(“Ero”, the “Company”, or “we”) as at, and for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and related notes thereto, which are prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standards (“IAS”) 34, Interim Financial Reporting as permitted by the International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (the “IASB”). All references in this MD&A to “Q1 2025” and “Q1 2024” are to the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively. As well, this MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Company’s December 31, 2024 audited consolidated financial statements and MD&A. All dollar amounts are expressed in United States (“US”) dollars and tabular amounts are expressed in thousands of US dollars, unless otherwise indicated. References to “$”, “US$”, “dollars”, or “USD” are to US dollars, references to “C$” are to Canadian dollars, and references to “R$” or “BRL” are to Brazilian Reais.

This MD&A refers to various alternative performance (Non-IFRS) measures, including copper C1 cash cost, copper C1 cash cost including foreign exchange hedges, realized copper price, gold C1 cash cost, gold all-in sustaining cost (“AISC”), realized gold price, EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income attributable to owners of the Company, adjusted net income per share attributable to owners of the Company, net (cash) debt, working capital and available liquidity. Please refer to the section titled "Alternative Performance (Non-IFRS) Measures" for a discussion of non-IFRS measures.

This MD&A contains “forward‐looking statements” that are subject to risk factors set out in a cautionary note contained at the end of this MD&A. The Company cannot assure investors that such statements will prove to be accurate, and actual results and future, events may differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. The results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. All information contained in this MD&A is current and has been approved by the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) as of May 5, 2025, unless otherwise stated.

Ero Copper is a high-margin, high-growth copper producer with operations in Brazil and corporate headquarters in Vancouver, B.C. The Company's primary asset is a 99.6% interest in the Brazilian copper mining company, Mineração Caraíba S.A. ("MCSA"), which is the 100% owner of the Company's Caraíba Operations located in the Curaçá Valley, Bahia State, Brazil and the Tucumã Operation, an open pit copper mine located in Pará State, Brazil. The Company also owns 97.6% of NX Gold S.A. ("NX Gold"), which owns the Xavantina Operations, comprised of an operating gold and silver mine located in Mato Grosso State, Brazil.

Additional information on the Company and its operations, including technical reports on the Caraíba Operations, Xavantina Operations and Tucumã Operation, can be found on SEDAR+ (www.sedarplus.ca/landingpage/) and on EDGAR (www.sec.gov). The Company’s shares are publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “ERO”.

(2) Copper C1 cash cost including foreign exchange hedges was $2.36 in Q1 2025 (Q1 2024 - $2.28).

•The continued commissioning and ramp-up of the Tucumã Operation drove strong quarterly copper production of 12,424 tonnes.

◦The Caraíba Operations produced 7,357 tonnes of copper in concentrate at an average C1 cash cost(1) of $2.22 per pound during the quarter. The Company achieved targeted mining rates at the Pilar Mine in March 2025 and successfully mobilized a second underground development contractor during the quarter.

•The Xavantina Operations produced 6,638 ounces of gold during the quarter at an average C1 cash cost(1) and AISC(1) of $1,100 and $2,228 per ounce, respectively.

•Quarterly financial performance benefited from higher metal prices and increased production from the Tucumã Operation, which more than offset the impact of lower gold production during the period.

◦Net income attributable to the owners of the Company for the quarter was $80.2 million ($0.77 per share on a diluted basis).

◦Adjusted net income attributable to the owners of the Company(1) for the quarter was $35.8 million ($0.35 per share on a diluted basis).

◦First quarter adjusted EBITDA(1) was $63.2 million.

•During the quarter, the Company opportunistically entered into zero-cost copper collar contracts on 3,000 tonnes of copper per month from April 2025 to September 2025. These contracts establish an average floor price of $4.00 per pound of copper and an average ceiling price of of $4.68 per pound.

•In March 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with RGLD Gold AG, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Royal Gold Inc., that effectively extends the gold delivery threshold under the June 2021 Precious Metals Purchase Agreement (the "Xavantina Gold Stream") from 93,000 to 160,000 ounces before the stream percentage decreases from 25% to 10% of gold produced over the remaining life of mine. In exchange, the Company received $50 million in upfront cash, bringing total proceeds under the streaming agreements to $160 million. For more information, please see the Company's press release dated March 31, 2025.

