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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
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REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
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ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 |
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TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
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SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
Commission file number 000-56727
BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
British Columbia, Canada
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
250 Vesey Street, 15th Floor
New York, New York, 10281
United States
(Address of principal executive offices)
Michael Ryan
250 Vesey Street, 15th Floor
New York, New York, 10281
United States
+1-212-417-7000
bip.enquiries@brookfield.com
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
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| Title of class |
Trading Symbol(s) |
Name of each exchange on which registered |
| Class A Exchangeable Subordinate Voting Shares |
BIPC |
New York Stock Exchange; Toronto Stock Exchange |
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:
119,039,120 Class A Exchangeable Subordinate Voting Shares as of December 31, 2024
31,909 Class B Multiple Voting Shares as of December 31, 2024
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer”, “large accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one)
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Large accelerated filer ☒ |
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Accelerated filer ☐ |
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Non-accelerated filer ☐ |
Emerging growth company ☐ |
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control
over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued
its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
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| Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: |
| ☐ U.S. GAAP |
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☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the
International Accounting Standards Board
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☐ Other |
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.
Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION AND USE OF CERTAIN TERMS
Unless the context requires otherwise, when used in this annual report on Form 20-F, the terms “we”, “us”, “our” and “our company” refer to, (i) prior to December 24, 2024, Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings Corporation (formerly Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation) and (ii) on or after December 24, 2024, Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation (formerly 1505109 B.C. Ltd.), in each case including any subsidiaries thereof, references to “Brookfield Infrastructure” mean the partnership collectively with Holding LP, the Brookfield Infrastructure Holding Entities and the Brookfield Infrastructure Operating Entities (but excluding BIPC and BIHC and their respective subsidiaries) (each as defined below), and references to “our group” mean, collectively, Brookfield Infrastructure, BIPC and BIHC, together with their respective subsidiaries. All dollar amounts contained in this annual report on Form 20-F are expressed in U.S. dollars, unless specified otherwise, and references to “dollars”, “$”, “US$” or “USD” are to U.S. dollars, all references to “C$” or “CAD” are to Canadian dollars, all references to “A$” or “AUD” are to Australian dollars, all references to “reais”, “BRL” or “R$” are to Brazilian reais, all references to “£” or “GBP” are to pound sterling and all references to “€” or “EUR” are to Euros, and, unless the context suggests otherwise, references to:
•“Alberta Finco” are to Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC;
•“Arrangement” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 4.A “History and Development of Brookfield Infrastructure”
•“Asset Management Company” are to Brookfield Asset Management ULC, which is, as of February 4, 2025, wholly-owned, directly and indirectly, by BAM;
•“articles” are to the notice of articles and articles of our company;
•“audit committee” are to the audit committee of our board;
•“AUM” are to assets under management;
•“BAM” are to Brookfield Asset Management Ltd.;
•“BCBCA” are to the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia);
•“Bermuda Holdco” are to BIP Bermuda Holdings I Limited;
•“BIHC” are to Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings Corporation (formerly Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation) and any subsidiary of Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings Corporation, as the context requires;
•“BIHC class B shares” are to the class B multiple voting shares in the capital of BIHC;
•“BIPC” are to (i) prior to December 24, 2024, Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings Corporation (formerly Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation) and (ii) on or after December 24, 2024, Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation (formerly 1505109 B.C. Ltd.), in each case including any subsidiaries thereof;
•“BIPC Exchange LP” are to Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation Exchange Limited Partnership, a subsidiary of the partnership;
•“BIPC Exchangeable LP Units” are to the exchangeable units of BIPC Exchange LP, which were issued in connection with the acquisition by the partnership and its institutional partners of Inter Pipeline Ltd. (“IPL” or “Inter Pipeline”), and which provide holders with economic terms that are substantially equivalent to exchangeable shares and are exchangeable, on a one-for-one basis, for exchangeable shares;
