エナジーフォーカスの年次報告

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K


☑			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________

Commission file number 001-36583

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware						94-3021850
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

32000 Aurora Road, Suite B

Solon, Ohio 44139

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 440.715.1300

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share	EFOI	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933. Yes ¨No þ

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	þ	Smaller reporting company	☑
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes ☐ No þ The aggregate market value of the Company’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the Company was approximately $4.4 million as of June 30, 2024, the last day of the Company’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, when the last reported sales price was $1.39 per share.

Number of the registrant’s shares of common stock outstanding as of March 25, 2025: 5,260,741.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission relative to the registrant’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.

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	PART I	Page

ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	4
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	10
ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	23
ITEM 1C.	CYBERSECURITY	23
ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	24
ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	24
ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	25
	PART II
ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	26
ITEM 6.	[RESERVED]	26
ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	27
ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	33
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	34
ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	63
ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	63
ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	63
ITEM 9C.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS	63
	PART III
ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	64
ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	64
ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	64
ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	64
ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES	64
	PART IV
ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	64
ITEM 16.	FORM 10-K SUMMARY	67
	SIGNATURES	68

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PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to “Energy Focus,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,” or “the Company” refer to Energy Focus, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiary for the applicable periods, considered as a single enterprise.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”) includes statements that express our opinions, expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or projections regarding future events or future results and therefore are, or may be deemed to be, “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “feels,” “seeks,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could” or “would” or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts. They appear in a number of places throughout this Annual Report and include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs, or current expectations concerning, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies, capital expenditures, and the industry in which we operate.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. Although we base these forward-looking statements on assumptions that we believe are reasonable when made in light of the information currently available to us, we caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and industry developments may differ materially from statements made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and industry developments are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.

We believe that important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties outlined under “Risk Factors” under Item 1A of this Annual Report and other matters described in this Annual Report and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) generally. Some of these factors include:

•our need for and ability to obtain additional financing in the near term, on acceptable terms or at all, to continue our operations;

•our ability to maintain compliance with the continued listing standards of The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”);

•our ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time;

•our ability to realize synergies with our strategic investor;

•instability in the U.S. and global economies and business interruptions experienced by us, our customers and our suppliers;

•the competitiveness and market acceptance of our light-emitting diode (“LED”) lighting and control technologies and products;

•our ability to compete effectively against companies with lower prices or cost structures, greater resources, or more rapid development capabilities, and new competitors in our target markets;

•our ability to extend our product portfolio into new applications and end markets;

•our ability to increase demand in our targeted markets and to manage sales cycles that are difficult to predict and may span several quarters;

•the timing of large customer orders, significant expenses and fluctuations between demand and capacity as we manage inventory and invest in growth opportunities;

•our ability to successfully scale our network of sales representatives, agents, distributors and other channel partners to compete with the sales reach of larger, established competitors;

•our ability to implement plans to increase sales and control expenses;

•our reliance on a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue, and our ability to maintain or grow such sales levels;

•our ability to add new customers to reduce customer concentration;

•our ability to attract and retain a new chief financial officer;

•our ability to manage the size of our workforce while continuing to attract, develop and retain qualified personnel, and to do so in a timely manner;

•our ability to diversify our reliance on a limited number of third-party suppliers and development partners, our ability to manage third-party product development and obtain critical components and finished products on acceptable terms

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and of acceptable quality despite ongoing global supply chain challenges, and the impact of our fluctuating demand on the stability of such suppliers;

•our ability to timely, efficiently and cost-effectively transport products from our third-party suppliers by ocean marine and other logistics channels despite global supply chain and logistics disruptions;

•the impact of any type of legal inquiry, claim or dispute;

•the macro-economic conditions, including rising interest rates and recessionary trends, in the United States and in other markets in which we operate or secure products, which could affect our ability to obtain raw materials, component parts, freight, energy, labor, and sourced finished goods in a timely and cost-effective manner;

•our dependence on military maritime customers and on the levels and timing of government funding available to such customers, as well as the funding resources of our other customers in the public sector and commercial markets;

•business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions such as war and terrorism, natural disasters, including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires, or from health epidemics or pandemics or other contagious outbreaks;

•our ability to respond to new lighting and control technologies and market trends;

•our ability to fulfill our warranty obligations with safe and reliable products;

•any delays we may encounter in making new products available or fulfilling customer specifications;

•any flaws or defects in our products or in the manner in which they are used or installed;

•our ability to protect our intellectual property rights and other confidential information, and manage infringement claims by others;

•our compliance with government contracting laws and regulations, through both direct and indirect sale channels, as well as other laws, such as those relating to the environment and health and safety;

•risks inherent in international markets, such as economic and political uncertainty, changing regulatory and tax requirements and currency fluctuations, including tariffs and other potential barriers to international trade; and

•our ability to maintain effective internal controls and otherwise comply with our obligations as a public company.

In light of the foregoing, we caution you not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement that we make in this Annual Report speaks only as of the date of such statement, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement or to publicly announce the results of any revision to any of those statements to reflect future events or developments, except as required by law. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless specifically expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data. Furthermore, new risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us.

Energy Focus®, Intellitube®, and RedCap®, and EnFocus™ are our registered trademarks. We may also refer to trademarks of other corporations and organizations in this document.

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

Energy Focus specializes in designing, developing, manufacturing, and selling energy-efficient lighting systems and controls. We provide high-quality LED lighting solutions for both commercial and military maritime markets (MMM), helping our customers improve energy efficiency, productivity, and wellness through advanced LED retrofit products.

Our core products include energy-efficient tubular LED (TLED) lighting that replaces fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps in institutional and commercial buildings. We also offer innovative solutions like our patented RedCap® TLED with an integrated emergency backup battery.

The LED lighting market has faced intense competition and price erosion in recent years. To stay competitive, we’ve reduced costs, streamlined our supply chain, and focused on product innovation. We’ve also restructured our sales strategies, focusing more on direct sales, strategic partnerships, and customer feedback to drive product development.

Despite industry challenges, we continue to innovate, offering differentiated, high-value products that meet the most demanding market needs. In 2024, we enhanced the RedCap® product line, further improving user experience and functionality.

It is our belief that the continued dramatic rightsizing efforts undertaken in 2023 and 2024, along with reorganization of the sales team and ongoing development of innovative, high-value products and an expanded distribution network, will over time result in improved sales and bottom-line performance for the Company.

In 2024, we recommitted to building upon the transformation activities that sought to stabilize and regrow our business. These efforts include the following key developments that occurred during 2024:

•On June 12, 2024, the Board approved the departure of Jason Tien-Chia Tsai and appointed Wen Cheng Chen as a new member. All current Board members other than our CEO Mr. Huang remain independent directors under the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq.

•On January 18, 2024, the Company and Streeterville Capital, LLC (“Streeterville”) entered into a payoff letter and exchange agreement (the “Agreement”) to pay off a note entered into by and between the Company and Streeterville in 2022 (the “2022 Streeterville Note”) early. The Agreement provided that the Company made payments to reduce the outstanding obligations under the 2022 Streeterville Note of $1.0 million in cash by January 19, 2024 and exchange 94,440 shares of common stock by January 23, 2024 for the remaining $142 thousand. In January 2024, the Company paid off the 2022 Streeterville Note in full. At termination, the Company recognized $187 thousand of other income which was included in other income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

•On March 28, 2024, Energy Focus, Inc. entered into certain securities purchase agreements with certain accredited investors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a private placement an aggregate of 283,019 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for a purchase price per share of $1.59 (the “First Private Placement”). Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company with respect to the First Private Placement were approximately $450 thousand, excluding the offering expenses paid by the Company. The First Private Placement was closed on March 28, 2024.

•On June 21, 2024, Energy Focus, Inc. entered into certain securities purchase agreements with certain accredited investors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a private placement an aggregate of 534,591 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for a purchase price per share of $1.59 (the “Second Private Placement”). Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company with respect to the Second Private Placement were approximately $850 thousand, excluding the offering expenses paid by the Company. The Second Private Placement was closed on June 21, 2024.

•In 2024, we carefully researched and analyzed our historical sales data and the current market landscape, focusing on our pricing position and overall sales strategy. We acknowledged the increasing competition in the MMM sales space, both in terms of pricing pressure and the growing number of competitors.

•The Company has aggressively re-evaluated operating expenses throughout the year to manage fixed costs.

During 2024, we have thoroughly reviewed and adjusted our commercial pricing position as well as our strategic relationships and partnerships within the commercial LED market space.

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In 2025, we plan to pursue expansion into new markets and industries to diversify our portfolio and drive growth:

•ESS (Energy Storage Systems) Business Opportunity: We intend to explore energy storage solutions that could complement our existing product lines and support sustainability efforts.

•AI Data Center UPS Development: We aim to enter the AI data center market through development of advanced Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems tailored to meet the high-demand energy needs of AI-driven data centers.

•Global Market Expansion: We are evaluating potential opportunities in the Taiwan and Japan markets, where we may leverage our expertise to respond to demand in these regions.

To pursue long-term growth and profitability, we expect to focus on:

•Expanding product offerings in energy storage and AI data center power solutions.

•Strengthening our global presence, particularly in Taiwan and Japan.

•Continuing to innovate in LED lighting and controls.

•Maintaining financial discipline through cost control and operational efficiency.

We believe these strategies, if successfully implemented, may create new revenue streams, potentially strengthen our market position, and could lead to improved financial performance in the coming years, although actual results may differ materially from our expectations.

Our Corporate Structure and History

Fiberstars, Inc. was founded in 1985 in California and reincorporated in Delaware in November 2006. In May 2007, Fiberstars, Inc. merged with Energy Focus, Inc. (the “Company”), a Delaware corporation, with the Company emerging as the surviving entity. In 2023, we established an international branch, which we may refer to as our “Taiwan branch” or “Taipei office,” in Taipei, Taiwan, to enhance our Asia and worldwide business sales force.

Our Industry

We specialize in creating innovative, energy-saving solutions that combine advanced LED lighting, controls, and cutting-edge technology to help our customers operate their facilities more efficiently while promoting productivity and well-being. Our focus is on leading the market in human-centric lighting and high-tech energy solutions by offering top-quality, energy-efficient LED products, including "flicker-free" long-life lamps, retrofit kits, and advanced power technologies. In addition to LED lighting, we’ve expanded into energy-saving high-technology GaN (Gallium Nitride) power supplies, Energy Storage Systems (ESS), and Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) products tailored for AI data centers, positioning us at the forefront of sustainable technology for modern industries.

The demand for energy-efficient solutions like LEDs and advanced power systems is growing rapidly, driven by cost savings, environmental goals, and health benefits. Our new product lines, including GaN power supplies, ESS, and UPS systems, further enhance efficiency and reliability, meeting the rising energy demands of AI-driven data centers and other high-tech applications.

We’re also pioneers in flicker-free lighting—certified by Underwriters Laboratories at less than 1% flicker—reducing health issues like headaches and fatigue. Additionally, our smart lighting innovations, such as connected systems with sensors and circadian rhythm adjustments, are transforming how buildings operate, offering both energy savings and wellness benefits. While the market is competitive, we stand out by developing customer-focused, high-impact products and leveraging a strong sales network to meet evolving needs.

Our Products

We design and deliver a wide range of energy-efficient solutions for commercial, industrial, and military markets, including:

Commercial products to serve our targeted commercial markets:

•RedCap® emergency backup LED tubes; and

•LED retrofit kits for replacing fluorescent lamps, downlights, and low/high-bay fixtures; and MMM LED lighting products to serve the U.S. Navy and allied foreign navies:

•Industrial LED dock lights.

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•Intellitube® and the Invisitube™ retrofit LEDs for the U.S. Navy and allied forces; and

•Military-grade LED fixtures like globe lights, berth lights, and high-bay kits.

New products:

•Energy-saving GaN power supplies for efficient power delivery; and

•Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) products designed for AI data centers

Our products outperform traditional lighting and power solutions, offering financial savings, reduced carbon emissions, and improved occupant health.

The key features of our products are as follows:

•High-efficiency designs with proprietary technology;

•Long-lasting performance, with most LEDs backed by a 10-year warranty;

•Ultra-low flicker for better health and equipment compatibility;

•Compliance with energy efficiency standards and rebate eligibility.

By expanding into GaN power supplies, ESS, and UPS systems, we’re addressing the growing needs of AI data centers and other tech-driven industries, reinforcing our commitment to innovation and sustainability. Our robust research and multi-channel sales strategy ensure we stay ahead in delivering reliable, high-quality solutions.

Sales and Marketing

Our company is dedicated to advancing innovative technologies and high-performance solutions across multiple sectors, including LED lighting, Energy Storage Systems (ESS), Gallium Nitride (GaN) Power Supplies, and AI Data Center Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS). We aim to strengthen our market presence in these areas while expanding our business reach in the Asia region.

•LED Lighting and Control Systems

We continue to focus on educating channel partners and end-users about the benefits and unique value propositions of our high-quality LED lighting technologies. Our primary customers include enterprise end-users, contractors, and ESCOs integrating our products into their projects. We also collaborate with lighting agencies that complement our direct sales efforts. Our in-house commercial sales team, along with external sales agencies, ensures broad market coverage, and we plan to extend this network across all U.S. regions.

Our sales strategy emphasizes our brand reputation and product education while simplifying procurement. We target industry verticals where our LED lighting offers significant economic, health, and safety benefits. Our products serve both commercial markets—valuing quality, efficiency, and ROI—and military markets (MMM), which require high durability and reliability.

Since launching our military-grade Intellitube® in 2011 for U.S. Navy ships, military sales have formed a substantial portion of our revenue. We continuously enhance our MMM product designs to reduce costs while maintaining performance standards. Although military sales are affected by fluctuating government funding, our strong presence in this market positions us for future growth. Simultaneously, we are committed to expanding our commercial market share, which holds vast potential.

Our commercial LED lighting products, introduced in 2010, have gained traction in sectors like healthcare, education, and industrial facilities. Notably, we have been the primary LED supplier for a major northeast Ohio hospital system since 2015, enabling us to expand into additional healthcare networks. We also supply low-flicker LED lighting to schools, colleges, and universities, promoting energy efficiency and healthier learning environments. Furthermore, our high bay and low bay lighting solutions cater to large-scale facilities such as warehouses and retail stores, offering energy and maintenance cost savings.

•Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

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We are expanding into the ESS market, offering reliable energy storage solutions for both commercial and industrial applications. Our ESS products support grid stability, renewable energy integration, and backup power needs. By leveraging our expertise in power electronics, we aim to provide efficient and scalable ESS solutions that cater to diverse energy demands.

•GaN Power Supplies

Our GaN Power Supplies represent the next generation of power conversion technology, delivering higher efficiency and power density compared to traditional silicon-based systems. These power supplies are ideal for applications requiring compact, lightweight, and high-performance solutions, including consumer electronics, industrial equipment, and renewable energy systems.

•AI Data Center UPS Solutions

We are introducing AI-driven UPS systems tailored for data centers, ensuring uninterrupted power supply and optimized energy management. Our AI UPS solutions utilize advanced algorithms to enhance system reliability, predict potential failures, and improve overall energy efficiency, supporting the growing demands of data centers worldwide.

Recognizing the immense market potential in Asia, we are prioritizing business expansion in this region. Our strategy includes establishing local partnerships, enhancing distribution networks, and customizing product offerings to meet regional needs. By strengthening our presence in Asia, we aim to tap into new growth opportunities and diversify our global revenue streams.

We employ a multi-channel sales approach, combining direct sales, external agencies, and selective e-commerce channels to reach a broad customer base. While our focus remains on core commercial and military markets, we continuously evaluate additional sales avenues to maximize market penetration. Our commitment to technological innovation and cost-effective engineering solutions allows us to enhance product features while reducing ownership costs. This strategic advantage supports our goal of expanding distribution channels and solidifying our competitive position.

With our diversified product portfolio and focused expansion strategies, we are well-positioned to drive sustainable growth across LED lighting, ESS, GaN Power Supplies, and AI Data Center UPS markets. Our increased emphasis on the Asia region further strengthens our global market presence, setting the stage for long-term success.

Concentration of Sales

In 2024, two customers accounted for 33% of net sales, with sales to our primary distributor for the U.S. Navy accounting for approximately 16% and a shipbuilder for the U.S. Navy accounting for approximately 17%.

In 2023, two customers accounted for 48% of net sales, with sales to our primary distributor for the U.S. Navy accounting for approximately 35% of net sales, and sales to a shipbuilder for the U.S. Navy accounting for approximately 13% of net sales.

Competition

Our LED lighting products compete against a variety of lighting products, including conventional light sources such as compact fluorescent lamps and HID lamps, as well as other TLEDs and integrated LED luminaire products. Our ability to compete depends substantially upon the superior performance, incremental benefits and lower total cost of ownership of our products. Principal competitors in our markets include large lamp manufacturers and lighting fixture companies based in the United States, as well as TLED and LED replacement fixture manufacturers mostly based in Asia, whose financial resources may substantially exceed ours and whose cost structure as a percentage of sales may be well below ours. These competitors may introduce new or improved products that may reduce or eliminate some of the competitive advantage of our products and may have substantially lower pricing. We anticipate that the competition for our products will also come from new technologies that offer increased energy efficiency, lower initial costs, lower maintenance costs, or advanced features. We compete with LED systems produced by large lighting companies such as Signify Lighting, Osram Sylvania and GE Lighting, as well as smaller manufacturers or distributors such as LED Smart, Energy Source Group, Orion Energy Systems, and Keystone Technologies. Some of these competitors offer products with performance characteristics similar to those of our products.

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Manufacturing and Suppliers

We manufacture our lighting products and systems through a combination of in-house production at our Solon, Ohio facility and outsourced finished goods produced to our specifications. Our in-house operations focus on final assembly, testing, and quality control. We collaborate with several vendors to design custom components that meet our specific needs. Our quality assurance program includes rigorous testing at key stages of assembly and for all finished products, whether produced internally or sourced externally. Additionally, we are ISO 9001:2015 certified.

Manufacturing costs are managed through a balance of internal production and outsourcing to trusted suppliers worldwide, primarily in the United States, Malaysia, Taiwan, and previously China. In certain cases, we rely on single-source suppliers for specific components or finished goods. We continuously optimize our global supply chain to meet client expectations in quality and volume while controlling costs and achieving target gross margins. Our approach includes evaluating opportunities for additional outsourcing or increased insourcing when it enhances cost efficiency, quality, or performance.

Our suppliers are primarily based in Asia. We continue to reduce transportation costs while actively managing shorter lead times for component procurement.

One offshore supplier (a related party, See Note 12 “Related Party Transactions”) accounted for approximately 36% of our total expenditures for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2024, two offshore suppliers accounted for approximately 36% and 54% (a related party, See Note 12, “Related Party Transactions” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional information) of our trade accounts payable balance, respectively.

No offshore supplier accounted for more than 10% of our total expenditures for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, two offshore suppliers accounted for approximately 16% and 57% (a related party, See Note 12, “Related Party Transactions” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional information) of our trade accounts payable balance, respectively.

Product Development

Product development remains a central focus and a key differentiator in delivering industry-leading LED lighting solutions, GaN Power Supplies, and MMM lighting solutions. Gross product development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $0.5 million and $0.6 million, respectively. We believe that our customer-focused approach to product development ensures that our R&D investments yield impactful and innovative products, driving faster market adoption and strengthening our competitive advantage.

Intellectual Property

We actively protect our intellectual property through patents, license agreements, trademark registrations, confidential disclosure agreements, and trade secrets, as appropriate. Certain patents are integral to our current product lines. We have multiple pending U.S. and international patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty with the World Intellectual Property Organization. Our portfolio includes over 50 issued patents, expiring at various times through May 2040. Patent protection typically lasts 20 years from the earliest effective filing date. However, there is no guarantee that existing patents are invulnerable or that pending applications will be granted. Competitors may develop similar products or access proprietary information despite these protections. The laws of some foreign countries in which we manufacture, sell or may sell our products do not protect proprietary rights to products to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Please refer to Note 8, “Commitments and Contingencies,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional information.

Insurance

All of our properties and equipment are covered by insurance and we believe that such insurance is adequate. In addition, we maintain general liability, product recall and workers’ compensation insurance in amounts we believe to be consistent with our risk of loss and industry practice.

Regulatory Compliance

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In addition, although not legally required to do so, we strive to obtain certification for substantially all our products. In the United States, we seek certification on substantially all of our products from UL®, Intertek Testing Services (“ETL®”), or DesignLights Consortium (“DLC™”). Where appropriate in jurisdictions outside the United States, we seek to obtain other similar national or regional certifications for our products. Although we believe that our broad knowledge and experience with electrical codes and safety standards have facilitated certification approvals, we cannot ensure that we will be able to obtain any such certifications for our new products or that, if certification standards are amended, we will be able to maintain such certifications for our existing products.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2024, we had 9 full-time employees and 4 part-time employees, with 9 based in the United States and 4 in Taiwan. We had two temporary contractors as of December 31, 2024. None of our employees or contractors are subject to collective bargaining agreements and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good. We encourage and support the growth and development of our employees. Continual learning and career development is advanced through ongoing performance and development conversations with employees and reimbursement is available to employees from time to time for seminars, conferences, formal education, and other training events employees attend in connection with their job duties.

Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our current and future employees. The principal purposes of our annual bonus plan and equity incentive plan are to attract, retain and motivate employees through the granting of long-term incentive compensation awards.

Business Segments

We currently operate in a single business segment that includes the marketing and sale of commercial and MMM lighting products and controls. Please refer to Note 11, “Product and Geographic Information,” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional information.

Available Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 32000 Aurora Road, Suite B, Solon, Ohio 44139. Our telephone number is 440.715.1300. Our website address is www.energyfocus.com. We are providing the address to our website solely for the information of investors. The information on our website is not a part of, nor is it incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Through our website, we make available, free of charge, our annual proxy statement, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains these reports at www.sec.gov.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Risks Associated with Our Business

If we are unable to attract or retain qualified personnel, our business and product development efforts could be harmed.

We are highly dependent on our senior management and other key personnel due to our very lean organizational structure. Our future success will depend on our ability to attract, retain, develop and motivate qualified executive, technical, sales, marketing, operating, financial and management personnel, for whom competition is very intense. As we attempt to sustain and re-grow our business, it could be especially difficult to attract, retain and adequately compensate qualified personnel, especially in light of our lean cost structure and the tightening of the labor market, which has led to increased competition for employees. The loss of, or failure to attract, hire, and retain any such persons could delay product development cycles, disrupt our operations, increase our costs, or otherwise harm our business or results of operations. We also do not maintain “key person” insurance policies on any of our officers or our other employees, nor have employment contracts.

We rely on equity and debt financing to operate our business and will require additional financing in the near term, which we may not be able to raise on favorable terms or at all, and our failure to obtain funding when needed may force us to delay, scale back or eliminate our business plan or even discontinue or curtail our operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we reported a net loss of $1.6 million and are dependent upon the availability of financing in order to continue our business.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, financing activity to sustain ongoing losses included (1) proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants approximately $0.9 million and (2) payment on the 2022 Streeterville Note $1.0 million (Please see Note 7 of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report.).

For the year ended December 31, 2023, financing activity to sustain ongoing losses included (1) selling an aggregate of approximately $6.1 million common stock through several private placement transactions and (2) converting approximately $1.7 million of outstanding promissory notes into common stock.

We may not generate sufficient cash flows from our operations or be able to borrow sufficient funds to sustain our operations. As such, we will likely need additional external financing during 2025 and will continue to review and pursue external funding sources including, but not limited to, the following:

•obtaining financing from traditional or non-traditional investment capital organizations or individuals;

•obtaining funding from the sale of our common stock or other equity or debt instruments; and

•obtaining debt financing with lending terms that more closely match our business model and capital needs.

There can be no assurance that we will obtain funding on acceptable terms, in a timely fashion, or at all. Obtaining additional financing contains risks, including:

•additional equity financing may not be available to us on satisfactory terms and any equity we are able to issue could lead to dilution for current stockholders and have rights, preferences and privileges senior to our common stock;

•loans or other debt instruments may have terms or conditions, such as interest rates, restrictive covenants and control or revocation provisions, which are not acceptable to management or our Board of Directors; and

•the current environment in the capital markets combined with our capital constraints may prevent us from being able to obtain adequate debt financing.

If we fail to obtain the required additional financing to sustain our business before we are able to produce levels of revenue to meet our financial needs, we will need to delay, scale back or eliminate our business plan and further reduce our operating costs and headcount, each of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, future prospects, and financial condition. A lack of additional financing could also result in our inability to continue as a going concern and force us to sell certain assets or discontinue or curtail our operations and, as a result, investors in the Company could lose their entire investment.

Our independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion on our audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, included in this Annual Report, contains a modification relating to our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion on our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes a modification stating that our losses and negative cash flows from operations and uncertainty in generating sufficient cash to meet our obligations and sustain our operations raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

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While we continue to pursue funding sources and transactions that could raise capital, there can be no assurances that we will be successful in these efforts or will be able to resolve our liquidity issues or eliminate our operating losses. If we are unable to generate enough cash or obtain sufficient additional funding, we would need to scale back or significantly adjust our business plan, further reduce our operating costs and headcount, or discontinue or curtail our operations. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, and we may be unable to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our audited consolidated financial statements, and it is likely that investors will lose all or a part of their investment. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. (Please see Note 2 of our financial statements "Going Concern" for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report.)

We have a history of operating losses and will incur losses in the future as we continue our efforts to grow sales and streamline our operations at a profitable level.

We have incurred substantial losses in the past and reported net losses from operations of $1.6 million and $4.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $154.9 million and cash of approximately $0.6 million, compared to an accumulated deficit of $153.3 million and cash of approximately $2.0 million as of December 31, 2023.

In order for us to operate our business profitably, we need to grow our sales, maintain cost control discipline while balancing development of our product pipeline and potential long-term revenue growth, continue our efforts to reduce product cost, and drive further operating efficiencies and develop and execute a strategic product pipeline for profitable and compelling MMM and LED lighting and control products. Management plans to expand into the Asian market in 2025. There is a risk that our strategy to return to profitability may not be as successful as we envision, or occur as quickly as we expect. We might require additional financing in the near-term and, if our operations do not achieve, or we experience an unanticipated delay in achieving, our intended level and pace of profitability, we will continue to need additional funding, none of which may be available on favorable terms or at all and could require us to sell certain assets or discontinue or curtail our operations.

While we are attempting to diversify our customer base, we have historically derived a significant portion of our revenue from a few customers, and the loss of one of these customers, or a reduction in their demand for our products, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Historically our customer base has been highly concentrated and a few customers have represented a substantial portion of our net sales. In 2024, two customers collectively accounted for 33% of net sales. Total sales to our primary distributor to the U.S. Navy, combined with sales to shipbuilders for the U.S. Navy represented 33% of net sales in 2024. In 2023, two customers collectively accounted for 48% of net sales. Total sales to our primary distributor to the U.S. Navy, combined with sales to shipbuilders for the U.S. Navy represented 70% of net sales in 2023.

We generally do not have long-term contracts with our customers that commit them to purchase any minimum amount of our products or require them to continue to do business with us. We could lose business from any one of our significant customers for a variety of reasons, many of which are outside of our control, including ongoing long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in levels of government funding and rebate programs, our inability to comply with government contracting laws and regulations, changes in customers’ procurement strategies or their lighting retrofit plans, changes in product specifications, additional competitors entering particular markets, our failure to keep pace with technological advances and cost reductions, and damage to our professional reputation, among others.

We are attempting to expand and diversify our customer base and reduce the dependence on one or a few customers, through the addition of sales representatives and other potential sales channels, but we cannot provide any assurance that our efforts will be successful. We anticipate that a limited number of customers could continue to comprise a substantial portion of our revenue for the foreseeable future. If we continue to do business with our significant customers, our concentration can cause variability in our results because we cannot control the timing or amounts of their purchases. A significant customer could cease to do or drastically reduce its business with us with little or no notice, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows in particular periods.

Historically, we have experienced long sales-cycles, as well as slow ramp-up by new customers to purchase large amounts of LED products from us. Given the fiercely competitive lighting market in which we operate, we are constantly trying to balance pricing with the quality-premium our products command both in brand reputation and performance. As a result, adding new customers could generally be a slow process, and increasing new customers’ sales to more significant levels usually takes a long period of time.

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As we continue to develop more customer-centric new products such as GaN-based power supply circuitry, we hope to both add new customers more quickly and have our customers scale their purchasing levels more quickly. However, there is no guarantee of faster customer acceptance or performance of these new products or any other that has been or is being developed.

If critical components and finished products that we develop with and purchase from a small number of third-party development partners and suppliers become unavailable or increase in price, or if our development partners, suppliers or delivery channels fail to meet our requirements for quality, quantity, and timeliness, our revenue and reputation in the marketplace could be harmed, which would damage our business.

In an effort to reduce research and development and manufacturing costs, we have outsourced the research, development and production of certain parts and components, as well as finished goods in our product lines, to a small number of vendors in various locations throughout the world, primarily in the United States, Malaysia, Taiwan and China. We generally purchase these sole or limited source items with purchase orders, and we have limited guaranteed supply arrangements with such suppliers. While we believe alternative sources for these components and products are available, we select suppliers based on their expected ability to provide quality products at a cost-effective price, to meet our specifications, and to deliver within scheduled time frames. We do not control the time and resources that these suppliers devote to our business, and we cannot be sure that these suppliers will perform their obligations to us. If our ability to manage third-party product development efforts are unsuccessful or our suppliers fail to perform their obligations in a timely manner or at satisfactory quality levels, we may suffer lost or delayed sales, increased costs of goods sold, reductions in revenue or margin, and damage to our reputation in the market, all of which would adversely affect our business. As demand for our products fluctuates, which fluctuations can be hard to predict, we may not need a sustained level of inventory, which may cause financial hardship for our suppliers or they may need to divert production capacity elsewhere. In the past, we have had to purchase quantities of certain components that are critical to our product manufacturing and were in excess of our estimated near-term requirements as a result of supplier delivery constraints and concerns over component availability, and we may need to do so in the future. As a result, we have had, and may need to continue, to devote additional working capital to support a large amount of component and raw material inventory that may not be used over a reasonable period to produce saleable products, and we may be required to increase our excess and obsolete inventory reserves to provide for these excess quantities, particularly if demand for our products does not meet our expectations.

We may be vulnerable to unanticipated product development delays, price increases and payment term changes. Significant increases in the prices of sourced components and products, shipping costs and recent tariff policy changes could cause our product prices to increase, which may reduce demand for our products or make us more susceptible to competition. Furthermore, in the event that we are unable to pass along increases in operating costs to our customers, margins and profitability may be adversely affected. Accordingly, the loss of all or one of these suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our operations until such time as an alternative supplier could be found.

Additionally, consolidation in the lighting industry could result in one or more current suppliers being acquired by a competitor, rendering us unable to continue purchasing key components and products at competitive prices.

We also may be subject to various import duties and tariffs applicable to materials manufactured in foreign countries and may be affected by various other import and export restrictions, as well as other considerations or developments impacting upon international trade, including economic or political instability, tariffs, shipping delays and product quotas. These international trade factors will, under certain circumstances, have an impact on the cost of components, which will have an impact on the cost to us of the manufactured product and the wholesale and retail prices of our products.

We rely on arrangements with independent shipping companies for the delivery of our products from vendors abroad. The failure or inability of these shipping companies to deliver products or the unavailability of shipping or port services, even temporarily, could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may also be adversely affected by an increase in freight surcharges due to global logistics capacity constraints, rising fuel costs and added security costs.

If we are unable to implement plans to increase sales and control expenses to manage future growth effectively, our profitability goals and liquidity will be adversely affected.

Our ability to achieve our desired growth depends on the adoption of high-quality LED lighting and controls within the general lighting market and our ability to affect and adapt to these rates of adoption. The pace of continued growth in these markets is uncertain, and in order to grow our sales, we may need to:

•manage organizational complexity and ensure effective and timely communication;

•expand the skills and capabilities of our current management, engineering and sales teams;

•add experienced senior level managers;

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•attract, retain and adequately compensate qualified employees;

•adequately maintain and adjust the operational and financial controls that support our business;

•expand research and development, sales and marketing, technical support, distribution capabilities, manufacturing planning or administrative functions and capabilities;

•maintain or establish additional manufacturing facilities and equipment, as well as secure sufficient third-party manufacturing resources, to adequately meet customer demand or lower manufacturing costs; and

•manage an increasingly complex supply chain to maintain a sufficient supply of materials and deliver on time to our manufacturing facilities.

These efforts to grow our business, both in terms of size and in diversity of customer bases served, may put a significant strain on our resources. We have implemented comprehensive cost-saving initiatives to reduce our net loss and mitigate doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. These initiatives have improved efficiency and streamlined our operations, but we continue to operate at a loss and may need additional funding or further cost-cutting to manage liquidity.

Our possible future growth may exceed our current capacity and require rapid expansion in certain functional areas. We may lack sufficient funding to appropriately expand or incur significant expenses as we attempt to scale our resources and make investments in our business that we believe are necessary to achieve short-term and long-term growth goals. Such investments take time to become fully operational, and we may not be able to expand quickly enough to exploit targeted market opportunities. In addition to our own manufacturing capacity, we are increasingly utilizing contract manufacturers and original design manufacturers (“ODMs”) to produce our products for us. There are also inherent execution risks in expanding product lines and production capacity, whether through our facilities or that of a third-party manufacturer, that could increase costs and reduce our operating results, including design and construction cost overruns, poor production process yields and reduced quality control. If we are unable to fund any necessary expansion or manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to adequately meet demand, our expenses could increase without a proportionate increase in revenue, our margins could decrease, and our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our results of operations, financial condition and business could be harmed if we are unable to balance customer demand and capacity.