•At quarter-end, available liquidity was $115.6 million, including $80.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and $35.0 million of undrawn availability under the Company's senior secured revolving credit facility ("Senior Credit Facility").

•Copper production is expected to increase sequentially over the remaining quarters of the year.

◦At the Caraíba Operations, the Company completed the mobilization of a second underground development contractor and achieved targeted mining rates at the Pilar Mine in March 2025, which are expected to be sustained through the rest of the year.

•At the Xavantina Operations, higher processed tonnage and improved gold grades are projected to support increased gold production and lower unit operating costs through the balance of the year.

•Full-year capital expenditure guidance has been reaffirmed at $230 to $270 million.

•Since commencing the Phase 1 drill program in mid-October 2024, the Company has completed approximately 10,000 meters of drilling through the end of Q1 2025, including approximately 7,200 meters during the quarter. As of mid-April, eight drills were active on site, supporting an average drilling rate of over 1,000 meters a week.

•The Company remains on track to complete the 28,000-meter Phase 1 drill program in Q3 2025 and the majority of the 17,000-meter Phase 2 drill program by year-end 2025. Exploration efforts are focused on two high-grade zones within the overall mineralized trend, known as the NW and SE Zones. Drilling in 2025 includes:

◦Infill drilling to upgrade mineral resource classifications and target improved continuity within high-grade zones

◦Extensional drilling to depth, where the deposit remains open

•Geometallurgical and comminution circuit validation testwork also commenced during the quarter to support the preliminary economic assessment on Furnas, which the Company plans to publish in H1 2026.

The Caraíba Operations produced 7,357 tonnes of copper in concentrate during the quarter at a C1 cash cost of $2.22 per pound of copper produced. Including the impact of allocated foreign exchange hedges, C1 cash costs during the period were $2.36 per pound.

Copper production decreased quarter-on-quarter primarily due to lower planned mined and processed copper grades. The Company successfully mobilized a second underground development contractor at during the quarter and achieved targeted mining rates at the Pilar Mine in March 2025, which the Company expects to maintain through the remainder of the year.

Copper production from the Caraíba Operations is expected to total between 37,500 to 42,500 tonnes in 2025, with production anticipated to increase sequentially through year-end, driven by quarter-on-quarter improvements in mined and processed volumes. The Company is maintaining its full-year 2025 copper C1 cash cost guidance for the Caraíba Operations of $2.15 to $2.35 per pound of copper produced.

Commissioning and ramp-up of the Tucumã Operation progressed during Q1 2025 with a 32% quarter-on-quarter increase in ore tonnes processed. In January and February, the Company completed planned maintenance shutdowns to address throughput bottlenecks identified in H2 2024. These efforts contributed to strong operating performance in March, which accounted for more than 50% of the quarter's total plant throughput and copper production.

In April 2025, the Company successfully completed repairs to and commissioning of the third tailings filter. As a result, the Tucumã Operation remains on track to achieve commercial production in H1 2025, with full-year copper production expected to total between 37,500 to 42,500 tonnes. Production is anticipated to increase sequentially throughout the year, with higher mill throughput volumes expected to offset a gradual decline in processed copper grades.

The Company is maintaining its full-year 2025 copper C1 cash cost guidance for the Tucumã Operation of $1.05 to $1.25 per pound of copper produced. C1 cash costs for the Tucumã Operation will be reported following the achievement of commercial production.

(1)    Realized Au price includes the effect of ounces sold under the stream arrangement with Royal Gold. See "Realized Gold Price" section of "Non-IFRS Measures" for detail.

The Xavantina Operations produced 6,638 ounces of gold during the quarter at a C1 cash cost of $1,100 and an AISC of $2,228 per ounce. Although tonnes mined and processed increased by 27.2% quarter-on-quarter, gold production declined due to lower mined and processed grades. While decreased production levels were anticipated in the first quarter, grades encountered within planned operational levels during the period were slightly lower than expected. Additional ground support required in several newly developed higher-grade levels of Santo Antônio delayed mining activities within these areas, further impacting quarterly gold production.

Gold production from the Xavantina Operations is expected to total between 50,000 to 60,000 ounces in 2025. Ongoing investments in mine modernization and mechanization are anticipated to support sequential increases in mined and processed volumes through the remainder of the year. Gold grades are also expected to improve over the balance of the year, supporting higher production levels and lower unit costs.

