversely, have a material impact on us. The interpretations of regulations by regulators may change and statutes may be enacted with retroactive impact. We could also be materially adversely affected by any new industry-wide regulations or practices that may result from these proceedings.

Our involvement in any investigations and lawsuits would cause us to incur additional legal and other costs and, if we were found to have violated any laws, we could be required to pay fines, damages and other costs, perhaps in material amounts. Regardless of final costs, these matters could have a material adverse effect on us by exposing us to negative publicity, reputational damage, harm to client relationships or diversion of personnel and management resources.

In addition, we may from time to time be subject to certain litigation brought by one or more of our stockholders. The outcome of any such litigation, particularly class action lawsuits, is difficult to assess or quantify. Plaintiffs in these types of lawsuits may seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts, and the magnitude of the potential loss relating to such lawsuits, including the possibility of having attorney’s fees awarded, may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. The cost to defend such litigation may be significant. There may also be adverse publicity associated with litigation, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable. As a result, litigation may materially adversely affect our businesses, financial condition and results of operations.

The marketing and sale of Medicare plans are subject to numerous laws, regulations and guidelines at the federal and state level. The marketing and sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans are principally regulated by CMS. The marketing and sale of Medicare Supplement plans are principally regulated on a state-by-state basis by state departments of insurance. The laws and regulations applicable to the marketing and sale of Medicare plans are numerous, ambiguous and complex, and, particularly with respect to regulations and guidance issued by CMS for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, change frequently. The telephone calls on which we enroll individuals into Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans are required to be recorded. Health insurance companies audit these recordings for compliance and listen to them in connection with their investigation of complaints. In addition, Medicare eligible individuals may receive a special election period and the ability to change Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans outside the Medicare annual enrollment period in the event that the sale of the plan was not in accordance with CMS rules and guidelines. Given CMS’s scrutiny of Medicare product health insurance companies and the responsibility of the insurance company partners for actions that we take, insurance company partners may terminate our relationship with them or take other corrective action if our Medicare product sales, marketing and operations are not in compliance or give rise to too many complaints. The termination of our relationship with insurance company partners for this reason would reduce the products we are able to offer, could result in the loss of commissions for past and future sales and would otherwise harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As a result of the laws, regulations and guidelines relating to the sale of Medicare plans, we have altered, and likely will have to continue to alter, our websites and sales process to comply with several requirements that are not applicable to our sale of non-Medicare-related health insurance plans. For instance, many aspects of our online platforms and our marketing material and processes, as well as changes to these platforms, materials and processes, including call center scripts, must be filed on a regular basis with CMS and reviewed and approved by health insurance companies in light of CMS requirements. In addition, certain aspects of our Medicare plan marketing partner relationships have been in the past, and will be in the future, subjected to CMS and health insurance company review. Changes to the laws, regulations and guidelines relating to Medicare plans, their interpretation or the manner in which they are enforced could be incompatible with these relationships, our platforms or our sale of Medicare plans, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Due to changes in CMS guidance or enforcement or interpretation of existing guidance applicable to our marketing and sale of Medicare products, or as a result of new laws, regulations and guidelines, CMS, state departments of insurance or insurance company partners may determine to object to or not to approve aspects of our online platforms or marketing material and processes and may determine that certain existing aspects of our Medicare-related business are not in compliance. As a result, the progress of our Medicare operations could be slowed or we could be prevented from operating aspects of our Medicare commissions and fees generating activities altogether, which would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition, particularly if it occurred during the Medicare annual enrollment period.

We have received, and may in the future receive, inquiries from CMS or state departments of insurance regarding our marketing and business practices and compliance with laws and regulations. Inquiries and proceedings initiated by the government could adversely impact our health insurance licenses, require us to pay fines, require us to modify marketing and business practices, result in litigation and otherwise harm our business, operating results or financial condition.

In May 2021, CMS changed its process for the submission and approval of marketing materials related to Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. The practical application of the previous process allowed for a lead carrier to handle most of the review and filing of Medicare plan marketing materials with CMS. The new process requires each carrier to approve of each filed marketing material and has resulted in a more complicated and time consuming process to get our marketing material filed with CMS and through the process with carriers. In October 2021, CMS issued new guidance that significantly broadens the types of marketing materials that we are required to file with CMS, including the requirement to file certain generic marketing materials that refer to the benefits or costs of Medicare Advantage or Medicare Part D prescription drug plans but that do not specifically mention a health insurance carrier's name or a specific plan. As a result, we now submit to each Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan carrier with which we have a relationship a significantly larger number of marketing materials than we have in the past. We may not be able to use certain of our marketing materials and implement our marketing programs effectively if CMS or an insurance company partner has comments or disapproves of our marketing materials. If we do not timely file the additional marketing materials with CMS, if insurance company partners do not adapt to the new CMS requirements or increase the efficiency with which they review our marketing material, or if we or our marketing partners are not successful in timely receiving insurance company partner or CMS approval of our marketing materials, it could harm our sales and also harm our ability to efficiently change and implement new or existing marketing material, including call center scripts and our websites, which could impact negatively in our business, operating results and financial condition, particularly if such delay or non-compliance occurs during the Medicare annual enrollment period.

The U.S. healthcare industry is subject to increased governmental regulation at both the federal and state levels. Certain proposals have been made at the federal and state government levels in an effort to control healthcare costs, including proposing to lower reimbursement under the Medicare program. These proposals include “single payor” government funded healthcare and price controls on prescription drugs. If these or similar efforts are successful, our business and operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, changing political, economic and regulatory influences may affect healthcare financing and reimbursement practices. If the current healthcare financing and reimbursement system changes significantly, our business could be materially adversely affected. Congress periodically considers proposals to reform the U.S. healthcare system such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act in 2010. Our insurance company partners may react to these proposals and the uncertainty surrounding them by reducing or delaying purchases of services that we provide. We cannot predict what effect, if any, these proposals may have on our business. Other legislative or market-driven changes in the healthcare system that we cannot anticipate could also materially adversely affect our consolidated results of operations, consolidated financial position or consolidated cash flow from operations.

Our ability to provide insurance services to clients and to create and maintain comprehensive tracking and reporting of client accounts depends on our capacity to collect, store, retrieve and otherwise process data, manage significant databases and expand and periodically upgrade our information processing capabilities. As our operations evolve, we will need to continue to make investments in new and enhanced information systems. Additionally, as our information system providers revise and upgrade their hardware, software and equipment technology, we may encounter difficulties integrating these new technologies into our business. Interruption or loss of our information processing capabilities or adverse consequences from implementing new or enhanced systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the course of providing financial services, we may electronically store, transmit or otherwise process personally identifiable information, such as social security numbers or credit card or bank information, of clients or employees of clients. Breaches in data security or infiltration of our network security by unauthorized persons could cause interruptions in operations and damage to our reputation, among other adverse impacts. While we maintain policies, procedures and technological safeguards designed to protect the security and privacy of this information, we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of, and have in the past experienced, improper access to or disclosure of personally identifiable information and related costs to mitigate the consequences from such events. Privacy laws, rules and regulations are matters of growing public concern and are continuously changing in the states in which we operate. The failure to adhere to or successfully implement procedures to respond to these laws, rules and regulations could result in legal liability or impairment to our reputation.

Further, despite security measures we and our vendors take, our systems and those of our vendors may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, unauthorized access, viruses or other disruptive problems. As we continue to expand our business through Partnerships, we may be exposed to increased vulnerability to data breaches, cybersecurity attacks and other security incidents during the integration of information systems. If our systems or facilities were infiltrated or damaged, our clients could experience data loss, financial loss and significant business interruption leading to a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify protective measures, to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures or to make required notifications.

We have developed, and will continue to develop, a strong brand that we believe has contributed significantly to the success of our business. Maintaining, protecting and enhancing those brands is critical to growing our business, particularly in new markets where we have limited brand recognition. If we do not successfully build and maintain a strong brand, our business could be materially harmed. Maintaining and enhancing the quality of our brand may require us to make substantial investments in areas such as marketing, community relations, outreach and employee training. We actively engage in advertisements, targeted promotional mailings and email communications, and engage on a regular basis in public relations and sponsorship activities. These investments may be substantial and may fail to encompass the optimal range of traditional, online and social advertising media to achieve maximum exposure and benefit to our brand. Moreover, our brand promotion activities may not generate brand awareness or yield increased revenue and, even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand or incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to promote and maintain our brand, we may fail to attract new clients or retain our existing clients to the extent necessary to realize a sufficient return on our brand-building efforts.

We believe that our portfolio of trademarks (some of which are pending registration) have significant value and that these and other intellectual property are valuable assets that are critical to our success. Unauthorized uses or other infringement, misappropriation or violation of our trademarks, service marks or other intellectual property could diminish the value of our brand and may adversely affect our business. Effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every market in which we operate. Moreover, the laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property and proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries may be inadequate. Additionally, we cannot guarantee that future trademark registrations for pending or future applications will issue, or that any registered trademarks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. The United States Patent and Trademark Office and various foreign trademark offices also require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the trademark registration process and after a registration has issued. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or cancellation of a trademark filing, resulting in partial or complete loss of trademark rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If this occurs, our competitors might be able to enter the market under identical or similar brands.

Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could damage our brand and impair our ability to compete effectively. Even where we have effectively secured statutory protection for our trademarks and other intellectual property, our competitors and other third parties may infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate our intellectual property. In the course of litigation, or as a preventative measure, such competitors and other third parties may attempt to challenge the scope of our rights or invalidate our intellectual property. If such challenges were to be successful, it could limit our ability to prevent others from using similar marks or designs may ultimately result in a reduced distinctiveness of our brand in the minds of consumers. Defending or enforcing our trademark rights, branding practices and other intellectual property could result in the expenditure of significant resources and divert the attention of management, which in turn may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations, even if such defense or enforcement is ultimately successful.