As our customer base and customer demand for our products changes and as we launch new products, we must be able to adjust our production capacity to meet demand. We are continually taking steps to address our manufacturing capacity needs for our products. If we are not able to increase or decrease our production capacity at our targeted rate or if there are unforeseen costs associated with adjusting our capacity levels or there are unanticipated interruptions in our global supply chain or logistics from such possibilities as long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tension as the military conflict in Ukraine and the Middle East, shifting workforces, or energy policies, we may not be able to achieve our financial targets. In addition, as we introduce new products and further refine existing products, we must balance the production and inventory of prior generation products with the production and inventory of new products, whether manufactured by us or our contract manufacturers, to maintain a product mix that will satisfy customer demand and mitigate the risk of incurring cost write-downs on the previous generation products, related raw materials and tooling.

If customer demand does not materialize at the rate forecasted, we may not be able to scale back our manufacturing expenses or overhead costs to correspond to the demand. This could result in lower margins, write-downs of our inventory and adverse impacts to our business and results of operations. Additionally, if product demand decreases or we fail to forecast demand accurately, our results may be adversely impacted due to higher costs resulting from lower factory utilization, causing higher fixed costs per unit produced. In addition, our efforts to improve quoted delivery lead-time performance may result in corresponding reductions in order backlog. A decline in backlog levels could result in more variability and less predictability in our quarter-to-quarter net sales and operating results.

If we are not able to compete effectively against companies with lower cost structures or greater resources, or new competitors who enter our target markets, our sales will be adversely affected.

The lighting industry is highly competitive. In the high-performance lighting markets in which we sell our advanced lighting systems, our products compete with lighting products utilizing traditional lighting technology provided by many vendors. Our higher quality and value advanced lighting and control systems also face competition from lower quality, commodity lighting products when customers may be overly purchase-price sensitive. For sales of MMM products, we compete with a small number of qualified military lighting lamp and fixture suppliers. In certain commercial applications, we typically compete with LED systems produced by large lighting companies. Our primary competitors include Signify, Osram Sylvania, LED Smart, Energy Source Group, Orion Energy Systems, and Keystone Technologies. Some of these competitors offer products with performance characteristics similar to those of our products. Many of our competitors are larger, more established companies with greater resources to devote to research and development, manufacturing and marketing, as well as greater brand recognition.

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In addition, larger competitors who purchase greater unit volumes from component suppliers may be able to negotiate lower costs, thereby enabling them to offer lower pricing to end customers. Moreover, the relatively low barriers to entry into the lighting industry and the limited proprietary nature of many lighting products also permit new competitors to enter the industry easily and with lower costs.

In each of our markets, we also anticipate the possibility that LED component manufacturers, including those that currently supply us with LEDs, may seek to compete with us. Our competitors’ lighting technologies and products may be more readily accepted by customers than our products will be. Moreover, if one or more of our competitors or suppliers were to merge, the change in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our competitive position. Additionally, to the extent that competition in our markets intensifies, we may be required to further reduce our prices in order to remain competitive. If we do not compete effectively, or if we reduce our prices without making commensurate reductions in our costs, our net sales, margins, and profitability and our future prospects for success may be harmed.

We work with independent agents and sales representatives for a portion of our net sales, and the failure to incentivize, retain and manage our relationships with these third parties, or the termination of these relationships, could cause our net sales to decline and harm our business.

In the past, we pursued an agency-driven sales channel strategy in order to expand our market presence throughout the United States. As a result, at that time, we had increased our reliance on independent sales agent channels to market and sell our LED lighting and control products. In addition, these parties provide technical sales support to end-users. The current agreements with our agents are generally non-exclusive on the agents’ product portfolio, meaning they can sell our competitors’ products. Any such agreements we enter into in the future may be on similar terms. Our agents may not be motivated to or successfully pursue the sales opportunities available to them, or they may prefer to sell or be more familiar with the products of our competitors. If our agents do not achieve our sales objectives or these relationships take significant time to develop, our revenue may decline, fail to grow or not increase as rapidly as we intend in order to achieve profitability and grow our business. We improved and continued to maintain our agency relationships that were both mutually beneficial and strategically important. Although we believe that our agency strategy will increase the role of independent agents and sales representatives over time, direct sales using internal sales personnel still account for a substantial portion of our sales, and our agency plans may take longer to contribute significantly to our operating results.

Furthermore, our agency agreements are generally short-term and can be cancelled by either party without significant financial consequence. The termination of or the inability to negotiate extensions of these contracts on acceptable terms could adversely impact sales of our products. Additionally, we cannot be certain that we or end-users will be satisfied by their performance. If these agents significantly change their terms with us, or change their end-user relationships, there could be an impact on our net sales and profits.

If our LED lighting and control technology products fail to gain widespread market acceptance or we are unable to respond effectively as new technologies and market trends emerge, our competitive position and our ability to generate revenue, and profits may be harmed.

To be successful in our respective markets for LED lighting and control technology products, we depend on continued market acceptance of our existing LED lighting and control technology, including in the consumer and commercial markets. Potential customers may be reluctant to adopt LED lighting products as an alternative to traditional lighting technology because of their higher initial costs or perceived risks relating to their novelty, reliability, usefulness, quality and cost-effectiveness when compared to other established lighting sources available in the market. Changes in economic and market conditions may also make traditional lighting technologies more appealing. For example, declining energy prices in certain regions or countries may favor existing lighting technologies that are less energy-efficient, reducing the rate of adoption for LED lighting products in those areas. Notwithstanding continued performance improvements and cost reductions of LED lighting technologies, limited customer awareness of the benefits of LED lighting products, lack of widely accepted standards governing LED lighting products and customer unwillingness to adopt LED lighting products could significantly limit the demand for LED lighting products. Even potential customers that are inclined to adopt energy-efficient lighting technology may defer investment as LED lighting products continue to experience rapid technological advances. Any of the foregoing could adversely impact our results of operations and limit our market opportunities.

In addition, we will need to keep pace with rapid changes in LED lighting and control technology, changing customer requirements, new product introductions and cost reductions by competitors and evolving industry standards, any of which could render our existing products obsolete if we fail to respond in a timely manner. The development, introduction, and acceptance of new, re-designed or reduced cost products incorporating advanced technology is a complex process subject to numerous uncertainties, including:

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•available funding to sustain adequate development efforts;

•achievement of technology breakthroughs required to make commercially viable devices, and in turn, protecting those breakthroughs through intellectual property;

•the accuracy of our predictions for market requirements;

•our ability to predict, influence, or react to evolving standards;

•acceptance of our new product designs;

•acceptance of new technologies in certain markets;

•the combination of other desired technological advances with lighting products, such as controls;

•the availability of qualified research and development personnel;

•our timely completion of product designs and development;

•our ability to develop repeatable processes to manufacture new products in sufficient quantities, with the desired specifications, and at competitive costs;

•our ability to effectively transfer products and technology from development to manufacturing; and

•market acceptance of our products.

We could experience delays in the introduction of these products. We could also devote substantial resources to the development of new technologies or products that are ultimately not successful.

If effective new sources of light, other than LEDs, are discovered and commercialized, our current products and technologies could become less competitive or obsolete. If others develop innovative proprietary lighting technology that is superior to ours, or if we fail to accurately anticipate technology, pricing and market trends, address market saturation and customer confusion, respond on a timely basis with our own development of new and reliable products and enhancements to existing products, and achieve broad market acceptance of these products and enhancements, our competitive position may be harmed and we may not achieve sufficient growth in our net sales to attain or sustain profitability.

Our operating results may fluctuate due to factors that are difficult to forecast and not within our control.

Our past operating results may not be accurate indicators of future performance, and you should not rely on such results to predict our future performance. Our operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past and could fluctuate in the future. Factors that may contribute to fluctuations include:

•changes in aggregate capital spending, cyclicality and other economic conditions, including inflationary pressures, or domestic and international demand in the industries;

•the timing of large customer orders to which we may have limited visibility and cannot control;

•competition for our products, including the entry of new competitors and significant declines in competitive pricing;

•our ability to effectively manage our working capital;

•our ability to generate increased demand in our current and targeted markets, particularly those in which we have limited experience;

•our ability to satisfy customer demands in a timely and cost-effective manner;

•pricing and availability of labor and materials;

•quality testing and reliability of new products;

•our inability to adjust certain fixed costs and expenses for changes in demand and the timing and significance of expenditures that may be incurred to facilitate our growth;

•macroeconomic, geopolitical and health concerns, including long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic;

•seasonal fluctuations in demand and our revenue; and

•disruption in component supply from foreign vendors.

Depressed general economic conditions may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Our business is sensitive to changes in general economic conditions, both inside and outside the United States. Slow growth in the economy or an economic downturn, particularly one affecting construction and building renovation, or that causes end-users to reduce or delay their purchases of lighting products, services, or retrofit activities, would have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. LED lighting retrofit projects, in particular, tend to require a significant capital commitment, which is offset by cost savings achieved over time. As such, a lack of available capital, whether due to economic factors or conditions in the equity or debt markets, could have the effect of reducing demand for our products. A decrease in demand could adversely affect our ability to meet our working capital requirements and growth objectives, or could otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Customers may be unable to obtain financing to make purchases from us.

Some of our customers require financing in order to purchase our products, and the initial investment is higher than that which is required with traditional lighting products. The potential cost or inability of these customers to access the capital needed to finance purchases of our products and meet their payment obligations to us could adversely impact the appeal of our products relative to those with lower upfront costs and have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that third-party finance companies will provide capital to our customers.

A significant portion of our business is dependent upon the existence of government funding, which may not be available into the future and could result in a reduction in sales and harm to our business.

Some of our customers are dependent on governmental funding, including U.S. and foreign allied navies and U.S. military bases. If any of these customers or potential customers abandon, curtail, or delay planned LED lighting retrofit projects as a result of the levels of funding available to them or changes in budget priorities, it would adversely affect our opportunities to generate product sales.

Our products could contain defects, or they may be installed or operated incorrectly, which could reduce sales of those products or result in claims against us.

Despite product testing, defects may be found in our existing or future products. This could result in, among other things, a delay in the recognition or loss of net sales, the write-down or destruction of existing inventory, insurance recoveries that fail to cover the full costs associated with product recalls or other claims, significant warranty, support, and repair costs, diversion of the attention of our engineering personnel from our product development efforts, and damage to our relationships with our customers. The occurrence of these problems could also result in reputational and brand damage or the delay or loss of market acceptance of our lighting products and would likely harm our business. In addition, our customers may specify quality, performance, and reliability standards that we must meet. If our products do not meet these standards, we may be required to replace or rework the products. In some cases, our products may contain undetected defects or flaws that only become evident after shipment. Even if our products meet standard specifications, our customers may attempt to use our products in applications for which they were not designed or in products that were not designed or manufactured properly, resulting in product failures and creating customer satisfaction issues.

Some of our products use line voltages (such as 120- or 240-volts AC), which involve enhanced risk of electrical shock, injury or death in the event of a short circuit or other malfunction. Defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our lighting products could result in personal injury or financial or other damages to end-users or could damage market acceptance of our products. Our customers and end-users could also seek damages from us for their losses. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly to defend and the adverse publicity generated by such a claim against us or others in our industry could negatively impact our reputation.

We provide warranty periods generally ranging from one to ten years on our LED lighting products. Although we believe our reserves are appropriate, we are making projections about the future reliability of new products and technologies, and we may experience increased variability in warranty claims. Increased warranty claims could result in significant losses due to a rise in warranty expense and costs associated with customer support.

Our industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights and positions, which may result in protracted and expensive litigation. We have engaged in litigation in the past and litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Litigation may also be necessary to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity by others. Additionally, we could be required to defend against individuals and groups who have been purchasing intellectual property assets for the sole purpose of making claims of infringement and attempting to extract settlements from companies like ours. Litigation could delay development or sales efforts and an adverse outcome in litigation, or any similar proceedings, could subject us to significant liabilities, require us to license disputed rights from others or require us to cease marketing or using certain products or technologies. We may not be able to obtain any licenses on acceptable terms, if at all, and may attempt to redesign those products that contain allegedly infringing intellectual property, which may not be possible. We also may have to indemnify certain customers if it is determined that we have infringed upon or misappropriated another party’s intellectual property. The costs of addressing any intellectual property litigation claim, including legal fees and expenses and the diversion of management resources, regardless of whether the claim is valid, could be significant and could materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

From time to time, we have been and may in the future be subject to claims or allegations that we infringe upon or have misappropriated the intellectual property of third parties. Defending against such claims is costly and intellectual property litigation often involves complex questions of fact and law, with unpredictable results. We may be forced to acquire rights to such third-party intellectual property on unfavorable terms (if rights are made available at all), pay damages, modify accused products to be non-infringing, or stop selling the applicable product altogether.

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We may be subject to confidential information theft or misuse, which could harm our business and results of operations.

We face attempts by others to gain unauthorized access to our information technology systems on which we maintain proprietary and other confidential information. Our security measures may be breached as the result of industrial or other espionage actions of outside parties, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, and as a result, an unauthorized party may obtain access to our systems. In addition, these same risks to our information technology systems also apply to the third-party service providers’ information technology systems utilized by the Company. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to access our confidential information through other means, for example by fraudulently inducing our employees to disclose confidential information. We actively seek to prevent, detect and investigate any unauthorized access, which occasionally occurs despite our best efforts. We might be unaware of any such access or unable to determine its magnitude and effects. The theft, corruption or unauthorized use or publication of our trade secrets and other confidential business information as a result of such an incident could adversely affect our competitive position and the value of our investment in research and development could be reduced. Our business could be subject to significant disruption, widespread negative publicity and a loss of customers, and we could suffer legal liabilities and monetary or other losses.

We have international operations and are subject to risks associated with operating in international markets.

We outsource the production of certain parts and components, as well as finished goods in certain product lines, to a small number of vendors in various locations outside of the United States, including Malaysia, Taiwan and China. Although we do not currently generate significant sales from customers outside the United States, we are targeting foreign allied navies as a potential opportunity to generate additional sales of our MMM products as well as a limited number of foreign geographic markets which we expect to expand over time.

International business operations are subject to inherent risks, including, among others:

•difficulty in enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through foreign legal systems;

•unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, tariffs, and other trade barriers, restrictions or disruptions;

•potentially adverse tax consequences;

•localized impacts of epidemics, pandemics or other contagious outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;

•the burdens of compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, similar anti-bribery laws in other countries, and a wide variety of other laws;

•import and export license requirements and restrictions of the United States and each other country in which we operate;

•exposure to different legal standards and reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

•currency fluctuations and restrictions; and

•political, social, and economic instability, including war and the threat of war, acts of terrorism, pandemics, boycotts, curtailment of trade, or other business restrictions.

If we do not anticipate and effectively manage these risks, these factors may have a material adverse impact on our business operations.

Our business and operations are significantly dependent on Sander Electronics, which creates material conflicts of interest and business risks.

Our relationship with Sander Electronics, Inc., a significant shareholder and supplier controlled by our CEO Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang, creates substantial business and governance risks. As of December 31, 2024 Sander Electronics represented 54% of our accounts payable, and we have ongoing purchasing agreements with them for TLED products and spare parts. This concentration of our supply chain with a related party creates risks regarding pricing, payment terms, and supply continuity. While we believe the terms of our transactions with Sander Electronics are commercially reasonable, the overlapping ownership and management between our companies may result in conflicts of interest that could adversely affect our business. Moreover, any deterioration in our relationship with Sander Electronics, or their inability to meet our supply requirements, could materially disrupt our operations. These risks are heightened because we have limited alternative suppliers readily available to replace Sander Electronics' production capacity. Additionally, our significant reliance on a related party supplier may draw increased regulatory scrutiny and impact our ability to demonstrate adequate internal controls over related party transactions. The materiality of this relationship could also affect our ability to obtain favorable terms from alternative suppliers.

Our Chief Executive Officer currently serves as our Principal Financial Officer, which may impact our internal controls and increase risks related to financial reporting.

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Our Chief Executive Officer currently serves as our Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer due to the vacancy in our Chief Financial Officer position. This dual role may result in:

•Reduced segregation of duties in our internal control framework

•Increased risk of errors or irregularities in financial reporting going undetected

•Limited independent review of financial decisions and reporting processes

•Potential delays in identifying and remediating control deficiencies

•Challenges in maintaining adequate checks and balances in financial operations

•Increased burden on our CEO, potentially affecting overall operational oversight

While we have implemented additional review procedures and controls to mitigate these risks, we cannot assure that these measures will be sufficient. The concentration of these roles could materially impact the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. This could result in material misstatements in our financial statements, missed filing deadlines, or other compliance issues that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and stock price.

Risks Associated with Legal and Regulatory Matters

We may be subject to legal claims against us or claims by us that could have a significant impact on our resulting financial performance.

At any given time, we may be subject to litigation or claims related to our products, intellectual property, suppliers, customers, employees, shareholders, distributors, sales representatives and sales of our assets, among other things, the disposition of which may have an adverse effect upon our business, financial condition, or results of operations. The outcome of litigation is difficult to assess or quantify. Lawsuits can result in the payment of substantial damages by defendants. If we are required to pay substantial damages and expenses as a result of these or other types of lawsuits, our business and results of operations would be adversely affected. Regardless of whether any claims against us are valid or whether we are liable, claims may be expensive to defend and may divert time and money away from our operations. Insurance may not be available at all or in sufficient amounts to cover any liabilities with respect to these or other matters. A judgment or other liability in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims could adversely affect our business and the results of our operations.

Our business may suffer if we fail to comply with government contracting laws and regulations.

We derive a significant portion of our revenues from direct and indirect sales to U.S., state, local and foreign governments and their respective agencies. Contracts with government customers are subject to various procurement laws and regulations, business prerequisites to qualify for such contracts, accounting procedures, intellectual property processes, and contract provisions relating to their formation, administration and performance, which may provide for various rights and remedies in favor of the governments that are not typically applicable to or found in commercial contracts. Failure to comply with these laws, regulations, or provisions in our government contracts could result in litigation, the imposition of various civil and criminal penalties, termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, or suspension from future government contracting. If our government contracts are terminated, if we are suspended from government work, or if our ability to compete for new contracts is adversely affected, our business could suffer due to, among other factors, lost sales, the costs of any government action or penalties, damages to our reputation and the inability to recover our investment in developing and marketing products for MMM use.

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If we are unable to obtain and adequately protect our intellectual property rights or are subject to claims that our products infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, our ability to commercialize our products could be substantially limited.

We consider our technology and processes proprietary. If we are not able to adequately protect or enforce the proprietary aspects of our technology, competitors may utilize our proprietary technology. As a result, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. We protect our technology through a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, and similar means. Despite our efforts, other parties may attempt to disclose, obtain, or use our technologies. Our competitors may also be able to independently develop products that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products or slightly modify our products. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights as fully as do the laws of the United States. As a result, we may not be able to protect our proprietary rights adequately in the United States or abroad. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be issued patents for which we have applied or obtain additional patents, or that we will be able to obtain licenses to patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties that we may need to support our business in the future. The inability to obtain certain patents or rights to third-party patents and other intellectual property rights in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations by third parties, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects.

Our products are largely depending on the application of our technology. From time to time, third parties holding similar technologies and intellectual property rights, including companies, competitors, patent holding companies, customers and/or non-practicing entities, may assert intellectual property claims against us.

Although we believe that our products do not infringe upon the intellectual property rights of third parties, we cannot be certain that our operations do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate intellectual property rights or other rights held by third parties, and there may be third-party intellectual property rights or other rights that are infringed by our products without our awareness. We may be from time to time in the future subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights or other rights of third parties, some even without merit. If we are forced to defend against any infringement or misappropriation claims, whether they are with or without merit, are settled out of court, or are determined in our favor, we may be required to expend significant time and financial resources on the defense of such claims. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, such a claim could adversely impact our brand and business. Any such assertions may require us to enter into royalty arrangement or result in us being unable to use certain intellectual property. Infringement assertions by third parties may involve patent holding companies or other patent owners who have no relevant product revenue, and therefore our own issued and pending patents may provide little or no deterrence to these patent owners in bringing intellectual property right claims against us. Furthermore, any adverse outcome of a dispute may require us to pay damages, potentially including treble damages and attorney’s fees, if are found to have willfully infringed a party’s intellectual property; case making, licensing or using our solutions that are alleged to infringe or misappropriate the intellectual property of others; expend additional development resources to redesign our solutions’ enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies or works; and to indemnify our partners, customers and other third parties. Any of these events could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we were found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property or relevant contents, and we may incur licensing or usage fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. As a result, our reputation may be harmed and our business and financial performance may be materially and adversely affected.

The ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

We have significant U.S. net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards (the “Tax Attributes”). Under federal tax laws, we can carry forward and use our Tax Attributes to reduce our future U.S. taxable income and tax liabilities until such Tax Attributes expire in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “IRC”). Section 382 and Section 383 of the IRC provide an annual limitation on our ability to utilize our Tax Attributes, as well as certain built-in-losses, against future U.S. taxable income in the event of a change in ownership, as defined under the IRC. Share issuances in connection with our past financing transactions or other future changes in our stock ownership, which may be beyond our control, could result in changes in ownership for purposes of the IRC. Such changes in ownership could further limit our ability to use our Tax Attributes. Accordingly, any such occurrences could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

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The cost of compliance with environmental, health, safety, and other laws and regulations could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

We are subject to a broad range of environmental, health, safety, and other laws and regulations. These laws and regulations impose increasingly stringent environmental, health, and safety protection standards and permit requirements regarding, among other things, air emissions, wastewater storage, treatment, and discharges, the use and handling of hazardous or toxic materials, waste disposal practices, the remediation of environmental contamination, and working conditions for our employees. Some environmental laws, such as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, the Clean Water Act, and comparable laws in U.S. states and other jurisdictions world-wide, impose joint and several liability for the cost of environmental remediation, natural resource damages, third-party claims, and other expenses, without regard to the fault or the legality of the original conduct, on those persons who contributed to the release of a hazardous substance into the environment. We may also be affected by future laws or regulations, including those imposed in response to energy, climate change, geopolitical, or similar concerns. These laws may impact the sourcing of raw materials and the manufacture and distribution of our products and place restrictions and other requirements on the products that we can sell in certain geographical locations.

We may be exposed to certain regulatory and financial risks related to climate change.

Growing concerns about climate change may result in the imposition of additional regulations or restrictions to which we may

become subject. A number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced or are contemplating regulatory changes in

response to climate change. The outcome of new legislation or regulation in the U.S. and other jurisdictions in which we operate may result in new or additional requirements, fees or restrictions on certain activities. Compliance with these climate change initiatives may also result in additional costs to us, including, among other things, increased production costs, additional taxes, reduced emission allowances or additional restrictions on production or operations. Any adopted future climate change regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations. We may not be able to recover the cost of compliance with new or more stringent laws and regulations, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow or financial condition.

Our net sales might be adversely impacted if our lighting systems do not meet certain certification and compliance standards.

We are required to comply with certain legal requirements governing the materials in our products. Although we are not aware of any efforts to amend any existing legal requirements or implement new legal requirements in a manner with which we cannot comply, our net sales might be adversely affected if such an amendment or implementation were to occur.

Moreover, although not legally required to do so, we strive to obtain certification for substantially all our products. In the United States, we seek certification on substantially all of our products from UL®, ETL®, or DLC™. Where appropriate in jurisdictions outside the United States, we seek to obtain other similar national or regional certifications for our products. Although we believe that our broad knowledge and experience with electrical codes and safety standards have facilitated certification approvals, we cannot ensure that we will be able to obtain any such certifications for our new products or that, if certification standards are amended, we will be able to maintain such certifications for our existing products. Moreover, although we are not aware of any effort to amend any existing certification standard or implement a new certification standard in a manner that would render us unable to maintain certification for our existing products or obtain ratification for new products, our net sales might be adversely affected if such an amendment or implementation were to occur.

We rely heavily on information technology in our operations and any material failure, weakness, interruption or breach of security could prevent us from effectively operating our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We rely heavily on our information technology systems, including our enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) and customer relationship management (“CRM”) software, across our operations and corporate functions, including for management of our supply chain, payment of obligations, data warehousing to support analytics, finance systems, accounting systems, and other various processes and procedures, some of which are handled by third parties, as well as lead generation, customer tracking, customer sourcing, etc. We also rely heavily on remote communication tools such as Microsoft Teams and Zoom to accommodate remote work environment and external meetings.

Our ability to efficiently and effectively manage our business depends significantly on the reliability and capacity of these systems. Our business and results of operations may be adversely affected if we experience system usage problems. The failure of these systems to operate effectively, maintenance problems, system conversions, back-up failures, problems or lack of resources for upgrading or transitioning to new platforms or damage or interruption from circumstances beyond our control, including, without limitation, fire, natural disasters, power outages, systems failure, security breaches, cyber-attacks, viruses or human error could result in, among other things, transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, loss of data, inability to generate timely SEC reports, loss of sales and customers and reduced efficiency in our operations.

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Additionally, we and our customers could suffer financial and reputational harm if customer or Company proprietary information is compromised by such events. Remediation of such problems could result in significant unplanned capital investments and any damage or interruption could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Associated with an Investment in Our Common Stock

Our failure to comply with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq could adversely affect the price of our common stock and its liquidity.

We have a history of failing to comply with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, although we have successfully cured all the pre-existed deficiency, we may not be able to cure any deficiency timely in the future.

On February 21, 2023, we received written notification (the “Bid Price Notification”) from the Staff stating that we had not regained compliance with the Bid Price Rule and our common stock is subject to delisting from Nasdaq. On February 24, 2023, we submitted a request for a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) to appeal the delisting (the “Appeal”). Under Nasdaq rules, the delisting of the Company’s common stock was stayed during the pendency of the Appeal and, during such time, the Company’s common stock continued to be listed on Nasdaq.

On March 28, 2023, the Company received written notification (the “Additional Staff Determination”) from the Staff stating that (i) following the Bid Price Notification, and in accordance with Listing Rule 5810(c)(2)(A), Nasdaq is no longer permitted to consider the stockholders’ equity compliance plan, (ii) the Additional Staff Determination serves as an additional basis for delisting the Company’s common stock from Nasdaq and (iii) the Panel will consider the Additional Staff Determination in rendering a determination regarding the continued listing of the Company’s common stock on Nasdaq.

On April 6, 2023, the Company participated in the Appeal before the Panel. The Company provided an update to the Panel on the Company’s substantial progress made towards the previously submitted Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2023, and requested the Panel grant the Company an exception to (1) re-allow the previously granted exception until May 15, 2023 for the Company to regain compliance with the Minimum Stockholders’ Equity Rule and (2) grant an exception allowing the Company up to 180 days following the Bid Price Notification to regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule by effecting a reverse stock split following stockholder approval at the Company’s 2023 annual meeting of stockholders. On May 1, 2023, the Panel granted the Company’s request (the “Panel Decision”) to continue the Company’s listing on Nasdaq, subject to the following conditions: (1) on or before May 15, 2023, the Company shall file with the SEC its quarterly report for the three months ended March 31, 2023 demonstrating compliance with the Minimum Stockholders’ Equity Rule and (2) on or before July 7, 2023, the Company shall demonstrate compliance with the Bid Price Rule.

On July 27, 2023, the Company received written notification from the Staff stating that the Company has regained compliance with the Bid Price Rule and the Minimum Stockholders’ Equity Rule, as required by the Panel Decision. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5815(d)(4)(B), the Company will be subject to a mandatory panel monitor for a period of one year from July 27, 2023 (the “Monitoring Period”). If, within the Monitoring Period, the Staff finds the Company again out of compliance with the Minimum Stockholders’ Equity Rule, notwithstanding Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(2), the Company will not be permitted to provide the Staff with a plan of compliance with respect to that deficiency and the Staff will not be permitted to grant additional time for the Company to regain compliance with respect to that deficiency, nor will the Company be afforded an applicable cure or compliance period pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3). Instead, the Staff will issue a delist determination letter and the Company will have an opportunity to request a new hearing with the initial Panel or a newly convened hearings panel if the initial Panel is unavailable. The Company will have the opportunity to respond and present to the Panel as provided by Nasdaq Listing Rule 5815(d)(4)(C). The Company’s common stock may be at that time delisted from Nasdaq.

As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company believes it has maintained compliance with the Minimum Stockholders’ Equity Rule for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. To become compliant with the Bid Price Rule, the Company effected a 1-for-7 reverse stock split to increase the per share trading price of the common stock effective on June 16, 2023 (See Note 9, “Stockholders’ Equity”).

However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain compliance with the Minimum Stockholders’ Equity Rule, Bid Price Rule, or other Nasdaq listing requirements. If the Company fails to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing standards in accordance with the Panel’s decision, the Company’s common stock will be subject to delisting from Nasdaq.

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As a “thinly-traded” stock with a relatively small public float, the market price of our common stock is highly volatile and may decline regardless of our operating performance.

Our common stock is “thinly-traded” and we have a relatively small public float, which increases volatility in the share price and makes it difficult for investors to buy or sell shares in the public market without materially affecting our share price. Throughout the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, our market price has ranged from $1.28 to $1.35 and continues to experience significant volatility. Broad market and industry factors also may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Factors that could cause wide fluctuations in our stock price may include, among other things:

•actual or anticipated variations in our financial condition and operating results;

•general economic conditions and trends;

•addition or loss of significant customers and the timing of significant customer purchases;

•our ability to effectively implement our growth plans, including new products, and the significance and timing of associated expenses;

•unanticipated impairments and other changes that reduce our earnings;

•overall conditions or trends in our industry;

•the entry or exit of new competitors into our target markets;

•any litigation or legal claims;

•the terms and amount of any additional financing that we may obtain, if any;

•unfavorable publicity;

•additions or departures of key personnel;

•geopolitical changes, global health concerns and macroeconomic changes;

•changes in the estimates of our operating results or changes in recommendations by any securities or industry analysts that elect to follow our common stock;

•market expectations following periods of rapid growth;

•the potential impact of increased volatility due to elevated trading on the price of our stock;

•industry-wide news events that may affect market perceptions of the value of our stock; and

•sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders, including sales by our directors and officers.

Because our common stock is thinly-traded, investors seeking to buy or sell a certain quantity of our shares in the public market may be unable to do so within one or more trading days and it may be difficult for stockholders to sell all of their shares in the market at any given time at prevailing prices. Any attempts to buy or sell a significant quantity of our shares could materially affect our share price. In addition, because our common stock is thinly-traded and we have a relatively small public float, the market price of our shares may be disproportionately affected by any news, commentary or rumors regarding us or our industry, regardless of the source or veracity, which could also result in increased volatility.

In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities litigation has often been instituted against these companies. Volatility in the market price of our shares could also increase the likelihood of regulatory scrutiny. Securities litigation, if instituted against us, or any regulatory inquiries or actions that we face could result in substantial costs, diversion of our management’s attention and resources and unfavorable publicity, regardless of the merits of any claims made against us or the ultimate outcome of any such litigation or action.

We could issue additional shares of common stock or preferred stock without stockholder approval, or new securities with terms or rights superior to those of our existing shareholders, which may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We expect to require additional financing to fund future operations, including our research, development, sales and marketing activities. We are authorized to issue 50,000,000 shares of common stock of which 5,260,741 shares were issued and outstanding as of March 25, 2025, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, of which 876,447 were issued and outstanding as of March 25, 2025. Our Board of Directors has the authority, without action or vote of our shareholders, to issue authorized but unissued shares of common and preferred stock subject to Nasdaq’s rules. Additionally, if we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, the percentage ownership of our current shareholders will be reduced, and, if the equity securities issued are preferred shares, the holders of the new preferred shares may have rights superior to those of our existing shareholders, which could adversely affect rights of our existing shareholders and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in order to raise additional capital or acquire businesses in the future, we may need to issue securities that are convertible or exchangeable for shares of our common or preferred stock. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt securities, the holders of those debt securities would have some rights senior to those of our existing shareholders, and the terms of these debt securities could impose restrictions on operations and create a significant interest expense for us which could have a materially adverse effect on our business. Any such issuances could be made at a price that reflects a discount to the then-current trading price of our common stock.

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These issuances could be dilutive to our existing shareholders and cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

The exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase our common stock or the conversion of shares of our Series A Preferred Stock (as defined below) into shares of common stock may dilute the ownership interest of our investors.

In connection with past financing activity, we have issued convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase our common stock. The exercise of some or all of the outstanding warrants to purchase our common stock or the conversion of some or all of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock may dilute the ownership interests of our shareholders. Any sales of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of the warrants or conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the anticipated exercise of the warrants or conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock could depress the price of our common stock, which in turn may result in the value of our common stock declining significantly.

We have never paid dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid dividends on our common stock, nor do we anticipate paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the operations and expansion of our business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our earnings, financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, a capital structure strategy and other factors as deemed necessary by our Board of Directors.

The elimination of monetary liability against our directors under Delaware law and the existence of indemnification rights held by our directors and officers may result in substantial expenditures by the Company and may discourage lawsuits against our directors and officers.