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•“BN” are to Brookfield Corporation;
•“board” are to the board of directors of our company;
•“Brookfield” are to BN and any subsidiary of BN, other than our group and, unless the context otherwise requires, includes BAM and any subsidiary of BAM;
•“Brookfield Accounts” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions - Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties”;
•“Brookfield Holders” are to Brookfield, BWS and their related parties;
•“Brookfield Infrastructure” are to the partnership collectively with Holding LP, the Brookfield Infrastructure Holding Entities and the Brookfield Infrastructure Operating Entities (but excluding BIPC and BIHC, and their respective subsidiaries);
•“Brookfield Infrastructure Holding Entities” are to certain subsidiaries of Holding LP, including Canada Holdco, through which the partnership holds all of its interest in the Brookfield Infrastructure Operating Entities;
•“Brookfield Infrastructure Operating Entities” are to the entities which directly or indirectly hold the partnership’s current operations and assets that the partnership may acquire in the future, including any assets held through joint ventures, partnerships and consortium arrangements;
•“Brookfield Personnel” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions - Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties”;
•“business” are to the infrastructure business of our company as described in Item 4.B “Business Overview”;
•“BUUK” are to BUUK Infrastructure No 1 Limited;
•“BWS” are to Brookfield Wealth Solutions Ltd. and any subsidiary of Brookfield Wealth Solutions Ltd., as the context requires;
•“Canada Holdco” are to Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc., an indirect subsidiary of the partnership;
•“Canada Subco” are to BIPC Holdings Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of BIHC;
•“chair” are to the chairperson of the board;
•“class A.1 exchangeable shares” are to the class A.1 exchangeable subordinate voting shares in the capital of BIHC, as further described under Item 10.B “Description of Our Share Capital — Class A.1 Shares and Class A.2 Shares”, and “class A.1 exchangeable share” means any one of them;
•“class A.2 exchangeable shares” are to the class A.2 exchangeable non-voting shares in the capital of BIHC, as further described under Item 10.B “Description of Our Share Capital — Class A.1 Shares and Class A.2 Shares”, and “class A.2 exchangeable share” means any one of them;
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•“class B shares” are to the class B multiple voting shares in the capital of our company, as further described under Item 10.B “Description of Our Share Capital — Class B Shares”, and “class B share” means any one of them;
•“class C shares” are to the class C non-voting shares in the capital of BIHC and “class C share” means any one of them;
•“Co-Issuers” are to Alberta Finco, Brookfield Infrastructure Finance LLC, Brookfield Infrastructure Finance Limited and Brookfield Infrastructure Finance Pty Ltd., collectively;
•“code” are to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics;
•“collateral account” are to the non-interest bearing trust account established by Brookfield or its affiliates to be administered by the rights agent;
•“committees” are to the audit committee and the nominating and governance committee;
•“CORRA” means the Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average;
•“CRA” are to the Canada Revenue Agency;
•“DTC” are to the Depository Trust Company;
•“EDGAR” are to the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system at www.sec.gov;
•“ESG” are to environmental, sustainability and governance;
•“Exchange LP” are to Brookfield Infrastructure Partners Exchange L.P., a subsidiary of the partnership;
•“Exchange LP Units” are to the exchangeable units of Exchange LP, which were issued in connection with the partnership’s acquisition of an effective 30% interest in Enercare Inc., and which provide holders with economic terms that are substantially equivalent to the units and are exchangeable, on a one-for-one basis, for units;
•“exchangeable shares” are to the class A exchangeable subordinate voting shares in the capital of our company, as further described under Item 10.B “Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares”, and “exchangeable share” means any one of them;
•“Exchangeable units” are to, collectively, the Exchange LP Units and the BIPC Exchangeable LP Units;
•“fully exchanged basis” are to Brookfield’s ownership in the partnership assuming the exchange of all issued and outstanding Redeemable Partnership Units, Exchange LP Units, exchangeable shares, the class A.2 exchangeable shares and BIPC Exchangeable LP Units;
•“GHG” has the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 4.B “Business Overview — Our Operations — 2024 Highlights”;
•“group” are to, collectively, Brookfield Infrastructure, BIPC and, unless the context otherwise requires, BIHC, together with their respective subsidiaries;
•“GTAs” are to inflation-adjusted gas transportation agreements;
• “Holding LP” are to Brookfield Infrastructure L.P.;
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•“IFRS Accounting Standards” are to IFRS® Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board;
•“Infrastructure Special LP” are to Brookfield Infrastructure Special L.P., a subsidiary of the Asset Management Company, which is the special general partner of the Holding LP;
•“IRA” has the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 3.D “Risk Factors — General Risks”;
•“IRS” are to the Internal Revenue Service;
•“Licensing Agreements” are to the licensing agreements described in Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield - Licensing Agreements”;