Our success and ability to compete depends in part on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, defend and enforce our intellectual property. To protect our intellectual property rights, we rely on a combination of trademark and copyright laws in the United States and certain other jurisdictions (whether via international convention, treaty or otherwise), trade secret protection, confidentiality agreements and other contractual arrangements with our affiliates, colleagues, clients, partners and others. However, such measures provide only limited protection and the steps that we take to protect our intellectual property may be inadequate to deter infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property or proprietary information. Policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, particularly in countries where the laws may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States and where mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be weak. We may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. In addition, we may be unable to detect the unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights.

Failure to protect our intellectual property adequately could harm our reputation and affect our ability to compete effectively. In addition, even if we initiate litigation against third parties, such as suits alleging infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property, we may not prevail. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management. Our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Additionally, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. An adverse determination of any litigation proceedings could put our intellectual property at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our related intellectual property at risk of not issuing or being cancelled. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Meanwhile, third parties may assert intellectual property-related claims against us, including claims of infringement, misappropriation or other violation of their intellectual property, which may be costly to defend, could require the payment of damages, legal fees, settlement payments, royalty payments and other costs or damages, including treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed, and could limit our ability to use or offer certain technologies, products or other intellectual property. Any intellectual property claims, with or without merit, could be expensive, take significant time and divert management’s resources, time and attention from other business concerns. Moreover, other companies, including our competitors, may have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them. Successful challenges against us could require us to modify or discontinue our use of technology or business processes where such use is found to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the rights of others, or require us to purchase costly licenses from third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if a license is available to us, it could be non-exclusive thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us, and we may be required to pay significant upfront fees, milestone payments or royalties, which would increase our operating expenses. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We maintain confidential, personal and proprietary information relating to our Company, our colleagues, our insurance company partners, our vendors and our actual and prospective clients. This information could include personally identifiable information, protected health information, such as information regarding the medical history of clients, financial information, and other categories of sensitive or protected information. We are subject to laws, rules, regulations, orders, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations relating to the collection, use, retention, security, transfer, storage, disposition and other processing of this information. These requirements may also apply to transfers of information among our affiliates, as well as to transactions we enter into with unaffiliated third-parties.

Cybersecurity risks have significantly increased in recent years, in part, because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies to exchange information and conduct transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of computer hackers, organized crime, terrorists, and other external parties, including foreign state actors. We have in the past and may in the future be subject to cyberattacks. Future cyberattacks could include computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, social engineering attacks, denial of service or information, improper access by employees or third-party partners or other security breaches that have or could in the future result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of our confidential, proprietary, personal, and other information concerning colleagues, clients, insurance company partners, vendors or consumers, or otherwise materially disrupt our network access or business operations.

Cybersecurity breaches, cyberattacks and other similar incidents, including, among other things, computer viruses, denial of service or information attacks, ransomware attacks, credential stuffing, social engineering, human error, fraud, unauthorized parties gaining access to our information technology systems, malware infections, phishing campaigns and vulnerability exploit attempts could disrupt the security of our internal systems and business applications or those of our vendors and impair our ability to provide services to our clients and protect the privacy of their data. Any such incidents may also compromise confidential business information, result in intellectual property or other confidential or proprietary information being lost or stolen, including client, colleague or Company data, which could harm our reputation, competitive position or otherwise adversely affect our business. Cyber threats are constantly evolving, which makes it more difficult to detect cybersecurity incidents, assess their severity or impact in a timely manner, and successfully defend against them. The hybrid and remote work environment is increasing the attack surface available to criminals, as more companies and individuals work remotely and otherwise work online. Consequently, the risk of a cybersecurity incident has increased, and as cybersecurity threats evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate or remediate any information security vulnerabilities, security breaches, cyberattacks or other similar incidents. We cannot provide assurances that our preventative efforts, or those of our vendors or service providers, will be successful, and we may not be able to anticipate all security breaches, cyberattacks or other similar incidents, detect or react to such incidents in a timely manner, implement guaranteed preventive measures against such incidents, or adequately remediate any such incident.

Although we maintain policies, procedures and technical safeguards designed to protect the security and privacy of confidential, personal and proprietary information, we cannot eliminate the risk of, and have in the past experienced, improper access to or disclosure of personally identifiable information and related costs to mitigate the consequences from such events. It is possible that the measures we implement, including our security controls over personal data and training of colleagues on data security, may not prevent improper access to, disclosure of or misuse of confidential, personal or proprietary information. This could cause harm to our reputation, create legal exposure or subject us to liability under laws that protect personal data, resulting in increased costs or loss of commissions and fees. In addition, improper access to or disclosure of personal and proprietary information could occur in a target we acquire prior to the acquisition or as a result of actions taken prior to the acquisition or during the integration period. Even if we receive indemnification for such events (which may not be the cure), such events could cause harm to our reputation, create legal exposure or subject us to liability under laws that protect personal data.

The occurrence of any security breach, cyberattack or other similar incident with respect to our or our vendors’ systems, or our failure to make adequate or timely disclosures to the public, regulators, law enforcement agencies or affected individuals, as applicable, following any such event, could cause harm to our reputation, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, expose us to civil litigation, fines, damages or injunctions or subject us to liability under applicable data privacy, cybersecurity and other laws, rules and regulations, resulting in increased costs or loss of commissions and fees, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for cybersecurity liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that our insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

We are subject to complex and frequently changing laws, rules and regulations in the various jurisdictions in which we operate relating to the collection, use, retention, security, transfer, storage, disposition and other processing of personal information. For example, legislators in the United States have passed new and more robust cybersecurity legislation in light of the recent broad-based cyberattacks at a number of companies. These and similar initiatives around the country could increase the cost of developing, implementing or securing our networks, tools, systems and other information technology assets and require us to allocate more resources to improved technologies, adding to our information technology and compliance costs. Ensuring that our collection, use, retention, security, transfer, storage, disposition and other processing of personal information complies with applicable laws, regulations, rules and standards regarding data privacy and cybersecurity in relevant jurisdictions can increase operating costs, impact the development of new products or services, and reduce operational efficiency.

At the federal level, we are subject to, among other laws, rules and regulations, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act ("GLBA"), which requires financial institutions to, among other things, periodically disclose their privacy policies and practices relating to sharing personal information and, in some cases, enables retail customers to opt out of the sharing of certain personal information with unaffiliated third parties. The GLBA also requires financial institutions to implement an information security program that includes administrative, technical and physical safeguards to ensure the security and confidentiality of nonpublic personal information, which can include customer records and information. We are also subject to the rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of the Federal Trade Commission, which regulates unfair or deceptive acts or practices, including with respect to data privacy and cybersecurity. Data privacy and cybersecurity are also areas of increasing state legislative focus and we are, or may in the future become, subject to various state laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. For example, the California Consumer Protection Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”), which became effective on January 1, 2020, applies to for-profit businesses that conduct business in California and meet certain revenue or data collection thresholds. The CCPA gives California residents the right to, among other things, request disclosure of information collected about them and whether that information has been sold to others, request deletion of personal information (subject to certain exceptions), opt out of the sale of their personal information, and not be discriminated against for exercising these rights. The CCPA contains several exemptions, including an exemption applicable to personal information that is collected, processed, sold or disclosed pursuant to the GLBA. Further, effective in most material respects starting on January 1, 2023, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) has significantly modified the CCPA, including by expanding California residents’ rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. The CPRA also creates a new state agency which will be vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and the CPRA. Other states where we do business, or may in the future do business, or from which we otherwise collect, or may in the future otherwise collect, personal information of residents have adopted or are considering adopting similar laws. For example, Virginia and Colorado have recently adopted comprehensive data privacy laws similar to the CCPA, which went into effect in January and July of 2023, respectively. In addition, some states have passed laws that include affirmative data security obligations that may govern the ways in which we protect consumer information. For example, Massachusetts law requires, among other things, that covered entities develop, implement, and maintain a comprehensive, written information security program that is designed to protect personal information and that includes specific prescribed safeguards. Further, laws in all 50 U.S. states and U.S. territories generally require businesses to provide notice under certain circumstances to individuals (whether customers, prospects, employees, or otherwise) whose personal information has been improperly accessed, disclosed or otherwise compromised as a result of a data breach. Certain state laws and regulations may be more stringent, broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights, with respect to personal information than federal or other state laws and regulations, and such laws and regulations may differ from each other, which may complicate compliance efforts and increase compliance costs. Cybersecurity and data privacy laws are constantly evolving, and we may be required to modify our practices regularly in an effort to maintain our compliance with applicable law.

We are subject to the UK General Data Protection Regulation (“UK GDPR”) and may in the future be subject to the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which protect the personal data of individuals residing in the United Kingdom and the European Union (whether customers, prospects, employees, or otherwise), respectively. Under the UK GDPR and the GDPR, we are required, as applicable, among other obligations, to protect personal data using appropriate technical, administrative, and organizational measures, to identify and maintain legal bases for processing personal data, to give effect to data subject rights (including, for example, deletion, correction, and objection to or restriction of processing in certain circumstances), to ensure that anyone we authorize to process personal data on our behalf is bound by appropriate duties of confidentiality, to engage subprocessors pursuant to written agreements obligating them to protect personal data in accordance with the UK GDPR or GDPR, as applicable, and controller instructions, and to transfer personal data solely pursuant to authorized transfer mechanisms, including, where required, the Standard Contractual Clauses.