Our Certificate of Incorporation eliminates the personal liability of our directors to the Company and our shareholders for damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director to the extent permissible under Delaware law. Further, our Bylaws provide that we are obligated to indemnify any of our directors or officers to the fullest extent authorized by Delaware law and, subject to certain conditions, advance the expenses incurred by any director or officer in defending any action, suit or proceeding prior to its final disposition. Those indemnification obligations could result in the Company incurring substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against our directors or officers, which we may be unable to recoup. These provisions and resultant costs may also discourage us from bringing a lawsuit against any of our current or former directors or officers for breaches of their fiduciary duties, and may similarly discourage the filing of derivative litigation by our shareholders against our directors and officers even though such actions, if successful, might otherwise benefit us or our shareholders.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Governance

Our Board of Directors assigned specific oversight responsibility for cybersecurity to our Audit Committee, which also oversees our general risk management. The Audit Committee reviews and discusses with management our policies, practices, and risks related to information security and cybersecurity.

Our Chief Executive Officer has primary responsibility for assessing, monitoring, and managing cybersecurity risks. To strengthen our cybersecurity posture, we engage with external consultants for regular risk assessments, penetration testing, and vulnerability analyses, allowing for proactive identification and mitigation of potential threats. We also rigorously verify the cybersecurity practices of our third-party service providers, vendors, and partners, conducting due diligence before establishing relationships and ongoing monitoring to verify compliance with our cybersecurity standards.

Our Principal Financial Officer provides an update to the Audit Committee on any risks related to cybersecurity on a quarterly basis. Our incident response plan includes notifying the Audit Committee, and then the Board of Directors, of any material threats or incidents that arise.

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Risk Management and Strategy

We maintain an Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) program to identify and respond to the most critical risks to our business, including cybersecurity risks. Risks and vulnerabilities from our increased reliance on information technology systems are assessed at least annually as part of our ERM program. In response to such assessments, controls are embedded into our processes and technology by our Director of Operations & Information Technology to seek to mitigate risks to our systems and processes from cybersecurity incidents. We continuously evaluate if we have adequate controls in place utilizing a risk-based approach that aligns with the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST).

Our information technology department diligently monitors our daily operations, overseeing the security of our computer networks through implemented systems and processes aimed at safeguarding sensitive data. Utilizing encryption and authentication technologies, we fortify our systems against unauthorized access and data loss. This proactive approach ensures the integrity and confidentiality of our data, mitigating potential risks posed by cyber threats.

In assessing cybersecurity risks, we adopt a risk-based approach, particularly concerning third-party vendors integral to our operations. Vendors meeting specific criteria, including ownership and operation of information technology networks critical to our operations, undergo evaluation across various domains such as data security and operations management. Effective communication channels with these vendors are maintained to enable timely notification of any cybersecurity incidents that could impact our company.

Although risks from cybersecurity threats have to date not materially affected, and we do not believe they are reasonably likely to materially affect, us, our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, like other companies in our industry, we could, from time to time, experience threats and security incidents related to our and our third-party vendors’ information systems. For more information, please see Item 1A. Risk Factors - Increased Information Technology (“IT”) security threats and more sophisticated computer crime could pose a risk to our systems, networks, and services.

Our Director of Operations & Information Technology regularly evaluates the Company’s cybersecurity risk profile and leads the development of strategies to mitigate risks and address cybersecurity issues that may arise, in consultation with members of our senior management team.

We have formal policies and procedures that address cybersecurity incident response and disaster recovery from interference with our critical applications. Our Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan provides a documented framework for responding to cybersecurity incidents in coordination across multiple departments. In the event of such an incident, our Cybersecurity Incident Response Team (“CIRT”), which is comprised of our Director of Operations & Information Technology, Director of Risk Management and representatives from Risk Management, Legal and Financial Reporting, would respond to such incident in accordance with our Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan. Any cybersecurity incident that meets certain criteria will be communicated by the CIRT to senior management and the Board in a timely manner, and will be evaluated by our Executive Management Team, comprised of certain executives, to assess the impact of the incident on the Company, considering qualitative and quantitative factors. In conducting this assessment and responding to an incident, the CIRT and Executive Management Team may utilize the services of third-party consultants.

Cybersecurity user awareness training is mandatory for all new hires and for existing employees on an annual basis to help protect our employees and the Company against cybersecurity threats. This annual training is customized to address specific cybersecurity challenges and scenarios that we may face within the real estate investment industry. Novel cybersecurity threats to the Company that are identified by our Information Technology team are communicated to all employees by email, as needed, in an effort to promote awareness and protect the Company from cyber-attacks.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our principal executive offices and our manufacturing facility are located in an approximately 29,692 square foot facility in Solon, Ohio, under a lease agreement expiring on June 30, 2027. We believe this facility is adequate to support our current operations.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings arising from the normal course of business. See Note 13, “Legal Matters,” to our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES ITEM 5.

Not applicable.

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PART II

MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock trades on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “EFOI.”

Shareholders

There were approximately 80 holders of record of our common stock as of March 25, 2025, however, a large number of our stockholders hold their stock in “street name” in brokerage accounts. Therefore, they do not appear on the stockholder list maintained by our transfer agent.

Dividends

We have not declared or paid any cash dividends, and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the near future.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes thereto, included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report.

Overview

Energy Focus, Inc. engages primarily in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing and sale of energy-efficient lighting systems and controls. We develop, market and sell high quality light-emitting diode (“LED”) lighting and controls products in the commercial market and military maritime market (“MMM”). Our mission is to enable our customers to run their facilities with greater energy efficiency, productivity, and human health and wellness through advanced LED retrofit solutions. Our goal is to be a market leader for the most demanding applications where performance, quality, value, environmental impact and health are considered paramount. We specialize in energy efficient LED lighting retrofit product, replacing fluorescent, high-intensity discharge lighting and other types of lamps in institutional buildings for primarily indoor lighting applications with our innovative, high-quality commercial and military-grade tubular LED (“TLED”) products, as well as other LED and lighting control products for commercial and consumer applications. We are also evaluating adjacent technologies, including Gallium Nitride (“GaN”) based power supplies and additional market opportunities for energy solution products that support sustainability in our existing channels.

The LED lighting industry has changed dramatically over the past several years due to increasing competition and price erosion. We have been experiencing these industry forces in both our military and commercial business since 2016, when we once commanded significant price premiums for our flicker-free TLEDs with industry leading warranties. In more recent years, we have focused on redesigning our products for lower costs and consolidated our supply chain for stronger purchasing power in an effort to price our products more competitively while not impacting the performance and quality. Despite these efforts, our legacy products continue to face extreme price competition and a convergence of product functionality in the marketplace, and we have shifted to diversifying our supply chain in an effort to increase value and remain competitive. These trends are not unique to Energy Focus as evidenced by the increasing number of industry peers facing challenges, exiting LED lighting, selling assets and even going out of business.

In addition to continuously pursuing cost reductions, our strategy to combat these trends is to innovate both our technology and product offerings with differentiated products and solutions that offer greater, distinct value. Specific examples of these products we have developed include the RedCap®, our patented emergency backup battery integrated TLED, as well as our robust MMM product offering. The Company has enhanced the performance of our RedCap® product providing a more user- friendly experience. We continue to evaluate our sales strategy and believe our go-to-market strategy that focuses more on direct-sales marketing, selectively expanding our channel partner network to cover territories across the country, and listening to the voice of the customer will lead to better and more impactful product development efforts that we believe will eventually translate into larger addressable markets and greater sales growth for us.

Since 2023, the Company has continued to make significant cost cutting efforts to address operational expenses while maintaining customer satisfaction and delivering goods on-time. Investments into Energy Focus have contributed to the ability of the Company to continue to not only provide quality products and services, but to both expand and rationalize product offerings.

We have taken steps to strengthen our financial structure through capital increases and cost reduction measures. As a result, we have fully eliminated all external high-interest debt, which we believe has improved our financial position. Our business expansion plans are supported by financial strategies that we expect will provide funding for our planned growth initiatives, although there can be no assurance that such funding will be adequate. During 2024, our MMM business faced ongoing challenges due to delays in government funding and the timing of U.S. Navy awards. Several anticipated projects encountered repeated postponements, further complicated by the long sales cycles typical in this sector. The timeline from bid submission to order placement often exceeds six months, and many MMM products are built-to-order, resulting in extended lead times before revenue recognition. To mitigate this volatility, we continue to actively pursue new opportunities with the U.S. Navy and other government sectors. We have undertaken efforts to reduce costs and improve production efficiencies in MMM product lines which we believe have contributed to our competitiveness, and may have helped us secure new contracts and expand our sales pipeline in the latter half of 2024.

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We intend to focus on developing our commercial product offerings, including planned new product lines such as Energy Storage Systems (ESS), GaN Power Supplies, and UPS systems for data centers, while continuing to leverage the stability and opportunities within our MMM business. In 2024, we conducted a comprehensive review of our commercial pricing strategy and reassessed key partnerships within the energy related market. These strategic adjustments have improved our market position, offering a more competitive pricing structure and a stronger value proposition for our customers. We believe that these initiatives, if successfully implemented, and if our financial position continues to improve, may contribute to growth across both our MMM and commercial business sectors, although there can be no assurance that such growth will occur.

Meanwhile, we continue to seek additional external funding alternatives and sources to support our growth strategies, plans and initiatives. The strategic investments in 2023 and 2024 by Sander Electronics, Inc. (“Sander”), a shareholder of the Company, contributed meaningful external capital, as well as presented synergistic opportunities to improve and diversify our supply chain and product offerings.

Despite continuing progress on cost reduction throughout 2023 and 2024, the Company’s results reflect the challenges due to long and unpredictable sales cycles, unexpected delays in MMM and commercial customer retrofit budgets and project starts, and supply chain issues. There has also been continuing aggressive price competition in the lighting industry. We continue to incur losses and we have a substantial accumulated deficit, which continues to raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern at December 31, 2024.

Our Business Strategy

Demand-oriented Approach

In order to deepen our relationships with customers, we are in the process of re-establishing our service model, aiming to provide richer and more targeted customer service. We believe that by increasing opportunities for interaction with our customers, we can better understand their needs, thereby enhancing their loyalty to our brand.

To ensure that EFOI’s products, pricing, and customer service lifecycle are better aligned, we are building a comprehensive value model to ensure consistency in the products and services we provide throughout the customer journey. We have begun an in-depth analysis of our current and past top 10 customers over the last five years to identify the core factors that make them loyal customers. By analyzing this data, we hope to reveal the key elements that enhance customer stickiness, providing them with more reasons and value to stay with us. In particular, we are actively focusing on customers with high loyalty to better meet their needs. This is not only an acknowledgment of our products but also a validation of the quality of our service.

Supply-oriented Approach

EFOI is committed to adopting three main sustainable economy strategies: “Green Supply Chain”, “Green Product”, and “Green Manufacturing”, aiming to promote sustainability throughout the entire value chain. The Company is working closely with its supply chain partners to optimize recycling mechanisms and strengthen packaging design, integrating sustainable economy principles into the core of supply chain management.

Guided by the vision of “transcending traditional corporate social responsibility and creating shared value”, EFOI’s team is focusing on stakeholders, aiming to achieve a “dual profit engine” effect by combining financial performance and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices. This strategy not only aligns with the Company’s responsibility and sustainability goals but is also expected to enhance overall performance and market competitiveness. EFOI's operational team's new strategy focuses on integrating environmental and economic benefits, aiming to create a win-win situation that benefits the company, society, and the environment.

Under the premise of a similar industrial environment and familiar relationships, our professional skills complement those of our supply chain partners. We believe this foundation of cooperation may enable us to pursue common goals of cost reduction, profit sharing, and exploring new business opportunities. This not only strengthens our cooperative relationship but also lays a solid foundation for our joint efforts towards a better future.

Financial-oriented Approach

The Company applies strategic financial management in the below perspective.

Control and Monitoring of Assets and Liabilities

•Assets: Regularly evaluate all assets, especially inventory, to ensure they remain in optimal condition in terms of value and performance. Minimize or mitigate the impact of inefficient and aging assets, focusing on assets with high efficiency and return.

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•Liabilities: Ensure a robust liability structure, optimize the cost of liabilities, and seek lower interest rates and more favorable repayment terms. Regularly review the liability situation to ensure the company’s level of liabilities remains within a safe range.

Structured Profitability

•Revenue Growth: Develop diversified revenue streams, reduce dependency on single business or market, continuously optimize products and services, and enhance market competitiveness.

•Cost Control: Strictly control operating costs, seek opportunities to reduce costs, and ensure the efficient use of resources to optimize operations.

•Cash Flow Management: Establish a sound accounts receivable and payable management system to ensure timely collection of receivables and reasonable arrangement of payments. Maintain sufficient cash reserves to cope with potential funding shortages.

Results of operations

The following table sets forth the percentage of net sales represented by certain items reflected on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the following periods:


	2024		2023
Net sales	100.0	%	100.0	%
Cost of sales	85.6		96.1
Gross profit (loss)	14.4		3.9

Operating expenses:
Product development	10.8		10.3
Selling, general, and administrative	41.5		63.1



Total operating expenses	52.3		73.4
Loss from operations	(37.9)		(69.5)

Other expenses:



Interest income	—		(1.0)
Interest expense	0.1		6.6
Gain on debt extinguishment	(3.8)		—
Gain on partial lease termination	(1.3)		—
Other income	(0.6)		(0.5)

Other expenses, net	0.2		0.4
Net loss before income taxes	(32.5)		(75.0)
Benefit from income taxes	0.1		0.1


Net loss	(32.6)	%	(75.1)	%

Net sales

A further breakdown of our net sales by product line is as follows (in thousands):


	2024		2023
Commercial products	$	1,390	$	1,593
MMM products	3,470		4,124

Total net sales	$	4,860	$	5,717

Our net sales of $4.9 million in 2024 decreased 15% compared to 2023, mainly driven by a decrease of 16% in MMM sales and a decrease of 13% in commercial sales.

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The decrease in net MMM product sales in 2024 as compared to 2023 was mainly due to a significant reduction in military demand toward the end of the year, driven by the impact of the U.S. election cycle. Net sales of our commercial products decreased in 2024 due to the effects of annual market cycles, high inflation, and our sales strategy, which reduced the proportion of commercial sales, along with market-adjusted pricing.

Gross profit (loss)

Gross profit was $0.7 million, or 14% of net sales, for 2024, compared with gross profit of $0.2 million, or 4% of net sales for 2023. The increase in gross margin was mainly driven by a 2% of net sales decrease in fixed costs such as subscription fee, expenses related to rent expense for production, a 16% of net sales decrease in variable costs such as material cost and freight in expense, and an 8% of net sales unfavorable change in inventory reserves.

The reduction in warehouse space following the new lease agreement in July 2024 required both significant disposal of highly reserved, excess and obsolete inventory and a focus on selling inventory on hand throughout 2024. As a result of our initiatives of inventory management enhancement, we sold some inventory below cost. This resulted in a net decrease of our gross inventory levels of $0.9 million and a net decrease of excess and obsolete inventory reserves of $2.2 million as compared to 2023.

Operating expenses

Product development

Product development expenses include salaries and related benefits, product testing and related costs, travel, supplies, as well as overhead items, such as depreciation and facilities costs. Product development costs are expensed as they are incurred.

Gross product development expenses were $0.5 million in 2024, a decrease of 11%, compared to $0.6 million in 2023. The $0.1 million decrease primarily resulted from lower payroll-related expenses due to a reduction in headcounts of $0.9 million. This was partially offset by a $0.4 million increase in travel expenses and a $0.4 million increase in product testing, R&D supplies, and dues. During 2024, the Company terminated several employees, and the result was a significant reduction in payroll-related expenses.

Selling, general, and administrative

Selling, general, and administrative expenses were $2.0 million, or 42% of net sales, in 2024, compared to $3.6 million, or 63% of net sales, in 2023. The year-over-year $1.6 million decrease is comprised of a combination of a $0.9 million decrease from a reduction in headcount for salaries, severance, and commissions, a $0.1 million decrease from a reduction of software costs, a $0.8 million decrease from consultant and professional fees, and remaining from a decrease of all other general expenses.

Other expenses (income)

Interest expenses (income)

We incurred $5 thousand in interest expenses compared to interest expenses of $380 thousand in 2023. Interest expenses primarily related to the interest on promissory notes in the principal amounts of $2 million (the “2022 Streeterville Note”) the Company sold and issued to Streeterville pursuant to separate note purchase agreements. The decrease is primarily related to early termination of the 2022 Streeterville Note.

Gain on debt extinguishment

We recognized $187 thousand of gain on debt extinguishment in 2024, which was related to the early termination of the 2022 Streeterville Note. There was no such gain recognized in 2023.

Gain on partial lease termination

We recognized $63 thousand of gain on partial lease termination in 2024, which was related to the early termination of the office lease. There was no such gain recognized in 2023.

Other income and expenses

We recognized other income of $27 thousand and $30 thousand each in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Other income in 2024 and 2023 primarily consisted of tax refunds and miscellaneous adjustments from accounts receivable.

We recognized other expenses of $10 thousand in 2024, compared to other expenses of $26 thousand in 2023. Other expenses in 2024 and 2023 primarily consisted of bank and collateral management fees.

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Provision for income taxes

For each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our effective tax rate was 0%. In 2024, our effective tax rate was lower than the statutory rate due to an increase in the valuation allowance as a result of the $3.4 million additional federal net operating loss we recognized for the year. In 2023, our effective tax rate was lower than the statutory rate due to an increase in the valuation allowance as a result of the $6.3 million additional federal net operating loss we recognized for the year.

Deferred income tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. In considering the need for a valuation allowance, we assess all evidence, both positive and negative, available to determine whether all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Such evidence includes, but is not limited to, recent earnings history, projections of future income or loss, reversal patterns of existing taxable and deductible temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. We have recorded a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We had no net deferred liabilities at December 31, 2024 or 2023. We will continue to evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis.

Please refer to Note 11, “Income Taxes,” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report for further information.

Net loss

Net loss was $1.6 million for 2024. This compares with a net loss of $4.3 million for 2023, mainly driven by reduction of cost of goods sold, product development, selling, general, and administrative expenses as well as interest expenses.

Financial condition

At December 31, 2024, we had $0.6 million in cash and no outstanding debt. We have historically incurred substantial losses, and as of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $154.9 million. Additionally, our sales have been concentrated among a few major customers and for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, two customers collectively accounted for approximately 33% of net sales.

In 2024 and 2023, we recommitted to building upon the transformation activities started during 2019 that sought to stabilize and regrow our business. These efforts include the following key developments that occurred during 2024 and 2023:

•We reinvested in our MMM sales channel and are pursuing existing and new sales opportunities, though the sales cycles for what are frequently made-to-order products are longer than commercial offerings.

•We aggressively re-evaluated operating expenses and reduced its workforce significantly throughout 2023 and into 2024 to manage fixed costs.

•We continued to seek additional external funding alternatives and sources to support our growth strategies, plans and initiatives.

We continue to closely monitor our cost control efforts to streamline our operations by closely managing all spending throughout the Company, while carefully investing in new products and strategies that sought to reenergize sales.

We will seek to remain agile as an organization to respond to potential or continuing weakness in the macroeconomic environment and in the meantime seek to expand sales channels and enter new markets that we believe will provide additional growth opportunities. We plan to achieve profitability through developing and launching new, innovative products, our Redcap® emergency battery backup tubular TLEDs, evaluating new growth opportunities such as GaN-based power supply circuitry and other energy solution products, as well as executing on our multi-channel sales strategy that targets key verticals, such as government, healthcare, education and commercial and industrial, complemented by our marketing outreach campaigns and expanding channel partnerships. In addition, we intend to continue to apply rigorous financial discipline in our organizational structure, decision-making, business processes and policies, strategic sourcing activities and supply chain practices to help accelerate our path towards profitability.

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Liquidity and capital resources

Cash

At December 31, 2024, our cash balance was $0.6 million, compared to $2.0 million at December 31, 2023.

The following is a summary of cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities, as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands):


	2024		2023
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(1,297)	$	(2,439)

Net cash used in investing activities	$	(19)	$	(69)

Proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants	$	851	$	6,079
Costs related to reverse stock-split	—		(16)



Payments on the 2022 Streeterville Note	(1,000)		(625)



Net payments on credit line borrowings - Credit Facilities	—		(1,402)
Advanced capital contribution	—		450
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	$	(149)	$	4,486

Net cash used in operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities of $1.3 million in 2024 resulted primarily from the net loss incurred of $1.6 million, adjusted for non-cash items, including: depreciation and amortization of $42 thousand, stock-based compensation, net of $4 thousand, non-favorable provisions from inventory of $347 thousand, favorable provisions for accounts receivable reserves of $69 thousand, and favorable provisions for warranties of $32 thousand. We used $128 thousand through a decrease of other accrued liabilities. We generated $1.0 million in cash through collection of accounts receivable, $0.8 million from a reduction of inventory, and $0.3 million from an increase in accounts payable due to the timing of inventory receipts and payments. We paid off approximately $1.2 million in accounts payable to a related party.

Net cash used in operating activities of $2.4 million in 2023 resulted primarily from the net loss incurred of $4.3 million, adjusted for non-cash items, including: depreciation and amortization of $258 thousand, stock-based compensation, net of $44 thousand, non-favorable provisions from inventory of $25 thousand and from accounts receivable of $6 thousand, and favorable provisions from warranty of $33 thousand and gain from paid-off of Credit Facilities of $40 thousand. We used $1.1 million through the timing of collection of accounts receivable, $200 thousand for prepayments to vendors, and $47 thousand through a decrease of other accrued liabilities. We generated $580 thousand in cash for an increase in accounts payable due to the timing of inventory receipts and payments, $521 thousand from the change in prepaid and other current assets, and $1.0 million in inventory as we sold off a substantial portion of the stock on hand.

Cash used in investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $19 thousand in 2024, primarily from the acquisition of property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities was $69 thousand in 2023, primarily from the acquisition of property and equipment.

Cash provided by financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $0.1 million, primarily resulted from $0.9 million of net proceeds from the issuance of common stock, offset by net payments of $1.0 million on the 2022 Streeterville Note.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $4.5 million primarily resulted from the proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants of $6.1 million and advanced capital contribution of $0.5 million. The increases in cash were partially offset by payments on the 2022 Streeterville Note of $0.6 million and Credit Facilities of $1.4 million.

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Off-balance sheet arrangements

We had no off-balance sheet arrangements during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Contractual and other obligations

As of December 31, 2024, we have approximately $0.3 million in outstanding purchase commitments for inventory, of which the majority is expected to ship in the first quarter of 2025. We have 88% of the outstanding purchase commitments with a related party.

As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $0.5 million in outstanding purchase commitments for inventory, of which the majority is expected to ship in the first quarter of 2024. We had 49% of the outstanding purchase commitments with a related party.

Critical accounting policies and estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires that we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingencies, and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses in the financial statements. Material differences may result in the amount and timing of net sales and expenses if different judgments or different estimates were utilized. Critical accounting policies, judgments, and estimates that we believe have the most significant impact on our financial statements are set forth below:

•revenue recognition,

•allowances for doubtful accounts, returns and discounts,

•product warranty reserve,

•valuation of inventories,

•accounting for income taxes,

•share-based compensation, and

•leases.

Recently adopted accounting guidance

For information on recently adopted accounting guidance, please refer to Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” included under Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Item 10 of Regulation S-K, 17 CFR § 229.10(f)(1), the Company is not required to provide this information.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

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			Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 1808)			35
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023			37
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023			39
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023			40
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023			41
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023			42
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			44

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Stockholders and Board of Directors

Energy Focus, Inc.

Solon, Ohio

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Energy Focus, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes and Schedule II (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Continuation as a Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operations that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in the notes. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Reserves for Excess, Obsolete and Slow-Moving Inventories

Description of the Matter

As described in Notes 2 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company assesses the valuation of inventories each reporting period based on the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company establishes reserves for excess, obsolete and slow-moving inventories after evaluation of historical sales, current economic trends, forecasted sales, product lifecycles and current inventory levels. The assessment is both quantitative and qualitative. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had inventories of $3.3 million, net of reserves for excess, obsolete and slow-moving inventories.

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Auditing management's estimates for excess, obsolete and slow-moving inventories required subjective auditor judgment and evaluation of the reasonableness of significant assumptions used in developing the reserves as detailed above, as well as the inputs and related calculations related to historical sales and on-hand inventories.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

We obtained an understanding and evaluated the design of internal controls over the Company's reserves for excess, obsolete and slow-moving inventories, including management's assessment of the assumptions and data underlying the reserve calculation.

Our substantive audit procedures included, among others, testing the logic and integrity of calculations within management’s analysis; testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used, including inventory quantities, carrying costs and the estimate of net realizable value by product; and evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assumptions related to demand forecasts, estimated reserve percentages and qualitative considerations involving, among others, the implications of new or revised operational strategies. Evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assumptions involved (i) comparing historical sales by product, used as a basis for future demand, to audited sales subledgers on a sample basis, (ii) holding discussions with senior management to determine whether strategic or operational changes in the business were consistent with the projections of future demand that were utilized as the basis for the reserves recorded, and (iii) corroborating management’s qualitative considerations of future demand through review of unfulfilled customer purchase orders as of year-end on a sample basis.

/s/ GBQ Partners, LLC

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2019.

Columbus, Ohio

March 25, 2025

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ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF DECEMBER 31,

(amounts in thousands except share data)


	2024		2023
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash	$	565	$	2,030
Trade accounts receivable, less allowances of $15 and $20, respectively	804		1,570
Trade accounts receivable - related party	—		202
Inventories, net	3,263		4,439
Prepayments to vendors	356		792
Prepaid and other current assets	157		156


Total current assets	5,145		9,189
Property and equipment, net	90		112
Operating lease, right-of-use asset	377		899



Total assets	$	5,612	$	10,200
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	970	$	1,624
Accounts payable - related party	909		2,146
Accrued liabilities	90		110
Accrued legal and professional fees	54		64
Accrued payroll and related benefits	148		199
Accrued sales commissions	15		62

Accrued warranty reserve	118		150

Operating lease liabilities	139		223




Promissory notes payable, net of discounts and loan origination fees	—		1,323
Advanced capital contribution	—		450


Total current liabilities	2,443		6,351

(continued on the following page)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF DECEMBER 31,

(amounts in thousands except share data)


	2024		2023

Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	254		798





Total liabilities	2,697		7,149

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share:
Authorized: 5,000,000 shares (3,300,000 shares designated as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock) at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Issued and outstanding: 876,447 shares at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	—		—
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share:
Authorized: 50,000,000 shares at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Issued and outstanding: 5,260,741 shares at December 31, 2024 and 4,348,690 shares at December 31, 2023	1		—
Additional paid-in capital	157,814		156,369
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(3)		(3)
Accumulated deficit	(154,897)		(153,315)
Total stockholders' equity	2,915		3,051
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	5,612	$	10,200

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

(amounts in thousands except per share data)


	2024		2023
Net sales	$	4,860	$	5,717
Cost of sales	4,161		5,494
Gross profit	699		223

Operating expenses:
Product development	524		587
Selling, general, and administrative	2,017		3,607



Total operating expenses	2,541		4,194
Loss from operations	(1,842)		(3,971)

Other expenses (income):
Interest income	—		(57)
Interest expense	5		380
Gain on debt extinguishment	(187)		—
Gain on partial lease termination	(63)		—
Other income	(27)		(30)

Other expenses	10		26

Loss from operations before income taxes	(1,580)		(4,290)
Provision for income taxes	2		3










Net loss	$	(1,582)	$	(4,293)

Net loss per common stock basic and diluted:


Net loss	$	(0.32)	$	(1.32)






Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding:
Basic and diluted	4,947		3,241

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

(amounts in thousands)


	2024		2023
Net loss	$	(1,582)	$	(4,293)

Other comprehensive loss:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—		—

Comprehensive loss	$	(1,582)	$	(4,293)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023

((amounts in thousands except share data))


								Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Accumulated Deficit
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount							Total

















































































Balance at December 31, 2022	876	$	—	1,407	$	1		$	148,545	$	(3)	$	(149,020)	$	(477)
Issuance of common stock	—	—		2,477	1			6,078		—		—		6,079
Stock issued in exchange transactions	—	—		465	—			1,716		—		—		1,716
Par value adjustment due to reverse stock split	—	—		—	(2)			2		—		—		—
Reduction in equity due to costs from reverse stock split	—	—		—	—			(16)		—		—		(16)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—			44		—		—		44
Impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13 - CECL	—	—		—	—			—		—		(2)		(2)
Net loss	—	—		—	—			—		—		(4,293)		(4,293)
Balance at December 31, 2023	876	$	—	4,349	$	—		$	156,369	$	(3)	$	(153,315)	$	3,051
Issuance of common stock	—	—		818	1			1,300		—		—		1,301
Conversion of advanced capital contribution to common stock	—	—		94	—			141		—		—		141
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—			4		—		—		4
Net loss	—	—		—	—			—		—		(1,582)		(1,582)
Balance at December 31, 2024	876	$	—	5,261	$	1		$	157,814	$	(3)	$	(154,897)	$	2,915

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

(amounts in thousands)


	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(1,582)	$	(4,293)


Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Other income	—		(40)
Gain on partial lease termination	(63)		—
Gain on debt extinguishment	(187)		—
Depreciation	37		33
Stock-based compensation	4		44



Provision for credit losses and sales returns	(69)		6
Provision for slow-moving and obsolete inventories	347		25
Provision for warranties	(32)		(33)

Amortization of loan discounts and origination fees	5		225

Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	1,037		(1,131)

Accounts receivable - related party	—		(202)
Inventories	829		1,012
Prepayments to vendors	83		(200)
Prepaid and other assets	3		521
Accounts payable	(301)		(580)
Accounts payable- related party	(1,237)		2,146
Accrued and other liabilities	(128)		(47)
Right of use assets and lease liabilities	(43)		75

Total adjustments	285		1,854
Net cash used in operating activities	(1,297)		(2,439)

Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisitions of property and equipment	(19)		(69)

Net cash used in investing activities	(19)		(69)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants	851		6,079
Costs related to reverse stock-split	—		(16)
Payments on the 2022 Streeterville Note	(1,000)		(625)



Net payments on credit line borrowings - Credit Facilities	—		(1,402)
Advanced capital contribution	—		450
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(149)		4,486

(continued on the following page)

Table of Contents

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

(amounts in thousands)


	2024		2023







Net (decrease) increase in cash	(1,465)		1,978
Cash, beginning of year	2,030		52
Cash, end of year	$	565	$	2,030







Supplemental information:
Cash paid in year for interest	$	5	$	380


Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Debt-to-equity exchange transactions	$	591	$	1,716

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Energy Focus, Inc. (the “Company”) engages primarily in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing and sale of energy-efficient lighting systems and controls. We develop, market and sell high quality light-emitting diode (“LED”) lighting and controls products in the commercial market and military maritime market (“MMM”). Our mission is to enable our customers to run their facilities with greater energy efficiency, productivity, and increased human health and wellness through advanced LED retrofit solutions. Our goal is to be the human wellness lighting and LED technology and market leader for the most demanding applications where performance, quality, value, environmental impact and health are considered paramount. We specialize in LED lighting retrofit by replacing fluorescent, high-intensity discharge lighting and other types of lamps in institutional buildings for primarily indoor lighting applications with our innovative, high-quality commercial and military-grade tubular LED (“TLED”) products, as well as other LED and lighting control products for commercial applications. We are also evaluating adjacent technologies including Gallium Nitride (“GaN”) based power supplies and additional market opportunities for energy solution products that support sustainability in our existing channels. Additionally, we have expanded product offerings into both Maritime lighting and Energy Storage Solutions ( “ESS”).

NOTE 2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The significant accounting policies of our Company, which are summarized below, are consistent with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and reflect practices appropriate to the business in which we operate. Unless indicated otherwise, the information in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements relates to our operations.

Going Concern and Nasdaq Continued Listing Requirements Compliance

Due to our financial performance as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, including net losses of $1.6 million and $4.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and total cash used in operating activities of $1.3 million and $2.4 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, we determined that substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern continues to exist at December 31, 2024. As a result of restructuring actions and initiatives, we have tailored our operating expenses to be more in line with our expected sales volumes; however, we continue to incur losses and have a substantial accumulated deficit.

Additionally, global supply chain and logistics constraints are impacting our inventory purchasing strategy, as we seek to manage both shortages of available components and longer lead times in obtaining components while pursuing cost-saving measures to enhance profitability. As a result, we will continue to review and pursue selected external funding sources to ensure adequate financial resources to execute across the timelines required to achieve these objectives including, but not limited to, the following:

•obtaining financing from traditional or non-traditional investment capital organizations or individuals;

•obtaining funding from the sale of our common stock or other equity or debt instruments; and

•obtaining debt financing with lending terms that more closely match our business model and capital needs.