The Company is maintaining its full-year 2025 gold C1 cash cost guidance for the Xavantina Operations of $650 to $800 per ounce of gold produced as well as its full-year 2025 gold AISC guidance range of $1,400 to $1,600 per ounce of gold produced.

(1)      Excludes capitalized ramp-up costs prior to the declaration of commercial production at the Tucumã Operation.

The following table provides a summary of the financial results of the Company for Q1 2025 and Q1 2024. Tabular amounts are in thousands of US dollars, except share and per share amounts.

Notes:

1.    Revenues from copper sales in Q1 2025 was $109.5 million (Q1 2024 - $73.9 million) on sale of 26.7 million lbs of copper (Q1 2024 - 20.9 million lbs). The increase in copper revenues was primarily attributed to $46.2 million of incremental revenue from the Tucumã Operations, higher average realized prices, partially offset by lower quantity sold at Caraíba.

Revenues from gold sales in Q1 2025 was $15.6 million (Q1 2024 - $31.9 million) on sale of 5,834 ounces of gold (Q1 2024 - 16,853 ounces) at an average realized price of $2,705 per ounce (Q1 2024 - $1,920 per ounce). The decrease in gold revenues was attributable to the decrease in sales volume, partially offset by a higher realized gold price.

2.    Cost of sales for Q1 2025 from copper sales was $59.5 million (Q1 2024 - $61.6 million) which primarily comprised of $16.0 million (Q1 2024 - $13.2 million) in salaries and benefits, $14.7 million (Q1 2024 - $17.6 million) in depreciation and depletion, $10.2 million (Q1 2024 - $8.7 million) in materials and consumables, $8.8 million (Q1 2024 - $6.7 million) in maintenance costs, $6.3 million (Q1 2024 - $6.5 million) in contracted services, $3.6 million (Q1 2024 - $1.8 million) in sales expenses, $3.6 million (Q1 2024 - $3.1 million) in utilities, and $4.1 million decrease (Q1 2024 - $3.9 million increase) in changes in inventories. Cost of sales in Q1 2025 was relatively unchanged from Q1 2024, as the decrease in cost of sales at the Caraíba Operations due to a 26% decrease in sales volume was mostly offset by the incremental cost of sales from the Tucumã Operations, which commenced commission in June 2024.

Cost of sales for Q1 2025 from gold sales was $10.1 million (Q1 2024 - $13.0 million) which primarily comprised of $3.6 million (Q1 2024 - $5.3 million) in depreciation and depletion, $2.9 million (Q1 2024 - $2.6 million) in salaries and benefits, $1.9 million (Q1 2024 - $2.0 million) in contracted services, $1.5 million (Q1 2024 - $1.7 million) in materials and consumables, $0.7 million (Q1 2024 - $0.6 million) in maintenance costs, $0.5 million (Q1 2024 - $0.6 million) in utilities, and $1.3 million decrease (Q1 2024 - $0.3 million decrease) in change in inventories. The decrease in cost of sales as compared to Q1 2024 was primarily due to a decrease in gold ounces sold.

3.    General and administrative expenses for Q1 2025 was primarily comprised of $6.5 million (Q1 2024 - $6.0 million) in salaries and consulting fees, $2.3 million (Q1 2024 - $2.3 million) in office and administration expenses, $1.1 million (Q1 2024 - $1.7 million) in incentive payments, $0.7 million (Q1 2024 - $0.7 million) in other costs, and $0.4 million (Q1 2024 - $0.4 million) in accounting and legal costs. General and administrative expenses were primarily consistent from Q1 2024 to Q1 2025. Lower incentive payments were offset by higher consulting fees mainly attributed to transaction fees incurred with the Xavantina Gold Stream.

4.    Finance expense for Q1 2025 was $4.7 million (Q1 2024 - $4.6 million) and was primarily comprised of other finance expense of $2.7 million (Q1 2024 - $2.9 million), accretion of deferred revenue of $0.6 million (Q1 2024 - $0.7 million), accretion of asset retirement obligations of $0.8 million (Q1 2024 - $0.6 million), and lease interest of $0.6 million (Q1 2024 - $0.4 million). $11.0 million (Q1 2024 - $7.4 million) in borrowing costs which were capitalized to projects in progress. Finance expense remained relatively unchanged from Q1 2024, as interest on new loans and borrowings were capitalized to projects in progress.