We are also subject to Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (“PIPEDA”), and its provincial analogues in British Columbia and Alberta. Under PIPEDA, and its provincial counterparts, we are required, among other things, to designate a privacy officer to be responsible for ensuring our compliance with relevant legislation, to notify data subjects of the purposes for which their personal information will be processed, to publicly disclose information about our policies and practices relating to the management of personal information, and to effect data subjects’ requests to exercise their rights.

We are also subject to Bermuda’s Personal Information Protection Act (“PIPA”). Under PIPA, we are required, among other things, to appoint a data protection officer responsible for ensuring compliance with PIPA, to effect data subject rights (including for example and under certain circumstances, the right to access, the right to correct, the right to erasure, and the right to object, etc.), to establish appropriate legal bases for processing personal data, and to assess the level of protection provided by an overseas third-party recipient of personal data in advance of any transfer to any such third party.

Further, while we strive to publish and prominently display privacy policies that are accurate, comprehensive, and compliant with applicable laws, regulations, rules and industry standards, we cannot ensure that our privacy policies and other statements regarding our practices will be sufficient to protect us from claims, proceedings, liability or adverse publicity relating to data privacy or cybersecurity. Although we endeavor to comply with our privacy policies, we may at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so. The publication of our privacy policies and other documentation that provide promises and assurances about privacy, data protection and cybersecurity can subject us to potential federal or state action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair, insufficient, or misrepresentative of our actual practices.

Any actual or perceived failure to adhere to, or successfully implement processes in response to, changing legal or regulatory requirements in this area or to comply with our privacy policies could result in legal liability, including litigation (including class actions), claims, proceedings, regulatory fines, penalties or other sanctions, governmental investigations, enforcement actions, the expenditure of substantial costs, time and other resources, damage to our reputation in the marketplace and other adverse impacts, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We seek to maintain and develop new software or technology where appropriate to better serve our clients. This includes developing new software, technology, and automated systems (including, but not limited to, billing systems) to support our insurance products. Notwithstanding these upgrades and the proliferation of technology and technology-based risk and control systems, our businesses ultimately rely on people as our greatest resource, and, from time to time, they have in the past and may in the future make mistakes or engage in violations of applicable policies, laws, rules or procedures that are not always caught immediately by our technological processes or by our controls and other procedures, which are intended to prevent and detect such errors or violations. We have in the past and in the future could experience operational incidents caused by human error due to failure to properly utilize software or technology or adhere to applicable policies and procedures, calculation errors, mistakes in addressing emails, errors in software or model development or implementation, or simple errors in judgment.

Operational incidents could result in financial losses as well as misappropriation, corruption, or loss of confidential client specific information, including social security numbers, private health information, payment card numbers, or bank account information. Such an incident could significantly negatively impact our reputation, customers, clients, businesses or results of operations and financial condition. Cyber-related and other operational incidents can also result in legal and regulatory proceedings, fines, and other costs.

While we maintain some of our critical information technology systems, we also depend on third-party service providers to provide important information technology services relating to, among other things, agency management services, sales and service support, network, device and event monitoring, cybersecurity, electronic communications and certain finance functions. If the service providers to which we outsource these functions do not perform effectively, we may not be able to achieve the expected cost savings and may have to incur additional costs to correct errors made by such service providers. Depending on the function involved, such errors may also lead to business disruption, processing inefficiencies, the loss of or damage to intellectual property through a security breach, the loss of sensitive, personal or confidential data through a security breach, or otherwise. While we and our third-party service providers have not experienced any significant disruption, failure or breach impacting our or their information technology systems, any such disruption, failure or breach could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are a holding company, and our principal asset is our direct or indirect ownership of 58% of the outstanding LLC Units. We have no independent means of generating commissions and fees.

Further, we are a party to the 2019 Stockholders Agreement entered into in connection with the initial public offering with the Pre-IPO LLC Members. Pursuant to the terms of the 2019 Stockholders Agreement, so long as the Pre-IPO LLC Members and their permitted transferees (collectively, the “Holders”) beneficially own at least 10% of the aggregate number of outstanding shares of our common stock (the “Substantial Ownership Requirement”), the Holders have approval rights over certain transactions and actions taken by us and Baldwin Holdings, including:

•a merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of the assets of Baldwin Holdings and its subsidiaries;

•any dissolution, liquidation or reorganization (including filing for bankruptcy) of Baldwin Holdings and its subsidiaries or any acquisition or disposition of any asset for consideration in excess of 5% of our and our subsidiaries' total assets on a consolidated basis;

•the incurrence, guarantee, assumption or refinancing of indebtedness, or grant of a security interest, in excess of 10% of total assets (or that would cause aggregate indebtedness or guarantees thereof to exceed 10% of total assets);

•the issuance of certain additional equity interests of the Company, Baldwin Holdings or any of their subsidiaries in an amount exceeding $10 million (other than pursuant to an equity incentive plan that has been approved by our board of directors);

•the establishment or amendment of any equity, purchase or bonus plan for the benefit of employees, consultants, officers or directors;

•any capital or other expenditure in excess of 5% of total assets;

•the declaration or payment of dividends on Class A common stock or distributions by Baldwin Holdings on LLC Units other than tax distributions as defined in the Amended LLC Agreement;

•changing the number of directors on our board of directors;

•hiring, termination or replacement of, establishment of compensation (including benefits) payable to, or making other significant decisions involving, our or Baldwin Holdings' senior management and key employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, including entry into or modification of employment agreements, adopting or modifying plans relating to any incentive securities or employee benefit plans or granting incentive securities or benefits under any existing plans;

•changing our or Baldwin Holdings’ jurisdiction of incorporation or organization;

•changing the location of our or Baldwin Holdings’ headquarters;

•changing our or Baldwin Holdings’ name;

•changing our or Baldwin Holdings’ fiscal year;

•changing our public accounting firm;

•amendments to our or Baldwin Holdings’ governing documents; and

•adopting a shareholder rights plan.

Furthermore, the 2019 Stockholders Agreement provides that, for so long as the Substantial Ownership Requirement is met, the Holders may designate the nominees for a majority of the members of our board of directors, including the Chairman of our board of directors.

Notwithstanding the rights afforded to the Holders under the 2019 Stockholders Agreement and in connection with the Lawsuit (as defined below), BIGH, LLC, an entity controlled by Lowry Baldwin, our Chairman, and the Holder of a majority of the shares of the Company's Class B common stock held by all of the Holders (the “Majority Holder”), and the Company entered into a consent and defense agreement (the “Consent Agreement”) pursuant to which the Majority Holder has irrevocably consented to and approved, on behalf of itself and the other Holders, certain transactions and actions taken by the Company and Baldwin Holdings (each, a “Specified Matter”) that the Independent Committee (as defined below) determines in good faith are in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders in their capacity as such, in satisfaction of the approval rights under the 2019 Stockholders Agreement with respect to such Specified Matter. Further, the Majority Holder irrevocably agreed, on behalf of itself and the other Holders, not to designate any nominee for election to service on our board of directors if the Independent Committee determines in good faith that action by our board of directors in furtherance of the nomination of such person to our board of directors would not be in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders in their capacity as such.

•create a committee of our board of directors, composed of all directors then in office who our board of directors determines both (i) qualify as an independent director under the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq (as defined in the 10-K) and (ii) have no relationship with the Company or any Holder that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director (such committee, the “Independent Committee”); and

•empower the Independent Committee, acting unanimously, to make any and all determinations contemplated or required by the Consent Agreement, subject to any additional power and authority as may be delegated to the Independent Committee by our board of directors from time to time.

A group comprised of Lowry Baldwin, our Chairman; BIGH, LLC, an entity controlled by Lowry Baldwin; Elizabeth Krystyn; Laura Sherman; Trevor Baldwin, our Chief Executive Officer; Dan Galbraith, President, The Baldwin Group and CEO, Retail Brokerage Operations; Brad Hale, our Chief Financial Officer; and certain trusts established by such individuals, have entered into a Voting Agreement, as amended, with Lowry Baldwin, our Chairman, pursuant to which, in connection with any meeting of our stockholders or any written consent of our stockholders, each such person and trust party will agree to vote or exercise their right to consent in the manner directed by Lowry Baldwin. As of September 30, 2024, Lowry Baldwin through the Voting Agreement beneficially owns 23.9% of the voting power of our common stock.

Subsequent to the execution of the Consent Agreement, the Company and certain of the parties to the Stockholders Agreement entered into a new stockholders agreement on October 30, 2024 (the “2024 Stockholders Agreement”) in response to the Lawsuit (as defined and discussed in Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report). The 2024 Stockholders Agreement will go into effect if the final nonappeallable judgment in the Lawsuit does not find that the 2019 Stockholders Agreement is valid pursuant to its terms. Once the operative provisions of the 2024 Stockholders Agreement are in effect and for so long as the Substantial Ownership Requirement (as defined in the 2024 Stockholders Agreement) is met, the Holders will have essentially the same rights contemplated by the 2019 Stockholders Agreement, including approval rights over certain specified matters relating to us or Baldwin Holdings that must be satisfied prior to the occurrence of such specified matters, including: a merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of the assets of Baldwin Holdings and its subsidiaries; any dissolution, liquidation or reorganization (including filing for bankruptcy) of Baldwin Holdings and its subsidiaries or any acquisition or disposition of any asset for consideration in excess of 5% of our and our subsidiaries’ total assets on a consolidated basis; the incurrence, guarantee, assumption or refinancing of indebtedness, or grant of a security interest, in excess of 10% of total assets (or that would cause aggregate indebtedness or guarantees thereof to exceed 10% of total assets); the issuance of certain additional equity interests of the Company, Baldwin Holdings or any of their subsidiaries for consideration in an amount exceeding $10 million (other than pursuant to an equity incentive plan that has been approved by our board of directors); the establishment or amendment of any equity, purchase or bonus plan for the benefit of employees, consultants, officers or directors; any capital or other expenditure in excess of 5% of total assets; the declaration or payment of dividends on Class A common stock or distributions by Baldwin Holdings on LLC Units other than tax distributions as defined in the Amended LLC Agreement; changing the number of directors on our board of directors (other than certain automatic changes pursuant to our certificate of incorporation); hiring, termination or replacement of, establishment of compensation (including benefits) payable to, or making other significant decisions relating to, our or Baldwin Holdings' senior management and key employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, including entry into or modification of employment agreements, adopting or modifying plans relating to any incentive securities or employee benefit plans or granting incentive securities or benefits under any existing plans; changing our or Baldwin Holdings’ jurisdiction of incorporation; changing the location of our or Baldwin Holdings’ headquarters; changing our or Baldwin Holdings’ name; changing our or Baldwin Holdings’ fiscal year; changing our public accounting firm; amendments to our or Baldwin Holdings’ governing documents; and adopting a shareholder rights plan. Furthermore, the 2024 Stockholders Agreement provides that, for so long as the Substantial Ownership Requirement is met, the Holders may designate the nominees for a majority of the members of our board of directors, including the Chairman of our board of directors.