There can be no assurance that we will obtain funding on acceptable terms, in a timely fashion, or at all. Obtaining additional funding contains risks, including:

•additional equity financing may not be available to us on satisfactory terms, particularly in light of the current price of our common stock, and any equity we are able to issue could lead to dilution for current stockholders and have rights, preferences and privileges senior to our common stock;

•loans or other debt instruments may have terms or conditions, such as interest rate, restrictive covenants, conversion features, refinancing demands, and control or revocation provisions, which are not acceptable to management or the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board of Directors”); and

•the current environment in the capital markets and volatile interest rates, combined with our capital constraints, may prevent us from being able to obtain adequate debt financing.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Considering both quantitative and qualitative information, we continue to believe that the combination of our plans to ensure adequate external funding, timely re-organizational actions, current financial position, liquid resources, obligations due or anticipated within the next year, development and implementation of an excess inventory reduction plan, plans and initiatives in our research and development, product development and sales and marketing, and development of potential channel partnerships, if adequately executed, could provide us with an ability to finance our operations through the next twelve months and may mitigate the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Nasdaq Capital Market Compliance

As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company believes it has maintained compliance with the Minimum Stockholders’ Equity Rule, which requires listed companies to maintain stockholders’ equity of at least $2.5 million for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. To become compliant with the Bid Price Rule, which has a minimum bid price of at least $1.00 per share as one of its continued listing requirements, the Company effected a 1-for-7 reverse stock split to increase the per share trading price of the common stock, effective June 16, 2023 (See Note 9, “Stockholders’ Equity”).

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts in our financial statements and accompanying notes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions believed to be reasonable. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions that may impact us in the future, actual results may vary from the estimates. Estimates include, but are not limited to, the expected credit loss provision, inventory obsolescence and warranty claims, the determination of the useful lives of property and equipment, valuation of long-lived assets, allowance for deferred tax assets, sales returns and stock-based compensation. In addition, estimates and assumptions associated with the determination of the fair value of financial instruments and evaluation of long-lived assets for impairment require considerable judgment. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences could be material.

Basis of presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company. All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated. We have prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States Securities & Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Revenue

Net sales include revenues from sales of products and shipping and handling charges, net of estimates for product returns. Revenue is measured at the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for the transferred products. We recognize revenue at the point in time when we transfer the promised products to the customer and the customer obtains control over the products. Distributors’ obligations to us are not contingent upon the resale of our products. We recognize revenue for shipping and handling charges at the time the goods are shipped to the customer, and the costs of outbound freight are included in cost of sales. We provide for product returns based on historical return rates. While we incur costs for sales commissions to our sales employees and outside agents, we recognize commission costs concurrent with the related revenue, as the amortization period is less than one year. We do not incur any other incremental costs to obtain contracts with our customers. Our product warranties are assurance-type warranties, which promise the customer that the products are as specified in the contract. Therefore, the product warranties are not a separate performance obligation and are accounted for as described below. Sales taxes assessed by governmental authorities and collected by us are accounted for on a net basis and are excluded from net sales.

A disaggregation of product net sales is presented in Note 11, “Product and Geographic Information.”

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Our trade accounts receivable consists of amounts billed to and currently due from customers. Substantially all our customers are concentrated in the United States. In the normal course of business, we extend unsecured credit to our customers related to the sale of our products. Credit is extended to customers based on an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition and the amounts due are stated at their estimated net realizable value. We maintain allowances for sales returns and credit losses to provide for the estimated number of account receivables that will not be collected. On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASC 326. The standard adds to U.S. GAAP an impairment model known as the CECL model, which is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

This standard only impacts the Company’s trade receivables. The Company decided to use the historical loss rate method of valuing its reserve for trade receivables. The reserve for credit losses is reviewed and assessed for adequacy on a quarterly basis. We take into consideration (1) any circumstances of which we are aware of a customer's inability to meet its financial obligations and (2) our judgments as to prevailing economic conditions in the industry and their impact on our customers. If circumstances change, and the financial condition of our customers is adversely affected and they are unable to meet their financial obligations, we may need to take additional allowances, which would result in an increase in our operating expenses. We do not generally require collateral from our customers.

Our standard payment terms with customers are net 30 days from the date of shipment, and we do not generally offer extended payment terms to our customers, but exceptions are made in some cases for major customers or with particular orders. Accordingly, we do not adjust trade accounts receivable for the effects of financing, as we expect the period between the transfer of product to the customer and the receipt of payment from the customer to be in line with our standard payment terms.

Pursuant to ASC 606, Revenue Recognition, contract assets and contract liabilities as of the beginning and ending of the reporting periods must be disclosed. Below is the breakout of the Company’s contract assets for such periods (in thousands):



	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		January 1, 2023
Accounts Receivable	$	819	$	1,590	$	471
Less: Reserve for Credit Losses	(15)		(20)		(26)
Net Accounts Receivable	$	804	1,570		445

Activity related to our reserve for credit losses was as follows (in thousands):


Allowance for credit losses as of January 1, 2023	$	(26)
Cumulative effect of the implementation of ASC 326	(2)
Reserve for credit losses as of December 31, 2023	(4)
Prior year reclassification of sales returns out of allowance for credit losses	12
Allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2023	$	(20)
Reduction of reserve for credit losses as of December 31, 2024	5
Allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024	$	(15)

Geographic information

All our long-lived fixed assets are located in the United States. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately 100% of sales were attributable to customers in the United States. The geographic location of our net sales is derived from the destination to which we ship the product.

Cash

Cash consists of investments in money market funds and deposits with banks. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had cash of $0.6 million and $2.0 million, respectively, on deposit with financial institutions located in the United States.

Inventories

We state inventories at the lower of standard cost (which approximates actual cost determined using the first-in-first-out method) or net realizable value. We establish provisions for excess and obsolete inventories after evaluation of historical sales, current economic trends, forecasted sales, product lifecycles, and current inventory levels. The assessment is both quantitative and qualitative.

Income taxes

As part of the process of preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, we are required to estimate our income tax liability in each of the jurisdictions in which we do business. This process involves estimating our actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as deferred revenues, for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We then assess the likelihood of the deferred tax assets being recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be recovered, or is unknown, we establish a valuation allowance.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets due to uncertainties related to our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets, primarily consisting of certain net operating losses carried forward. The valuation allowance is based upon our estimates of taxable income by jurisdiction and the period over which our deferred tax assets will be recoverable. In considering the need for a valuation allowance, we assess all evidence, both positive and negative, available to determine whether all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Such evidence includes, but is not limited to, recent earnings history, projections of future income or loss, reversal patterns of existing taxable and deductible temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. We continue to evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis.

Financial Instruments

Fair value measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value of financial assets and liabilities are measured on a recurring or non-recurring basis. Financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis are those that are adjusted to fair value each time a financial statement is prepared. Financial assets and liabilities measured on a non-recurring basis are those that are adjusted to fair value when a significant event occurs.

We utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of available market information and generally accepted valuation methodologies. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value, giving the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements).

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below. We classify the inputs used to measure fair value into the following hierarchy:


Level 1			Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2			Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability.
Level 3			Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments including cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short maturities. Based on borrowing rates currently available to us for loans with similar terms, the carrying value of borrowings under our revolving credit facilities also approximates fair value.

A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. In determining the appropriate levels, we perform a detailed analysis of the assets and liabilities whose fair value is measured on a recurring basis. We review and reassess the fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes from one quarter to the next related to the observability of inputs in a fair value measurement may result in a reclassification between fair value hierarchy levels. There were no reclassifications for all periods presented.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost and include expenditures for additions and major improvements. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to operations as incurred. We use the straight-line method of depreciation over the estimated useful lives of the related assets (generally two to 15 years) for financial reporting purposes. Accelerated methods of depreciation are used for federal income tax purposes. When assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Impairment of Long-lived assets

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Events or circumstances that would result in an impairment review primarily include operations reporting losses, a significant change in the use of an asset, or the planned disposal or sale of the asset. The asset would be considered impaired when the future net undiscounted cash flows generated by the asset are less than its carrying value.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

An impairment loss would be recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, as determined by quoted market prices (if available) or the present value of expected future cash flows.

Refer to Note 5, “Property and Equipment,” for additional information.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. A contract is or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment (an identified asset) for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We use our estimated incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments considering the term of the lease, which is derived from information available at the lease commencement date. The lease term includes renewal options when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised and excludes termination options.

Lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term leases for any class of underlying asset. Operating leases are included in Operating lease, right-of-use-assets, Operating lease liabilities, and Long-term operating lease liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Product development

Product development expenses include salaries, contractor and consulting fees, supplies and materials, as well as costs related to other overhead items such as depreciation and facilities costs. Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. We recognized $0.5 million and $0.6 million research and development costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Net loss per share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, excluding the effects of any potentially dilutive securities. Diluted loss per share gives effect to all dilutive potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Dilutive potential shares of common stock consist of incremental shares upon the exercise of stock options, warrants and convertible securities, unless the effect would be anti-dilutive.

The following table presents a reconciliation of basic and diluted loss per share computations (in thousands, except per share amounts):


	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(1,582)	$	(4,293)

Denominator:
Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	4,947		3,241

As a result of the net loss we incurred for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, convertible preferred stock representing approximately 25 thousand shares of common stock were excluded from the basic loss per share calculation because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

Stock-based compensation

We recognize compensation expense based on the estimated grant date fair value under the authoritative guidance. Management applies the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value stock options issued to employees and directors and applies judgment in estimating key assumptions that are important elements of the model in expense recognition. These elements include the expected life of the option, the expected stock-price volatility, and expected forfeiture rates.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Compensation expense is generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period.

See Note 9, “Stockholders’ Equity,” for additional information.

Advertising expenses

Advertising expenses are charged to operations in the period incurred. They consist of costs for the placement of our advertisements in various media and the costs of demos provided to potential distributors of our products. Advertising expenses were $6 thousand for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Product warranties

We warrant our commercial and MMM LED products and controls for periods generally ranging from five to ten years. One product was sold in 2020 with a twenty-year warranty. Warranty settlement costs consist of actual amounts expensed for warranty, which are largely a result of the cost of replacement products or rework services provided to our customers. A liability for the estimated future costs under product warranties is maintained for products under warranty based on the actual claims incurred to date and the estimated nature, frequency, and costs of future claims. These estimates are inherently uncertain and changes to our historical or projected experience may cause material changes to our warranty reserves in the future. We continuously review the assumptions related to the adequacy of our warranty reserve, including product failure rates, and adjust to the existing warranty liability when there are changes to these estimates or the underlying replacement product costs, or the warranty period expires.

The following table summarizes warranty activity for the periods presented (in thousands):


	At December 31,
	2024		2023
Balance at the beginning of the year	$	150	$	183
Accruals for warranties issued	3		10
Adjustments to existing warranties	(35)		(43)

Accrued warranty reserve at the end of the year	$	118	$	150

Recently issued accounting standards

On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which establishes new income tax disclosure requirements in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. Under the new guidance, entities must consistently categorize and provide greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation. They must also further disaggregate income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. The guidance applies to all entities subject to income taxes and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt this standard on January 1, 2025.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our financial statements and disclosures.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. ASU 2023-06 modifies the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of Topics in the Codification. Certain of the amendments represent clarifications to or technical corrections of the current requirements. Because of the variety of Topics amended, a broad range of entities may be affected by one or more of those amendments. Many of the amendments allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the SEC’s requirements. Also, the amendments align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations. For entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosure requirements and for entities required to file or furnish financial statements with or to the SEC in preparation for the sale of or for purposes of issuing securities that are not subject to contractual restrictions on transfer, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively. For all entities, if by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the applicable requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K, the pending content of the related amendment will be removed from the Codification and will not become effective for any entity. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently adopted accounting standards

On November 27, 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting-Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires public entities to provide disclosures of significant segment expenses and other segment items. The guidance requires public entities to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually and also applies to public entities with a single reportable segment. Entities are permitted to disclose more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss if such measures are used by the chief operating decision-maker to allocate resources and assess performance, as long as at least one of those measures is determined in a way that is most consistent with the measurement principles used to measure the corresponding amounts in the consolidated financial statements. The guidance is applied retrospectively to all periods presented in financial statements, unless it is impracticable, and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 in 2024. Refer to Note 11 for related disclosures.

Other accounting standards that have been issued by FASB that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements upon adoption. We do not discuss recent standards that are not anticipated to have an impact on or are unrelated to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or disclosures.

Certain risks and concentrations

We have certain customers whose net sales individually represented 10% or more of our total net sales, or whose net trade accounts receivable balance individually represented 10% or more of our total net trade accounts receivable as follows:

•In 2024, two customers collectively accounted for 33% of net sales, with sales to our primary distributor for the U.S. Navy accounting for approximately 16% and sales to a shipbuilder for the U.S. Navy accounting for approximately 17%. In 2023, two customers collectively accounted for 48% of net sales, with sales to our primary distributor for the U.S. Navy accounting for approximately 35% and sales to a shipbuilder for the U.S. Navy accounting for approximately 13%.

•At December 31, 2024, three customers collectively accounted for 88% of our net trade accounts receivables. This including approximately 21% from distributor to the U.S. Navy, approximately 52% from shipbuilder to the U.S. Navy, and approximately 15% from commercial customer accounts. At December 31, 2023, one distributor to the U.S. Department of Defense accounted for 74% of our net trade accounts receivable, when combined with our net trade accounts receivable to shipbuilders for the U.S. Navy, total net accounts receivable related to U.S. Navy sales is 78% of total net accounts receivable.

We require substantial amounts of purchased materials from selected vendors. With specific materials, all of our purchases are from a single vendor. The availability and costs of materials may be subject to change due to, among other things, new laws or regulations, suppliers’ allocation to other purchasers, interruptions in production by suppliers, global health issues such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes in exchange rates and worldwide price and demand levels.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Our inability to obtain adequate supplies of materials for our products at favorable prices could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, or results of operations by decreasing our profit margins and by hindering our ability to deliver products to our customers on a timely basis. Additionally, certain vendors require advance deposits prior to the fulfillment of orders. Deposits paid on unfulfilled orders totaled $0.4 million and $0.8 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We have certain vendors who individually represented 10% or more of our total expenditures, or whose net trade accounts payable balance individually represented 10% or more of our total net trade accounts payable, as follows:

•One offshore supplier accounted for approximately 36% of our total expenditures for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2024, two offshore suppliers collectively accounted for approximately 36% and 54% (a related party, See Note 12, “Related Party Transactions”) of our trade accounts payable balance, respectively.

•No offshore supplier accounted for more than 10% of our total expenditures for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, two offshore suppliers accounted for approximately 16% and 57% (a related party, See Note 12, “Related Party Transactions”) of our trade accounts payable balance, respectively.

NOTE 3. LEASES

The Company leases certain equipment, manufacturing, warehouse and office space under non-cancellable operating leases with expirations through 2027 under which it is responsible for related maintenance, taxes and insurance. As of March 25, 2022, the terms of our real estate operating lease have been modified beginning July 1, 2022 and extended through 2027. Additionally, Effective July 1, 2024, our warehouse and office lease was amended to reduce the rentable square feet from 62,335 square feet to 29,692 square feet and the rent expenses were decreased in proportion to the reduction in rentable square. The Company recorded this as a lease modification in accordance with ASC 842 Leases (“ASC 842”) and recorded a reduction to the right of use asset and lease liability of approximately $395 thousand using an incremental borrowing rate of approximately 13.64%. The Company recognized a gain on the lease modification of $63 thousand which was recorded as other income in the Statement of Operations. The weighted average remaining lease term for the operating leases is 2.5 years.

Components of the operating lease costs recognized in net loss were as follows (in thousands):


	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023

Lease cost	$	303	$	461

Supplemental Consolidated Balance Sheet information related to the Company’s operating leases is as follows (in thousands):


	At December 31,
	2024		2023
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	377	$	899



Operating lease liabilities	393		1,021


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Future minimum lease payments required under operating and finance leases for each of the years 2025 through 2027 are as follows (in thousands):


	Operating Leases

2025	182
2026	186
2027	94

Total future undiscounted lease payments	462
Less imputed interest	(69)
Total lease obligations	$	393

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):


	Years ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid, net, for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	343	$	383

NOTE 4. INVENTORIES

Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):


	At December 31,
	2024		2023
Raw materials	$	3,489	$	2,189
Finished goods	2,585		4,803
Reduction due to permanent markdowns	(2,464)		—
Reserves for excess, obsolete, and slow-moving inventories	(347)		(2,553)
Inventories, net	$	3,263	$	4,439

The following is a roll-forward of the reserves for excess, obsolete, and slow-moving inventories (in thousands):


	At December 31,
	2024		2023
Beginning balance	$	(2,553)	$	(2,527)
Accrual	(347)		(404)
Reduction due to inventory sold	89		378
Reduction due to permanent markdowns	2,464		—
Reserves for excess, obsolete, and slow-moving inventories	$	(347)	$	(2,553)


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets and consist of the following (in thousands):


	At December 31,
	2024		2023
Equipment (useful life 3 - 15 years)	$	490	$	1,061
Tooling (useful life 2 - 5 years)	171		190
Vehicles (useful life 5 years)	41		41


Leasehold improvements (the shorter of useful life or lease life)	124		141


Construction in progress	—		28
Property and equipment at cost	826		1,461
Less: accumulated depreciation	(736)		(1,349)
Property and equipment, net	$	90	$	112

Depreciation expense was $37 thousand and $33 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In 2024, the Company disposed of fully depreciated equipment and tooling. Therefore, no gain or loss was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024.

NOTE 6. PREPAID AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	At December 31,
	2024		2023
Prepaid insurance	$	36	$	32
Prepaid expenses	77		81
Prepaid rent	44		41




Other	—		2
Total prepaid and other current assets	$	157	156

NOTE 7. DEBT

Debt consisted of the following (in thousands):


	At December 31,
	2024		2023


Streeterville notes, net	—		1,323
Advanced capital contribution	—		450
Total	$	—	$	1,773

Credit Facilities

On August 11, 2020, we entered into two debt financing arrangements (together, the “Credit Facilities”) that allowed for expanded borrowing capacity at a lower blended borrowing cost. We paid off and terminated the Credit Facilities during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Inventory Facility with Crossroads

The first arrangement is an inventory financing facility (the “Inventory Facility”) pursuant to the Loan and Security Agreement (the “Inventory Loan Agreement”) between the Company and Crossroads Financial Group, LLC, a North Carolina limited liability company (“Crossroads”).


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

On January 18, 2023, the Company and Crossroads entered into an amendment to the Inventory Loan Agreement (the “Crossroads Amendment”) to restructure and pay down the Inventory Facility.

The Inventory Facility was paid in full on September 24, 2023, using the interest rate of 11.16% per annum, and the Company wrote off the difference of $40 thousand between the final invoice amount and the carrying value of the debt, which was recorded as interest income in 2023.

Receivables Facility with FSW Funding

The second Credit Facility was a receivables financing facility (the “Receivables Facility”) pursuant to the Loan and Security Agreement (the “Receivables Loan Agreement”) between the Company and Factors Southwest L.L.C. (d/b/a FSW Funding), an Arizona limited liability company (the “RF Lender”).

On February 7, 2023, the Company and the RF Lender agreed to terminate the Receivables Facility. All outstanding amounts under the Receivables Facility had been repaid prior to termination, and there were no prepayment fees in connection with termination.

Promissory Notes-Related Parties

In 2022, we entered into short-term unsecured promissory notes (the “2022 Promissory Notes”) with Mei-Yun (Gina) Huang, Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang, and Tingyu Lin. Ms. Gina Huang is a member of the Board of Directors and Mr. Jay Huang is our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). All the 2022 Promissory Notes were exchanged for common stock on January 17, 2023. See Note 9, “Stockholders’ Equity.”

Streeterville Notes

2022 Streeterville Note

On April 21, 2022, we entered into a note purchase agreement (the “2022 Streeterville Note Purchase Agreement”) with Streeterville Capital, LLC (“Streeterville”) pursuant to which we sold and issued to Streeterville a promissory note in the principal amount of approximately $2.0 million (the “2022 Streeterville Note”). The 2022 Streeterville Note was issued with an original issue discount of $215 thousand and Streeterville paid a purchase price of approximately $1.8 million for the 2022 Streeterville Note, from which the Company paid $15 thousand to Streeterville for Streeterville’s transaction expenses.

The 2022 Streeterville Note had an original maturity date of April 21, 2024, and accrued interest at 8% per annum, compounded daily, on the outstanding balance. On January 17, 2023, we agreed with Streeterville to restructure and pay down the 2022 Streeterville Note and extend its maturity date to December 1, 2024 (the “2022 Streeterville Note Amendment”). We agreed to make payments to reduce the outstanding amounts of the 2022 Streeterville Note of $500 thousand by January 20, 2023 and by $250 thousand by July 14, 2023. Beginning January 1, 2024, we agreed to make twelve monthly repayments of approximately $117 thousand each. We had the right to prepay any of the scheduled repayments at any time or from time to time without additional penalty or fees.

On March 31, 2023, the Company entered into an Exchange Agreement (the “March 2023 Exchange Agreement”) with Streeterville, pursuant to which we agreed to (i) partition from the 2022 Streeterville Note a new Promissory Note (the “March 2023 Partitioned Note”) in the original principal amount of $250 thousand (the “March 2023 Exchange Amount”), (ii) cause the outstanding balance of the 2022 Streeterville Note to be reduced by an amount equal to the March 2023 Exchange Amount, and (iii) exchange (the “March 2023 Exchange”) the March 2023 Partitioned Note for 71,715 shares of the Company’s common stock. The March 2023 Exchange was priced at-the-market under the Nasdaq rules and was effected pursuant to one or more exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). There were no gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the March 2023 Exchange, provided that $125 thousand of the March 2023 Exchange Amount was applied toward the $250 thousand payment due on or before July 14, 2023 pursuant to the 2022 Streeterville Note Amendment, and $125 thousand was credited to satisfy the December 1, 2024 required payment.

The total liability for the 2022 Streeterville Note, net of discount and financing fees, was $1.3 million at December 31, 2023.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

On January 18, 2024, the Company and Streeterville entered into a payoff letter (the “Letter”) and exchange agreement (“Exchange Agreement”) to pay off the 2022 Streeterville Note early. The Letter and Exchange Agreement provided that the Company made payments to reduce the outstanding obligations under the 2022 Streeterville Note of $1.0 million in cash by January 19, 2024 and exchange 94,440 shares of common stocks by January 23, 2024 for the remaining amount. On January 23, 2024, the 2022 Streeterville Note was terminated and the Company had no outstanding obligations to Streeterville, upon which the Company recognized a $187 thousand other income which is included in gain on debt extinguishment in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Advanced capital contribution

In October 2023, an unrelated party agreed to subscribe the Company’s common stock in the next round of private placement and transferred funds in the amount of $450 thousand. There was no restriction in use of the funds and the advanced capital contribution bore no interest. The advanced capital contribution was exchanged for common stock on March 28, 2024. See Note 9, “Stockholders’ Equity.”

NOTE 8. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Purchase Commitments

As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $0.3 million in outstanding purchase commitments for inventory, of which the majority is expected to ship in the first quarter of 2025. We have 88% of the outstanding purchase commitments with a related party.

Settlement of Return of Slow-Moving Inventory

On December 30, 2024, in connection with its strategy to reduce a certain quantity of low-turnover inventory, the Company entered into an agreement with the vendor, an unrelated party, to return the inventory purchased between 2021 and 2022 and transfer EnFocus™ registered trademarks (carry amount of $0). As a result, the Company will recognize a non-cash gain of approximately $5 thousand on the settlement of returning inventory, cancelling prepayments made with the vendor, and settlement of outstanding accounts payable with the vendor. Please see below for the related accounts as of December 31, 2024 and the gain that will be recognized on the return date, which is expected to be in the early second quarter of year 2025.


	At December 31,
	2024
Inventories, net	$	338
Prepayments to vendors	307
Accounts payable	(650)
EnFocus™ trademark	—
Net	$	(5)

NOTE 9. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Common Stock

1-for-7 Reverse Stock Split

At the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders held on June 15, 2023, the Company’s stockholders approved a reverse stock split of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock at a ratio ranging from any whole number of at least 1-for-2 and up to 1-for-10, with the exact ratio within the foregoing range to be determined by the board of directors in its sole discretion.

On June 15, 2023, our board of directors determined to set the reverse stock split at 1-for-7 (the “Split Ratio”). The reverse stock split became effective on June 16, 2023 (the “Effective Time”). At the Effective Time, every seven shares of common stock issued and outstanding automatically combined into one validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable share of common stock. No fractional shares were issued as a result of the reverse stock split. The fractional shares were settled in cash in an amount not material to the Company. The $0.0001 par value per share of common stock and other terms of the common stock were not affected by the reverse stock split. The number of authorized shares of common stock under the Certificate of Incorporation remained unchanged at 50,000,000 shares.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The reverse stock split was effected solely to increase the per share trading price of the common stock to satisfy the Bid Price Rule for continued listing on Nasdaq. The common stock began trading on Nasdaq on a split-adjusted basis at the opening of trading on June 19, 2023.

Private Placements

The Company entered the securities purchase agreements with certain investors and issued 912,050 and 2,870,964 shares (including debt-to-equity exchange noted in Note 7, “Debt”) of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

June 2024 Private Placement

On June 21, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Sander Electronics Inc., a shareholder of the Company controlled by Mr. Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang, CEO of the Company, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a private placement an aggregate of 534,591 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for a purchase price per share of $1.59 (the “June 2024 Private Placement”). Consideration for the transaction included an exchange of $850 thousand.

Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the June 2024 Private Placement were approximately $850 thousand. The June 2024 Private Placement closed on June 21, 2024.

March 2024 Private Placement

On March 28, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchaser, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a private placement an aggregate of 283,019 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for a purchase price per share of $1.59 (the “March 2024 Private Placement”). Consideration for the transaction included exchange of $450 thousand in the aggregate of outstanding amounts on previous advanced capital contributions, as described above in Note 6, “Debt”.

Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the March 2024 Private Placement were approximately $450 thousand. The March 2024 Private Placement was priced at-the-market under the Nasdaq rules.

September 2023 Private Placement

On September 29, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a private placement an aggregate of 853,658 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for a purchase price per share of $2.05 (the “September 2023 Private Placement”).

Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the September 2023 Private Placement were approximately $1.75 million. The September 2023 Private Placement closed on September 29, 2023.

June 2023 Private Placement

On June 29, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a private placement an aggregate of 746,875 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for a purchase price per share of $1.76 (the “June 2023 Private Placement”). One of the purchasers was Mr. Huang, the Company’s CEO.

Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the June 2023 Private Placement were approximately $1.3 million. The June 2023 Private Placement closed on June 29, 2023.

March 2023 Private Placements

On March 28, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Mr. Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement (the “March 28, 2023 Private Placement”), 15,500 shares of the Company’s common stock for a purchase price of $3.55 per share.

On March 30, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Mei Yun (Gina) Huang, a member of the Board of Directors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement (collectively with the March 28, 2023 Private Placement, the “March 2023 Private Placements”), 71,428 shares of the Company’s common stock for a purchase price of $3.50 per share.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the March 2023 Private Placements were $305 thousand. Each of the March 2023 Private Placements was priced at-the-market under the Nasdaq rules.

February 2023 Private Placement

On February 24, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Mei Yun (Gina) Huang, a member of the Board of Directors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement (the “February 2023 Private Placement”), 114,744 shares of the Company’s common stock, for a purchase price of $3.49 per share.

Gross proceeds to the Company in respect of the February 2023 Private Placement were $400 thousand. The February 2023 Private Placement was priced at fair market value under the Nasdaq rules.

January 2023 Sander Electronics Private Placement

On January 17, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Sander Purchase Agreement”) with certain purchasers associated with Sander Electronics, Inc., pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a private placement (the “Sander Private Placement”) an aggregate of 778,017 shares of common stock for a purchase price per share of $3.51. Consideration for the transaction included exchange of approximately $657 thousand in the aggregate of outstanding amounts on previous short-term bridge financings, including the 2022 Promissory Notes issued to Mr. Huang, as described above in Note 7, “Debt”.

Aggregate gross proceeds from the Sander Private Placement were approximately $2.1 million. The Sander Private Placement was priced at-the-market under the Nasdaq rules.

January 2023 Transactions with Mei Yun (Gina) Huang

On January 5, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Mei Yun (Gina) Huang, a member of the Board of Directors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, 36,828 shares of the Company’s common stock, for a purchase price of $2.72 per share. On January 10, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Ms. Huang, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, 46,543 shares of the Company’s common stock for a purchase price of $3.22 per share.

Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company in respect of these private placements to Ms. Huang were $250 thousand. Each of the private placements to Ms. Huang was priced at fair market value under the Nasdaq rules.

On January 17, 2023, the Company and Ms. Huang entered into exchange agreements pursuant to which the Company and Ms. Huang agreed to exchange the approximately $817 thousand aggregate outstanding amounts on previous short-term bridge financings, including the 2022 Promissory Notes issued to Ms. Huang, as described above in Note 7, “Debt”, for an aggregate of 207,371 shares of common stock at a price per share of $3.94. The exchanges were priced at fair market value under the Nasdaq rules.

Preferred Stock

The Series A Preferred Stock was created by the filing of a Certificate of Designation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on March 29, 2019, which designated 2,000,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, as Series A Preferred Stock (the “Original Series A Certificate of Designation”). On January 15, 2020 with prior stockholder approval, the Company amended the Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of preferred stock to 5,000,000. The Original Series A Certificate of Designation was also amended on January 15, 2020, to increase the number of shares of preferred stock designated as Series A Preferred Stock to 3,300,000 (the Original Series A Certificate of Designation, as so amended, the “Series A Certificate of Designation”).

Pursuant to the Series A Certificate of Designation, each holder of outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock is entitled to vote with holders of outstanding shares of common stock, voting together as a single class, with respect to any and all matters presented to the stockholders of the Company for their action or consideration, except as provided by law. In any such vote, each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall entitle its holder to a number of votes equal to 1.582% of the number of shares of common stock into which such share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Series A Preferred Stock (a) has a preference upon liquidation equal to $0.67 per share and then participates on an as-converted basis with the common stock with respect to any additional distributions, (b) shall receive any dividends declared and payable on our common stock on an as-converted basis, and (c) is convertible at the option of the holder into shares of our common stock on a 1- for- 35 basis.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 876,447 Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding which can be convertible into 25 thousand shares of common stock at the option of the holder.

Warrants

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, no warrants were exercised.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had the following outstanding warrants:


	As of December 31, 2024	As of December 31, 2023
	Number of Underlying Shares		Exercise Price	Expiration
June 2022 Warrants	384,615	384,615	$9.10	December 16, 2026
December 2021 Warrants	182,630	182,630	$24.64	June 7, 2027
January 2020 Investor Warrants	26,819	26,819	$23.59	January 13, 2025
January 2020 Placement Agent Warrants	5,954	5,954	$34.96	January 13, 2025
	600,018	600,018

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense is attributable to stock options and restricted stock unit awards. For all stock-based awards, we recognize expense using a straight-line amortization method.

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense and the impact it had on operations for the periods presented (in thousands):


	For the year ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Cost of sales	$	—	$	2

Selling, general, and administrative	4		42
Total stock-based compensation	$	4	$	44

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had unearned stock compensation expense of $2 thousand and $64 thousand, respectively. These costs will be charged to expense and amortized on a straight-line basis in subsequent periods. The remaining weighted average period over which the unearned compensation is expected to be amortized was approximately 1.8 years as of December 31, 2024 and 2.8 years as of December 31, 2023.

Stock Options

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not grant any stock options.

The fair value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Estimates utilized in the calculation include the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rate, and expected volatility, and are further comparatively detailed as follows:


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


	2024			2023
Fair value of options issued	$	—		$	2.49
Exercise price	$	—		$	3.04
Expected life of option (in years)	0			6.1
Risk-free interest rate	—		%	3.5		%
Expected volatility	—		%	101.8		%
Dividend yield	0.00		%	0.00		%

Options outstanding under all plans at December 31, 2024 have a contractual life of ten years, and vesting periods between one and four years. A summary of option activity under all plans was as follows:


	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share














































Outstanding at December 31, 2022	47,102	13.78
Granted	11,427	$	3.04

Canceled/forfeited	(24,076)	18.55
Expired	(3,878)	17.03
Balance at December 31, 2023	30,575	$	5.60



Expired	(9)	53.33
Balance at December 31, 2024	30,566	$	5.58

Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2024	28,376	$	5.67

Exercisable at December 31, 2024	16,735	$	6.20

The “Expected to Vest” options are the unvested options that remain after applying the pre-vesting forfeiture rate assumption to total unvested options. No options were exercised during 2024 and 2023. All outstanding equity awards were out of the money as of December 31, 2024.