•“Master Services Agreement” are to the amended and restated master services agreement dated as of February 29, 2024, as amended from time to time, among the Service Recipients, BN, the Service Providers and others;
•“NAREIT” are to the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc.;
•“nominating and governance committee” are to the nominating and governance committee of the board;
•“non-resident holder” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations — Taxation of Holders Not Resident in Canada”;
•“Non-U.S. Holder” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”;
•“NTS” are to Nova Transportadora do Sudeste S.A.;
•“NTS entities” are to, collectively, the entities through which our company holds our interest in NTS;
•“NTS Voting Agreement” has the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — NTS Voting Agreement”;
•“NYSE” are to the New York Stock Exchange;
•“Oaktree” are to Oaktree Capital Group, LLC together with its affiliates;
•the “partnership” are to Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P.;
•“pre-approval policy” are to the written policy on auditor independence that our board of directors has adopted;
•“preferred shares” are to, collectively, the class A senior preferred shares of BIHC (issuable in series) and the class B junior preferred shares of BIHC (issuable in series);
•“preferred units” are to the preferred limited partnership units of the partnership;
•“proposed amendments” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations”;
•“PSG” are to Brookfield’s Public Securities Group;
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•“rate base” are to a regulated or notionally stipulated asset base;
•“Redeemable Partnership Unit” are to a limited partnership unit of the Holding LP;
•“Registration Rights Agreement” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Registration Rights Agreement”;
•“Related-Party Investor” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 7.B “Relationship with Brookfield — Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties — Investments by the Related-Party Investor”;
•“Relationship Agreement” are to the amended and restated relationship agreement dated as of March 28, 2014, as amended from time to time, between, among others, BN, the partnership and Holding LP;
•“resident holder” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations — Taxation of Holders Resident in Canada”;
•“rights agent” are to Wilmington Trust, National Association;
•“Rights Agreement” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Rights Agreement”;
•“Sarbanes-Oxley Act” are to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (United States), as amended;
•“SEC” are to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission;
•“Securities Act” are to the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated from time to time thereunder;
•“SEDAR+” are to the System for Electronic Data Analysis and Retrieval + at www.sedarplus.ca;
•“Service Providers” are to Brookfield Infrastructure Group L.P., Brookfield Asset Management Private Institutional Capital Adviser (Canada), LP, Brookfield Asset Management Services SRL, Brookfield Global Infrastructure Advisor Limited, Brookfield Infrastructure Group (Australia) Pty Limited, Brookfield Private Capital (DIFC) Limited and, unless the context otherwise requires, includes any other affiliate of BN that provides services to us pursuant to the Master Services Agreement or any other service agreement or arrangement;
•“Service Recipients” are to the partnership, Holding LP, certain of the Brookfield Infrastructure Holding Entities, BIPC, BIHC and certain of their subsidiaries in their capacity as recipients of services under the Master Services Agreement;
•“shareholder” are to a holder of exchangeable shares;
•“SOFR” are to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York;
•“special distribution” are to the special distribution of the partnership to holders of units of one (1) exchangeable share per nine (9) units held completed on March 31, 2020, as further described in Item 4.A “History and Development of Brookfield Infrastructure — History and Development of our Business”;
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•“Tax Act” are to the Income Tax Act (Canada);
•“Treasury Regulations” are to the U.S. Treasury Regulations promulgated under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code;
•“TSX” are to the Toronto Stock Exchange;
•“U.K.” are to United Kingdom;
•“unitholder” are to a holder of units;
•“units” are to non-voting limited partnership units of the partnership, other than the preferred units;
•“U.S. Internal Revenue Code” are to the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended;
•“U.S. Holder” have the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”;
•“Walled-Off Business” has the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 7.B “Relationship with Brookfield — Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties —Businesses Subject to Information Walls”; and
•“Walled-Off Business Accounts” has the meaning ascribed thereto under Item 7.B “Relationship with Brookfield — Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties —Businesses Subject to Information Walls”.
On June 10, 2022, our company completed a three-for-two split of the exchangeable shares (the “BIPC Split”). The BIPC Split was implemented by way of a subdivision whereby shareholders received an additional one-half of a share for each share held. A corresponding three-for-two split of the BIPC Exchangeable LP Units was also completed on June 10, 2022. The partnership completed a concurrent three-for-two split of the units by way of a subdivision of units, whereby unitholders received an additional one-half of a unit for each unit held. All historical units/shares and per unit/share disclosures have been adjusted to effect for the change in units/shares due to the splits.