This concentration of ownership and voting power may also delay, defer or even prevent an acquisition by a third party or other change of control of our Company, which could deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your shares of Class A common stock and may make some transactions more difficult or impossible without the support of the Holders, even if such events are in the best interests of stockholders other than the Holders. Furthermore, this concentration of voting power with Holders may have a negative impact on the price of our Class A common stock. In addition, the Holders will have the ability to designate the nominees for a majority of the members of our board of directors, including the Chairman of our board of directors, until the Substantial Ownership Requirement is no longer met. As a result, the Holders may not be inclined to permit us to issue additional shares of Class A common stock, including for the facilitation of acquisitions, if it would dilute their holdings below the Substantial Ownership Requirement.

Furthermore, Holders’ interests may not be fully aligned with yours, which could lead to actions that are not in your best interests. Because the Holders hold a majority of their economic interests in our business through Baldwin Holdings rather than through Baldwin, they may have conflicting interests with holders of shares of our Class A common stock. For example, the Holders may be in a different tax position than holders of shares of our Class A common stock, which could influence their decisions regarding whether and when Baldwin Holdings should dispose of assets or incur new or refinance existing indebtedness, especially in light of the existence of the Tax Receivable Agreement, and whether and when we should undergo certain changes of control for purposes of the Tax Receivable Agreement or terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, the structuring of future transactions may take into consideration these tax or other considerations even where no similar benefit would accrue to holders of shares of our Class A common stock. Pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, if the IRS makes audit adjustments to Baldwin Holdings’ federal income tax returns, it may assess and collect any taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) resulting from such audit adjustment directly from Baldwin Holdings. If, as a result of any such audit adjustment, Baldwin Holdings is required to make payments of taxes, penalties and interest, Baldwin Holdings’ cash available for distributions to us may be substantially reduced. These rules are not applicable to Baldwin Holdings for tax years beginning on or prior to December 31, 2017. In addition, the Holders’ significant ownership in us and approval rights under the 2019 Stockholders Agreement and/or the 2024 Stockholders Agreement may discourage someone from making a significant equity investment in us, or could discourage transactions involving a change in control, including transactions in which you as a holder of shares of our Class A common stock might otherwise receive a premium for your shares over the then-current market price.

Under the Amended LLC Agreement, Baldwin Holdings will generally be required from time to time to make pro rata distributions in cash to us and the other holders of LLC Units at certain assumed tax rates in amounts that are intended to be sufficient to cover the taxes on our and the other LLC Unit holders’ respective allocable shares of the taxable income of Baldwin Holdings. As a result of (i) potential differences in the amount of net taxable income allocable to us and the other LLC Unit holders, (ii) the lower tax rate applicable to corporations than individuals and (iii) the favorable tax benefits that we anticipate receiving from (a) previous acquisitions by Baldwin of LLC Units and future taxable redemptions or exchanges of LLC Units for shares of our Class A common stock or cash and (b) payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, we expect that these tax distributions will be in amounts that exceed our tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Our board of directors will determine the appropriate uses for any excess cash so accumulated, which may include, among other uses, dividends, repurchases of our Class A common stock, the payment of obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement and the payment of other expenses. We will have no obligation to distribute such cash (or other available cash other than any declared dividend) to our stockholders. No adjustments to the redemption or exchange ratio of LLC Units for shares of Class A common stock will be made as a result of either (i) any cash distribution by us or (ii) any cash that we retain and do not distribute to our stockholders. To the extent that we do not distribute such excess cash as dividends on our Class A common stock and instead, for example, hold such cash balances or lend them to Baldwin Holdings, holders of LLC Units would benefit from any value attributable to such cash balances as a result of their ownership of Class A common stock following a redemption or exchange of their LLC Units.

Previous acquisitions by Baldwin of LLC Units from Baldwin Holdings' LLC Members and future taxable redemptions or exchanges by Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members of LLC Units for shares of our Class A common stock or cash, as well as other transactions described herein, are expected to result in tax basis adjustments to the assets of Baldwin Holdings that will be allocated to us and thus produce favorable tax attributes. These tax attributes would not be available to us in the absence of those transactions. The tax basis adjustments are expected to reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future.

The Tax Receivable Agreement with Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members provides for the payment by us to Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members of 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that we actually realize as a result of (i) any increase in tax basis in Baldwin’s assets resulting from (a) previous acquisitions by Baldwin of LLC Units from Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members, (b) the purchase of LLC Units from Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members using the net proceeds from any future offering, (c) redemptions or exchanges by Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members of LLC Units for shares of our Class A common stock or cash or (d) payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest resulting from payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement are our obligations and not obligations of Baldwin Holdings.

The actual increases in tax basis with respect to future taxable redemptions, exchanges or purchases of LLC Units, as well as the amount and timing of any payments we are required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement will depend on a number of factors, including the market value of our Class A common stock at the time of future redemptions or exchanges, the prevailing federal tax rates applicable to us over the life of the Tax Receivable Agreement (as well as the assumed combined state and local tax rate), the amount and timing of the taxable income that we generate in the future and the extent to which future redemptions, exchanges or purchases of LLC Units are taxable transactions.

Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are not conditioned on Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members’ continued ownership of us. There may be a material negative effect on our liquidity if the payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement exceed the actual benefits we receive in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement and/or distributions to us by Baldwin Holdings are not sufficient to permit us to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

In addition, although we are not aware of any issue that would cause the IRS to challenge the tax basis increases or other benefits arising under the Tax Receivable Agreement, Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members will not reimburse us for any payments previously made if such tax basis increases or other tax benefits are subsequently disallowed, except that any excess payments made to Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members will be netted against future payments otherwise to be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement, if any, after our determination of such excess. As a result, in such circumstances, we could make payments to Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are greater than our actual cash tax savings and we may not be able to recoup those payments, which could negatively impact our liquidity.

In addition, the Tax Receivable Agreement provides that, upon certain mergers, asset sales or other forms of business combination, or certain other changes of control, our or our successor’s obligations with respect to tax benefits would be based on certain assumptions, including that we or our successor would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits covered by the Tax Receivable Agreement. As a result, upon a change of control, we could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are greater than the specified percentage of our actual cash tax savings, which could negatively impact our liquidity.

This provision of the Tax Receivable Agreement may result in situations where Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members have interests that differ from or are in addition to those of our other stockholders. In addition, we could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are substantial and in excess of our, or a potential acquirer’s, actual cash savings in income tax.

Our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement will also apply with respect to any person who is issued LLC Units in the future and who becomes a party to the Tax Receivable Agreement.

Finally, because we are a holding company with no operations of our own, our ability to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement depends on the ability of Baldwin Holdings to make distributions to us. The 2024 Credit Agreement restricts the ability of Baldwin Holdings to make distributions to us, which could affect our ability to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. To the extent that we are unable to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, such payments will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid, which could negatively impact our results of operations and could also affect our liquidity in periods in which such payments are made.

As the sole managing member of Baldwin Holdings, we intend to cause Baldwin Holdings to make distributions to the holders of LLC Units and us, in amounts sufficient to (i) cover all applicable taxes payable by us and the holders of LLC Units, (ii) allow us to make any payments required under the Tax Receivable Agreement and (iii) fund dividends to our stockholders in accordance with our dividend policy, to the extent that our board of directors declares such dividends.

Deterioration in the financial conditions, earnings or cash flow of Baldwin Holdings and its subsidiaries for any reason could limit or impair their ability to pay such distributions. Additionally, to the extent that we need funds and Baldwin Holdings is restricted from making such distributions to us under applicable law or regulation, as a result of covenants in its debt agreements or otherwise, we may not be able to obtain such funds on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and, as a result, could suffer a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

Our certificate of incorporation and by-laws provide for, among other things:

•division of our board of directors into three classes of directors, with each class as equal in number as possible, serving staggered three-year terms;

•until the Substantial Ownership Requirement is no longer met, the Holders may designate a majority of the nominees for election to our board of directors, including the nominee for election to serve as Chairman of our board of directors;

•our ability to issue additional shares of Class A common stock and to issue preferred stock with terms that our board of directors may determine, in each case without stockholder approval (other than as specified in our certificate of incorporation);

•the absence of cumulative voting in the election of directors; and

•advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations.

These provisions in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company that is in the best interest of our minority stockholders. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our Class A common stock if they are viewed as discouraging future takeover attempts. These provisions could also make it more difficult for stockholders to nominate directors for election to our board of directors and take other corporate actions.