The options outstanding at December 31, 2024 have been segregated into ranges for additional disclosure as follows:


OPTIONS OUTSTANDING							OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Shares Outstanding	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares Exercisable	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Weighted Average Exercise Price
$3.04	—	$4.14	7,142	8.3	$	3.04	2,976	8.3	$	3.04
$4.15	—	$5.73	21,428	7.7	5.25		12,062	7.7	5.25
$5.74	—	$13.48	882	6.2	8.34		680	5.9	8.97
$13.49	—	$27.55	661	4.8	16.80		661	4.8	16.80
$27.56	—	$48.79	453	6.1	39.61		356	6.1	39.97
			30,566	7.7	$	5.58	16,735	7.6	$	6.20

Restricted Stock Units

In 2020, we began issuing restricted stock units to certain employees and non-employee Directors under the 2020 Plan with vesting periods ranging from one to four years. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, no restricted stock units were issued, and as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no outstanding restricted stock units.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 10. INCOME TAXES

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, as well as in various state and local jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2021. Our practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense when and if they become applicable. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, there were no accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

The following table shows the components of the provision for income taxes (in thousands):


	For the year ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Current:

State	$	2	$	3

Deferred:
U.S. Federal	—		—


Provision for income taxes	$	2	$	3

The principal items accounting for the difference between income taxes computed at the U.S. statutory rate and the (benefit from) provision for income taxes reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows:


	For the year ended December 31,
	2024		2023
U.S. statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%
State taxes (net of federal tax benefit)	4.5		4.5
Valuation allowance	18.4		(29.5)
Federal NOLs write off	(11.9)		(0.1)
Federal temporary	(12.1)		0.2
State NOLs write off	(19.4)		7.6
State temporary	(0.6)		(3.7)
	0.0	%	0.0	%

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):


	At December 31,
	2024		2023
Accrued expenses and other reserves	$	684	$	1,195
Right-of-use-asset	(82)		(197)
Lease liabilities	86		224
Tax credits, deferred R&D, and other	579		470
Net operating loss	20,739		20,935
Valuation allowance	(22,006)		(22,627)
Net deferred tax assets	$	—	$	—

In 2024 and 2023, our effective tax rate was lower than the statutory rate due to an increase in the valuation allowance as a result of the $3.4 million and $6.3 million additional federal net operating loss we recognized for the year.

At December 31, 2024, we had federal and state net operating loss carry-forwards (“NOLs”) of approximately $141.1 million for federal income tax purposes ($39.1 million for state and local income tax purposes). However, due to changes in our capital structure, approximately $86.8 million of the $141.1 million is available after the application of IRC Section 382 limitations. As a result of the Tax Cuts and Job Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”), NOLs generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 can only offset 80% of taxable income.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

These NOLs can no longer be carried back, but they can be carried forward indefinitely. The $3.4 million and $6.3 million in federal net operating losses generated in 2024 and 2023 will be subject to the new limitations under the Tax Act. If not utilized, the NOLs generated prior to December 31, 2017 of $1.0 million will begin to expire in 2025 for federal purposes and have begun to expire for state and local purposes.

Since we believe it is more likely than not that the benefit from NOLs will not be realized, we have provided a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We had no net deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

NOTE 11. PRODUCT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

We focus our efforts on the sale of LED lighting and controls products in the commercial market and MMM. Our products are sold primarily in the United States through a combination of direct sales employees, lighting agents, independent sales representatives and distributors. We currently operate in a single industry segment, developing and selling our LED lighting products and controls into the MMM and commercial markets.

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity about which discrete financial information is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (CODM) in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company operates and manages its business as one business segment. The Company has a single management team that reports to the Chief Executive Officer, the Company's CODM, who comprehensively manages the entire Company. The accounting policies of the segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies.

When evaluating the Company’s financial performance, the CODM is regularly provided with more detailed expense information than what is included in the Company’s statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The CODM uses net loss, as reported in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss, in evaluating the performance of the segment. Decisions regarding resource allocation are made primarily during the annual budget planning process and reallocated as needed throughout the year. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheets as total assets.

The following table provides a breakdown of product net sales for the years indicated (in thousands):


	Year ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Commercial products	$	1,390	$	1,593
MMM products	3,470		4,124

Total net sales	$	4,860	$	5,717

A geographic summary of net sales is as follows (in thousands):


	For the year ended December 31,
	2024		2023
United States	$	4,848	$	5,690
International	12		27
Total net sales	$	4,860	$	5,717

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately 100% of our long-lived assets, which consist of property and equipment, were located in the United States.

NOTE 12. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Purchase Transactions

The Company has a purchase agreement for TLED products and spare parts with Sander Electronics, Inc., a shareholder of the Company. Purchases from Sander Electronics, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2023 totaled $2.1 million, which remained unpaid as of December 31, 2023. The Company made new purchases for $0.6 million from Sander Electronics, Inc. during 2024. As of December 31, 2024 accounts payable to Sander Electronics, Inc. is $0.9 million.

Private Placements

Please refer to Note 9 for further details on Private Placements in 2024 and 2023.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 13. LEGAL MATTERS

We may be the subject of threatened or pending legal actions and contingencies in the normal course of conducting our business. We provide for costs related to these matters when a loss is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The effect of the outcome of these matters on our future results of operations and liquidity cannot be predicted because any such effect depends on future results of operations and the amount or timing of the resolution of such matters. While it is not possible to predict the future outcome of such matters, we believe that the ultimate resolution of such individual or aggregated matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. For certain types of claims, we maintain insurance coverage for personal injury and property damage, product liability and other liability coverages in amounts and with deductibles that we believe are prudent, but there can be no assurance that these coverages will be applicable or adequate to cover adverse outcomes of claims or legal proceedings against us.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management must evaluate, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as of December 31, 2024, the end of the period covered by this report. Management, with the participation of our current Chief Executive Officer, did evaluate the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2024.

Management’s report on internal controls over financial reporting

Management of Energy Focus, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based upon criteria established in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO Framework”).

An effective internal control system, no matter how well designed, has inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error and circumvention or overriding of controls; therefore, it can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to reliable financial reporting. Furthermore, effectiveness of an internal control system in future periods cannot be guaranteed, because the design of any system of internal controls is based in part upon assumptions about the likelihood of future events. There can be no assurance that any control design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, certain controls may become inadequate because of changes in business conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate. As such, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Based upon our evaluation under the COSO framework as of December 31, 2024, management concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent public accounting firm pursuant to the rules of the SEC that permit us to provide only management’s report.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.

The Company has an insider trading policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of the Company’s securities that applies to all Company personnel, including directors, officers, employees, and other covered persons. The Company also follows procedures for the repurchase of its securities. The Company believes that its insider trading policy and repurchase procedures are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to the Company. A copy of the Company’s insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Form 10-K.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.

In addition to as set forth in herein, the information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 will appear in the definitive Energy Focus, Inc. Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on or about June 12, 2025, which will be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report pursuant to General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K (other than the portions thereof not deemed to be “filed” for the purpose of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)(1) Financial statements

The financial statements required by this Item 15(a)(1) are set forth in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report.

(2) Financial statement schedules

Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts is set forth below. All other schedules are omitted either because they are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or the notes.

SCHEDULE II

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

SCHEDULE OF VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

(amounts in thousands)


Description	Beginning Balance		Charges to Revenue/ Expense	Deductions		Ending Balance
Year ended December 31, 2024
Allowance for credit losses	$	20	(5)	—		$	15
Inventory reserves	2,553		347	$	2,553	347
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	22,627		—	621		22,006
Year ended December 31, 2023
Allowance for credit losses	$	26	6	12		$	20
Inventory reserves	2,527		404	378		2,553
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	20,764		2,209	346		22,627

(3) Exhibits


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

EXHIBIT INDEX


Exhibit Number			Description of Documents
3.1			Certificate of Incorporation of Energy Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed May 1, 2006).
3.2			Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Energy Focus, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on June 21, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 24, 2020).
3.3			Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Energy Focus, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on October 9, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 24, 2020).
3.4			Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Energy Focus, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on October 28, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 24, 2020).
3.5			Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Energy Focus, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on July 16, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 16, 2014).
3.6			Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Energy Focus, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on July 24, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 27, 2015).
3.7			Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Energy Focus, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on January 15, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.7 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 24, 2020).
3.8			Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of Energy Focus, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on March 29, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2019).
3.9			Amendment to the Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of Energy Focus, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on May 30, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 30, 2019).
3.10			Amendment to the Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of Energy Focus, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on January 15, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.10 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 24, 2020).
3.11			Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation, dated June 11, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 11, 2020).
3.12			Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation, dated June 15, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 22, 2023).
3.13			Bylaws of Energy Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2020).
3.14			Certificate of Ownership and Merger, Merging Energy Focus, Inc., a Delaware corporation, into Fiberstars, Ind. a Delaware corporation, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on May 4, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2007).
4.1			Description of Securities of Energy Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 24, 2020).
4.2			Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 13, 2020).
4.3			Form of Placement Agent Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 13, 2020).
4.4			Form of Amendment to Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 25, 2021).
4.5			Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2021).
4.6			Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 6, 2022).









10.2*			Energy Focus, Inc. Executive Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 19, 2019).
10.3			Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 9, 2020, between the Company and each purchaser named in the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 13, 2020).
10.4			Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of August 11, 2020, by and between the Company and Crossroads Financial Group, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 13, 2020).
10.5*			Energy Focus, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 22, 2020).


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


10.6*			Energy Focus, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan - Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 22, 2020).
10.7*			Energy Focus, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan - Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 22, 2020).
10.8*			Energy Focus, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan - Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement for Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 22, 2020).
10.9*			Energy Focus, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan - Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 22, 2020).
10.10			First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dates as of April 20, 2021 by and between the Company and Crossroads Financial Group, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2021).
10.11##			Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2021, between the Company and each purchaser named in the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2021).
10.12			Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2021, between the Company and each purchaser named in the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2021).
10.13			Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 21, 2022 by and between the Company and Streeterville Capital, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 25, 2022).
10.14			Promissory Note, dated as of April 21, 2022 by and between the Company and Streeterville Capital, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 25, 2022).
10.15			Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 3, 2022 by and between the Company and Certain Investors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 6, 2022).
10.16			Registration Rights Agreement dated as of June 3, 2022 by and between the Company and Certain Investors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 6, 2022).
10.17*			Amended and Restated Energy Focus, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan, dated as of June 22, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 24, 2022).
10.18*			Chief Executive Officer Offer Letter dated August 6, 2023 between Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang and Energy Focus, Inc.
10.19			Promissory Note, dated as of September 16, 2022, by and between the Company and Mei-Yun Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 22, 2022).
10.20			Promissory Note, dated as of October 27, 2022, by and between the Company and Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2022).
10.21			Promissory Note, dated as of November 4, 2022, by and between the Company and Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2022).
10.22			Promissory Note, dated as of November 9, 2022, by and between the Company and Mei-Yun Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2022).
10.23			Promissory Note, dated as of December 6, 2022, by and between the Company and Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 9, 2022).
10.24			Promissory Note, dated as of December 21, 2022, by and between the Company and Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2022).
10.25			Promissory Note, dated as of December 30, 2022, by and between the Company and Tingyu Lin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 6, 2023).
10.26			Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 5, 2023, between the Company and Mei Yun Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 11, 2023).
10.27			Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 5, 2023, between the Company and Mei Yun Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 11, 2023).
10.28			Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 17, 2023, between the Company and each purchaser named in the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 23, 2023).
10.29			Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of January 17, 2023, between the Company and each purchaser named in the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 23, 2023).
10.30			Form of Exchange Agreement, dated January 17, 2023, between the Company and Mei Yun (Gina) Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 23, 2023).
10.31			Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated January 18, 2023, between the Company and Crossroads Financial Group, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 23, 2023).
10.32			Amendment to Promissory Note, dated January 17, 2023, between the Company and Streeterville Capital, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 23, 2023).
10.33			Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2023, between the Company and Mei Yun (Gina) Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2023).


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


10.34			Securities purchase agreement, dated as of March 28, 2023 with Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2023).
10.35			Securities purchase agreement, dated as of March 30, 2023 with Mei Yun (Gina) Huang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2023).
10.36			Exchange Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2023, between the Company and Streeterville Capital, LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2023).
10.37			Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2023, between the Company and certain accredited investors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 5, 2023).

10.38			Payoff Letter and Exchange Agreement, dated as of January 18, 2024, between the Company and Streeterville Capital, LLC.
10.39			Securities purchase agreement, dated as of March 28, 2024 by and between the Company and Certain Investors.
10.40			Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 21, 2024 by and between the Company and Certain Investors.
10.41			Second Amendment to Lease Agreement, dated as of January 31, 2024.
19.1			Insider Trading Policy of Energy Focus, Inc.
21.1			Subsidiaries of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 23, 2023)
23.1			Consent of GBQ Partners, LLC, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (filed with this Report).
31.1			Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1+			Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
97.1			Compensation Recovery Policy of Energy Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 22, 2024)
101+**			The following financial information from Energy Focus, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iv) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104**			Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

*			Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
**			Pursuant to Regulation S-T, this interactive data file is not deemed filed for purposes of Section 11 of the Securities Act, or Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities of these sections.
+			This exhibit will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
#			Portions of this exhibit have been redacted in compliance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(10).
##			Certain schedules and exhibits to this agreement have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit will be furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized.

None.


Table of Contents			ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SIGNATURES

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.

Date: March 25, 2025

By:

/s/ Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang

Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated and on the date indicated:

Date

Signature

Title

March 25, 2025

/s/ Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang

Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang

Director, President, and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer)

March 25, 2025

/s/ Wen-Jeng Chang

Wen-Jeng Chang

Director

March 25, 2025

/s/ Mei Yun (Gina) Huang

Mei Yun (Gina) Huang

Director

March 25, 2025

/s/ Kin-Fu Chen

Kin-Fu Chen

Chairman of the Board

March 25, 2025

/s/ Shou-Jang Lee

Shou-Jang Lee

Director

March 25, 2025

/s/ Wen-Cheng Chen

Wen-Cheng Chen

Director

EX-10.18 2 exhibits1018jayletter.htm EX-10.18 exhibits1018jayletter

Jay Huang [Insert Address] Dear Jay: It is with great enthusiasm that we extend to you this formal offer of employment for the position of Chief Executive Officer with Energy Focus, Inc. (the “Company”), subject to the terms and conditions outlined below. In this position, you report directly to the Board of Directors. This offer is contingent upon approval by the Company’s Board of Directors and successful completion of numbered items 9 and 10. Our offer for employment includes: 1. Base salary – Your annualized salary will be $1.00, less payroll deductions and all required withholdings, payable in installments based on the Company’s practices as may be in effect from time to time. 2. Performance Bonus –You will be eligible to earn an annual discretionary cash bonus with a targeted rate of 50% of base salary, governed under the rules of the FY2022 Executive Bonus Plan or successor plans then in effect. This bonus is based upon both the Company’s financial performance (70%) and your individual performance (30%). Payment of the bonus is contingent upon your continued employment with the Company at the time the bonus is paid and will be paid in accordance with the applicable bonus plan approved by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee could, in its sole discretion, adjust amounts payable downward or upward to reflect such considerations as it may in its sole discretion deem to be appropriate. Participation in an annual bonus program is at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Director’s, is not guaranteed and may be modified or discontinued at any time by the Board. 3. Equity Awards – As a material inducement to your acceptance of employment, upon or as soon as practicable following your first day of employment and subject to the approval of the Company’s Board of Directors, you will be granted options to purchase 150,000 shares of Energy Focus common stock, which award will vest under substantially the same terms as under our standard executive non-qualified option award agreement (and otherwise be subject to substantially similar terms and conditions as those established under the Company’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan). One fourth of the originally granted options will generally vest on the first anniversary of the grant date, and the remainder will generally vest in equal monthly installments thereafter over a three-year period.

4. Benefits – You are entitled to participate in the standard benefits program, which the Company offers to its eligible employees. A brief summary of the programs currently in place is set forth below. The specific terms of each benefit apply. a. Medical, Dental, Vision benefits – You and your eligible dependents will be eligible for Company medical, dental and vision benefit programs your first day of employment. The Company pays full dental and vision benefits for our three plans that are offered. b. Life Insurance benefits – You will be eligible for $50,000 of group term life insurance at no cost to you effective your first day of employment. Additional voluntary life insurance is available for you and your dependents at your own cost. c. STD/LTD benefits – You will be eligible for both short-term and long-term disability benefits at no cost to you effective your first day of employment. d. Company 401(k) – You will be eligible to participate in the company’s 401(k) program on the first of the month following three months of employment. e. Holidays – In addition to the company’s 10 paid holidays, based on your start date, you will also receive two personal days for the remainder of 2023. On January 1, 2024 you will receive 4 personal days. 5. Expenses – Energy Focus will reimburse you for all company approved business travel and entertainment expenses within the guidelines of the Company’s Travel and Entertainment Expense Policy. All T/E expenses must be submitted via expense reports including receipts. 6. New Hire Documentation– As part of the hiring process, you will be required to complete certain Federal, State and company documentation. In compliance with federal law, all persons hired will be required to verify identity and eligibility to work in the United States and to complete the required employment eligibility verification document form upon hire. 7. Company Handbook/Confidentiality Agreement – Due to the large amount of intellectual property and other company proprietary factors as well as company rules and standards, as a condition of your employment we require you to sign several agreements upon joining the Company that confirm your commitment to confidentiality, code of conduct and ethical behavior. The Confidentiality and Non-Competition Agreement is the Company’s standard restrictive covenant agreement including confidentiality and intellectual property-

related provisions and an agreement that you will not compete with the Company or solicit its customers or employees for a period extending one year beyond your last date of employment with the Company. 8. At Will Employment – The employment relationship between you and the Company shall be “at will” and is terminable by either party at any time for any or no reason. 9. Pre-Employment Drug Screen – The offer of employment contained in this letter is contingent upon you successfully completing and passing a pre-employment drug screen. Please be sure to bring with you a valid driver’s license when going to your preemployment drug test. The testing locations and other testing information will be given to you after your acceptance of the employment offer, and you will be required to take the test prior to your first day. 10. Background Check – Prior to or immediately following your start date a background screening will be completed. A release statement will be provided to you for completion and submission to me in order to facilitate the screen. 11. Miscellaneous – If any reimbursements provided by the Company pursuant to this offer letter would constitute deferred compensation for purposes of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, such reimbursements will be subject to the following rules: (i) the amounts to be reimbursed shall be determined pursuant to the terms of the applicable benefit plan, policy or agreement and shall be limited to your lifetime and the lifetime of your eligible dependents; (ii) the amounts eligible for reimbursement during any calendar year may not affect the expenses eligible for reimbursement in any other calendar year; (iii) any reimbursement of an eligible expense shall be made on or before the last day of the calendar year following the calendar year in which the expense was incurred; and (iv) your right to a reimbursement is not subject to liquidation or exchange for cash or another benefit. The Company may withhold from any amounts payable under this offer letter all federal, state, city or other taxes as the Company is required to withhold. Notwithstanding any other provision of this offer letter, the Company will not be obligated to guarantee any specific tax result for you with respect to any payment provided to you hereunder, and you will be responsible for any taxes imposed on you with respect to any such payment. By accepting this offer, you represent that you are able to accept this job and carry out the work that it would involve without breaching any legal restrictions on your activities, such as non-competition, non-solicitation or other work-related restrictions imposed by a current or former employer. You also represent that you will inform the Company

about any such restrictions and provide the Company with as much information as possible, including any agreements between you and your current or former employer describing such restrictions on your activities. You further confirm that you will not remove or take any documents or proprietary data or materials of any kind, electronic or otherwise, with you from your current or former employer to the Company without written authorization from your current or former employer, nor will you use or disclose any such confidential information during the course and scope of your employment with the Company. If you have any questions about the ownership of specific documents or other information, you should discuss such questions with your former employer before removing or copying the documents or information. This offer letter embodies the complete agreement and understanding between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and effective as of its date supersedes and preempts any prior understandings, agreements or representations by or between the parties, written or oral, which may have related to the subject matter hereof in any way. If one or more of the provisions of this offer letter is invalidated for any reason by a court of competent jurisdiction, any provision so invalidated shall be deemed to be separable from the other provisions hereof, and the remaining provisions hereof shall continue to be valid and fully enforceable. This offer letter may be executed in separate counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original and both of which taken together shall constitute one and the same agreement. This offer letter shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the internal, substantive laws of the State of Ohio. You agree that the state and federal courts located in the State of Ohio shall have jurisdiction in any action, suit or proceeding against you based on or arising out of this Agreement, and you hereby: (a) submit to the personal jurisdiction of such courts; (b) consent to service of process in connection with any action, suit or proceeding against you; and (c) waive any other requirement (whether imposed by statute, rule of court or otherwise) with respect to personal jurisdiction, venue or service of process. [Signature page follows.]

Jay, we look forward to having you join the Company’s leadership team and know that you will play a significant role in the future success of the Company. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to call me directly. Best regards, Arielle Malcolm HR Manager Accepted by Jay Huang: (Sign and Date) _______________________________________________

EX-10.38 3 exhibits1038noteletter.htm EX-10.38 exhibits1038noteletter

PAYOFF LETTER This Payoff Letter (this “Letter”) is entered into as of January 18, 2024 by and between Streeterville Capital, LLC, a Utah limited liability company (“Lender”), and Energy Focus, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Borrower”). NOW, THEREFORE, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties agree as follows: 1. All obligations owed by Borrower to Lender under that certain Promissory Note dated April 21, 2022 in the original principal amount of $2,000,000.00 (the “Note”) will be paid in full upon Lender’s timely receipt of the Payoff Amount (as defined below) and the Exchange Shares (as defined below). 2. The cash payoff amount is $1,000,000.00 (the “Payoff Amount”). 3. The number of shares of Borrower’s common stock owed by Borrower to Lender pursuant to that certain Exchange Agreement dated January 18, 2024 between Borrower and Lender is 94,440 (the “Exchange Shares”), 4. In the event Borrower delivers to Lender the Payoff Amount on or before January 19, 2024 and the Exchange Shares on or before January 23, 2024, Borrower will be released from any and all liability under the Note and the Note will be deemed paid in full, cancelled and of no further force or effect. 5. This Letter and the instruments referenced herein contain the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the matters covered herein and therein and, except as specifically set forth herein, neither Borrower nor Lender makes any representation, warranty, covenant or undertaking with respect to such matters. No provision of this Letter may be waived or amended other than by an instrument in writing signed by the parties hereto. 6. If any action at law or in equity is brought by a party to enforce or interpret the terms of this Letter or any other document contemplated hereby, the Prevailing Party (defined below) shall be entitled to reasonable attorneys’ fees, costs and disbursements, in addition to any other relief to which such party may be entitled. “Prevailing Party” shall mean the party in any litigation or enforcement action that prevails in the highest number of final rulings, counts or judgments adjudicated by a court of competent jurisdiction. 7. This Letter shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of Utah for contracts to be wholly performed in such state and without giving effect to the principles thereof regarding the conflict of laws. 8. The individual signing below warrants and represents that he possesses the requisite authority to bind the entity on whose behalf he signs. [Remainder of page intentionally left blank] Doc ID: ff6104220600cef85f12cf79bc6420d79f8f3cbf

[Signature Page to Payoff Letter] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have executed this Letter as of the date first set forth above. BORROWER: ENERGY FOCUS, INC. By: Chiao Chieh Jay Huang, CEO LENDER: STREETERVILLE CAPITAL, LLC By: John M. Fife, President Doc ID: ff6104220600cef85f12cf79bc6420d79f8f3cbf

EX-10.39 4 exhibits1039mar2024ming.htm EX-10.39 exhibits1039mar2024ming

Exhibit 10.1 SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT This Securities Purchase Agreement (this “Agreement”) is dated as of March 28, 2024, between Energy Focus, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and each purchaser identified on the signature pages hereto (each, including its successors and assigns, a “Purchaser” and, collectively, the “Purchasers”). WHEREAS, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement and pursuant to Regulation S of the Securities Act (as defined below), the Company desires to issue and sell to each Purchaser, and each Purchaser, severally and not jointly, being a “non-US person” as defined in Regulation S of the Securities Act (as defined below), desires to purchase from the Company, solely for its own account for the purpose of investment; securities of the Company as more fully described in this Agreement. NOW, THEREFORE, IN CONSIDERATION of the mutual covenants contained in this Agreement, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which are hereby acknowledged, the Company and each Purchaser agree as follows: ARTICLE I. DEFINITIONS 1.1 Definitions. In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Agreement, for all purposes of this Agreement, the following terms have the meanings set forth in this Section 1.1: “Acquiring Person” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.6. “Action” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(j). “Affiliate” means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act. “BHCA” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(oo). “Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company. “Business Day” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to “stay at home”, “shelter-in-place”, “non-essential employee” or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day. “Closing” means the closing of the purchase and sale of the Securities pursuant to Section 2.1.

2 “Closing Date” means the Trading Day on which all of the Transaction Documents have been executed and delivered by the applicable parties thereto, and all conditions precedent to (i) the Purchasers’ obligations to pay the Subscription Amount and (ii) the Company’s obligations to deliver the Securities, in each case, have been satisfied or waived, but in no event later than the second Trading Day following the date hereof. “Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. “Common Stock” means the common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share, and any other class of securities into which such securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed. “Common Stock Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiary which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Common Stock, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred stock, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Common Stock. “Company Counsel” means Pryor Cashman LLP. “Evaluation Date” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(s). “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. “FCPA” means the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended. “Federal Reserve” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(oo). “GAAP” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(h). “Indebtedness” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(bb). “Intellectual Property Rights” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(p). “Issuer Covered Person” and “Issuer Covered Persons” shall have the meaning ascribed to such terms in Section 3.1(qq). “Legend Removal Date” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.2(c). “Liens” means a lien, charge, pledge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal, preemptive right or other restriction. “Material Adverse Effect” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.1(b). “Material Permits” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(n).

3 “Money Laundering Laws” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(pp). “OFAC” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(mm). “Per Share Purchase Price” equals $1.59, subject to adjustment for reverse and forward stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations and other similar transactions of the Common Stock that occur after the date of this Agreement. “Person” means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind. “Proceeding” means an action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding (including, without limitation, an informal investigation or partial proceeding, such as a deposition), whether commenced or threatened. “Purchaser Party” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.8. “Required Approvals” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(e). “Rule 144” means Rule 144 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended or interpreted from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same purpose and effect as such Rule. “SEC Reports” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(h). “Securities” means the Shares. “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. “Shares” means the shares of Common Stock issued to each Purchaser pursuant to this Agreement. “Short Sales” means all “short sales” as defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO under the Exchange Act (but shall not be deemed to include locating and/or borrowing shares of Common Stock). “Standard Settlement Period” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.2(c). “Subscription Amount” means, as to each Purchaser, the aggregate amount to be paid for Shares purchased hereunder as specified below such Purchaser’s name on the signature page of this Agreement and next to the heading “Subscription Amount,” in United States dollars and in immediately available funds.

4 “Subsidiary” means Energy Focus LED Solutions, LLC, a Tennessee limited liability company, and shall, where applicable, also include any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company formed or acquired after the date hereof. “Trading Day” means a day on which the Nasdaq Capital Market is open for trading. “Trading Market” means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the New York Stock Exchange, OTCQB or OTCQX (or any successors to any of the foregoing). “Transaction Documents” means this Agreement, the exhibits and all schedules hereto and any other documents or agreements executed in connection with the transactions contemplated hereunder. “Transfer Agent” means Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, P.O. Box 1342, Brentwood, New York 11717, and any successor transfer agent of the Company. ARTICLE II. PURCHASE AND SALE 2.1 Closing. On the Closing Date, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, the Company agrees to sell, and the Purchasers, severally and not jointly, agree to purchase, up to an aggregate of $450,000 of Shares. The Company shall deliver to each Purchaser its respective Shares, in accordance with Section 2.2(a), and the Company and each Purchaser shall deliver the other items set forth in Section 2.2 deliverable at the Closing. Upon satisfaction of the covenants and conditions set forth in Sections 2.2 and 2.3, the Closing shall occur at the offices of the Company or such other location as the parties shall mutually agree. 2.2 Deliveries. (a) On or prior to the Closing Date, except as otherwise indicated below, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to each Purchaser the following: (i) this Agreement duly executed by the Company; (ii) the Company’s wire instructions, on Company letterhead and executed by the Chief Executive Officer or another executive officer of the Company; (iii) a copy of the irrevocable instructions to the Transfer Agent instructing the Transfer Agent to deliver evidence of the issuance of a number of Shares equal to such Purchaser’s Subscription Amount divided by the Per Share Purchase Price, as held in DRS book-entry form by the Transfer Agent and registered in the name of such Purchaser, which evidence shall be reasonably satisfactory to each Purchaser; and

5 (b) On or prior to the Closing Date, except as otherwise indicated below, each Purchaser shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the Company the following: (i) this Agreement duly executed by such Purchaser; (ii) such Purchaser’s cash Subscription Amount which shall be made available for “Delivery Versus Payment” settlement with the Company or its designee; 2.3 Closing Conditions. (a) The obligations of the Company hereunder in connection with the Closing are subject to the following conditions being met: (i) the accuracy in all material respects (or, to the extent representations or warranties are qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Effect, in all respects) on the Closing Date of the representations and warranties of the Purchasers contained herein (unless as of a specific date therein in which case they shall be so accurate as of such date); (ii) all obligations, covenants and agreements of each Purchaser required to be performed at or prior to the Closing Date shall have been performed; and (iii) the delivery by each Purchaser of the items set forth in Section 2.2(b) of this Agreement. (b) The respective obligations of the Purchasers hereunder in connection with the Closing are subject to the following conditions being met: (i) the accuracy in all material respects (or, to the extent representations or warranties are qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Effect, in all respects) when made and on the Closing Date of the representations and warranties of the Company contained herein (unless as of a specific date therein in which case they shall be so accurate as of such date); (ii) all obligations, covenants and agreements of the Company required to be performed at or prior to the Closing Date shall have been performed; (iii) the delivery by the Company of the items set forth in Section 2.2(a) of this Agreement; (iv) there shall have been no Material Adverse Effect with respect to the Company since the date hereof; and (v) from the date hereof to the Closing Date, trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended by the Commission or the Company’s principal Trading Market, and, at any time prior to the Closing Date, trading in

6 securities generally as reported by Bloomberg L.P. shall not have been suspended or limited, or minimum prices shall not have been established on securities whose trades are reported by such service, or on any Trading Market, nor shall a banking moratorium have been declared either by the United States or New York State authorities nor shall there have occurred any material outbreak or escalation of hostilities or other national or international calamity of such magnitude in its effect on, or any material adverse change in, any financial market which, in each case, in the reasonable judgment of such Purchaser, makes it impracticable or inadvisable to purchase the Securities at the Closing. ARTICLE III. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 3.1 Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company hereby makes the following representations and warranties to each Purchaser: (a) Subsidiary. Energy Focus LED Solutions, LLC is the only direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company. The Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the membership interests of the Subsidiary free and clear of any Liens, and all of the issued and outstanding membership interests of the Subsidiary are validly issued and are fully paid, non-assessable and free of preemptive and similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities. (b) Organization and Qualification. Each of the Company and the Subsidiary is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business as currently conducted. Neither the Company nor the Subsidiary is in violation nor default of any of the provisions of its respective certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents. Each of the Company and the Subsidiary is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be, would not reasonably be expected to result in (i) a material adverse effect on the legality, validity or enforceability of any Transaction Document, (ii) a material adverse effect on the results of operations, assets, business, or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Company and the Subsidiary, taken as a whole, or (iii) a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to perform in any material respect on a timely basis its obligations under any Transaction Document (any of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii), a “Material Adverse Effect”) and no Proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification. (c) Authorization; Enforcement. The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of this Agreement and

7 each of the other Transaction Documents by the Company and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part of the Company and no further action is required by the Company, the Board of Directors or the Company’s stockholders in connection herewith or therewith other than in connection with the Required Approvals. This Agreement and each other Transaction Document to which it is a party has been (or upon delivery will have been) duly executed by the Company and, when delivered in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof, will (assuming due execution, authorization and delivery by the parties thereto) constitute the valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law or public policy. (d) No Conflicts. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents to which it is a party, the issuance and sale of the Securities and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby do not and will not (i) conflict with or violate any provision of the Company’s or the Subsidiary’s certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents, or (ii) conflict with, or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, result in the creation of any material Lien upon any of the properties or assets of the Company or the Subsidiary, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment, anti-dilution or similar adjustments, acceleration or cancellation (with or without notice, lapse of time or both) of, any agreement, credit facility, debt or other instrument (evidencing a Company or Subsidiary debt or otherwise) or other understanding to which the Company or the Subsidiary is a party or by which any property or asset of the Company or the Subsidiary is bound or affected, or (iii) subject to the Required Approvals, conflict with or result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment, injunction, decree or other restriction of any court or governmental authority to which the Company or the Subsidiary is subject (including federal and state securities laws and regulations), or by which any property or asset of the Company or the Subsidiary is bound or affected; except in the case of each of clauses (ii) and (iii), such as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. (e) Filings, Consents and Approvals. The Company is not required to obtain any consent, waiver, authorization or order of, give any notice to, or make any filing or registration with, any court or other federal, state, local or other governmental authority or other Person in connection with the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of the Transaction Documents, other than: (i) the filings required pursuant to Section 4.5 of this Agreement, and (ii) the notice and/or application(s) to each applicable Trading Market for the issuance and sale of the Securities and the listing of the Shares for trading thereon in the time and manner required thereby, in the event the total issuance of the Shares under this Agreement exceeds 10% of the Company’s total issued and outstanding shares prior to the Closing (collectively, the “Required Approvals”).