6 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This annual report on Form 20-F contains certain “forward-looking statements” and “forward-looking information” within the meaning of applicable securities laws, including the Private
Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements and information relate to, among other things, our group’s business, operations, objectives, goals, strategies, intentions, plans, beliefs, expectations and estimates and anticipated events or trends. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements and information by terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “likely,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “continue,” “plan,” “potential,” “objective,” “tend,” “seek,” “target,” “foresee,” “aim to,” “outlook,” “endeavor,” “will,” “would” and “should” or the negative of those terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements and information are not historical facts but reflect our current expectations regarding future results or events and are based on information currently available to us and on assumptions we believe are reasonable.
Although we believe that our anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements and information are based on reasonable assumptions and expectations, the reader should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements and information because they involve assumptions, known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements and information. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us or are within our control. If a change occurs, our group’s business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations and our plans and strategies may vary materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements and information herein.
Factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contemplated or implied by the forward-looking statements and information in this annual report on Form 20-F include, without limitation:
•commodity risks;
•alternative technologies could impact the demand for, or use of, the businesses and assets that our group owns and operates and could impair or eliminate the competitive advantage of our group’s businesses and assets;
•acquisitions may subject us to additional risks and the expected benefits of our acquisitions may not materialize;
•the competitive market for acquisition opportunities and the inability to identify and complete acquisitions as planned;
•pending acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions may not be completed on the timeframe or in the manner contemplated, or at all;
•our group’s ability to renew existing contracts and win additional contracts with existing or potential customers;
•timing and price for the completion of unfinished projects;
•infrastructure operations may require substantial capital expenditures;
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•exposure to environmental risks, including increasing environmental legislation and the broader impacts of climate change;
•exposure to increased economic regulation and adverse regulatory decisions;
•First Nations claims to land, adverse claims or governmental claims may adversely affect our group’s infrastructure operations;
•some of our group’s current operations are held in the form of joint ventures or partnerships or through consortium arrangements;
•some of our group’s businesses operate in jurisdictions with less developed legal systems and could experience difficulties in obtaining effective legal redress, which creates uncertainties;
•actions taken by national, state, or provincial governments, including nationalization, or the imposition of new taxes, could materially impact the financial performance or value of our group’s assets;
•equipment that we need, including spare parts and components required for project development, may become unavailable or difficult to procure;
•reliance on technology and exposure to cyber-security incidents;
•customers may default on their obligations;
•reliance on tolling and revenue collection systems;
•Brookfield’s influence over our group and our group’s dependence on Brookfield as the Service Providers;
•the lack of an obligation of Brookfield to source acquisition opportunities for our group;
•our group’s dependence on Brookfield and its professionals;
•the role and ownership of Brookfield in the partnership, the Holding LP and our company may change and interests in the general partner of the partnership may be transferred to a third party without unitholder or shareholder consent;
•Brookfield may increase its ownership of the partnership or our company;
•the Master Services Agreement and our other arrangements with Brookfield do not impose on Brookfield any fiduciary duties to act in the best interests of holders of exchangeable shares or units;
•conflicts of interest between the partnership, our company, their respective unitholders and shareholders, on the one hand, and Brookfield, on the other hand;
•our group’s arrangements with Brookfield may contain terms that are less favorable than those which otherwise might have been obtained from unrelated parties;
•the general partner of the partnership may be unable or unwilling to terminate the Master Services Agreement;
8 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
•the limited liability of, and our group’s indemnification of, our Service Providers;
•the partnership or our company may not be able to continue paying comparable or growing cash
distributions to holders of exchangeable shares or units in the future;
•the exchangeable shares can be significantly impacted by the market price of the partnership’s units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole;
•the partnership and the company are holding entities that rely on their subsidiaries to provide the funds necessary to pay their distributions and meet their financial obligations;
•our company is exempt from certain requirements of Canadian securities laws and we are not subject to the same disclosure requirements as a U.S. domestic issuer;
•our company may become regulated as an investment company under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“Investment Company Act”);
•the effectiveness of our internal controls;
•our group’s assets are or may become highly leveraged and our group intends to incur indebtedness about the asset level;
•the acquisition of distressed companies may subject our group to increased risks, including the incurrence of additional legal or other expenses;