Our certificate of incorporation and Stockholders Agreement provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the doctrine of “corporate opportunity” under Delaware law will only apply against our directors and officers and their respective affiliates for competing activities related to insurance brokerage activities. This doctrine will not apply to any business activity other than insurance brokerage activities. Furthermore, the Pre-IPO LLC Members have business relationships outside of our business.

State insurance codes generally require prior approval for a change of control of an insurance holding company by the applicable state's department of insurance. Under such state insurance law, the acquisition of 10% or more of the outstanding voting stock of an insurer or its holding company is usually presumed to be a change in control. Approval may be withheld even if the transaction would be in the stockholders’ best interest if the state insurance department determines that the transaction would be detrimental to policyholders.

A key element of our growth strategy is to make acquisitions. As part of our acquisition strategy, we may issue shares of our common stock, as well as LLC Units of Baldwin Holdings, as consideration for such acquisitions. These issuances could be significant. To the extent that we make acquisitions and issue our shares of common stock as consideration, your equity interest in us will be diluted. Any such issuance will also increase the number of outstanding shares of common stock that will be eligible for sale in the future. Persons receiving shares of our common stock in connection with these acquisitions may be more likely to sell off their common stock, which may influence the price of our common stock. In addition, the potential issuance of additional shares in connection with anticipated acquisitions could lessen demand for our common stock and result in a lower price than might otherwise be obtained. We may issue a significant amount of our common stock in the future for other purposes as well, including in connection with financings, including to finance the cash portion of acquisition consideration to execute on our partnership strategy, for compensation purposes, in connection with strategic transactions or for other purposes.

Securities markets worldwide have experienced, and are likely to continue to experience, significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general economic, market or political conditions, could reduce the market price of our Class A common stock regardless of our results of operations. The trading price of our Class A common stock is likely to be volatile and subject to wide price fluctuations in response to various factors, including:

•market conditions in the broader stock market in general, or in our industry in particular;

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financials and results of operations;

•introduction of new products and services by us or our competitors;

•issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports or recommendations;

•investor perceptions of us and the industries in which we or our clients operate;

•low trading volumes or sales, or anticipated sales, of large blocks of our Class A common stock, including those by our existing investors or our partners;

•concentration of Class A common stock ownership;

•additions or departures of key personnel;

•regulatory or political developments;

•litigation and governmental investigations;

•changing economic and political conditions;

•the perceived adequacy of our ESG efforts;

•our ability or perceived ability to:

◦attract new clients, successfully deploy and implement our products, obtain client renewals and provide our clients with excellent client support;

◦increase our network of insurance company partners and the profit-sharing, override and/or contingent commissions that we earn from such insurance company partners;

◦adequately expand, train, integrate and retain our colleagues, including our executive officers and senior leaders, and maintain or increase our sales force’s productivity;

◦improve our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures to ensure timely and accurate reporting of our operational and financial results;

◦successfully introduce new products and enhance existing products;

◦successfully deploy information technology assets for use by our colleagues and interaction with our clients and insurance company partners;

◦adapt to the ever-changing regulatory and legal landscape;

◦protect sensitive, personal and confidential information and data within Baldwin’s custody from third-party bad actors;

◦successfully identify and acquire new partners;

◦successfully integrate partnerships into the Company in an operationally efficient manner;

◦service our existing indebtedness;

◦access the capital markets or otherwise obtain access to capital to satisfy future needs of the Company;

◦successfully introduce our products to new markets and geographies; and

◦successfully compete against larger companies and new market entrants.

•announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors; and

•new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business, including developments relating to the health care industry and the marketing and sale of Medicare plans.

These and other factors may cause the market price and demand for shares of our Class A common stock to fluctuate substantially, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares of Class A common stock and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our Class A common stock. In addition, in the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation.

We are a holding company and have no material assets other than our ownership of LLC Units in Baldwin Holdings and we do not have any independent means of generating commissions and fees. We intend to cause Baldwin Holdings to make pro rata distributions to Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members and us in an amount at least sufficient to allow us and Baldwin Holdings’ LLC Members to pay all applicable taxes, to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and to pay our corporate and other overhead expenses. Baldwin Holdings is a distinct legal entity and may be subject to legal or contractual restrictions that, under certain circumstances, may limit our ability to obtain cash from them. If Baldwin Holdings is unable to make distributions, we may not receive adequate distributions, which could materially and adversely affect our dividends and financial position and our ability to fund any dividends to Class A common stock.

Our board of directors will periodically review the cash generated from our business and the capital expenditures required to finance our global growth plans and determine whether to declare periodic dividends to our stockholders. Our board of directors will take into account general economic and business conditions, including our financial condition and results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, including restrictions and covenants contained in the 2024 Credit Agreement, business prospects and other factors that our board of directors considers relevant. In addition, the 2024 Credit Agreement limits the amount of distributions that Baldwin Holdings can make to us and the purposes for which distributions could be made. Accordingly, we may not be able to pay dividends to our Class A common stockholders even if our board of directors would otherwise deem it appropriate. Refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources for additional information.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed or intends to borrow from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities at a later date to return to the lender. A short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is therefore in the short seller’s interest for the price of the stock to decline, some short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, opinions or characterizations regarding the relevant issuer, its business prospects and similar matters, calculated to or which may create negative market momentum, and which may permit them to obtain profits for themselves as a result of selling the stock short. These opinions and characterizations may contain falsehoods, incomplete and deceptive statements and/or otherwise be misleading. Issuers whose securities have historically had limited trading volumes, and issuers who are susceptible to relatively high volatility levels, can be particularly vulnerable to such short seller attacks. In addition to impacting the pricing of our stock, such short seller attacks could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation.

The trading market for our Class A common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We currently have research coverage by industry and securities analysts. If no or few analysts continue coverage of us, the trading price of our Class A common stock would likely decrease. If one or more of the analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluations of our Class A common stock, the price of our Class A common stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover our Class A common stock, we could lose visibility in the trading market for our Class A common stock, which in turn could cause our Class A common stock price to decline.

If we identify material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future, or if we are unable to comply with the demands that will be placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, in a timely manner, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results, or report them within the timeframes required by the SEC. In addition, if we are unable to disclose that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, we may face restricted access to the capital markets, and our stock price may be adversely affected.

None.

We face significant and persistent cybersecurity risks due to: the scope of geographies, networks and systems we must defend against cybersecurity attacks; the complexity, technical sophistication, value, and widespread use of our systems, products and processes; the attractiveness of our systems, products and processes to threat actors (including state-sponsored organizations) seeking to inflict harm on us or our clients; and our use of third-party products, services and components.

While we have not, as of the date of this Form 10-K, experienced a cybersecurity threat or incident that resulted in a material adverse impact to our business or operations, there can be no guarantee that we will not experience such an incident in the future. Such incidents, whether or not successful, could result in our incurring significant costs related to, for example, rebuilding our internal systems, implementing additional threat protection measures, providing modifications or replacements to our products and services, defending against litigation, responding to regulatory inquiries or actions, paying damages, providing clients with incentives to maintain a business relationship with us, or taking other remedial steps with respect to third parties, as well as incurring significant reputational harm. In addition, these threats are constantly evolving, thereby increasing the difficulty of successfully defending against them or implementing adequate preventative measures. We seek to detect and investigate unauthorized attempts and attacks against our network, products and services, and to prevent their occurrence and recurrence where practicable through changes or updates to our internal processes and tools and changes or updates to our products and services; however, we remain potentially vulnerable to known or unknown threats. In some instances, we, our trading partners, our clients, and our service providers and contractors can be unaware of a threat or incident or its magnitude and effects. Further, there is increasing regulation regarding responses to cybersecurity incidents, including reporting to regulators, which could subject us to additional liability and reputational harm. Refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on our cybersecurity risks.

Our business involves the storage and transmission of a significant amount of confidential and sensitive information. As a result, we take the confidentiality, integrity and availability of this highly sensitive information seriously and invest significant time, effort and resources into protecting such information. Our cybersecurity strategy was designed with the foregoing principles in mind and prioritizes detecting and responding to threats and effective management of security risks.

To implement our cybersecurity strategy, we maintain various safeguards to secure the data we hold, including encrypting sensitive data, utilizing a robust 24/7/365 security monitoring system, regularly assessing product features for security vulnerabilities, conducting continuous internal penetration tests, and leveraging multi-factor authentication to help effectively protect sensitive information and appropriate access rights. We also have data and cybersecurity protection and control policies to facilitate a secure environment for sensitive information and to preserve the availability of critical data and systems. We have processes in place to assess and manage vendor cybersecurity risks, which include initial and periodic security program reviews through the use of third-party vendors who specialize in this subject matter. We have engaged our independent, internal audit team that reports directly to the Chair of the Audit Committee of our board of directors to audit our adherence to our cybersecurity policies. These audits help us assess our internal preparedness, adherence to best practices and industry standards, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations as well as help us to identify areas for continued focus and improvement. We conduct annual information security awareness training for employees involved in the systems or processes connected to confidential and sensitive information. We also carry insurance that provides certain, limited protection against potential losses arising from a cybersecurity incident.

The Technology & Cyber Risk Committee of our board of directors (the “TCRC”) is responsible for overseeing and reviewing our cybersecurity program and cybersecurity risk exposure and the steps taken to monitor and mitigate such exposure. The TCRC updates the full board of directors on cybersecurity matters periodically.