8 (f) Issuance of the Securities. The Securities are duly authorized. The Shares, when issued and paid for in accordance with the applicable Transaction Documents, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company other than restrictions on transfer provided for in the Transaction Documents. The Company has reserved from its duly authorized capital stock the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to the Transaction Documents. (g) Capitalization. The capitalization of the Company is as set forth on the SEC Reports as of the dates indicated therein. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, the Company has not issued any capital stock since its most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act, other than pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options or vesting of restricted stock units under the Company’s stock incentive plans, the issuance of shares of Common Stock to employees pursuant to the Company’s employee stock purchase plans and the issuance of shares of Common Stock pursuant to the conversion and/or exercise of Common Stock Equivalents outstanding as of the date of the most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act. No Person has any right of first refusal, preemptive right, right of participation, or any similar right to purchase securities of the Company in the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. Except (i) as a result of the purchase and sale of the Securities, (ii) as a result of the offer and sale of Common Stock in exchange for outstanding unsecured debt of the Company at a price per share on substantially the same terms as the purchase and sale of the Securities pursuant hereto, (iii) as disclosed in the SEC Reports and (iv) for equity awards granted to employees hired since the date of the most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act, there are no outstanding options, warrants, scrip rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities, rights or obligations convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or giving any Person any right to subscribe for or acquire, any shares of Common Stock or the capital stock of any Subsidiary, or contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to issue additional shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents or capital stock of any Subsidiary. The issuance and sale of the Securities will not obligate the Company or any Subsidiary to issue shares of Common Stock or other securities to any Person (other than the Purchasers). There are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary with any provision that adjusts the exercise, conversion, exchange or reset price of such security or instrument upon an issuance of securities by the Company or any Subsidiary. There are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary that contain any redemption or similar provisions, and there are no contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to redeem a security of the Company or such Subsidiary. The Company does not have any stock appreciation rights or “phantom stock” plans or agreements or any similar plan or agreement. All of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, have been issued in compliance with all applicable federal and state securities laws, and none of such outstanding shares was issued in violation of any preemptive rights or similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities. Other than the Required Approvals, no further approval or authorization of any stockholder, the Board of Directors or others is required for the issuance and sale of the Securities. Except as set

9 forth in the SEC Reports, there are no stockholders agreements, voting agreements or other similar agreements with respect to the Company’s capital stock to which the Company is a party or, to the knowledge of the Company, between or among any of the Company’s stockholders. (h) SEC Reports; Financial Statements. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, the Company has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by the Company under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) thereof, for the two years preceding the date hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was required by law or regulation to file such material) (the foregoing materials, including the exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, being collectively referred to herein as the “SEC Reports”) on a timely basis or has received a valid extension of such time of filing and has filed any such SEC Reports prior to the expiration of any such extension. As of their respective dates, the SEC Reports complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, and none of the SEC Reports, when filed, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Company has never been an issuer subject to Rule 144(i) under the Securities Act. The financial statements of the Company included in the SEC Reports comply in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the rules and regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time of filing. Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved (“GAAP”), except as may be otherwise specified in such financial statements or the notes thereto and except that unaudited financial statements may not contain all footnotes required by GAAP, and fairly present in all material respects the financial position of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiary as of and for the dates thereof and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods then ended, subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal, immaterial, year-end audit adjustments. (i) Material Changes; Undisclosed Events, Liabilities or Developments. Since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, except as disclosed in the Company’s subsequent SEC Reports filed prior to the date hereof, there has been no event, occurrence or development that would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, except as disclosed in the Company’s subsequent SEC Reports filed prior to the date hereof, (i) the Company has not incurred any liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than (A) trade payables and accrued expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and (B) liabilities not required to be reflected in the Company’s financial statements pursuant to GAAP or disclosed in filings made with the Commission, (ii) the Company has not altered its method of accounting in any material respect, (iii) the Company has not declared or made any dividend or distribution of cash or other property to its stockholders or purchased, redeemed or made any agreements to purchase or redeem any shares of its capital stock and (iv) the Company has not issued any equity securities to any officer, director or

10 Affiliate, except pursuant to existing Company stock incentive plans or pursuant to the conversion and/or exercise of Common Stock Equivalents outstanding as of the date of the most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act. The Company does not have pending before the Commission any request for confidential treatment of information. Except for (i) the issuance of the Securities contemplated by this Agreement and (ii) the offer and sale of Common Stock in exchange for outstanding unsecured debt of the Company at a price per share on substantially the same terms as the purchase and sale of the Securities pursuant hereto, no event, liability, fact, circumstance, occurrence or development has occurred or exists or is reasonably expected to occur or exist with respect to the Company or the Subsidiary or their respective businesses, properties, operations, assets or financial condition that would be required to be disclosed by the Company under applicable securities laws at the time this representation is made or deemed made that has not been publicly disclosed at least one Trading Day prior to the date that this representation is made. To the knowledge of the Company, including its executive officers, there are no liabilities undisclosed to Sander Electronics Co., LTD. that would reasonably be expected to result in a material adverse effect on the results of operations, assets, business, or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Company. (j) Litigation. There is no action, suit, inquiry, notice of violation, proceeding or investigation pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company, any Subsidiary or any of their respective properties before or by any court, arbitrator, governmental or administrative agency or regulatory authority (federal, state, county, local or foreign) (collectively, an “Action”) which (i) adversely affects or challenges the legality, validity or enforceability of any of the Transaction Documents or the Securities or (ii) would, if there were an unfavorable decision, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor any director or officer thereof, is or has been the subject of any Action involving a claim of violation of or liability under federal or state securities laws or a claim of breach of fiduciary duty. There has not been, and to the knowledge of the Company, there is not pending or contemplated, any investigation by the Commission involving the Company or any current or former director or officer of the Company. The Commission has not issued any stop order or other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration statement filed by the Company or any Subsidiary under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act. (k) Labor Relations. No labor dispute exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent with respect to any of the employees of the Company, which would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. None of the Company’s or the Subsidiary’s employees is a member of a union that relates to such employee’s relationship with the Company or such Subsidiary, and neither the Company nor the Subsidiary is a party to a collective bargaining agreement, and the Company and the Subsidiary believe that their relationships with their employees are good. To the knowledge of the Company, no executive officer of the Company or any Subsidiary, is, or is now expected to be, in violation of any material term of any employment contract, confidentiality, disclosure or proprietary information agreement or non-competition agreement, or any other contract or agreement or any restrictive covenant in favor of any third party, and the continued employment of each such executive officer does not subject

11 the Company or the Subsidiary to any liability with respect to any of the foregoing matters. The Company and the Subsidiary are in compliance with all United States federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to employment and employment practices, terms and conditions of employment and wages and hours, except where the failure to be in compliance could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. (l) Compliance. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary: (i) is in default under or in violation of (and no event has occurred that has not been waived that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would result in a default by the Company or any Subsidiary under), nor has the Company or any Subsidiary received notice of a claim that it is in default under or that it is in violation of, any indenture, loan or credit agreement or any other material agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or any of its properties is bound (whether or not such default or violation has been waived); (ii) is in violation of any judgment, decree or order of any court, arbitrator or other governmental authority; or (iii) is or has been in violation of any statute, rule, ordinance or regulation of any governmental authority, including without limitation all foreign, federal, state and local laws relating to taxes, environmental protection, occupational health and safety, product quality and safety and employment and labor matters, except in each case as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. (m) Environmental Laws. The Company and the Subsidiary: (i) are in compliance with all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws relating to pollution or protection of human health or the environment (including ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata), including laws relating to emissions, discharges, releases or threatened releases of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, or toxic or hazardous substances or wastes (collectively, “Hazardous Materials”) into the environment, or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials, as well as all authorizations, codes, decrees, demands, or demand letters, injunctions, judgments, licenses, notices or notice letters, orders, permits, plans or regulations, issued, entered, promulgated or approved thereunder (“Environmental Laws”); (ii) have received all permits licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses; and (iii) are in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or approval, except in each of clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), insofar as the failure to so comply would not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. (n) Regulatory Permits. The Company and the Subsidiary possess all certificates, authorizations and permits issued by the federal, state, local or foreign regulatory authorities of competent jurisdiction necessary to conduct their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports, except where the failure to possess such permits would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect (“Material Permits”), and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any Material Permit.

12 (o) Title to Assets. The Company and the Subsidiary have good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property owned by them and good and marketable title in all personal property owned by them that is material to the business of the Company and the Subsidiary, in each case free and clear of all Liens, except for (i) Liens as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiary and (ii) Liens for the payment of federal, state or other taxes, for which appropriate reserves have been made therefor in accordance with GAAP and, the payment of which is neither delinquent nor subject to penalties. Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and the Subsidiary are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with which the Company and the Subsidiary are in compliance, except where the failure to so comply would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. (p) Intellectual Property. To the knowledge of the Company, the Company and the Subsidiary have, or have rights to use, all patents, patent applications, trademarks, trademark applications, service marks, trade names, trade secrets, inventions, copyrights, licenses and other intellectual property rights and similar rights necessary or required for use in connection with their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports, except insofar as the failure to so have would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect (collectively, the “Intellectual Property Rights”). None of, and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received a notice (written or otherwise) that any of, the Intellectual Property Rights has expired, terminated or been abandoned, or is expected to expire or terminate or be abandoned, within two years from the date of this Agreement. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received, since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, a written notice of a claim or otherwise has any knowledge that the Intellectual Property Rights violate or infringe upon the rights of any Person, except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. To the knowledge of the Company, all such Intellectual Property Rights are enforceable and there is no existing infringement by another Person of any of the Intellectual Property Rights. The Company and the Subsidiary have taken reasonable security measures to protect the secrecy, confidentiality and value of all of their intellectual properties, except where failure to do so would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. (q) Insurance. The Company and the Subsidiary are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such amounts as are prudent and customary in the businesses in which the Company and the Subsidiary are engaged, including, but not limited to, directors and officers insurance coverage. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business without a significant increase in cost. (r) Transactions With Affiliates and Employees. Except as disclosed in the SEC Reports, none of the executive officers or directors of the Company or the Subsidiary and, to the knowledge of the Company, none of the employees of the Company or the Subsidiary is presently a party to any transaction with the Company or the Subsidiary (other

13 than for services as employees, officers and directors), including any contract, agreement or other arrangement providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing for rental of real or personal property to or from, providing for the borrowing of money from or lending of money to or otherwise requiring payments to or from any executive officer, director or such employee or, to the knowledge of the Company, any entity in which any executive officer, director, or any such employee has a substantial interest or is an executive officer, director, trustee, stockholder, member or partner, in each case in excess of $120,000 other than for (i) payment of salary, consulting fees or other compensatory fees for services rendered, (ii) reimbursement for expenses incurred on behalf of the Company and (iii) other employee benefits, including stock option agreements under any stock option plan of the Company. (s) Sarbanes-Oxley; Internal Accounting Controls. The Company and the Subsidiary are in compliance in all material respects with any and all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that are effective as of the date hereof, and any and all applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission thereunder that are effective as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date. Except as disclosed in the SEC Reports, the Company and the Subsidiary maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that: (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorizations, (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain asset accountability, (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization, and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. The Company and the Subsidiary have established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the Company and the Subsidiary and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms. The Company’s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures of the Company and the Subsidiary as of the end of the period covered by the most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act (such date, the “Evaluation Date”). The Company presented in its most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date. Since the Evaluation Date, there have been no changes in the internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in the Exchange Act) of the Company and the Subsidiary that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting of the Company and the Subsidiary. (t) Certain Fees. To the knowledge of the Company, no brokerage or finder’s fees or commissions are or will be payable by the Company or any Subsidiary to any broker, financial advisor or consultant, finder, placement agent, investment banker, bank or other Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. The Purchasers shall have no obligation with respect to any fees or with

14 respect to any claims made by or on behalf of other Persons for fees of a type contemplated in this Section that may be due in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents as a result of an arrangement or agreement made by the Company. (u) Private Placement. Assuming the accuracy of the Purchasers’ representations and warranties set forth in Section 3.2, no registration under the Securities Act is required for the offer and sale of the Securities by the Company to the Purchasers as contemplated hereby. The issuance and sale of the Securities hereunder does not contravene the rules and regulations of the Trading Market. (v) Investment Company. The Company is not required, and upon the issuance and sale of the Securities as herein contemplated and the application of the net proceeds therefrom will not be required, to register as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. (w) Registration Rights. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, and other than each of the Purchasers, no Person has any right to cause the Company or any Subsidiary to effect the registration under the Securities Act of any securities of the Company or any Subsidiary. (x) Listing and Maintenance Requirements. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or which to its knowledge is likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission is contemplating terminating such registration. Except as disclosed in the SEC Reports, the Company has not, in the 12 months preceding the date hereof, received notice from any Trading Market on which the Common Stock is or has been listed or quoted to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of such Trading Market. The Common Stock is currently eligible for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation and the Company is current in payment of the fees to the Depository Trust Company (or such other established clearing corporation) in connection with such electronic transfer. (y) Application of Takeover Protections. Subject to the Required Approvals, the Company and the Board of Directors have taken all necessary action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti-takeover provision under the Company’s certificate of incorporation (or similar charter documents) or the laws of its state of incorporation that is or could become applicable to the Purchasers as a result of the Purchasers and the Company fulfilling their obligations or exercising their rights under the Transaction Documents, including without limitation as a result of the Company’s issuance of the Securities and the Purchasers’ ownership of the Securities. (z) Disclosure. The disclosure in the SEC Reports regarding the Company and the Subsidiary, their respective businesses, and the transactions contemplated hereby is true and correct in all material respects and does not contain any untrue statement of a material

15 fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Company acknowledges and agrees that no Purchaser makes or has made any representations or warranties with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby other than those specifically set forth in the Transaction Documents. (aa) No Integrated Offering. Assuming the accuracy of the Purchasers’ representations and warranties set forth in Section 3.2, neither the Company, nor any of its Affiliates, nor any Person acting on its or their behalf has, directly or indirectly, made any offers or sales of any security or solicited any offers to buy any security, under circumstances that would cause this offering of the Securities to be integrated with prior offerings by the Company for purposes of (i) the Securities Act that would require the registration of any such securities under the Securities Act or (ii) any applicable shareholder approval provisions of any Trading Market on which any of the securities of the Company are listed or designated. (bb) Solvency. Based on the consolidated financial condition of the Company as of the Closing Date, after giving effect to the receipt by the Company of the proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder, (i) the fair saleable value of the Company’s assets exceeds the amount that will be required to be paid on or in respect of the Company’s existing debts and other liabilities (including known contingent liabilities) as they mature, (ii) the Company’s assets do not constitute unreasonably small capital to carry on its business as now conducted and as proposed to be conducted, including its capital needs taking into account the particular capital requirements of the business conducted by the Company, consolidated and projected capital requirements and capital availability thereof, and (iii) the current cash flow of the Company, together with the proceeds the Company would receive were it to liquidate all of its assets, after taking into account all anticipated uses of the cash, would be sufficient to pay all amounts on or in respect of its liabilities when such amounts are required to be paid. The SEC Reports set forth as of the dates specified therein all outstanding secured and unsecured Indebtedness of the Company or any Subsidiary, or for which the Company or any Subsidiary has commitments. For the purposes of this Agreement, “Indebtedness” means (x) any liabilities for borrowed money or amounts owed in excess of $250,000 (other than trade accounts payable incurred in the ordinary course of business), (y) all guaranties, endorsements and other contingent obligations in respect of indebtedness of others, whether or not the same are or should be reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet (or the notes thereto), except guaranties by endorsement of negotiable instruments for deposit or collection or similar transactions in the ordinary course of business, and (z) the present value of any lease payments in excess of $250,000 due under leases required to be capitalized in accordance with GAAP. The Company is actively managing its liquidity and expenses and there is substantial doubt that its current cash position, even if the sale of the Shares is consummated, will be sufficient to continue as a going concern. The Company believes that its current cash position and the net proceeds from the sale of the Shares will be sufficient to run its business for the next six weeks. The Company is pursuing several cash generating transactions as well as planning for further expense reductions which, if successful, would be sufficient to operate its business through the fiscal quarter end. The Company will need substantial additional funding beyond the proceeds from the sale of the

16 Shares; however, there can be no assurance that any cash generating transaction will be completed or that its expense reductions measures will be sufficient to continue as a going concern. (cc) Tax Status. Except for matters that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and the Subsidiary each (i) has made or filed, or has requested valid extensions thereof, all United States federal, state and local income and all foreign income and franchise tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii) has paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns, reports and declarations and (iii) has set aside on its books provision reasonably adequate for the payment of all material taxes for periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material amount claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and the officers of the Company or of any Subsidiary know of no basis for any such claim. (dd) No General Solicitation. Neither the Company nor any Person acting on behalf of the Company has offered or sold any of the Securities by any form of general solicitation or general advertising. The Company has offered the Securities for sale only to the Purchasers and certain other persons reasonably believed to be “accredited investors” within the meaning of Rule 501 under the Securities Act. (ee) Foreign Corrupt Practices. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary, any agent or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary, has (i) directly or indirectly, used any funds for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses related to foreign or domestic political activity, (ii) made any unlawful payment to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to any foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate funds, (iii) failed to disclose fully any contribution made by the Company or any Subsidiary (or made by any person acting on its behalf of which the Company is aware) which is in violation of law, or (iv) violated in any material respect any provision of FCPA. (ff) Accountants. The Company’s independent registered accounting firm is GBQ Partners LLC. To the knowledge and belief of the Company, such accounting firm is a registered public accounting firm as required by the Exchange Act. (gg) No Disagreements with Accountants and Lawyers. There are no material disagreements presently existing, or reasonably anticipated by the Company to arise, between the Company and the accountants and lawyers formerly or presently employed by the Company and the Company is current with respect to any fees owed to its accountants and lawyers that could affect the Company’s ability to perform any of its obligations under any of the Transaction Documents. (hh) Acknowledgment Regarding Purchasers’ Purchase of Securities. The Company acknowledges and agrees that each of the Purchasers is acting solely in the

17 capacity of an arm’s-length purchaser with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby. The Company further acknowledges that no Purchaser is acting as a financial advisor to or fiduciary of the Company (or in any similar capacity) with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby and any advice given to the Company by any Purchaser or any of their respective representatives or agents in connection with the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby is merely incidental to the Purchasers’ purchase of the Securities. The Company further represents to each Purchaser that the Company’s decision to enter into this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents has been based solely on the independent evaluation of the transactions contemplated hereby by the Company and its representatives. (ii) Regulation M Compliance. The Company has not, and to its knowledge, no one acting on its behalf has, (i) taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to cause or to result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Securities, (ii) sold, bid for, purchased, or, paid any compensation for soliciting purchases of, any of the Securities, or (iii) paid or agreed to pay to any Person any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities of the Company. (jj) Intentionally Omitted. (kk) Stock Incentive Plans. Each equity award granted by the Company under the Company’s stock incentive plans was granted (i) in accordance with the terms of the Company’s applicable stock incentive plan and (ii) to the extent applicable, with an exercise price at least equal to the fair market value of the Common Stock on the date such equity award would be considered granted under GAAP and applicable law. No equity award granted under the Company’s stock incentive plans has been backdated. Except as disclosed in the SEC Reports, the Company has not knowingly granted, and there is no and has been no Company policy or practice to knowingly grant, equity awards prior to, or otherwise knowingly coordinate the grant of equity awards with, the release or other public announcement of material information regarding the Company or the Subsidiary or their financial results or prospects. (ll) Office of Foreign Assets Control. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any director, officer, agent, employee or affiliate of the Company or any Subsidiary is currently subject to any United States sanctions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Treasury Department (“OFAC”). (mm) United States Real Property Holding Corporation. The Company is not and has never been a United States real property holding corporation within the meaning of Section 897 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Company shall so certify upon a Purchaser’s reasonable request. (nn) Bank Holding Company Act. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiary or the Company’s Affiliates is subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of

18 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”), and to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiary or the Company’s Affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly, five percent or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities or twenty-five percent or more of the total equity of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiary or the Company’s Affiliates exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve. (oo) Money Laundering. The operations of the Company and the Subsidiary are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial record- keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, applicable money laundering statutes and applicable rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Money Laundering Laws”), and no Action or Proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any Subsidiary with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary, threatened. (pp) Intentionally Omitted. (qq) Other Covered Persons. The Company is not aware of any person (other than any Issuer Covered Person) that has been or will be paid (directly or indirectly) remuneration for solicitation of purchasers in connection with the sale of any Securities. (rr) Intentionally Omitted. 3.2 Representations and Warranties of the Purchasers. Each Purchaser, for itself and for no other Purchaser, hereby represents and warrants as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date to the Company as follows (unless as of a specific date therein, in which case they shall be accurate as of such date): (a) Organization; Authority. In the event the Purchaser is an entity, such Purchaser is an entity duly incorporated or formed, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or formation with full right, corporate, partnership, limited liability company or similar power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of the Transaction Documents and performance by such Purchaser of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate, partnership, limited liability company or similar action, as applicable, on the part of such Purchaser. Each Transaction Document to which it is a party has been duly executed by such Purchaser, and when delivered by such Purchaser in accordance with the terms thereof, will constitute the valid and legally binding obligation of such Purchaser, enforceable against such Purchaser in accordance with its terms, except: (i) as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance,

19 injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law or public policy. (b) Understandings or Arrangements. Such Purchaser understands that the Securities are “restricted securities” and have not been registered under the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law and is acquiring the Securities as principal for its own account and not with a view to or for distributing or reselling such Securities or any part thereof in violation of the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law, has no present intention of distributing any of such Securities in violation of the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law and has no direct or indirect arrangement or understandings with any other persons to distribute or regarding the distribution of such Securities in violation of the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law (this representation and warranty not limiting such Purchaser’s right to sell the Securities in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws). Such Purchaser is acquiring the Securities hereunder in the ordinary course of its business. (c) Intentionally Omitted. (d) Experience of Such Purchaser. Such Purchaser, either alone or together with its representatives, has such knowledge, sophistication and experience in business and financial matters so as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of the prospective investment in the Securities, and has so evaluated the merits and risks of such investment. Such Purchaser is able to bear the economic risk of an investment in the Securities and, at the present time, is able to afford a complete loss of such investment. (e) General Solicitation. Such Purchaser is not purchasing the Securities as a result of any advertisement, article, notice or other communication regarding the Securities published in any newspaper, magazine or similar media or broadcast over television or radio or presented at any seminar or, to the knowledge of such Purchaser, any other general solicitation or general advertisement. (f) Access to Information. Such Purchaser acknowledges that it has had the opportunity to review the Transaction Documents (including all exhibits and schedules thereto) and the SEC Reports and has been afforded, (i) the opportunity to ask such questions as it has deemed necessary of, and to receive answers from, representatives of the Company concerning the terms and conditions of the offering of the Securities and the merits and risks of investing in the Securities; (ii) access to information about the Company and its financial condition, results of operations, business, properties, management and prospects sufficient to enable it to evaluate its investment; and (iii) the opportunity to obtain such additional information that the Company possesses or can acquire without unreasonable effort or expense that is necessary to make an informed investment decision with respect to the investment. (g) Certain Transactions and Confidentiality. Other than consummating the transactions contemplated hereunder, such Purchaser has not, nor has any Person acting on behalf of or pursuant to any understanding with such Purchaser, directly or indirectly executed any purchases or sales, including Short Sales, of the securities of the Company

20 during the period commencing as of the time that such Purchaser first received information about the offering of the Securities (written or oral) from the Company setting forth the material terms of the transactions contemplated hereunder and ending immediately prior to the execution hereof. Other than to other Persons party to this Agreement or to such Purchaser’s representatives that are bound by confidentiality obligations, including, without limitation, its officers, directors, partners, legal and other advisors, employees, agents and Affiliates, such Purchaser has maintained the confidentiality of all disclosures made to it in connection with this transaction (including the existence and terms of this transaction). (h) Regulation S Certification. Each Purchaser acknowledges, represents and delivers to the Company the Regulation S Certification in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the representations contained in this Section 3.2 shall not modify, amend or affect such Purchaser’s right to rely on the Company’s representations and warranties contained in this Agreement or any representations and warranties contained in any other Transaction Document or any other document or instrument executed and/or delivered in connection with this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, except to the extent that any such representations and warranties of the Company are made subject to or assuming the accuracy of the Purchaser’s representations contained in this Section 3.2. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for the avoidance of doubt, nothing contained herein shall constitute a representation or warranty, or preclude any actions, with respect to locating or borrowing shares in order to effect Short Sales or similar transactions in the future. ARTICLE IV. OTHER AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES 4.1 Intentionally Omitted. 4.2 Transfer Restrictions. (a) The Securities may only be disposed of in compliance with state and federal securities laws. In connection with any transfer of the Securities other than pursuant to an effective registration statement or Rule 144, to the Company or to an Affiliate of a Purchaser, the Company may require the transferor thereof to provide to the Company an opinion of counsel selected by the transferor and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the form and substance of which opinion shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to the effect that such transfer does not require registration of such transferred Securities under the Securities Act. As a condition of transfer, any such transferee shall agree in writing to be bound by the terms of this Agreement and shall have the rights and obligations of a Purchaser under this Agreement. (b) The Purchasers agree to the imprinting, so long as is required by this Section 4.2, of a legend on any of the Securities in the following form: THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREIN HAVE BEEN OFFERED AND SOLD IN AN “OFFSHORE TRANSACTION” IN RELIANCE UPON REGULATION S AS

21 PROMULGATED BY THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION. ACCORDINGLY, THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREIN HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 (THE “SECURITIES ACT”) AND MAY NOT BE TRANSFERRED OTHER THAN IN ACCORDANCE WITH REGULATION S, PURSUANT TO REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT, OR PURSUANT TO AN AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT, THE AVAILABILITY OF WHICH IS TO BE ESTABLISHED TO THE SATISFACTION OF THE COMPANY. THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREIN CANNOT BE THE SUBJECT OF HEDGING TRANSACTIONS UNLESS SUCH TRANSACTIONS ARE CONDUCTED IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE SECURITIES ACT. (c) Book entries evidencing the Shares shall not contain any legend (including the legend set forth in Section 4.2(b) hereof), (i) following any sale of such Shares pursuant to Rule 144, (iii) if such Shares are eligible for sale under Rule 144, without the requirement for the Company to be in compliance with the current public information requirement under Rule 144 as to such Shares and without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions, or (iv) if such legend is not required under applicable requirements of the Securities Act (including judicial interpretations and pronouncements issued by the staff of the Commission).The Company agrees that at such time as such legend is no longer required under this Section 4.2(c), it will, no later than the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period (as defined below) following the delivery by a Purchaser to the Company or the Transfer Agent of a written request to remove the legend on its Shares(i) an opinion of counsel, of recognized standing, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to the effect that the proposed offer, resale or other transfer may be effected without registration under the Securities Act, (ii) a certificate, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to such effect and/or (iii) other evidence of exemption reasonably satisfactory to the Company to such effect (such date, the “Legend Removal Date”), cause such Shares to be delivered to the account specified by the Purchaser as provided below, in book-entry form free from all restrictive and other legends. The Company may not make any notation on its records or give instructions to the Transfer Agent that enlarge the restrictions on transfer set forth in this Section 4. Securities subject to legend removal hereunder shall be transmitted by the Transfer Agent to the Purchaser by crediting the account of the Purchaser’s prime broker with the Depository Trust Company System as directed by such Purchaser. As used herein, “Standard Settlement Period” means the standard settlement period, expressed in a number of Trading Days, on the Company’s primary Trading Market with respect to the Common Stock as in effect on the date a Purchaser delivers a written request to remove the legend on its Shares, as the case may be, together with the opinion of counsel, certificate and/or other evidence required by this Section 4.2(c). (d) Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, agrees with the Company that such Purchaser will sell any Securities pursuant to an exemption therefrom, and acknowledges that the removal of the restrictive legend from the book entries representing Securities as set forth in this Section 4.2 is predicated upon the Company’s reliance upon this understanding.

22 4.3 Furnishing of Information; Public Information. Until the earlier of the time that no Purchaser owns Securities, the Company covenants to maintain the registration of the Common Stock under Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act and to timely file (or obtain extensions in respect thereof and file within the applicable grace period) all reports required to be filed by the Company after the date hereof pursuant to the Exchange Act even if the Company is not then subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. 4.4 Integration. The Company shall not sell, offer for sale or solicit offers to buy or otherwise negotiate in respect of any security (as defined in Section 2 of the Securities Act) that would be integrated with the offer or sale of the Securities in a manner that would require the registration under the Securities Act of the sale of the Securities or that would be integrated with the offer or sale of the Securities for purposes of the rules and regulations of any Trading Market such that it would require shareholder approval prior to the closing of such other transaction unless shareholder approval is obtained before the closing of such subsequent transaction. 4.5 Securities Laws Disclosure; Publicity. The Company shall (a) issue a press release disclosing the material terms of the transactions contemplated hereby, and (b) file a Current Report on Form 8-K, including the Transaction Documents required to be filed as exhibits thereto, with the Commission within the time required by the Exchange Act. 4.6 Shareholder Rights Plan. No claim will be made or enforced by the Company or, with the consent of the Company, any other Person, that any Purchaser is an “Acquiring Person” under any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or similar anti-takeover plan or arrangement in effect or hereafter adopted by the Company, or that any Purchaser could be deemed to trigger the provisions of any such plan or arrangement, by virtue of receiving Securities under the Transaction Documents or under any other agreement between the Company and the Purchasers. 4.7 Use of Proceeds. The Company shall use the net proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder for restructuring its outstanding secured and unsecured lending facilities, and for other general corporate purposes, including retaining sufficient net proceeds so that the Company maintains compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement of The Nasdaq Stock Market. 4.8 Indemnification of Purchasers. Subject to the provisions of this Section 4.8, the Company will indemnify and hold each Purchaser and its directors, officers, shareholders, members, partners, employees and agents (and any other Persons with a functionally equivalent role of a Person holding such titles notwithstanding a lack of such title or any other title), each Person who controls such Purchaser (within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act and Section 20 of the Exchange Act), and the directors, officers, shareholders, agents, members, partners or employees (and any other Persons with a functionally equivalent role of a Person holding such titles notwithstanding a lack of such title or any other title) of such controlling persons (each, a “Purchaser Party”) harmless from any and all losses, liabilities, obligations, claims, contingencies, damages, costs and expenses, including all judgments, amounts paid in settlements, court costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs of investigation that any such Purchaser Party may suffer or incur as a result of or relating to any action instituted against the Purchaser Parties in any capacity, or any of them or their respective Affiliates, by any stockholder of the Company

23 who is not an Affiliate of such Purchaser Party, with respect to any of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (unless such action is based upon a material breach of such Purchaser Party’s representations, warranties or covenants under the Transaction Documents or any agreements or understandings such Purchaser Party may have with any such stockholder or any violations by such Purchaser Party of state or federal securities laws or any conduct by such Purchaser Party which is finally judicially determined to constitute fraud, gross negligence or willful misconduct). If any action shall be brought against any Purchaser Party in respect of which indemnity may be sought pursuant to this Agreement, such Purchaser Party shall promptly notify the Company in writing, and the Company shall have the right to assume the defense thereof with counsel of its own choosing reasonably acceptable to the Purchaser Party. To the extent that a Purchaser Party fails to provide timely notice of a claim for indemnity under this Section 4.8, and such failure materially prejudices the Company’s ability to defend against such claim, the Company shall have no obligation under this Section 4.8 to indemnify the Purchaser Party for the claim (or portion thereof) that was so affected. Any Purchaser Party shall have the right to employ separate counsel in any such action and participate in the defense thereof, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such Purchaser Party except to the extent that (x) the employment thereof has been specifically authorized by the Company in writing, (y) the Company has failed after a reasonable period of time to assume such defense and to employ counsel or (z) in such action there is, in the reasonable opinion of counsel, a material conflict on any material issue between the position of the Company and the position of such Purchaser Party, in which case the Company shall be responsible for the reasonable fees and expenses of no more than one such separate counsel. The Company will not be liable to any Purchaser Party under this Agreement (1) for any settlement by a Purchaser Party effected without the Company’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed; or (2) to the extent, but only to the extent that a loss, claim, damage or liability is attributable to any Purchaser Party’s breach of any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements made by such Purchaser Party in this Agreement or in the other Transaction Documents. The indemnification required by this Section 4.8 shall be made by periodic payments of the amount thereof during the course of the investigation or defense, as and when bills are received or are incurred. The indemnity agreements contained herein shall be in addition to any cause of action or similar right of any Purchaser Party against the Company or others and any liabilities the Company may be subject to pursuant to law. 4.9 Reservation of Common Stock. As of the date hereof, the Company has reserved and the Company shall continue to reserve and keep available at all times, free of preemptive rights, a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock for the purpose of enabling the Company to issue Shares pursuant to this Agreement. 4.10 Listing of Common Stock. The Company hereby agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain the listing or quotation of the Common Stock on the Trading Market on which it is currently listed, and concurrently with the Closing, the Company shall apply to list or quote all of the Shares on such Trading Market and promptly secure the listing of all of the Shares on such Trading Market. The Company further agrees, if the Company applies to have the Common Stock traded on any other Trading Market, it will then include in such application all of the Shares, and will take such other action as is reasonably necessary to cause all of the Shares to be listed or quoted on such other Trading Market as promptly as possible. The Company will then take all action reasonably necessary to continue the listing and trading of its Common Stock on a Trading Market and will comply in all material respects with the Company’s reporting, filing and

24 other obligations under the bylaws or rules of the Trading Market. The Company agrees to use commercially reasonable best efforts to maintain the eligibility of the Common Stock for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation, including, without limitation, by timely payment of fees to the Depository Trust Company or such other established clearing corporation in connection with such electronic transfer. 4.11 Equal Treatment of Purchasers. No consideration (including any modification of any Transaction Document) shall be offered or paid to any Person to amend or consent to a waiver or modification of any provision of this Agreement unless the same consideration is also offered to all of the parties to this Agreement. For clarification purposes, this provision constitutes a separate right granted to each Purchaser by the Company and negotiated separately by each Purchaser, and is intended for the Company to treat the Purchasers as a class and shall not in any way be construed as the Purchasers acting in concert or as a group with respect to the purchase, disposition or voting of Securities or otherwise. 4.12 Certain Transactions and Confidentiality. Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, covenants that neither it, nor any Affiliate acting on its behalf or pursuant to any understanding with it will execute any purchases or sales, including Short Sales, of any of the Company’s securities during the period commencing with the execution of this Agreement and ending at such time that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are first publicly announced pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section 4.5. Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, covenants that until such time as the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are publicly disclosed by the Company pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section 4.5, such Purchaser will maintain the confidentiality of the existence and terms of this transaction. 4.13 Intentionally Omitted. 4.14 Acknowledgment of Dilution. The Company acknowledges that the issuance of the Securities may result in dilution of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, which dilution may be substantial under certain market conditions. The Company further acknowledges that its obligations under the Transaction Documents, including, without limitation, its obligation to issue the Shares pursuant to the Transaction Documents, are unconditional and absolute and not subject to any right of set off, counterclaim, delay or reduction, regardless of the effect of any such dilution or any claim the Company may have against any Purchaser and regardless of the dilutive effect that such issuance may have on the ownership of the other stockholders of the Company. ARTICLE V. MISCELLANEOUS 5.1 Termination. This Agreement may be terminated by any Purchaser, as to such Purchaser’s obligations hereunder only and without any effect whatsoever on the obligations between the Company and the other Purchasers, by written notice to the other parties, if the Closing has not been consummated on or before the fifth (5th) Trading Day following the date hereof; provided, however, that no such termination will affect the right of any party to sue for any breach by any other party (or parties).