5.    Foreign exchange gain for Q1 2025 was $58.4 million (Q1 2024 - $19.0 million loss). This amount is primarily comprised of $45.1 million (Q1 2024 - $12.8 million loss) in foreign exchange gain on USD denominated debt at MCSA for which the functional currency is the BRL, $16.8 million (Q1 2024 - $9.3 million loss) of unrealized foreign exchange gain on derivative contracts, and partially offset by $2.2 million (Q1 2024 - $2.1 million gain) of realized foreign exchange loss on derivative contracts and other foreign exchange losses of $1.3 million (Q1 2024 - $1.0 million gains). The unrealized foreign exchange gain on USD denominated debt and on derivative contracts was a result of a 8% strengthening of the BRL against the USD during the period.

6.    In Q1 2025, the Company recognized $14.7 million in income tax expense (Q1 2024 a recovery of $1.9 million). The increase in income tax expense was primarily a result of an increase in income before taxes as compared to loss before taxes in the same quarter of the prior year.

7.    The foreign currency translation gain is a result of a fluctuation of the BRL against the USD during Q1 2025, which strengthened from approximately 6.19 BRL per US dollar at the beginning of Q1 2025 to approximately 5.74 BRL per US dollar by the end of the quarter, when translating the net assets of the Company’s Brazilian subsidiaries to USD for presentation in the Company’s condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

The following table presents selected financial information for each of the most recent eight quarters. Tabular amounts are in millions of US Dollars, except share and per share amounts.

Notes:

1.During Q1 2025, the Company recognized net income of $80.6 million compared to net loss of $48.9 million in the preceding quarter. The increase in net income was primarily attributable to foreign exchange gains of $58.4 million compared to foreign exchange losses of $92.8 million in the preceding quarter, partially offset by an income tax expense of $14.7 million compared to an income tax recovery of $5.9 million in the preceding quarter.

2.During Q4 2024, the Company recognized net loss of $48.9 million compared to net income of $41.4 million in the preceding quarter. The decrease in net income was primarily attributable to foreign exchange losses of $92.8 million compared to foreign exchange gains of $17.2 million in the preceding quarter, partially offset by income tax recovery of $5.9 million compared to income tax expense of $8.3 million in the preceding quarter.

3.During Q3 2024, the Company recognized net income of $41.4 million compared to net loss of $53.4 million in the preceding quarter. The increase in net income was primarily attributable to higher revenues, as well as foreign exchange gains of $17.2 million compared to foreign exchange losses of $70.5 million in the preceding quarter, as well as a $10.7 million write-down in exploration and evaluation assets recognized in the preceding quarter.

4.During Q2 2024, the Company recognized net loss of $53.4 million compared to net loss of $6.8 million in the preceding quarter. The increase in loss was primarily attributable to foreign exchange losses of $70.5 million compared to $19.0 million in the preceding quarter. The change in foreign exchange gain or loss was primarily driven by volatility of the Brazilian Real against the US Dollar during the respective periods. In addition, during the quarter, the Company terminated the Fides option agreement, resulting in a write-down in exploration and evaluation assets of $10.7 million.

5.During Q1 2024, the Company recognized net loss of $6.8 million compared to net income of $37.1 million in the preceding quarter. The decrease in income was primarily attributable to foreign exchange losses of $19.0 million compared to foreign exchange gains of $24.9 million in the preceding quarter. The change in foreign exchange gain or loss was primarily driven by volatility of the Brazilian Real against the US Dollar during the respective periods.

6.During Q4 2023, the Company recognized net income of $37.1 million compared to $2.8 million in the preceding quarter. The increase was primarily attributable to foreign exchange gains of $24.9 million compared to foreign exchange losses of $13.9 million in the preceding quarter. The change in foreign exchange gain or loss was primarily driven by volatility of the Brazilian Real against the US Dollar during the respective periods.

7.During Q3 2023, the Company recognized net income of $2.8 million compared to $29.9 million in the preceding quarter. The decrease was primarily attributable to foreign exchange losses of $13.9 million compared to foreign exchange gain of $15.1 million in the preceding quarter. The change in foreign exchange gain or loss was primarily driven by volatility of the Brazilian Real against the US Dollar during the respective periods.