•the redemption of exchangeable shares by the company at any time or upon notice from the
holder of the class B shares;
•future sales and issuances of exchangeable shares (including upon exchange of class A.2 exchangeable shares by Brookfield) or units or securities exchangeable for exchangeable shares or units, or the perception of such sales or issuances, could depress the trading price of the exchangeable shares or units;
•unitholders do not have a right to vote on partnership matters or to take part in the management of the partnership;
•market price of the exchangeable shares and units may be volatile;
•dilution of existing shareholders;
•changes to U.S. laws or policies, including changes in U.S. domestic and economic policies and foreign trade policies and tariffs;
•technological change;
•foreign currency risk and risk management activities;
•investors may find it difficult to enforce service of process and enforcement of judgments against the partnership or our company;
•changes in tax law and practice;
•general economic conditions and risks relating to the economy, including geopolitical concerns such as trade conflict and civil unrest, unfavorable changes in interest rates, political and economic policies, inflation and volatility in financial markets, as well as variable economic conditions in the markets where our group operates;
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•increasing political uncertainty, which may impact our group’s ability to expand in certain markets;
•adverse changes in currency exchange rates;
•potential unavailability of credit on favorable terms, or at all;
•potential unfavorable changes in government policy and legislation;
•federal, state and foreign anti-corruption and trade sanctions laws and restrictions on foreign direct investment applicable to our group and our group’s operating businesses create the potential for significant liabilities and penalties, the inability to complete transactions, imposition of significant costs and burdens, and reputational harm;
•exposure to uninsurable losses and force majeure events;
•labor disruptions and economically unfavorable collective bargaining agreements;
•exposure to occupational health and safety related accidents;
•high levels of government regulation upon many of our group’s operating entities, including with respect to rates set for our group’s regulated businesses;
•our group’s infrastructure business is at risk of becoming involved in disputes, possible litigation and governmental investigations;
•our group’s ability to finance our operations due to the status of the capital markets;
•changes in our group’s credit ratings;
•our group’s operations may suffer a loss from fraud, bribery, corruption, sanctions violations or other illegal acts;
•new regulatory initiatives related to Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) and/or sustainability;
•potential human rights impacts of our group’s business activities; and
•other factors described in this annual report on Form 20-F, including, but not limited to, those described under Item 3.D “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
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We caution that the foregoing list of important factors that may affect future results is not exhaustive. When relying on these forward-looking statements and information, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the events described by these forward-looking statements and information might not occur. These risks could cause our group’s actual results and our group’s plans and strategies to vary from these forward-looking statements and information. We qualify any and all of these forward-looking statements and information by these cautionary factors. Please keep this cautionary note in mind as you read this annual report on Form 20-F. We disclaim any obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements or information, whether written or oral, as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.
Each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit of the partnership. We therefore expect that the market price of our exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole. In addition to carefully considering the disclosure made in this annual report on Form 20-F, you should carefully consider the disclosure made by Brookfield Infrastructure in its continuous disclosure filings. Copies of the partnership’s continuous disclosure filings are available electronically on EDGAR on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca.
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ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
3.A [RESERVED]
3.B CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS
Not applicable.
3.C REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Not applicable.
3.D RISK FACTORS
Summary of Risk Factors
The following summarizes some, but not all, of the risks provided below. Please carefully consider all of the information discussed in this Item 3.D “Risk Factors” in this annual report on Form 20-F for a detailed description of these and other risks.
Risks Relating to Our Group’s Operations and the Infrastructure Industry
•Risks relating to demand for commodities, such as natural gas or minerals.
•Risks relating to successful identification, completion and integration of acquisitions.
•Risks relating to competition with other market participants.
•Risks relating to construction or expansion of projects, environmental damage and future capital expenditures.
•Risks relating to economic regulation and adverse regulatory decisions in the countries we operate, including nationalization or the imposition of new taxes.
•Risks relating to supply chain disruptions.
•Risks relating to our use of technology and cyber-security incidents.
• Risks relating to increasing environmental legislation and the broader impacts of climate change.
•Risks relating to adverse claims or governmental rights asserted against the lands used for our infrastructure assets.
•Risks relating to our transactions and joint ventures, partnerships and consortium arrangements.
•Risks relating to tolling and revenue collection systems.
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Risks Relating to Our Relationship with Brookfield
•Risks relating to our dependence on Brookfield and the Service Providers, and conflicts of interests therewith.
•Risks relating to our inability to have access to all infrastructure acquisitions that Brookfield identifies.
•Risks relating to the departure of some or all of Brookfield’s professionals.