Our information security team for IAS, MIS and Corporate is led by our Chief Digital & Information Officer (“CDIO”), who also serves as our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) for IAS, MIS and Corporate. Our CDIO/CISO reports to our President, The Baldwin Group & CEO, Retail Brokerage Operations. Our CDIO/CISO has served in the role since 2021 and has experience in application security, intrusion detection, penetration testing, Continuous Threat Exposure Management ("CTEM"), and unconventional cyber-attack vectors, having previously led technology teams at Comerica Bank, HSBC, Citibank and General Electric. Our CDIO/CISO oversees a team of information security professionals who are devoted full time to assessing and managing cybersecurity threats on a day-to-day basis. Our CDIO/CISO attends each quarterly meeting of the TCRC to brief members on information security matters and discuss cybersecurity risks generally.

Our information security team for UCTS is led by our Chief Technology Officer—UCTS (“CTO”), who also serves as our CISO for UCTS. Our CTO/CISO reports to our President, The Baldwin Group & CEO, Underwriting, Capacity and Technology Operations. Our CTO/CISO has served in the role since 2022 and has experience in application security, intrusion detection, penetration testing, complex threat modeling, and unconventional cyber-attack vectors, having previously led technology teams across various sectors, including financial services and travel management. Our CTO/CISO oversees a team of information security professionals who are devoted full time to assessing and managing cybersecurity threats on a day-to-day basis. Our CTO/CISO also attends each quarterly meeting of the TCRC to brief members on information security matters and discuss cybersecurity risks generally.

In addition, our management team has established an internal Cyber Steering Committee (the “Cyber SteerCo”), which includes processes designed to identify, assess, categorize, and monitor key current and evolving risks facing us, including cybersecurity risks. Each of the CDIO/CISO and CTO/CISO sit on the Cyber SteerCo along with our General Counsel and former CISO.

Management is made aware of current and evolving cybersecurity risks through the Cyber SteerCo reporting. Furthermore, in the event of a material or potentially material cybersecurity event, our process as designed is intended to result in senior members of management being promptly informed of such event and oversee triage, response, and disclosure efforts pursuant to the terms of a documented incident response plan.

Our corporate headquarters is located in leased offices in Tampa, Florida. The leases consist of approximately 105,000 square feet and expire in August 2030. Our insurance brokerage business leases office space in approximately 110 operating locations located in 24 states throughout the U.S. These offices are generally located in shopping centers, small office parks and office buildings, with lease terms expiring through the next ten years. These facilities are suitable for our needs and we believe that they are well maintained.

Please refer to Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report for a discussion of legal proceedings to which the Company is subject.

Not applicable.

Our Class A common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “BWIN.” Our Class B common stock is not listed nor traded on any stock exchange.

On February 20, 2025, there were 113 stockholders of record of our Class A common stock and 57 stockholders of record of our Class B common stock. The number of record holders does not include persons who held shares of our Class A common stock in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers.

Subject to funds being legally available, we intend to cause Baldwin Holdings to make pro rata distributions to the holders of LLC Units and us in an amount at least sufficient to allow us and the holders of LLC Units to pay all applicable taxes, to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and to pay our corporate and other overhead expenses. The declaration and payment of any dividends will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors, which may change our dividend policy at any time. We do not currently pay dividends outside of tax payments. Should that change, our board of directors will take into account:

•general economic and business conditions;

•our financial condition and operating results;

•our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs;

•our capital requirements;

•contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions and implications on the payment of dividends by us to our stockholders or by our subsidiaries (including Baldwin Holdings) to us; and

•such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant.

Baldwin is a holding company and has no material assets other than its ownership of LLC Units in Baldwin Holdings, and as a consequence, our ability to declare and pay dividends to the holders of our Class A common stock will be subject to the ability of Baldwin Holdings to provide distributions to us. If Baldwin Holdings makes such distributions, the holders of LLC Units will be entitled to receive equivalent distributions from Baldwin Holdings. However, because we must pay taxes, make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and pay our expenses, amounts ultimately distributed as dividends to holders of our Class A common stock are expected to be less than the amounts distributed by Baldwin Holdings to the holders of LLC Units on a per share basis.

Assuming Baldwin Holdings makes distributions to its members in any given year, the determination to pay dividends, if any, to our Class A common stockholders out of the portion, if any, of such distributions remaining after our payment of taxes, Tax Receivable Agreement payments and expenses (any such portion, an “excess distribution”) will be made by our board of directors. Because our board of directors may determine to pay or not pay dividends to our Class A common stockholders, our Class A common stockholders may not necessarily receive dividend distributions relating to excess distributions, even if Baldwin Holdings makes such distributions to us.

None.

The following table provides information about our repurchase of shares of our Class A common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2024:

__________

(1)    We purchased 126,450 shares during the three months ended December 31, 2024, which were acquired from our employees to cover required tax withholding on the vesting of shares granted under the Baldwin Omnibus Incentive and Partnership Inducement Award Plans.

The following performance graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return of an investment in our Class A common stock from December 31, 2019 through December 31, 2024 to the cumulative total return of the Russell 2000 Index (“Russell 2000”) and the Standard & Poor Composite 1500 Insurance Brokers Index (“S&P 1500”). The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2019 and the reinvestment of dividends, if any. The share price performance presented below is not necessarily indicative of future results.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in Item 1A. Risk Factors and included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We are an independent insurance distribution firm providing indispensable expertise and insights that strive to give our clients the confidence to pursue their purpose, passion and dreams. The following is a summary of our 2024 financial results.

Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $1.4 billion, an increase of $170.5 million, or 14%, year over year. Core commissions and fees grew organically by $190.0 million as a result of new and renewal business from clients across industry sectors and continued outperformance from MSI. In addition, profit-sharing and other revenue grew organically by $6.9 million as a function of improvements in loss ratios and the number of policies sold for MIS and IAS, offset in part by a reduction in UCTS profit-sharing revenue, which resulted from historically strong underwriting performance in 2023. This growth was offset in part by commissions and fees of $28.8 million derived from our Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023, for which there were no comparable revenues earned in 2024 as a result of the sale of the business in the first quarter of 2024. In addition, investment income grew $5.2 million due to an improved cash management strategy and growing yield on our invested cash.

Operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $1.3 billion, an increase of $67.3 million, or 5%, year over year. The increase in operating expenses was primarily attributable to commissions, employee compensation and benefits, resulting in part from the correlation of compensation to our revenue growth, and as a result of investing in our future as we continue to launch new products in our MSI product suite and expand our business. This increase was offset in part by a decrease in the change in fair value of contingent consideration, which was primarily impacted by a gain recognized in connection with the reclassification of colleague earnout incentives into compensation expense.

Interest expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $123.6 million, an increase of $4.2 million, or 3%, year over year. Interest expense, net, increased as a result of higher average borrowings, offset in part by lower average interest rates resulting from our May 2024 debt refinancing and federal rate reductions. We expect interest expense to remain relatively flat on a year-over-year basis. Refer to the Liquidity and Capital Resources section further below for additional information on our May 2024 refinancing.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we reported a gain on divestitures of $39.0 million, which was driven by a $35.1 million gain recorded in connection with the sale of our Wholesale Business during the first quarter of 2024. We also reported a loss on extinguishment and modification of debt of $15.1 million related to our May 2024 debt refinancing.

Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $41.1 million, or a $0.39 loss per fully diluted share, compared to a net loss of $164.0 million, or a $1.50 loss per fully diluted share, in the same period of 2023.

Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $312.5 million, an increase of $62.3 million year over year. Adjusted EBITDA margin was 22.5% for 2024, a 200 basis point expansion compared to 20.5% in 2023.

Adjusted net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $176.9 million, an increase of $45.8 million year over year. Adjusted diluted EPS was $1.50 for 2024, an increase of 34% over $1.12 for 2023.

Organic revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1.4 billion compared to $1.2 billion for the same period of 2023. Organic revenue growth was $196.9 million, or 17%, for 2024 compared to $187.2 million, or 19%, for 2023.

Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section below for reconciliations of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted EPS, organic revenue and organic revenue growth to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

For a discussion of our 2022 financial results and a comparison of financial results for the years ended December 31, 2023 to 2022, refer to Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2024.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 and the related notes and other financial information included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The following is a discussion of our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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We earn commissions and fees by facilitating the arrangement between insurance company partners and clients for the carrier to provide insurance to the insured party. Our commissions are usually a percentage of the premium paid by the insured and generally depend on the type of insurance, the particular insurance company partner and the nature of the services provided. Under certain arrangements with clients, we earn pre-negotiated service fees for insurance placement services. Additionally, we earn policy fees for acting in the capacity of an MGA and fulfilling certain administrative functions on behalf of insurance company partners, including delivery of policy documents, processing payments and other administrative functions. We may also receive profit-sharing commissions, which represent forms of variable consideration paid by insurance company partners associated with the placement of coverage. Profit-sharing commissions are generally based on underwriting results, but may also contain considerations for volume, growth or retention. Other revenue streams include other ancillary income, premium financing income, and marketing income based on negotiated cost reimbursement for fulfilling specific targeted Medicare marketing campaigns.

Commissions and fees increased $165.3 million, or 14%, year over year to $1.4 billion driven by organic growth in core commissions and fees of $190.0 million related to new and renewal business across client industry sectors and continued outperformance from MSI. In addition, profit-sharing and other revenue grew organically $6.9 million as a function of improvements in loss ratios and the number of policies sold for MIS and IAS, offset in part by a reduction in UCTS profit-sharing revenue, which resulted from historically strong underwriting performance in 2023. This growth was offset in part by commissions and fees of $28.8 million derived from our Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023, for which there were no comparable revenues earned in 2024 as a result of the sale of the business in the first quarter of 2024.

Investment income is earned by investing assets held in trust. Investment income increased $5.2 million year over year due to improvements in our cash management strategy and growing yield on our invested cash.