25 5.2 Fees and Expenses. Except as expressly set forth in the Transaction Documents to the contrary, each party shall pay the fees and expenses of its own advisers, counsel, accountants and other experts, if any, and all other expenses incurred by such party incident to the negotiation, preparation, execution, delivery and performance of the Transaction Documents. The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees (including, without limitation, any fees required for same-day processing of any instruction letter delivered by the Company), stamp taxes and other taxes and duties levied in connection with the delivery of any Securities to the Purchasers. 5.3 Entire Agreement. The Transaction Documents, together with the exhibits and schedules thereto, contain the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof and supersede all prior agreements and understandings, oral or written, with respect to such matters, which the parties acknowledge have been merged into such documents, exhibits and schedules. 5.4 Notices. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of: (a) the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number or email attachment at the email address as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto at or prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on a Trading Day, (b) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number or email attachment at the email address as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (c) the second Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by United States nationally recognized overnight courier service or (d) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. The address for such notices and communications shall be as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto. To the extent that any notice provided pursuant to any Transaction Document constitutes or contains material, non-public information regarding the Company or the Subsidiary, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K. 5.5 Amendments; Waivers. No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed, in the case of an amendment, by the Company and Purchasers which purchased at least a majority in interest of the Shares based on the initial Subscription Amounts hereunder (or, prior to the Closing Date, the Company and each Purchaser) or, in the case of a waiver, by the party against whom enforcement of any such waived provision is sought. No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of any party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner impair the exercise of any such right. Any amendment effected in accordance with this Section 5.5 shall be binding upon each Purchaser and holder of Securities and the Company. 5.6 Headings. The headings herein are for convenience only, do not constitute a part of this Agreement and shall not be deemed to limit or affect any of the provisions hereof. 5.7 Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their successors and permitted assigns. The Company may not assign

26 this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of each Purchaser (other than by merger). Any Purchaser may assign any or all of its rights under this Agreement to any Person to whom such Purchaser assigns or transfers any Securities, provided that such transferee agrees in writing to be bound, with respect to the transferred Securities, by the provisions of the Transaction Documents that apply to the “Purchasers.” 5.8 No Third-Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement is intended for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be enforced by, any other Person, except as otherwise set forth in Section 4.8 and this Section 5.8. 5.9 Governing Law. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of the Transaction Documents shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all legal Proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and any other Transaction Documents (whether brought against a party hereto or its respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein (including with respect to the enforcement of any of the Transaction Documents), and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any Action or Proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such Action or Proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such Proceeding. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such Action or Proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. If any party shall commence an Action or Proceeding to enforce any provisions of the Transaction Documents, then, in addition to the obligations of the Company under Section 4.8, the prevailing party in such Action or Proceeding shall be reimbursed by the non-prevailing party for its reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such Action or Proceeding. 5.10 Survival. The representations and warranties contained herein shall survive the Closing and the delivery of the Securities. 5.11 Execution. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, all of which when taken together shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to each other party, it being understood that the parties need not sign the same counterpart. In the event that any signature is delivered by facsimile transmission, by e-mail delivery of a “.pdf” format data file, by other electronic signing created on an electronic platform (such as DocuSign) or by digital signing (such as Adobe Sign), such signature shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing

27 (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such facsimile, “.pdf”, electronic signing or digital signing signature page were an original thereof. 5.12 Severability. If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the parties hereto shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the parties that they would have executed the remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable. 5.13 Rescission and Withdrawal Right. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in (and without limiting any similar provisions of) any of the other Transaction Documents, whenever any Purchaser exercises a right, election, demand or option under a Transaction Document and the Company does not timely perform its related obligations within the periods therein provided, then such Purchaser may rescind or withdraw, in its sole discretion from time to time upon written notice to the Company, any relevant notice, demand or election in whole or in part without prejudice to its future actions and rights. 5.14 Replacement of Securities. If any certificate or instrument evidencing any Securities is mutilated, lost, stolen or destroyed, the Company shall issue or cause to be issued in exchange and substitution for and upon cancellation thereof (in the case of mutilation), or in lieu of and substitution therefor (in case of loss, theft or destruction), a new certificate or instrument, but only upon receipt of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Company of such loss, theft or destruction and (in the case of loss, theft or destruction) of customary indemnity satisfactory to the Company. The applicant for a new certificate or instrument under such circumstances shall also pay any reasonable third-party costs (including customary indemnity) associated with the issuance of such replacement Securities. 5.15 Remedies. In addition to being entitled to exercise all rights provided herein or granted by law, including recovery of damages, each of the Purchasers and the Company will be entitled to specific performance under the Transaction Documents. The parties agree that monetary damages may not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of any breach of obligations contained in the Transaction Documents and hereby agree to waive and not to assert in any Action for specific performance of any such obligation the defense that a remedy at law would be adequate. 5.16 Payment Set Aside. To the extent that the Company makes a payment or payments to any Purchaser pursuant to any Transaction Document or a Purchaser enforces or exercises its rights thereunder, and such payment or payments or the proceeds of such enforcement or exercise or any part thereof are subsequently invalidated, declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside, recovered from, disgorged by or are required to be refunded, repaid or otherwise restored to the Company, a trustee, receiver or any other Person under any law (including, without limitation, any bankruptcy law, state or federal law, common law or equitable cause of action), then to the extent of any such restoration the obligation or part thereof originally intended to be satisfied shall be

28 revived and continued in full force and effect as if such payment had not been made or such enforcement or setoff had not occurred. 5.17 Independent Nature of Purchasers’ Obligations and Rights. The obligations of each Purchaser under any Transaction Document are several and not joint with the obligations of any other Purchaser, and no Purchaser shall be responsible in any way for the performance or non- performance of the obligations of any other Purchaser under any Transaction Document. Nothing contained herein or in any other Transaction Document, and no action taken by any Purchaser pursuant hereto or thereto, shall be deemed to constitute the Purchasers as a partnership, an association, a joint venture or any other kind of entity, or create a presumption that the Purchasers are in any way acting in concert or as a group with respect to such obligations or the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. Each Purchaser shall be entitled to independently protect and enforce its rights including, without limitation, the rights arising out of this Agreement or out of the other Transaction Documents, and it shall not be necessary for any other Purchaser to be joined as an additional party in any Proceeding for such purpose. Each Purchaser has been represented by its own separate legal counsel in its review and negotiation of the Transaction Documents. The Company has elected to provide all Purchasers with the same terms and Transaction Documents for the convenience of the Company and not because it was required or requested to do so by any of the Purchasers. It is expressly understood and agreed that each provision contained in this Agreement and in each other Transaction Document is between the Company and a Purchaser, solely, and not between the Company and the Purchasers, collectively, and not between and among the Purchasers. 5.18 Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc. If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Business Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Business Day. 5.19 Construction. The parties agree that each of them and/or their respective counsel have reviewed and had an opportunity to revise the Transaction Documents and, therefore, the normal rule of construction to the effect that any ambiguities are to be resolved against the drafting party shall not be employed in the interpretation of the Transaction Documents or any amendments thereto. In addition, each and every reference to share prices and shares of Common Stock in any Transaction Document shall be subject to adjustment for reverse and forward stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations and other similar transactions of the Common Stock that occur after the date of this Agreement. 5.20 WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL. IN ANY ACTION, SUIT, OR PROCEEDING IN ANY JURISDICTION BROUGHT BY ANY PARTY AGAINST ANY OTHER PARTY, THE PARTIES EACH KNOWINGLY AND INTENTIONALLY, TO THE GREATEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, HEREBY ABSOLUTELY, UNCONDITIONALLY, IRREVOCABLY AND EXPRESSLY WAIVES FOREVER TRIAL BY JURY. (Signature Pages Follow)

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above. ENERGY FOCUS, INC. Address for Notice: Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang Chief Executive Officer 32000 Aurora Road, Suite B Solon, OH 44139 By:__________________________________________ Name: Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang Title: Chief Executive Officer With a copy to (which shall not constitute notice): Energy Focus, Inc. Randy Gianas Senior Vice President 3200 Aurora Road, Suite B Solon, OH 44139 Email: rgianas@energyfocus.com Elizabeth Fei Chen Pryor Cashman LLP 7 Times Square, New York, NY 10036 Direct Dial: 212-326-0199 Email: echen@pryorcashman.com [REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK SIGNATURE PAGE FOR PURCHASER FOLLOWS]

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGES TO EFOI SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above. Name of Purchaser: ____ HUANG, MING-HSIANG ________________________________________ Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: ________________________________________ Name of Authorized Signatory: N/A__________________________________________________ Title of Authorized Signatory: N/A ___________________________________________________ Email Address of Authorized Signatory: _______________________________________________ Address for Notice to Purchaser: Address for Delivery of Securities to Purchaser (if not same as address for notice): Subscription Amount: $____450,000.00____ cash $_________________ aggregate Promissory Notes for exchange as listed below: Date Principal Repayment Amount Allocated as follows: Shares: ___283,019_________ EIN Number: _______________________

Exhibit A REGULATION S CERTIFICATION (For Non “U.S. Person” Only)

EX-10.40 5 exhibits1040jun2024sande.htm EX-10.40 exhibits1040jun2024sande

Exhibit 10.1 SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT This Securities Purchase Agreement (this “Agreement”) is dated as of June 21, 2024, between Energy Focus, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and each purchaser identified on the signature pages hereto (each, including its successors and assigns, a “Purchaser” and, collectively, the “Purchasers”). WHEREAS, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement and pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act (as defined below), and Rule 506 promulgated thereunder, the Company desires to issue and sell to each Purchaser, and each Purchaser, severally and not jointly, desires to purchase from the Company, securities of the Company as more fully described in this Agreement. NOW, THEREFORE, IN CONSIDERATION of the mutual covenants contained in this Agreement, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which are hereby acknowledged, the Company and each Purchaser agree as follows: ARTICLE I. DEFINITIONS 1.1 Definitions. In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Agreement, for all purposes of this Agreement, the following terms have the meanings set forth in this Section 1.1: “Affiliate” means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act. “Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company. “Business Day” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to “stay at home”, “shelter-in-place”, “non-essential employee” or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day. “Closing” means the closing of the purchase and sale of the Securities pursuant to Section 2.1. “Closing Date” means the Trading Day on which all of the Transaction Documents have been executed and delivered by the applicable parties thereto, but in no event later than the second Trading Day following the date hereof. “Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

2 “Common Stock” means the common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share, and any other class of securities into which such securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed. “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. “Liens” means a lien, charge, pledge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal, preemptive right or other restriction. “Material Adverse Effect” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.1(a). “Per Share Purchase Price” equals $1.59, subject to adjustment for reverse and forward stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations and other similar transactions of the Common Stock that occur after the date of this Agreement. “Person” means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind. “Proceeding” means an action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding (including, without limitation, an informal investigation or partial proceeding, such as a deposition), whether commenced or threatened. “Rule 144” means Rule 144 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended or interpreted from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same purpose and effect as such Rule. “Rule 424” means Rule 424 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended or interpreted from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same purpose and effect as such Rule. “SEC Reports” means all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by the Company under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) thereof, for the two years preceding the date hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was required by law or regulation to file such material). “Securities” means the Shares. “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. “Shares” means the shares of Common Stock issued to each Purchaser pursuant to this Agreement.

3 “Short Sales” means all “short sales” as defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO under the Exchange Act (but shall not be deemed to include locating and/or borrowing shares of Common Stock). “Subscription Amount” means, as to each Purchaser, the aggregate amount to be paid for Shares purchased hereunder as specified below such Purchaser’s name on the signature page of this Agreement and next to the heading “Subscription Amount,” in United States dollars and in immediately available funds. “Trading Day” means a day on which the Nasdaq Capital Market is open for trading. “Trading Market” means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the New York Stock Exchange, OTCQB or OTCQX (or any successors to any of the foregoing). “Transaction Documents” means this Agreement, the exhibits and all schedules hereto and any other documents or agreements executed in connection with the transactions contemplated hereunder. “Transfer Agent” means Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, P.O. Box 1342, Brentwood, New York 11717, and any successor transfer agent of the Company. ARTICLE II. PURCHASE AND SALE 2.1 Closing. On the Closing Date, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, the Company agrees to sell, and the Purchasers, severally and not jointly, agree to purchase, up to an aggregate of $850,000 of Shares. Each Purchaser’s Subscription Amount as set forth on the signature page hereto executed by such Purchaser shall be made available for “Delivery Versus Payment” settlement with the Company or its designee. The Company shall deliver to each Purchaser its respective Shares, and each Purchaser shall deliver the other items set forth in Section 2.2 deliverable at the Closing. The Closing shall occur at the offices of the Company or such other location as the parties shall mutually agree. Unless otherwise directed by the Purchasers, settlement of the Shares shall occur via “Delivery Versus Payment” (i.e., on the Closing Date, the Company shall issue the Shares registered in the respective Purchasers’ names and addresses and released by the Transfer Agent directly to the account(s) identified by each Purchaser; upon receipt of such Shares, payment for such Shares shall be made by the applicable Purchaser (or its clearing firm) by wire transfer to the Company). 2.2 Payment. On or prior to the Closing Date, except as otherwise indicated below, each Purchaser’s cash Subscription Amount shall be made available for “Delivery Versus Payment” settlement with the Company or its designee.

4 ARTICLE III. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 3.1 Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company hereby makes the following representations and warranties to each Purchaser: (a) Organization and Qualification. The Company is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of Delaware, with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business as currently conducted. The Company is not in violation nor default of any of the provisions of its respective certificate of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents. The Company is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be, would not reasonably be expected to result in (i) a material adverse effect on the legality, validity or enforceability of any Transaction Document, (ii) a material adverse effect on the results of operations, assets, business, or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Company, or (iii) a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to perform in any material respect on a timely basis its obligations under any Transaction Document (any of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii), a “Material Adverse Effect”) and no Proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification.. (b) Authorization; Enforcement. The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents by the Company and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part of the Company and no further action is required by the Company, the Board of Directors or the Company’s stockholders in connection herewith or therewith other than in connection with the Required Approvals. This Agreement and each other Transaction Document to which it is a party has been (or upon delivery will have been) duly executed by the Company and, when delivered in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof, will (assuming due execution, authorization and delivery by the parties thereto) constitute the valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law or public policy. (c) Issuance of the Securities. The Securities are duly authorized. The Shares, when issued and paid for in accordance with the applicable Transaction Documents, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed

5 by the Company other than restrictions on transfer provided for in the Transaction Documents. The Company has reserved from its duly authorized capital stock the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to the Transaction Documents. 3.2 Representations and Warranties of the Purchasers. Each Purchaser, for itself and for no other Purchaser, hereby represents and warrants as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date to the Company as follows (unless as of a specific date therein, in which case they shall be accurate as of such date): (a) Organization; Authority. Such Purchaser is an entity duly incorporated or formed, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or formation with full right, corporate, partnership, limited liability company or similar power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of the Transaction Documents and performance by such Purchaser of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate, partnership, limited liability company or similar action, as applicable, on the part of such Purchaser. Each Transaction Document to which it is a party has been duly executed by such Purchaser, and when delivered by such Purchaser in accordance with the terms thereof, will constitute the valid and legally binding obligation of such Purchaser, enforceable against such Purchaser in accordance with its terms, except: (i) as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law or public policy. (b) Understandings or Arrangements. Such Purchaser understands that the Securities are “restricted securities” and have not been registered under the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law and is acquiring the Securities as principal for its own account and not with a view to or for distributing or reselling such Securities or any part thereof in violation of the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law, has no present intention of distributing any of such Securities in violation of the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law and has no direct or indirect arrangement or understandings with any other persons to distribute or regarding the distribution of such Securities in violation of the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law (this representation and warranty not limiting such Purchaser’s right to sell the Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement or otherwise in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws). Such Purchaser is acquiring the Securities hereunder in the ordinary course of its business. (c) Purchaser Status. At the time such Purchaser was offered the Securities, it was, and as of the date hereof it is, either: (i) an “accredited investor” as defined in Rule 501(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(7), (a)(8), (a)(9), (a)(12), or (a)(13) under the Securities Act or (ii) a “qualified institutional buyer” as defined in Rule 144A(a) under the Securities Act.

6 (d) Experience of Such Purchaser. Such Purchaser, either alone or together with its representatives, has such knowledge, sophistication and experience in business and financial matters so as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of the prospective investment in the Securities, and has so evaluated the merits and risks of such investment. Such Purchaser is able to bear the economic risk of an investment in the Securities and, at the present time, is able to afford a complete loss of such investment. (e) General Solicitation. Such Purchaser is not purchasing the Securities as a result of any advertisement, article, notice or other communication regarding the Securities published in any newspaper, magazine or similar media or broadcast over television or radio or presented at any seminar or, to the knowledge of such Purchaser, any other general solicitation or general advertisement. (f) Access to Information. Such Purchaser acknowledges that it has had the opportunity to review the Transaction Documents (including all exhibits and schedules thereto) and the SEC Reports and has been afforded, (i) the opportunity to ask such questions as it has deemed necessary of, and to receive answers from, representatives of the Company concerning the terms and conditions of the offering of the Securities and the merits and risks of investing in the Securities; (ii) access to information about the Company and its financial condition, results of operations, business, properties, management and prospects sufficient to enable it to evaluate its investment; and (iii) the opportunity to obtain such additional information that the Company possesses or can acquire without unreasonable effort or expense that is necessary to make an informed investment decision with respect to the investment. (g) Certain Transactions and Confidentiality. Other than consummating the transactions contemplated hereunder, such Purchaser has not, nor has any Person acting on behalf of or pursuant to any understanding with such Purchaser, directly or indirectly executed any purchases or sales, including Short Sales, of the securities of the Company during the period commencing as of the time that such Purchaser first received information about the offering of the Securities (written or oral) from the Company setting forth the material terms of the transactions contemplated hereunder and ending immediately prior to the execution hereof. Other than to other Persons party to this Agreement or to such Purchaser’s representatives that are bound by confidentiality obligations, including, without limitation, its officers, directors, partners, legal and other advisors, employees, agents and Affiliates, such Purchaser has maintained the confidentiality of all disclosures made to it in connection with this transaction (including the existence and terms of this transaction). The Company acknowledges and agrees that the representations contained in this Section 3.2 shall not modify, amend or affect such Purchaser’s right to rely on the Company’s representations and warranties contained in this Agreement or any representations and warranties contained in any other Transaction Document or any other document or instrument executed and/or delivered in connection with this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, except to the extent that any such representations and warranties of the Company are made subject to or assuming the accuracy of the Purchaser’s representations contained in this Section 3.2. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for the avoidance of doubt, nothing contained herein shall

7 constitute a representation or warranty, or preclude any actions, with respect to locating or borrowing shares in order to effect Short Sales or similar transactions in the future. ARTICLE IV. OTHER AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES 4.1 Intentionally Omitted. 4.2 Transfer Restrictions. (a) The Securities may only be disposed of in compliance with state and federal securities laws. In connection with any transfer of the Securities other than pursuant to an effective registration statement or Rule 144, to the Company or to an Affiliate of a Purchaser, the Company may require the transferor thereof to provide to the Company an opinion of counsel selected by the transferor and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the form and substance of which opinion shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to the effect that such transfer does not require registration of such transferred Securities under the Securities Act. As a condition of transfer, any such transferee shall agree in writing to be bound by the terms of this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement and shall have the rights and obligations of a Purchaser under this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement. (b) The Purchasers agree to the imprinting, so long as is required by this Section 4.2, of a legend on any of the Securities in the following form: THIS SECURITY HAS NOT BEEN REGISTERED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR THE SECURITIES COMMISSION OF ANY STATE IN RELIANCE UPON AN EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “SECURITIES ACT”), AND, ACCORDINGLY, MAY NOT BE OFFERED OR SOLD EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OR PURSUANT TO AN AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM, OR IN A TRANSACTION NOT SUBJECT TO, THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS. (c) Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, agrees with the Company that such Purchaser will sell any Securities pursuant to either the registration requirements of the Securities Act, including any applicable prospectus delivery requirements, or an exemption therefrom, and that if Securities are sold pursuant to a Registration Statement, they will be sold in compliance with the plan of distribution set forth therein, and acknowledges that the removal of the restrictive legend from the book entries representing Securities as set forth in this Section 4.2 is predicated upon the Company’s reliance upon this understanding. 4.3 Acknowledgment of Dilution. The Company acknowledges that the issuance of the Securities may result in dilution of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, which dilution may be substantial under certain market conditions. The Company further acknowledges that its obligations under the Transaction Documents, including, without limitation, its obligation to issue

8 the Shares pursuant to the Transaction Documents, are unconditional and absolute and not subject to any right of set off, counterclaim, delay or reduction, regardless of the effect of any such dilution or any claim the Company may have against any Purchaser and regardless of the dilutive effect that such issuance may have on the ownership of the other stockholders of the Company. ARTICLE V. MISCELLANEOUS 5.1 Termination. This Agreement may be terminated by any Purchaser, as to such Purchaser’s obligations hereunder only and without any effect whatsoever on the obligations between the Company and the other Purchasers, by written notice to the other parties, if the Closing has not been consummated on or before the fifth (5th) Trading Day following the date hereof; provided, however, that no such termination will affect the right of any party to sue for any breach by any other party (or parties). 5.2 Fees and Expenses. Except as expressly set forth in the Transaction Documents to the contrary, each party shall pay the fees and expenses of its own advisers, counsel, accountants and other experts, if any, and all other expenses incurred by such party incident to the negotiation, preparation, execution, delivery and performance of the Transaction Documents. The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees (including, without limitation, any fees required for same-day processing of any instruction letter delivered by the Company), stamp taxes and other taxes and duties levied in connection with the delivery of any Securities to the Purchasers. 5.3 Entire Agreement. The Transaction Documents, together with the exhibits and schedules thereto, contain the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof and supersede all prior agreements and understandings, oral or written, with respect to such matters, which the parties acknowledge have been merged into such documents, exhibits and schedules. 5.4 Notices. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of: (a) the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number or email attachment at the email address as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto at or prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on a Trading Day, (b) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number or email attachment at the email address as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (c) the second Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by United States nationally recognized overnight courier service or (d) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. The address for such notices and communications shall be as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto. To the extent that any notice provided pursuant to any Transaction Document constitutes or contains material, non-public information regarding the Company, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K. 5.5 Amendments; Waivers. No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed, in the case of an amendment, by

9 the Company and Purchasers which purchased at least a majority in interest of the Shares based on the initial Subscription Amounts hereunder (or, prior to the Closing Date, the Company and each Purchaser) or, in the case of a waiver, by the party against whom enforcement of any such waived provision is sought. No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of any party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner impair the exercise of any such right. Any amendment effected in accordance with this Section 5.5 shall be binding upon each Purchaser and holder of Securities and the Company. 5.6 Headings. The headings herein are for convenience only, do not constitute a part of this Agreement and shall not be deemed to limit or affect any of the provisions hereof. 5.7 Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their successors and permitted assigns. The Company may not assign this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of each Purchaser (other than by merger). Any Purchaser may assign any or all of its rights under this Agreement to any Person to whom such Purchaser assigns or transfers any Securities, provided that such transferee agrees in writing to be bound, with respect to the transferred Securities, by the provisions of the Transaction Documents that apply to the “Purchasers.” 5.8 No Third-Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement is intended for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be enforced by, any other Person. 5.9 Governing Law. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of the Transaction Documents shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all legal Proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and any other Transaction Documents (whether brought against a party hereto or its respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein (including with respect to the enforcement of any of the Transaction Documents), and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any Action or Proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such Action or Proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such Proceeding. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such Action or Proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. If any party shall commence an Action or Proceeding to enforce any provisions of the Transaction Documents, then the prevailing party in such Action or Proceeding shall be reimbursed by the non-

10 prevailing party for its reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such Action or Proceeding. 5.10 Survival. The representations and warranties contained herein shall survive the Closing and the delivery of the Securities. 5.11 Execution. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, all of which when taken together shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to each other party, it being understood that the parties need not sign the same counterpart. In the event that any signature is delivered by facsimile transmission, by e-mail delivery of a “.pdf” format data file, by other electronic signing created on an electronic platform (such as DocuSign) or by digital signing (such as Adobe Sign), such signature shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such facsimile, “.pdf”, electronic signing or digital signing signature page were an original thereof. 5.12 Severability. If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the parties hereto shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the parties that they would have executed the remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable. 5.13 Rescission and Withdrawal Right. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in (and without limiting any similar provisions of) any of the other Transaction Documents, whenever any Purchaser exercises a right, election, demand or option under a Transaction Document and the Company does not timely perform its related obligations within the periods therein provided, then such Purchaser may rescind or withdraw, in its sole discretion from time to time upon written notice to the Company, any relevant notice, demand or election in whole or in part without prejudice to its future actions and rights. 5.14 Replacement of Securities. If any certificate or instrument evidencing any Securities is mutilated, lost, stolen or destroyed, the Company shall issue or cause to be issued in exchange and substitution for and upon cancellation thereof (in the case of mutilation), or in lieu of and substitution therefor (in case of loss, theft or destruction), a new certificate or instrument, but only upon receipt of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Company of such loss, theft or destruction and (in the case of loss, theft or destruction) of customary indemnity satisfactory to the Company. The applicant for a new certificate or instrument under such circumstances shall also pay any reasonable third-party costs (including customary indemnity) associated with the issuance of such replacement Securities. 5.15 Remedies. In addition to being entitled to exercise all rights provided herein or granted by law, including recovery of damages, each of the Purchasers and the Company will be entitled to specific performance under the Transaction Documents. The parties agree that monetary

11 damages may not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of any breach of obligations contained in the Transaction Documents and hereby agree to waive and not to assert in any Action for specific performance of any such obligation the defense that a remedy at law would be adequate. 5.16 Payment Set Aside. To the extent that the Company makes a payment or payments to any Purchaser pursuant to any Transaction Document or a Purchaser enforces or exercises its rights thereunder, and such payment or payments or the proceeds of such enforcement or exercise or any part thereof are subsequently invalidated, declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside, recovered from, disgorged by or are required to be refunded, repaid or otherwise restored to the Company, a trustee, receiver or any other Person under any law (including, without limitation, any bankruptcy law, state or federal law, common law or equitable cause of action), then to the extent of any such restoration the obligation or part thereof originally intended to be satisfied shall be revived and continued in full force and effect as if such payment had not been made or such enforcement or setoff had not occurred. 5.17 Independent Nature of Purchasers’ Obligations and Rights. The obligations of each Purchaser under any Transaction Document are several and not joint with the obligations of any other Purchaser, and no Purchaser shall be responsible in any way for the performance or non- performance of the obligations of any other Purchaser under any Transaction Document. Nothing contained herein or in any other Transaction Document, and no action taken by any Purchaser pursuant hereto or thereto, shall be deemed to constitute the Purchasers as a partnership, an association, a joint venture or any other kind of entity, or create a presumption that the Purchasers are in any way acting in concert or as a group with respect to such obligations or the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. Each Purchaser shall be entitled to independently protect and enforce its rights including, without limitation, the rights arising out of this Agreement or out of the other Transaction Documents, and it shall not be necessary for any other Purchaser to be joined as an additional party in any Proceeding for such purpose. Each Purchaser has been represented by its own separate legal counsel in its review and negotiation of the Transaction Documents. The Company has elected to provide all Purchasers with the same terms and Transaction Documents for the convenience of the Company and not because it was required or requested to do so by any of the Purchasers. It is expressly understood and agreed that each provision contained in this Agreement and in each other Transaction Document is between the Company and a Purchaser, solely, and not between the Company and the Purchasers, collectively, and not between and among the Purchasers. 5.18 Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc. If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Business Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Business Day. 5.19 Construction. The parties agree that each of them and/or their respective counsel have reviewed and had an opportunity to revise the Transaction Documents and, therefore, the normal rule of construction to the effect that any ambiguities are to be resolved against the drafting party shall not be employed in the interpretation of the Transaction Documents or any amendments thereto. In addition, each and every reference to share prices and shares of Common Stock in any Transaction Document shall be subject to adjustment for reverse and forward stock splits, stock

12 dividends, stock combinations and other similar transactions of the Common Stock that occur after the date of this Agreement. 5.20 WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL. IN ANY ACTION, SUIT, OR PROCEEDING IN ANY JURISDICTION BROUGHT BY ANY PARTY AGAINST ANY OTHER PARTY, THE PARTIES EACH KNOWINGLY AND INTENTIONALLY, TO THE GREATEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, HEREBY ABSOLUTELY, UNCONDITIONALLY, IRREVOCABLY AND EXPRESSLY WAIVES FOREVER TRIAL BY JURY. (Signature Pages Follow)

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above. ENERGY FOCUS, INC. Address for Notice: Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang Chief Executive Officer 32000 Aurora Road, Suite B Solon, OH 44139 By:__________________________________________ Name: Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang Title: Chief Executive Officer With a copy to (which shall not constitute notice): Energy Focus, Inc. Randy Gianas Senior Vice President 3200 Aurora Road, Suite B Solon, OH 44139 Email: rgianas@energyfocus.com Elizabeth Fei Chen Pryor Cashman LLP 7 Times Square, New York, NY 10036 Direct Dial : 212-326-0199 Email : echen@pryorcashman.com [REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK SIGNATURE PAGE FOR PURCHASER FOLLOWS]

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGES TO EFOI SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above. Name of Purchaser: ___SANDER ELECTRONIC CO., LTD. Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: ________________________________________ Name of Authorized Signatory: N/A__________________________________________________ Title of Authorized Signatory: N/A ___________________________________________________ Email Address of Authorized Signatory: _______________________________________________ Address for Notice to Purchaser: Address for Delivery of Securities to Purchaser (if not same as address for notice): Subscription Amount: $____850,000.00____ cash $_________________ aggregate Promissory Notes for exchange as listed below: Date Principal Repayment Amount Allocated as follows: Shares: ___534,592_________ EIN Number: _______________________

EX-10.41 6 exhibits1041amendedlease.htm EX-10.41 exhibits1041amendedlease

EX-19.1 7 ex191efoi-insidertradingpo.htm EX-19.1 Document

Exhibit 19.1

Energy Focus, Inc.

INSIDER TRADING POLICY

Dated: March 25, 2025

Summary

Energy Focus, Inc. (“EFOI” or the “Company”), has implemented an Insider Trading Policy (the “Policy”) to provide guidelines to officers, directors, employees and related individuals of the Company and its subsidiaries with respect to transactions in the Company’s securities. The Policy is designed to prevent insider trading or the appearance of impropriety, to satisfy the Company’s obligation to reasonably supervise the activities of Company personnel, and to help Company personnel avoid the severe consequences associated with violations of insider trading laws. The following summary is presented in question and answer format. The following information is a summary only. All persons subject to the insider trading policy must read the entire policy.

What is the insider trading policy?

The insider trading policy contains rules applicable to our officers, directors, employees, consultants and vendors, and related individuals, concerning trading in stock or other securities of EFOI and companies with whom EFOI does business. Among other things, the policy prohibits trading in EFOI securities while in possession of inside information.

What is “inside information?”

Inside information is material, non-public information concerning EFOI or any other public company with whom EFOI does business. The policy contains many examples of types of material, non-public information.

Who is subject to the insider trading policy?

The policy covers the officers, directors, employees, consultants and vendors of EFOI and all of its subsidiaries. The policy also covers family members of these persons and others who have or may have access to inside information, including family members whose investments are controlled or influenced by these persons.

Who is the compliance officer and what does he do?