8.During Q2 2023, the Company recognized net income of $29.9 million compared to $24.5 million in the preceding quarter. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in foreign exchange gain and the recognition of an unrealized gain in copper derivative contracts.

As at March 31, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $80.6 million and available liquidity of $115.6 million. Cash and cash equivalents were primarily comprised of cash held with reputable financial institutions and are invested in highly liquid short-term investments with maturities of three months or less. The funds are not exposed to liquidity risk and there are no restrictions on the ability of the Company to use these funds to meet its obligations.

Cash and cash equivalents increased by $30.2 million from December 31, 2024. The Company’s cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025, are summarized as follows:

•Cash from operating activities of $65.4 million, primarily consists of:

◦$63.2 million of adjusted EBITDA (see Non-IFRS Measures); and

◦$50.0 million of advance from Xavantina Gold Stream;

◦$42.8 million of net change in non-cash working capital items;

◦$2.2 million of amortization of non-cash deferred revenues;

◦$2.2 million of derivative contract settlements; and

◦$0.4 million of income taxes paid.

•Cash from financing activities of $23.0 million, primarily consists of:

◦$55.3 million of new loans and borrowings; and

◦$0.2 million of proceeds from exercise of stock options;

◦$16.9 million of interest paid on loans and borrowings;

◦$9.5 million of principal repayments on loans and borrowings; and

◦$4.0 million of lease payments.

Partially offset by:

•Cash used in investing activities of $59.0 million, including:

◦$56.4 million of additions to mineral property, plant and equipment; and

◦$3.1 million of additions to exploration and evaluation assets;

◦$0.5 million in proceeds from interest received.

As at March 31, 2025, the Company had working capital of $10.2 million.

The Company’s primary sources of capital are comprised of cash from operations, and cash and cash equivalents on hand. The Company continuously monitors its liquidity position and capital structure and, based on changes in operations and economic conditions, may adjust such structure by issuing new common shares or new debt as necessary. Taking into consideration expected cash flow from existing operations and available liquidity, management believes that the Company has sufficient capital to fund its planned operations and activities, and other initiatives, for the foreseeable future.

At March 31, 2025, the Company had available liquidity of $115.6 million, including $80.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and $35.0 million of undrawn availability under its Senior Credit Facility.

In January 2025, the Company amended its Senior Credit Facility to increase the limit from $150.0 million to $200.0 million and to extend the maturity from December 2026 to December 2028. The interest rate and commitment fee on the Credit Facility were reduced to sliding scales of SOFR plus 2.00% to 4.25%, and 0.45% to 0.96%, respectively. Additionally, the total leverage ratio was replaced with net leverage ratio for purposes of determining financial covenants and interest rates.

In May 2024, to support the commencement of production and associated working capital needs at the Tucumã Operation, the Company entered into a $50.0 million non-priced copper prepayment facility, structured by the Bank of Montreal and with participation by CIBC Capital Markets. This facility is being repaid over 27 equal monthly installments, beginning in October 2024, through the delivery of 272 tonnes of copper each month. Each monthly delivery's value is being determined based on prevailing market copper prices at the time of delivery. Should the value of any delivery exceed the amount of the monthly installment payment of $2.1 million, the excess value will be repaid to the Company. The copper to be delivered by the Company will be in the form of LME Copper Warrants.

In relation to its loans and borrowings, the Company is required to comply with certain financial covenants. As of the date of the condensed consolidated interim financial statements, the Company is in compliance with these covenants. The loan agreements also contain covenants that could restrict the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries, MCSA, Ero Gold, and NX Gold, to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness needed to fund its respective operations, pay dividends or make other distributions, make investments, create liens, sell or transfer assets or enter into transactions with affiliates. There are no other restrictions or externally imposed capital requirements of the Company.

On March 28, 2025, the Company extended the terms of the Original Xavantina Stream with Royal Gold to expand the area of influence from which production is subjected to the arrangement to include additional tenements acquired by the Company since the Original Xavantina Stream was completed, and extend the gold delivery threshold milestone from 93,000 ounces of gold to 160,000 ounces of gold, before decreasing to 10% of gold produced over the remaining life of the mine. In exchange, the Company received additional upfront cash consideration of $50.0 million. The delivery of additional ounces under the amended stream is expected to commence in 2028.