Commissions, employee compensation and benefits is our largest expense. It consists of (i) base compensation comprising salary, bonuses and benefits paid and payable to colleagues, commissions paid to colleagues and outside commissions paid to others; and (ii) equity-based compensation associated with the grants of restricted and unrestricted stock awards to senior management, colleagues, risk advisors and directors. We expect to continue to experience a general rise in commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense commensurate with expected revenue growth as our compensation arrangements with our colleagues and risk advisors contain significant bonus or commission components driven by the results of our operations. In addition, we operate in competitive markets for human capital and need to maintain competitive compensation levels as we expand geographically and create new products and services.

Commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense increased $120.7 million, or 13%, year over year, primarily related to outside commissions, which increased $74.1 million, after excluding outside commissions related to the Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023 of $15.8 million, due to growth in UCTS and MIS. In addition, colleague earnout incentives, which relate to contingent earnout liabilities that were reclassified, at the partner's option, to an earnout incentive bonus payable to colleagues, increased $33.4 million. Other increases, after excluding amounts related to the Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023, were driven by continued investments in headcount to support the growth of existing and new products, including colleague compensation (fixed compensation plus share-based compensation) of $21.5 million, inside advisor commissions of $15.5 million, and benefits and other expense of $12.3 million. These increases were partially offset by commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense of $23.7 million incurred by our Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023, for which there were no comparable costs incurred in 2024, and a decrease in severance expense of $12.6 million relating primarily to the retirement of two of our executive officers at the end of 2023.

Other operating expenses include travel, accounting, legal and other professional fees, placement fees, rent, office expenses and other costs associated with our operations. Our occupancy-related costs and professional services expenses, in particular, generally increase or decrease in relative proportion to the number of our colleagues and the overall size and scale of our business operations.

Other operating expenses increased $2.1 million year over year, driven by higher advertising and marketing costs of $2.5 million in connection with our rebranding, travel and entertainment of $2.1 million to support the growth in IAS, payment processing fees for our MGA business of $1.9 million, and legal claims and settlements expense of $1.4 million. These increases were offset by decreases to several other operating expenses due in part to certain cost saving measures we have implemented, including the renegotiation of vendor contracts, and post partnership integration operational efficiencies gained, including lower partnership integration and infrastructure-related costs of $3.7 million and rent expense of $2.2 million.

Amortization expense increased $10.0 million year over year, primarily due to the acceleration of trade names amortization in connection with rebranding within IAS and higher amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with our Westwood Partnership, which are amortized based on a pattern of estimated economic benefit, offset in part by a reduction in amortization related to the write-off of intangible assets in connection with the sale of our Wholesale Business during the first quarter of 2024.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration was a $4.9 million gain for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a $61.1 million loss for the same period of 2023. Several of our partnership agreements contain provisions that permit former selling shareholders to allocate portions of the earnout proceeds to colleagues who meaningfully contributed to the partnered firm’s achievement of the earnout. When this determination is made, we record compensation expense that is an offset to the change in contingent consideration and neutral to net income. As a result of this practice, the change in fair value of contingent consideration for the year ended December 31, 2024 was reduced by $39.3 million of colleague earnout incentives, which were reclassified, at the partner's option, from contingent earnout liabilities to an earnout incentive bonus payable to colleagues, thereby resulting in a gain in the change in fair value of contingent consideration and an increase to commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense. This gain was offset in part by positive changes in revenue growth trends of certain partners and accretion of the contingent earnout obligations approaching their respective measurement dates.

Interest expense, net, increased $4.2 million year over year resulting from higher average borrowings, offset in part by lower average interest rates resulting from the May 2024 debt refinancing and federal rate reductions. We expect interest expense to remain relatively flat on a year-over-year basis due to an anticipated increase in borrowings from our revolving credit facility to fund the settlement of contingent earnout liabilities, offset by lower expected average interest rates.

Refer to Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further discussion of the impact of interest rates on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Gain on divestitures of $39.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 was driven by a $35.1 million gain recorded in connection with the sale of our Wholesale Business during the first quarter of 2024.

Loss on extinguishment and modification of debt of $15.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 relates to the May 2024 debt refinancing.

Our total assets and total liabilities increased $32.8 million and $42.9 million, respectively, year over year. The most significant changes in assets and liabilities are described below.

Premiums, commissions and fees receivable, net increased $74.3 million and premiums payable to insurance companies increased $85.7 million. The increase in each can be attributed to our revenue growth and the timing of cash collections and payments.

Intangible assets, net decreased $63.9 million as a result of amortization expense of $102.7 million, offset in part by capitalized software development costs of $38.4 million related to infrastructure to support our business.

Long term debt increased $428.0 million and our revolving line of credit decreased $341.0 million due to the May 2024 refinancing in which we upsized the term loan under a new $840 million senior secured first lien term loan facility and entered into a new senior secured first lien revolving facility with commitments in an aggregate principal amount of $600 million. Proceeds from the May 2024 refinancing were used to paydown our revolving line of credit.

Contingent earnout liabilities decreased $130.9 million resulting from settlements of $126.2 million and a change in fair value of contingent consideration gain of $4.9 million, which was impacted by the reclassification of $39.3 million of colleague earnout incentives to commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense.

Assets and liabilities held for sale of $64.4 million and $43.9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023 were written off in connection with the sale of our Wholesale Business on March 1, 2024. Refer to Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.

Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, organic revenue, organic revenue growth, adjusted net income and adjusted diluted earnings per share (“EPS”), are not measures of financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered substitutes for GAAP measures, including commissions and fees (for organic revenue and organic revenue growth), net income (loss) (for adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin), net income (loss) attributable to Baldwin (for adjusted net income) or diluted earnings (loss) per share (for adjusted diluted EPS), which we consider to be the most directly comparable GAAP measures. These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools, and when assessing our operating performance, you should not consider these non-GAAP financial measures in isolation or as substitutes for commissions and fees, net income (loss), net income (loss) attributable to Baldwin, diluted earnings (loss) per share or other consolidated income statement data prepared in accordance with GAAP. Other companies in our industry may define or calculate these non-GAAP financial measures differently than we do, and accordingly, these measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.

We define adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, change in fair value of contingent consideration and certain items of income and expense, including share-based compensation expense, transaction-related partnership and integration expenses, severance, and certain non-recurring items, including those related to raising capital. We believe that adjusted EBITDA is an appropriate measure of operating performance because it eliminates the impact of income and expenses that do not relate to business performance, and that the presentation of this measure enhances an investor’s understanding of our financial performance.

Adjusted EBITDA margin is adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenues. Adjusted EBITDA margin is a key metric used by management and our board of directors to assess our financial performance. We believe that adjusted EBITDA margin is an appropriate measure of operating performance because it eliminates the impact of income and expenses that do not relate to business performance, and that the presentation of this measure enhances an investor’s understanding of our financial performance. We believe that adjusted EBITDA margin is helpful in measuring profitability of operations on a consolidated level.

Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin have important limitations as analytical tools. For example, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin:

•do not reflect any cash capital expenditure requirements for the assets being depreciated and amortized that may have to be replaced in the future;

•do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

•do not reflect the impact of certain cash charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations;

•do not reflect the interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt;

•do not reflect share-based compensation expense and other non-cash charges; and

•exclude certain tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us.

We calculate organic revenue based on commissions and fees for the relevant period by excluding (i) the first twelve months of commissions and fees generated from new partners and (ii) commissions and fees from divestitures. Organic revenue growth is the change in organic revenue period-to-period, with prior period results adjusted to (i) include commissions and fees that were excluded from organic revenue in the prior period because the relevant partners had not yet reached the twelve-month owned mark, but which have reached the twelve-month owned mark in the current period, and (ii) exclude commissions and fees related to divestitures from organic revenue. For example, commissions and fees from a partner acquired on June 1, 2023 are excluded from organic revenue for 2023. However, after June 1, 2024, results from June 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023 for such partners are compared to results from June 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 for purposes of calculating organic revenue growth in 2024. Organic revenue growth is a key metric used by management and our board of directors to assess our financial performance. We believe that organic revenue and organic revenue growth are appropriate measures of operating performance as they allow investors to measure, analyze and compare growth in a meaningful and consistent manner.

We define adjusted net income as net income (loss) attributable to Baldwin adjusted for depreciation, amortization, change in fair value of contingent consideration and certain items of income and expense, including share-based compensation expense, transaction-related partnership and integration expenses, severance, and certain non-recurring costs that, in the opinion of management, significantly affect the period-over-period assessment of operating results, and the related tax effect of those adjustments. We believe that adjusted net income is an appropriate measure of operating performance because it eliminates the impact of income and expenses that do not relate to business performance.

Adjusted diluted EPS measures our per share earnings excluding certain expenses as discussed above and assuming all shares of Class B common stock were exchanged for Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. Adjusted diluted EPS is calculated as adjusted net income divided by adjusted diluted weighted-average shares outstanding. We believe adjusted diluted EPS is useful to investors because it enables them to better evaluate per share operating performance across reporting periods.

The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin to net loss, which we consider to be the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure:

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(1)    Other taxes in 2024 include the Tax Receivable Agreement expense and other operating tax expense, such as state taxes, under GAAP.

(2)    Other addbacks to adjusted EBITDA include certain income and expenses that are considered to be non-recurring or non-operational, including certain recruiting costs, professional fees, litigation costs and bonuses.

The following table reconciles organic revenue and organic revenue growth to commissions and fees, which we consider to be the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure:

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(1)    Includes the first twelve months of such commissions and fees generated from newly acquired partners.

(2)    Organic revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 used to calculate organic revenue growth for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1.18 billion, which is adjusted to exclude commissions and fees from divestitures that occurred during 2024.