Yu Tang Lin is currently the compliance officer under this insider trading policy. The compliance officer is responsible for ensuring compliance with the policy, and his duties include pre‑approving all trades by persons subject to the pre‑approval requirements described below.

Who are Section 16 Insiders?

Section 16 is part of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. It requires certain senior officers, directors and large stockholders to file reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission about their share holdings and trades. The Section 16 Insiders are listed on Exhibit A to the policy. Section 16 Insiders are considered “Access Personnel” under the policy. Exhibit A will be automatically amended whenever the EFOI Board of Directors changes the designation of Section 16 insiders.

Who are Access Personnel?

Access Personnel include the Section 16 Insiders and other persons who, by virtue of their position, are likely to have access to material non-public information on a more frequent basis than other Covered Persons. The Access Personnel are listed on Exhibit B to the policy. Exhibit B may be updated from time to time by the compliance officer.

Is anyone else considered Access Personnel?

Occasionally, the compliance officer may designate additional persons as Access Personnel on a temporary basis if they gain access to inside information. The compliance officer will inform people in writing if they become Access Personnel, and will inform them when they are no longer deemed Access Personnel.

What special restrictions apply to Access Personnel?

Access Personnel are subject to one or both of the following restrictions:

1.No trading in EFOI securities during times of the year called Blackout Periods (as defined below).

2.Required approval of the compliance officer prior to trading in EFOI securities, even outside of the Blackout Periods.

Exhibit B lists the restrictions applicable to each Access Personnel. Such restrictions may be changed from time to time.

What is the Blackout Period?

The Blackout Period during which certain Access Personnel cannot trade in EFOI securities begins fifteen (15) calendar days before the last trading day of a fiscal quarter, and ends at the commencement of trading on the third trading day following public release of the Company’s annual or quarterly financial results. EFOI may extend the Blackout Period or implement different Blackout Periods at any time by giving written notice to all Access Personnel. In addition, EFOI may waive compliance with a Blackout Period if all material information concerning the Company has been publicly disclosed or is known by both parties to the proposed transaction. It is important to remember that even outside of the Blackout Period, Covered Persons are prohibited from buying, selling or otherwise transferring EFOI securities if they are aware of material non-public information.

What are the pre-clearance requirements?

Certain Access Personnel must obtain the written permission of the compliance officer prior to engaging in any trade in EFOI securities. Approval may take up to two business days, so Access Personnel subject to this restriction should plan in advance. When Access Personnel request permission to make a trade, the compliance officer will complete a pre-clearance checklist and if the trade is approved, will give written permission for the trade. The written permission will expire at the end of the second trading day following the date of written permission unless a longer period is granted in the sole discretion of the compliance officer. Any such permission will automatically expire without advance notice upon the commencement of a Blackout Period.

What is the restriction on market limit orders?

Market limit orders are open orders placed with a broker which are to be executed only if the securities reach a certain price. A market limit order may continue indefinitely, or it may expire at a set time. In order to prevent Access Personnel from accidentally engaging in a trade when trading is not allowed, Access Personnel subject to pre-clearance requirements may not enter any market limit orders with their brokers for EFOI securities except market limit orders which expire within the time allowed for trading after receiving written permission to trade from the compliance officer.

Access Personnel subject to Blackout Periods may not enter into any market limit orders with their brokers for EFOI securities other than orders which expire before the commencement of the next Blackout Period. The above restrictions are not applicable to approved Rule 10b5-1 plans (see below).

Does the policy have exceptions for Rule 10b5-1 plans?

The Company will in certain cases permit persons subject to this policy to enter into “blind trusts” or advance trading plans, and thereby avoid the prohibitions in the policy on trading while in possession of inside information. All such plans by Access Personnel will require approval by the compliance officer, which approval must be obtained in advance of any trade that would otherwise be subject to the policy.

I am not listed as Access Personnel. Does the policy apply to me?

Yes. While people who are not Access Personnel are not subject to the Blackout Periods or pre-clearance requirements, all employees and consultants of EFOI and its subsidiaries are prohibited from trading while in possession of inside information.

Can I sell EFOI shares short?

No. Selling shares short is a bet that the price of EFOI common stock will go down. We cannot have a situation where any of our employees or consultants would benefit financially at the expense of our existing stockholders. The same policy applies to acquiring any derivative security (such as a put option) whose value would increase if the stock price goes down. Section 16 Insiders are prohibited by law, as well as by the policy, from selling short.

What about my options issued pursuant to one of EFOI’s stock option or employee stock purchase plans?

You may exercise options issued by EFOI for cash, and you may complete purchases under a tax-qualified employee stock purchase plan, during Blackout Periods and even if you possess inside information. The special exceptions for exercise of an option and for employee stock purchase plan purchases do not apply to the sale of the EFOI common stock you receive on exercise or purchase. All sales of EFOI common stock are subject to the policy. Unless you have sufficient cash to pay the exercise price and you intend to hold the shares you acquire upon exercise of an option, you should determine whether you are permitted to sell the shares before you exercise the option.

What about my restricted stock units?

You may not sell any restricted stock units of EFOI (“RSUs”) or any vested shares during the Blackout Period. Any shares of the Company issuable from RSUs that vest during the Blackout Period will not be issued to you until after such Blackout Period has ended.

Can I gift EFOI shares during the Blackout Period?

No. The Securities and Exchange Commission has indicated that bona fide gifts are subject to insider trading restrictions under federal law. Therefore, you may not gift any securities of the Company during the Blackout Period.

Can I pledge my securities in a margin account or to secure another type of loan?

Access Personnel may not hold securities of EFOI in a margin account. Access Personnel may not pledge securities to secure other loans without special permission from the compliance officer. Permission for pledges may be granted only at a time when you are permitted to trade in EFOI securities.

What are the penalties for violation of the policy?

Violation of the policy may expose the violator to severe criminal and civil penalties. EFOI will consider disciplinary action, up to and including termination, of any person who violates the policy.

Introductory Information

Definition of Inside Information

“Inside Information” means material, non-public information. Information is material if a reasonable investor would consider it important to the total mix of information available about the Company. Information is non-public if it has not been explicitly disclosed by the Company in a press release or report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or by another manner involving broad disclosure to the investing public. Information remains non-public until it has been so disclosed and the market has had time to absorb and evaluate the information.

Examples of types of information that will frequently be material include:

•operating or financial results,

•changes in earnings estimates,

•significant changes in sales volumes, market share, product pricing, mix of sales, strategic plans, or liquidity,

•the gain or loss of a substantial customer or supplier,

•a pending or proposed merger, acquisition or tender offer,

•a significant sale of assets or the disposition of a subsidiary,

•execution of a business contract that is important to the company financially, strategically or otherwise,

•the award or cancellation of significant licenses or sales contracts,

•significant policy changes by the Company’s vendors or third party service providers,

•major management changes,

•public or private financing transactions,

•plans for substantial capital investment,

•significant write‑offs or increases in reserves,

•impending bankruptcy or financial liquidity problems,

•a significant cybersecurity breach,

•significant regulatory approvals or challenges,

•a change in state or federal law relating to the Company’s industry,

•a change in federal enforcement practices with respect to participants in the Company’s industry,

•pending or threatened litigation of potential significance to the company, or settlement or other resolution of ongoing litigation,

•significant new platform features or changes to existing platform features,

•delays in product development or problems with quality control,

•a stock split or other recapitalization,

•a change in dividend policy,

•a redemption or purchase by the Company of its securities, and

•any other information which is likely to have a significant impact on the Company.

Either positive or negative information may be material.

In general, information that is likely to affect the market price of a security is likely to be considered material.

If your securities transactions become the subject of scrutiny, they will be viewed after-the-fact with the benefit of hindsight. As a result, Covered Persons should give careful thought to whether any facts and circumstances exist that could raise suspicions about the propriety of the proposed transaction after the fact; for example, as to whether information that the covered person has become aware of may be construed as “material” and “nonpublic.”

You should contact the Compliance Officer identified below if you are considering a transaction in Company securities shortly after public disclosures of material information by the Company.

Other Definitions

“Access Personnel” include the Section 16 Insiders, and other persons who, by virtue of their position, are likely to have access to Inside Information on a more frequent basis than other Covered Persons. Access Personnel are listed on Exhibit B to this Policy. The compliance officer may from time to time designate certain persons not listed on Exhibit B as Access Personnel for purposes of this Policy if they gain access to Inside Information even for a limited period of time. The compliance officer will update Exhibit B from time to time as appropriate. All persons who, temporarily or permanently, become Access Personnel for purposes of this Policy will be given written notice.

“Blackout Period” applies to certain Access Personnel designated on Exhibit B, and is described below under the heading “Specific Procedures Applicable to Access Personnel.”

“Compliance Officer” is the insider trading compliance officer appointed pursuant to this Policy. The Compliance Officer may be appointed and changed at any time by the Company with written notice to all Covered Persons.

“Covered Persons” are described below under the heading “Applicability of Policy to Covered Persons.”

“Section 16 Insiders” are the executive officers and directors of the Company and its subsidiaries who are subject to the reporting and liability provisions of Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Section 16 Insiders are listed on Exhibit A to this Policy. Exhibit A will be updated automatically whenever the Board changes the designation of Section 16 insiders.

Transactions Covered by the Policy

This Policy applies to all transactions in the Company’s securities, including common stock, options for common stock, restricted stock units, and other securities the Company may issue from time to time, such as preferred stock, warrants and convertible debentures, as well as to derivative securities relating to the Company’s stock, whether or not issued by the Company (such as exchange‑traded options).

It applies to all officers of the Company, all members of the Company’s Board of Directors, and all employees of, and consultants, contractors and vendors to, the Company and its subsidiaries, and will continue to apply to such persons for a period of ninety (90) days after their separation from the Company. It also applies to family members of such persons, and to others, to the extent such persons come to have access to Inside Information. Persons subject to this Policy are referred to as “Covered Persons.”

Any person who possesses Inside Information regarding the Company is a Covered Person for so long as the information is non-public.

Bona fide gifts are generally transactions subject to the Policy (including outside of a Blackout Period if the Covered Person is aware of material non-public information).

Transactions in mutual funds that hold Company securities are generally not transactions subject to the Policy. However, transactions in mutual funds may be prohibited under the Policy if a Covered Person becomes aware of material non-public information which might materially affect the value of the mutual fund as a whole.

Covered Persons are expected to use good judgment and contact the Compliance Officer in advance of a transaction if they have any doubt about whether a transaction is covered by the Policy.

Application of Policy After Relationship Terminates

If you are subject to a Blackout Period imposed by this Policy and your relationship terminates during a Blackout Period (or if you otherwise leave while in possession of Inside Information), you will continue to be subject to the Policy, and specifically to the ongoing prohibition against trading, until the later of the end of the Blackout Period or the commencement of trading on the second trading day following public announcement of any Inside Information of which you are aware.

If a Blackout Period is extended, or if a Blackout Period does not end on its normal date as the result of the commencement of a subsequent Blackout Period prior to the termination of the prior Blackout Period, the Compliance Officer may in his discretion waive the applicability of the extended or new Blackout Period to a person whose relationship with the Company has terminated during the prior Blackout Period, if the Compliance Officer determines that such person has not had access to any Inside Information relating to the extended or new Blackout Period.

The Company may institute stop-transfer instructions to its transfer agent in order to enforce this provision.

The Company’s Policy

It is the policy of the Company that any Covered Person who possesses Inside Information about the Company may not buy or sell securities of the Company nor engage in any other action to take advantage of, or pass on to others, that information. This includes posting of Inside Information in chat-rooms or via other electronic communications. This Policy also applies to information relating to any other company, including customers, vendors or suppliers of the Company, obtained in the course of employment by or service to the Company.

Illegality of Insider Trading

It is illegal for any Covered Person to trade in the securities of the Company using material, non-public information about the Company. It is also illegal for any Covered Person to give Inside Information to others who may trade on the basis of that information.

Specific Policies Applicable to All Covered Persons

The Company intends to comply with the spirit as well as the letter of the insider trading laws. The Company’s policy is to avoid even the appearance of improper conduct on the part of anyone employed by or associated with the Company, whether or not the conduct is literally in violation of the law.

1.Trading on Inside Information. No Covered Person and no member of the immediate family or household of any such person, may trade or otherwise engage in any transaction involving a purchase or sale of the Company’s securities, including but not limited to, any offer to purchase or offer to sell, during any period commencing with the date that he or she possesses Inside Information concerning the Company, and ending when all material information known to such person has been available to investors generally for at least two (2) business days. Transactions that may be necessary or justifiable for independent reasons (such as the need to raise money for an emergency expenditure) are no exception. Even the appearance of an improper transaction must be avoided to preserve our reputation for adhering to the highest standards of conduct.

2.Tipping. No Covered Person may disclose (“tip”) Inside Information to any other person (including family members) where such information may be used by such person to his or her profit by trading in the securities of companies to which such information relates. No Covered Person may recommend the purchase or sale of any Company securities, or pass on to any person any material non-public information concerning the Company, whether or not the Covered Person has any information regarding such person’s intention to engage in any transaction involving Company securities.

3.Confidentiality of Non-public Information; Prohibition on Electronic Posting of Confidential Information. Non-public information relating to the Company is the property of the Company and the unauthorized disclosure of such information is forbidden. Covered Persons are prohibited from posting confidential information relating to the Company, including but not limited to material non-public information, in internet chat rooms, on online message boards, on social media and social networking websites or through the use of any other form of electronic communication.

4.No Short Sales. Because short sales represent a bet that the Company’s stock price will decline, the Company prohibits all Covered Persons from shorting the Company’s stock. The Company also prohibits Covered Persons from acquiring any security or position which would increase in value if the Company’s stock price declines, such as a put option. Short sales by Section 16 Insiders are prohibited by law as well as by this Policy. Any questions as to whether a transaction is a prohibited short sale should be raised with the Compliance Officer.

5.Publicly-Traded Options. Given the relatively short term of publicly-traded options, transactions in options may create the appearance that a Covered Person is trading based on material non-public information and focus a Covered Person’s attention on short-term performance at the expense of the Company's long-term objectives. Accordingly, transactions in put options, call options or other derivative securities, on an exchange or in any other organized market, are prohibited by the Policy.

6.Hedging Transactions. Hedging or monetization transactions can be accomplished through a number of possible mechanisms, including financial instruments such as prepaid variable forwards, equity swaps, collars and exchange funds. Such hedging transactions may permit a Covered Person to continue to own Company securities obtained through employee benefit plans or otherwise, but without the full risks and rewards of ownership. When that occurs, the Covered Person may no longer have the same objectives as the Company's other shareholders. Any person wishing to enter into such an arrangement must first submit the proposed transaction, all agreements therefor and a written explanation of the purpose of the proposed transaction to the Compliance Officer for approval. The Compliance Officer may accept, reject or condition such transaction in his or her sole discretion.

7.Margin Accounts and Pledges. Securities held in a margin account may be sold by the broker without the customer’s consent if the customer fails to meet a margin call. Similarly, securities pledged as collateral for a loan may be sold in foreclosure if the borrower defaults on the loan or, in many instances, if the value of the collateral declines. Because a margin sale or foreclosure sale may occur at a time when the pledgor is aware of material non-public information regarding the Company, Covered Persons are prohibited from holding securities of the Company in a margin account or pledging such securities as collateral for a loan. An exception to this prohibition may be permitted in certain limited circumstances with the advance written approval of the Compliance Officer. The Compliance Officer may accept, reject or condition such transaction in its sole discretion.

8.Securities of Other Companies. The foregoing provisions also apply to trading in the securities of other companies, including the Company's customers, vendors and suppliers, if any Covered Person becomes aware of material non-public information relating to such companies in the course of performing his or her duties for the Company. Covered Persons are prohibited from disclosing any material non-public information concerning other companies that they gain as part of their employment.

9.Expert Networks. “Expert networks” are firms that connect investment firms and others seeking information about specific industries, companies, products or business situations with outside experts who are able to provide information on such topics. Covered Persons may not act as consultants or employees of expert network firms or any similar enterprises unless the engagement has been approved in writing by the Compliance Officer.

Transactions by Family Members and Others

The Policy applies to family members and domestic partners of Covered Persons who reside in the same household with the Covered Person and family members who do not live in the Covered Person’s household but whose transactions in Company securities are directed by a Covered Person or are subject to a Covered Person’s influence or control (collectively, “Family Members”). Family Members generally include spouse, domestic partner, children and stepchildren, a child away at college and grandchildren, and may include parents, stepparents, grandparents, siblings and in-laws. Questions as to which persons are subject to the restrictions of the Policy should be directed to the Compliance Officer. Each Covered Person is responsible for the transactions in Company securities of these other persons and therefore should make them aware of the need to confer with him or her before trading in Company securities.

Transactions by Entities Affiliated with a Covered Person

The Policy applies to any entities whose transactions in Company securities are influenced or controlled by a Covered Person, including corporations, partnerships or trusts (collectively, “Controlled Entities”).

Transactions by these Controlled Entities will be treated for the purposes of the Policy as if they are for the account of the affiliated Covered Person.

Potential Criminal and Civil Liability and/or Disciplinary Action

Penalties for trading on or communicating material non-public information are severe and may be applied against the individual involved in unlawful conduct, as well as against the Company and controlling persons of the Company. A person can be subject to some or all of the penalties noted below even if he or she does not personally benefit from the violation. Penalties include:

1.Liability for Insider Trading. Covered Persons may be subject to penalties of up to $5,000,000 and up to twenty years in jail for engaging in transactions in securities at a time when they have knowledge of Inside Information regarding the subject company.

2.Liability for Tipping. Covered Persons may also be liable for improper transactions by any person (commonly referred to as a “tippee”) to whom they have disclosed Inside Information regarding the Company or to whom they have made recommendations or expressed opinions on the basis of such information as to trading in the Company’s securities. The SEC has imposed large penalties even when the disclosing person did not profit from the trading. The SEC, the stock exchanges and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority use sophisticated electronic surveillance techniques to uncover insider trading.

3.Disciplinary Actions. Covered Persons who violate this Policy will be subject to disciplinary action by the Company, which may include, in addition to other sanctions, ineligibility for future participation in the Company’s equity incentive plans or termination of employment.

4.Stop Transfer Order. The Company may in its discretion impose or maintain stop transfer orders on securities held by Covered Persons during a Blackout Period.

You should be aware that stock market surveillance techniques have become extremely sophisticated and are being improved all the time. The chance that federal authorities or exchange regulators will detect even small-level trading is a significant one.

Individual Responsibility

Every Covered Person has the individual responsibility to comply with this Policy against insider trading, regardless of whether the Company has implemented a Blackout Period applicable to the Covered Person. Appropriate judgment should be exercised in connection with any trade or other restrictions in the Company’s securities.

A Covered Person may, from time to time, have to forego a proposed transaction in the Company’s securities even if he or she planned to make the transaction before learning of the Inside Information and even though the Covered Person believes he or she may suffer an economic loss or forego an anticipated profit by waiting. Covered Persons who have anticipated needs for liquidity should strongly consider adopting a Rule 10b5-1 plan.

Applicability of Policy to Inside Information Regarding Other Companies

This Policy also applies to Inside Information relating to other companies, including the Company’s customers, vendors or suppliers (“business partners”), when that information is obtained in the course of employment with, or other services performed on behalf of, the Company.

Civil and criminal penalties, and termination of employment, may result from trading on inside information regarding the Company’s business partners. All employees should treat Inside Information about the Company’s business partners with the same care required with respect to information related directly to the Company.

Specific Procedures Applicable to Access Personnel

Blackout Period

To ensure compliance with this Policy and applicable federal and state securities laws, it is the Company’s policy that certain Access Personnel designated on Exhibit B refrain from conducting any transactions involving the purchase or sale of the Company’s securities during a “Blackout Period.” The Blackout Period begins on the day which is fifteen (15) calendar days before the last trading day of a fiscal quarter, and ends at the commencement of trading on the third trading day following public release of the Company’s annual or quarterly financial results. The Compliance Officer may extend the Blackout Period, or adopt additional Blackout Periods, in his or her sole discretion. The Compliance Officer may waive compliance with a Blackout Period if, following consultation with the Board of Directors and the Company's legal counsel, the Compliance Officer concludes that all material information concerning the Company has been publicly disclosed or, in the case of a proposed private transaction in the Company's securities, that neither party to such transaction is in possession of Inside Information which is not also known by the other party.

The safest period for trading in the Company’s securities, assuming the absence of Inside Information, is generally the first ten days after the expiration of the Blackout Period for the prior quarter.

It is important to remember that, even if outside the Blackout Period, no Covered Person may trade in Company securities while in possession of Inside Information. Trading in the Company’s securities outside of a Blackout Period should not be considered a “safe harbor,” and all Access Personnel and other Covered Persons should use good judgment at all times. You should contact the Compliance Officer in advance of a transaction if you have any questions regarding a particular securities transaction.

Pre‑Clearance of Trades

Certain Access Personnel of the Company must comply with the Company’s pre‑clearance process prior to engaging in any trade at any time in the Company’s securities. Such Access Personnel must contact the Compliance Officer, at least five (5) business days prior to commencing any trade in the Company’s securities.

The Compliance Officer will complete a pre‑clearance checklist in the form attached as Exhibit C to this Policy and if the trade is approved, will give written permission for the trade in the form attached as Exhibit D to this Policy. The written permission will expire at the end of the second trading day following the date of written permission or the beginning of the Blackout Period, whichever is earlier. Accordingly, Access Personnel should not request permission to trade unless there is an intention to execute the trade immediately following receipt of written permission. The Compliance Officer is under no obligation to approve a transaction submitted for pre-clearance, and may determine not to permit the transaction in his or her sole discretion.

Further Restrictions

As circumstances dictate, the Company may restrict trading by Access Personnel during otherwise open trading window periods. For example, the Company may restrict trading by Access Personnel during an ongoing cybersecurity investigation until the Company determines whether the incident is “material”. In such event, the Compliance Officer will notify particular individuals that they should not engage in any transactions involving the Company’s securities until such further restrictions are lifted by further notice. The notice need not state the reason for the further restrictions. Access Personnel who receive such notice should not disclose to others the existence of such further restrictions. Generally, these further restricted periods will end upon the earlier of the circumstances no longer being material or the open of market on the second trading day following the Company's public disclosure of such circumstances or their resolution.

Restriction on Market Limit Orders

In order to prevent Access Personnel from accidentally engaging in a trade when trading is not allowed, Access Personnel subject to Blackout Periods may not enter into any market limit orders with their brokers for securities of the Company other than orders which expire no later than the commencement of the next Blackout Period. Access Personnel subject to pre-clearance requirements are subject to the additional restriction that they may not enter any market limit orders for securities of the Company except market limit orders which expire within the time allowed for trading after receiving written permission to trade from the Compliance Officer. All other market limit orders by Access Personnel for securities of the Company are prohibited. This paragraph does not however apply to approved Rule 10b5-1 plans.

Margin Accounts and Pledges

A pledge of securities may be considered a sale under the securities laws. In addition, securities held in a margin account or pledged as collateral for a loan may be sold by the broker without the customer's consent if the customer fails to meet a margin call. Similarly, securities pledged (or hypothecated) as collateral for a loan may be sold in foreclosure if the borrower defaults on the loan. Because the initial pledge may be a sale, and a later margin sale or foreclosure sale may occur at a time when the pledgor is aware of Inside Information or otherwise is not permitted to trade in securities of the Company, Access Personnel are prohibited from holding Company securities in a margin account or pledging Company securities for a loan. An exception to this prohibition may be granted where a person wishes to pledge Company securities as collateral for a loan (not including margin debt), if such person is otherwise permitted to transact in Company securities at the time of the pledge, and if such person clearly demonstrates the financial capacity to repay the loan without resort to the pledged securities. Any person who wishes to pledge Company securities as collateral for a loan must submit a request for approval to the Compliance Officer at least two weeks prior to the proposed execution of documents evidencing the proposed pledge.

Exception for Pre-Arranged Trading Programs

(Rule 10b5-1)

Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act allows a person to trade while aware of material non-public information if the trade was executed pursuant to a plan satisfying the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 (a “trading plan”) that was established at a time when the person was not aware of material non-public information. Rule 10b5-1 is a complicated rule that requires sophisticated planning and should not be relied upon without the advice of one’s own legal counsel or personal financial adviser.

Specific Requirements

Trades in Company securities that are executed pursuant to an approved trading plan are not subject to the prohibitions in the Policy, including Blackout Periods or pre-clearance requirements for Access Personnel. Trading plans must meet the following requirements:

1.Pre-Approval. For a Rule 10b5-1 plan to serve as an adequate defense against an allegation of insider trading, a number of legal requirements must be satisfied. Accordingly, anyone wishing to establish a Rule 10b5-1 plan must first receive approval from the Compliance Officer.

2.Material Non-public Information and Special Blackouts. An individual desiring to enter into a Rule 10b5-1 plan must enter into the plan at a time when he or she is not aware of any material nonpublic information about the Company or otherwise subject to a special trading blackout

3.Open Trading Window. A Rule 10b5-1 plan may only be adopted during an open trading window (i.e., outside of a Blackout Period).

4.30-Day Waiting Period. Rapid transaction executions subsequent to plan adoption may create an appearance of impropriety and call into question whether a plan adopter had material non-public information at the time of plan adoption. To avoid even the appearance of impropriety, the Company requires a waiting period of 30 days between the date the Rule 10b5-1 plan is adopted and the date of the first possible transaction under the plan.

Trading plans may not be instituted, amended or terminated, and deviations from such plans may not be made during a Blackout Period or at a time when a Covered Person is aware of material non-public information. Any amendment or termination of an approved trading plan requires the advance approval of the Compliance Officer. The Compliance Officer may circulate from time to time criteria for clearance of trading plans. Section 16 Insiders must provide prompt notice to the Compliance Officer of all transactions under trading plans to facilitate filings required under Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act. Such filings are generally due within two (2) business days of a trade. The Company reserves the right to bar any transactions in Company securities, even those pursuant to trading plans previously approved, if the Compliance Officer or the Board of Directors, in consultation with the Compliance Officer, determines that such a bar is appropriate under the circumstances.

Exception for Stock Options and Employee Stock Purchase Plans

The Policy does not apply to the exercise of an employee stock option acquired pursuant to the Company's plans, or to the exercise of a tax withholding right pursuant to which a person has elected to have the Company withhold shares subject to an option to satisfy tax withholding requirements. The Policy does apply, however, to any sale of stock as part of a broker-assisted cashless exercise of an option and to any other market sale for the purpose of generating the cash needed to pay the exercise price of an option.

Purchases of Company stock through a 401(k) plan or employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) resulting from your periodic contribution of money to the plan pursuant to your payroll deduction election are also exempt from this Policy, since the other party to those transactions is the Company itself and the price is determined by the terms of the option agreement or the plan. The trading restrictions do apply, however, to elections you may make to (a) begin participation or change participation levels in any ESPP or Company stock fund in the 401(k) plan, (b) sell any shares purchased under the ESPP, and (c) initiate an intra-plan transfer of an existing account balance into or out of the Company stock fund in the 401(k) plan.

Additional Information ‑ Directors and Executive Officers

Directors and executive officers of the Company must also comply with the reporting obligations and limitations on short-swing transactions set forth in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The practical effect of these provisions is that Section 16 Insiders who purchase and sell the Company’s securities within a six-month period must disgorge all profits to the Company whether or not they had knowledge of any Inside Information. Under these provisions, and so long as certain other criteria are met, in most cases neither the receipt of an option under the Company’s option plans, nor the exercise of that option is deemed a purchase under Section 16; however, the sale of any such shares is a sale under Section 16. The exercise of options by Section 16 Insiders, although not subject to short-swing liability, must be disclosed on a Form 4 filed within two business days after the exercise occurs. The participation by executive officers in a tax-qualified employee stock purchase plan will not generally result in a Section 16 short-swing liability or reporting obligations; however the sale of any shares acquired is subject to Section 16 reporting and short-swing liability. Generally, all other purchases and sales of Company securities by Section 16 Insiders must be disclosed on a Form 4 filed within two business days after the transaction occurs. Moreover, no officer or director may ever make a short sale of the Company’s stock. The Company has provided, or will provide, separate memoranda and other appropriate materials to its officers and directors regarding compliance with Section 16 and its related rules.

Certification

Covered Persons will be required to certify their understanding of and compliance with this Policy on an annual basis, in the form attached as Exhibit E to this Policy.

Inquiries

Please direct your questions as to any of the matters discussed in the Policy to the Compliance Officer.

Duties of Compliance Officer

The duties of the Compliance Officer include the following:

1.Pre‑clearance of all transactions involving the Company’s securities by Access Personnel designated for pre-clearance on Exhibit B in order to determine compliance with the Policy, insider trading laws, Section 16 of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

2.Assistance in the preparation of Section 16 reports (Forms 3, 4 and 5) for all Section 16 Insiders.

3.Performance of cross‑checks of available materials, which may include Forms 3, 4 and 5, Forms 144, officers and directors questionnaires, and reports received from the Company’s stock administrator and transfer agent, to determine trading activity by officers, directors and others who have, or may have, access to Inside Information.

4.Circulation of the Policy to all Covered Persons on an annual basis, and provision of the Policy and other appropriate materials to any officers, directors or others who have, or may have, access to Inside Information.

5.Reviewing proposed Rule 10b5‑1 plans of Covered Persons.

6.Assisting the Company’s Board of Directors in implementation of the Policy.

7.Updating from time to time, as applicable, the list of Access Personnel on Exhibit B of the Policy.

EXHIBIT A

SECTION 16 INSIDERS


Name						Title
Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang						Chief Executive Officer and Director





Non-Employee Directors
Wen-Jeng Chang						Director
Mei Yun (Gina) Huang						Director
Shou-Jang Lee						Director
Wen-Cheng Chen						Director

EXHIBIT B

ACCESS PERSONNEL

All Section 16 Insiders listed on Exhibit A are Access Personnel, and subject to pre-clearance requirements and Blackout Periods. In addition, the following persons are Access Personnel, and are subject to the indicated restrictions:


Name	Title	Blackout Periods	Pre-Clearance

EXHIBIT C

INSIDER TRADING COMPLIANCE PROGRAM ‑ PRE‑CLEARANCE CHECKLIST


Individual Proposing To Trade:
Compliance Officer:
Proposed Trade:
Date:

No Blackout. Confirm that the trade will not be made during a “Blackout Period” ☐

Section 16 Compliance. Confirm, if the individual is an officer or director subject to Section 16, that the proposed trade will not give rise to any potential liability under Section 16 as a result of matched past (or intended future) transactions. Also, ensure that a Form 4 has been or will be completed and will be filed within two (2) business days of the trade. ☐

Prohibited Trades. Confirm that the proposed transaction is not a short sale, put, call or other prohibited transaction. ☐

Rule 144 Compliance. To the extent applicable confirm that:

The current public information requirement has been met. ☐

Shares to be sold are not restricted or, if restricted, the holding period has been met. ☐

Volume limitations are not exceeded (confirm the individual is not part of an aggregated

group). ☐

The manner of sale requirements have been met. ☐

The Notice on Form 144 has been completed and filed. ☐

Rule 10b‑5 Concerns. Confirm that:

The individual has been reminded that trading is prohibited when in possession of any material information regarding the Company that has not been adequately disclosed to the public. ☐

The Compliance Officer has discussed with the insider any information known to the individual or the Compliance Officer which might be considered material, so that the individual has made an informed judgment as to the presence of inside information. ☐

__________________________________________

Signature of Compliance Officer

EXHIBIT D

PERMISSION TO TRADE

_________ is hereby permitted to buy/sell [circle one] shares of the common stock of Energy Focus, Inc.

[Include the following if sales to be made by affiliates pursuant to Rule 144. The securities must be sold in a broker’s transaction, and you may not solicit or arrange for the solicitation of an order to buy the securities you are selling, or make any payment in connection with the offer and sale to any person other than the broker who executes an order to sell the securities.]

The permission to sell will expire on the close of trading on _________, 20__.

Very truly yours,

__________________________________________

Signature of Compliance Officer

EXHIBIT E

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

I represent that I have read, and promise to comply with, the Energy Focus, Inc. Insider Trading Policy.

_______________________________________ Name: Date:

EX-23.1 8 a20241231ex231-10xk.htm EXHIBIT 23.1 Document

EXHIBIT 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Energy Focus, Inc.

Solon, Ohio

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-1 (No. 333-237614), and Form S-3 (Nos. 333-265685, 333-261905 and 333-261906) and Form S-8 (Nos. 333-249272, 333-219805, 333-206088, 333-197422, 333-193024, 333-184028 and 333-169274) of Energy Focus, Inc. (the "Company") of our report dated March 25, 2025, relating to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule, which appear in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 to which this consent is filed as an exhibit. Our report contains an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

/s/ GBQ Partners, LLC

Columbus, Ohio

March 25, 2025

EX-31.1 9 a20241231ex311-10xk.htm EX-31.1 Document

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Energy Focus, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.


			By:			/s/ Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang
			Name:			Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang
			Title:			Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer)
			Date:			March 25, 2025

EX-32.1 10 a20241231ex321-10xk.htm EX-32.1 Document

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED

PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Energy Focus, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “Report”), I, Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang, Chief Executive Officer of the Company certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

(i) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


			/s/ Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang
			Chiao Chieh (Jay) Huang Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer)
			Date:			March 25, 2025

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Energy Focus, Inc. and will be retained by Energy Focus, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.