The Company has precious metals purchase agreements with a wholly-owned subsidiary of Royal Gold, Inc., whereby the Company is obligated to sell a portion of its gold production from the Xavantina Operations at contract prices.

Refer to the "Liquidity Risk" section for further information on the Company's contractual obligations and commitments.

The Company thoroughly examines the various financial instruments and risks to which it is exposed and assesses the impact and likelihood of those risks. These risks may include credit risk, liquidity risk, currency risk, commodity price risk and interest rate risk. Where material, these risks are reviewed and monitored by the Board.

At March 31, 2025, PMA continued to be in default of the agreement and the gross amount of accounts and note receivable from PMA was $22.5 million (December 31, 2024 - $20.7 million). Accordingly, the note receivable is considered credit impaired, and the Company recorded a credit loss provision and present value discount of $14.1 million (December 31, 2024 - $13.1 million). The carrying value of the PMA note receivable at March 31, 2025 was $8.4 million (December 31, 2024 - $7.6 million.), of which $4.4 million (December 31, 2024 - $3.9 million) was included in other current assets. No adjustment was recorded to the credit loss provision in the three months ended March 31, 2025 (provision of $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024).

As at March 31, 2025, the Company has capital commitments, which is net of advances to suppliers, of $55.5 million through contracts and purchase orders which are expected to be incurred over a six-year period. In the normal course of operations, the Company may also enter into long-term contracts which can be cancelled with certain agreed customary notice periods without material penalties.

The Company may use certain foreign exchange derivatives, including collars and forward contracts, to manage its foreign exchange risks. A summary of the Company's foreign exchange derivatives at March 31, 2025 is summarized as follows:

The aggregate fair value of the Company's foreign exchange derivatives was a net liability of $1.8 million (December 31, 2024 - liability of $17.9 million).The fair values of foreign exchange contracts were determined based on option pricing models, forward foreign exchange rates, and information provided by the counter party.

The change in fair value of foreign exchange derivatives was a gain of $16.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (a loss of $9.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024), which has been recognized in foreign exchange gain (loss).

In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized a realized loss of $2.2 million (realized gain of $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024) related to the settlement of foreign currency forward collar contracts.

At March 31, 2025, the Company also had gold collar contracts on 2,500 ounces of gold per month from April 2025 to December 2025. These gold derivative contracts establish an average floor price of $2,200 per ounce of gold and an average cap price of $3,425 per ounce. As of March 31, 2025, the fair value of these contracts was a net liability of $0.9 million (December 31, 2024 - $0.1 million). The fair value of gold collar contracts was determined based on option pricing models, forward gold price, and information provided by counter party.

At March 31, 2025, the Company had provisionally priced sales that are exposed to commodity price changes. Based on the Company’s net exposure at March 31, 2025, a 10% change in the price of copper would have changed pre-tax net income (loss) $11.0 million.

For a discussion of additional risks applicable to the Company and its business and operations, including risks related to the Company’s foreign operations, the environment and legal proceedings, see “Risk Factors” in the Company’s AIF.

As at March 31, 2025, the Company had no material off-balance sheet arrangements.

As of May 5, 2025, the Company had 103,572,066 common shares issued and outstanding.

The preparation of condensed consolidated interim financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of the amount, events or actions, actual results may differ from these estimates.

The Company’s material accounting policies and accounting estimates are contained in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and condensed consolidated interim financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2025. Judgements have been made in the determination of the functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries, assessment of the probability of cash outflow related to legal claims and contingent liabilities, and commencement of commercial production. Certain of the Company's accounting policies, such as derivative instruments, deferred revenue, carrying amounts of mineral properties, provision for mine closure and reclamation costs, income tax including tax uncertainties, expected credit losses involve critical accounting estimates. Certain of these estimates are dependent on mineral reserves and resource information. Changes in mineral reserves and resources could impact depreciation and depletion rates, asset carrying amounts and the timing of mine closure and reclamation costs. The Company determines its mineral reserves and resources based on information compiled by competent individuals. Information regarding mineral reserves and resources is used in the calculation of depreciation, depletion and determination, when applicable, of the recoverable amount of CGUs, and for forecasting the timing of reclamation and closure cost expenditures. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in the determination of mineral reserves, and assumptions that are valid at the time of determination may change significantly when new information becomes available. Changes in the methodology, forecasted prices of commodities, exchange rates, production costs or recovery rates may change the economic status of mineral reserves and may, ultimately, result in changes in the mineral reserves.