The following table reconciles adjusted net income to net loss attributable to Baldwin and reconciles adjusted diluted EPS to diluted loss per share, which we consider to be the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures:

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(1)    Other addbacks to adjusted net income include certain income and expenses that are considered to be non-recurring or non-operational, including certain recruiting costs, professional fees, litigation costs and bonuses.

(2)    Represents corporate income taxes at assumed effective tax rate of 9.9% applied to adjusted pre-tax income.

(3)    Assumes the full exchange of Class B common stock for Class A common stock pursuant to the Amended LLC Agreement.

IAS provides expertly-designed commercial risk management, employee benefits and private risk management solutions for businesses and high-net-worth individuals, as well as their families, through our national footprint, which has assimilated some of the highest quality independent insurance brokers in the country with vast and varied strategic capabilities and expertise.

Effective January 1, 2024, our FounderShield Partner moved from UCTS to IAS. Prior year results of operations for IAS below have been recast to conform to the current organizational structure.

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IAS generates (i) commissions for placing insurance policies on behalf of its insurance company partners; (ii) profit-sharing income based on either the underlying book of business or performance, such as loss ratios; and (iii) fees from consulting and service fee arrangements, which are in place with certain clients for a negotiated fee.

IAS commissions and fees increased $63.8 million, or 10%, year over year to $706.2 million due primarily to organic growth in core commissions and fees. Growth in our core commissions and fees was driven by 21% sales velocity (new business as a percentage of prior year commissions and fees), which improved 410 bps over the prior-year period, and resultant new business across client industry sectors. New business growth was offset by a 510 bps headwind in underlying rate and exposure year over year, largely attributable to catastrophe-exposed real estate and construction project work weakness, as well as a decrease in retention of 140 bps, attributable to rate fatigue. In addition, profit-sharing revenue increased $3.2 million primarily resulting from improvements in loss ratios and the number of policies sold.

IAS investment income increased $2.0 million year over year due to improvements in our cash management strategy and growing yield on our invested cash.

Commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense for IAS increased $87.2 million, or 19%, year over year primarily due to an increase in colleague compensation of $36.4 million, driven by continued investments in headcount to support our growth, coupled with an increase in colleague compensation allocated to IAS that was previously recognized in Corporate and Other. IAS commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense for 2024 also included an increase related to colleague earnout incentives of $30.8 million for contingent earnout liabilities that were reclassified, at the partner's option, to an earnout incentive bonus payable to colleagues. In addition, inside advisor commissions increased $14.5 million, or 9%, in line with the growth in IAS’ core commissions and fees.

Other operating expenses for IAS decreased $2.4 million year over year, driven by cost savings measures we have implemented, including the renegotiation of vendor contracts and post partnership integration operational efficiencies gained, including various expense reductions of $3.8 million and lower professional fees of $1.2 million. These savings were partially offset by higher costs for travel and entertainment to support the growth in IAS of $2.8 million and higher legal claims and settlement expense of $0.4 million.

IAS amortization expense increased $6.4 million year over year due to the acceleration of trade names amortization in connection with rebranding within IAS.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration for IAS was a $10.5 million gain for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a $38.3 million loss for the same period of 2023. The fair value gain related to contingent consideration for the year ended December 31, 2024 was impacted by the reclassification of $39.3 million of colleague earnout incentives to commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense, offset in part by positive changes in revenue growth trends of certain partners.

UCTS consists of three distinct businesses—MSI, our reinsurance brokerage business, Juniper Re, and our captive management business. Through MSI, we manufacture proprietary, technology-enabled insurance products with a focus on sheltered channels where our products deliver speed, ease of use and certainty of execution, an example of which is our national embedded renters insurance product sold at point of lease via integrations with property management software providers. Our MGA product suite is now comprised of more than 20 products across personal, commercial and professional lines. UCTS’ Wholesale Business was sold in the first quarter of 2024 and its operations are included in our results through February 29, 2024.

Effective January 1, 2024, our FounderShield Partner moved from UCTS to IAS. Prior year results of operations for UCTS below have been recast to conform to the current organizational structure.

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UCTS generates (i) commissions for underwriting and placing insurance policies on behalf of its insurance company partners; (ii) policy fee and installment fee revenue for acting in the capacity of an MGA and fulfilling certain administrative functions on behalf of insurance company partners, including delivery of policy documents, processing payments and other administrative functions; (iii) profit-sharing income, generally based on the profitability of the underlying book of business of the policies it generates on behalf of its insurance company partners; and (iv) fees from service fee arrangements, which are in place with certain customers for a negotiated fee.

UCTS commissions and fees increased $66.4 million, or 16%, year over year to $468.9 million, due to organic growth in core commissions and fees. Growth in our core commissions and fees was driven by continued outperformance in our multi-family business (accounting for $35.7 million of the increase in core commissions and fees), momentum in our homeowners product (accounting for $36.8 million of the increase in core commissions and fees) and commercial umbrella product (accounting for $9.9 million of the increase in core commissions and fees), and growing contribution from our reinsurance brokerage business and commercial property program. This growth was offset in part by core commissions and fees of $26.8 million derived from our Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023, for which there were no comparable revenues earned in 2024. Core commissions and fees growth, excluding such revenue related to the Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023, was 30%.

Profit-sharing and other revenue decreased $12.2 million year over year, of which, $7.5 million is a function of strong profit-sharing revenue in 2023, which resulted from historically strong underwriting performance in that year. The remaining decrease relates to profit-sharing and other income earned by our Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023, for which there were no comparable revenues earned in 2024, and a reduction in other income.

UCTS investment income increased $2.0 million year over year due to improvements in our cash management strategy and growing yield on our invested cash.

Commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense for UCTS includes both outside commissions paid to partners that distribute our MGA products and compensation paid primarily to colleagues. Commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense for UCTS increased $63.6 million year over year, primarily driven by outside commissions, which increased $66.8 million, or 35%, in line with the growth in UCTS core commissions and fees after excluding outside commissions relating to the Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023 of $15.8 million. Other increases, after excluding amounts relating to the Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023, included benefits and other expense of $7.0 million and colleague compensation of $8.9 million, which were driven by continued investments in headcount to support the growth of existing and new products, coupled with an increase in colleague compensation allocated to UCTS that was previously recognized in Corporate and Other. These increases were partially offset by compensation costs of $23.7 million incurred by our Wholesale Business between March and December of 2023, for which there were no comparable costs incurred in 2024.

Other operating expenses for UCTS were relatively flat year over year. Other operating expenses for the current year included higher costs due to fulfilling certain administrative functions on behalf of insurance company partners (including an increase in payment processing fees) of $3.2 million, generally higher costs to support the growth of the business and the launch of new products of $1.6 million, legal claims and settlement expense of $0.7 million, and travel and entertainment of $0.5 million to support growth. These increases were offset in part by reductions in partnership integration expenses of $4.2 million and professional fees of $1.2 million.

UCTS amortization expense decreased $1.0 million year over year, primarily due to the write-off of intangible assets in connection with the sale of our Wholesale Business during the first quarter of 2024.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration for UCTS was a $5.1 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a $20.9 million loss for the same period of 2023. The fair value loss related to contingent consideration for 2024 was impacted by positive changes in revenue growth trends of certain partners and accretion of the contingent earnout obligations approaching their respective measurement dates.

Total other income for UCTS increased $33.2 million year over year, driven by a $35.1 million gain recorded in connection with the sale of our Wholesale Business during the first quarter of 2024.

MIS offers personal insurance, commercial insurance, and life and health solutions to individuals and businesses in their communities, with a focus on accessing clients via sheltered distribution channels, which include, but are not limited to, new home builders, realtors, mortgage originators/lenders, master planned communities, and various other community centers of influence. MIS also offers consultation for government assistance programs and solutions, including traditional Medicare, Medicare Advantage and Affordable Care Act, to seniors and eligible individuals through a network of primarily independent contractor agents.

MIS generates (i) commissions for placing insurance policies on behalf of its insurance company partners; (ii) profit-sharing income based on either the underlying book of business or performance, such as loss ratios; and (iii) commissions and fees in the form of marketing income, which is earned through co-branded marketing campaigns with our insurance company partners.

MIS commissions and fees increased $46.6 million, or 20%, year over year to $281.2 million, due to organic growth in core commissions and fees. Key drivers of the organic growth in MIS core commissions and fees included our Westwood Partner (accounting for $15.7 million of the year-over-year increase in core commissions and fees), our legacy Mainstreet business (accounting for $13.9 million of the year-over-year increase in core commissions and fees), and the national mortgage and real estate channel (accounting for $4.1 million of the year-over-year increase in core commissions and fees). In addition, MIS profit-sharing and other income increased $13.0 million primarily resulting from improvements in MIS loss ratios and the number of policies sold.

Commissions, employee compensation and benefits expense for MIS increased $27.9 million, or 19%, year over year, primarily due to outside commissions, which increased $15.3 million, or 25%, relating to growth in our Westwood and legacy Mainstreet businesses. Other increases included colleague compensation of $7.6 million, inside advisor commissions of $3.5 million and benefits and other of $2.2 million, which were driven by continued investments in headcount to support our growth, coupled with an increase in colleague compensation allocated to MIS that was previously recognized in Corporate and Other.

Other operating expenses in MIS increased $3.9 million year over year, driven by higher technology-related costs to support the growth of the business of $1.1 million, licenses and taxes of $0.7 million, advertising and marketing of $0.7 million, and travel and entertainment of $0.3 million.

MIS amortization expense increased $3.6 million year over year, primarily driven by the amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with our Westwood Partnership, which are amortized based on a pattern of estimated economic benefit.