Management continuously reviews its estimates, judgments and assumptions on an ongoing basis using the most current information available. Revisions to estimates are recognized prospectively.

The following table presents capital expenditures at the Company’s operations on an accrual basis and are net of any sales and value-added taxes.

The Company utilizes certain alternative performance (non-IFRS) measures to monitor its performance, including copper C1 cash cost, copper C1 cash cost including foreign exchange hedges, realized copper price, gold C1 cash cost, gold AISC, realized gold price, EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income attributable to owners of the Company, adjusted net income per share, net (cash) debt, working capital and available liquidity. These performance measures have no standardized meaning prescribed within generally accepted accounting principles under IFRS and, therefore, amounts presented may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other mining companies. These non-IFRS measures are intended to provide supplemental information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. The tables below provide reconciliations of these non-IFRS measures to the most directly comparable IFRS measures as contained in the Company’s financial statements.

Unless otherwise noted, the non-IFRS measures presented below have been calculated on a consistent basis for the periods presented.

Copper C1 cash cost and copper C1 cash cost including foreign exchange hedges are non-IFRS performance measures used by the Company to manage and evaluate the performance of its copper mining operations.

Copper C1 cash cost is calculated as C1 cash costs divided by total pounds of copper produced during the period. C1 cash costs comprise the total cost of production, including expenses related to transportation, and treatment and refining charges. These costs are net of by-product credits, incentive payments and certain tax credits associated with sales invoiced to the Company's Brazilian customer.

Copper C1 cash cost including foreign exchange hedges is calculated as C1 cash costs, adjusted for realized gains or losses from its operational foreign exchange hedges, divided by total pounds of copper produced during the period. Although the Company does not apply hedge accounting in its consolidated financial statements and recognizes these contracts at fair value through profit or loss, the Company believes it appropriate to present cash costs including the impact of realized gains and losses as these contracts were entered into to mitigate the impact of changes in exchange rates.

While copper C1 cash cost is widely reported in the mining industry as a performance benchmark, it does not have a standardized meaning and is disclosed as a supplement to IFRS measures.

Realized copper price is a non-IFRS ratio which is calculated as gross copper revenue divided by pounds of copper sold during the period. Management believes measuring realized copper price enables investors to better understand performance based on realized copper sales in each reporting period.

The following tables provide a calculation of realized copper price and a reconciliation to copper segment.

Gold C1 cash cost is a non-IFRS performance measure used by the Company to manage and evaluate the operating performance of its gold mining segment and is calculated as C1 cash costs divided by total ounces of gold produced during the period. C1 cash cost includes total cost of production, net of by-product credits and incentive payments. Gold C1 cash cost is widely reported in the mining industry as benchmarks for performance but does not have a standardized meaning and is disclosed in supplemental to IFRS measures.

Gold AISC is an extension of gold C1 cash cost discussed above and is also a key performance measure used by management to evaluate operating performance of its gold mining segment. Gold AISC is calculated as AISC divided by total ounces of gold produced during the period. AISC includes C1 cash costs, site general and administrative costs, accretion of mine closure and rehabilitation provision, sustaining capital expenditures, sustaining leases, and royalties and production taxes. Gold AISC is widely reported in the mining industry as benchmarks for performance but does not have a standardized meaning and is disclosed in supplement to IFRS measures.

Realized gold price is a non-IFRS ratio that is calculated as gross gold revenue divided by ounces of gold sold during the period. Management believes measuring realized gold price enables investors to better understand performance based on the realized gold sales in each reporting period. The following table provides a calculation of realized gold price and a reconciliation to gold segment revenues, its most directly comparable IFRS measure.

(1) Amortization of deferred revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2025 was net of $0.5 million (three months ended December 31, 2024 - $4.2 million) related to change in estimate attributed to advances received and change in life-of-mine production estimates.

EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are non-IFRS performance measures used by management to evaluate its debt service capacity and performance of its operations. EBITDA represents earnings before finance expense, finance income, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is EBITDA before the pre-tax effect of adjustments for non-cash and/or non-recurring items required in determination of EBITDA for covenant calculation purposes.