•Risks relating to Brookfield’s ownership position in our company and the partnership.
•Risks relating to the lack of any fiduciary obligations imposed on Brookfield to act in the best interests of the Service Recipients, our company or our shareholders.
•Risks relating to our Master Services Agreement, our organizational and ownership structure and our other arrangements with Brookfield and the Service Providers.
•Risks relating to the limited liability of the Service Providers to the partnership, our company and the other Service Recipients.
•Risks relating to breaches of the information barrier and related internal controls by Brookfield and/or Walled-Off Businesses and other affiliates.
•Risks relating to our inability to terminate the Master Services Agreement.
•Risks relating to our guarantees of certain debt obligations.
Risks Relating to our Company
•Risks relating to the company’s role as a holding company.
•Risks relating to our company being a “foreign private issuer” under U.S. securities laws.
•Risks relating to being deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act.
•Risks relating to our failure to maintain effective internal controls.
•Risks relating to our group’s use of leverage and indebtedness, including compliance with any covenants that could restrict our ability to engage in certain types of activities or to make distributions to equity holders.
•Risks relating to the acquisition of distressed companies which may subject our group to increased risks, including the incurrence of additional legal or other expenses.
Risks Relating to the Exchangeable Shares
•Risks relating to our ability to continue paying comparable or growing cash dividends.
•Risks relating to our ability to redeem the exchangeable shares at any time.
•Risks relating to the market price and volatility of our exchangeable shares and the units.
•Risks relating to market sentiment around exchanges of exchangeable shares into units and the issuance of additional securities in lieu of incurring indebtedness.
•Risks relating to the Rights Agreement terminating on March 31, 2025.
•Risks related to foreign currency associated with our group’s distributions to non-U.S. unitholders.
•Risks relating to the ability to enforce service of process and enforcement of judgments against us and directors and officers of the Service Providers.
•Risks relating to our sole discretion to elect whether shareholders receive cash or units upon a liquidation, exchange or redemption event.
•Risks relating to the delisting of our exchangeable shares.
•Risks relating to the application of applicable Canadian or U.S. rules relating to takeover bids, issuer bids and tender offers.
Risks Relating to Taxation
•Risks relating to United States and Canadian taxation, and the effects thereof on our group’s business and operations.
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General Risks
•Risks relating to general economic and political conditions, changes in governmental policy and legislation, and the markets in which we operate.
•Risks relating to foreign currency.
•Risks relating to access to debt or equity markets, our ability to access credit markets and changes in our credit ratings.
•Risks relating to changes or developments in U.S. laws or policies, including U.S. domestic and economic policies and trade policies and tariffs.
•Risks relating to our technology and information systems.
•Risks relating to impact of alternative technologies on our group’s business.
•Risks relating to natural disasters, weather events, uninsurable losses and force majeure events.
•Risks relating to labor disruptions and economically unfavorable collective bargaining agreements.
•Risks relating to occupational health and safety and accidents.
•Risks relating to fraud, bribery, corruption, sanctions violations, other illegal acts, inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, or from external events.
•Risks relating to contractual disputes and litigation.
•Risks relating to new ESG and/or sustainability regulatory initiatives.
•Risks relating to potential human rights impacts of our business activities.
You should carefully consider the following factors in addition to the other information set forth in this annual report on Form 20-F. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations and the value of the exchangeable shares would likely suffer. Each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit of the partnership. We therefore expect that the market price of our exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole. In addition to carefully considering the risks factors contained in this annual report on Form 20-F and described below, you should carefully consider the risk factors applicable to Brookfield Infrastructure’s business and an investment in units, described in the partnership’s annual report on Form 20-F.
Risks Relating to Our Group’s Operating Entities, Operating Geographies and the Infrastructure Industry
Some of our group’s operating subsidiaries depend on continued strong demand for commodities, such as natural gas or minerals, for their financial performance. Material reduction in demand for these key commodities can potentially result in reduced value for assets, or in extreme cases, a stranded asset.
Some of our group’s operating subsidiaries are critically linked to the transport or production of key commodities. While our group endeavors to protect against short to medium-term commodity demand risk wherever possible by structuring our contracts in a way that minimizes volume risk (e.g. minimum guaranteed volumes and ‘take-or-pay’ arrangements), these contract terms are finite and, in some cases, contracts contain termination or suspension rights for the benefit of the customer. Accordingly, a long-term and sustained downturn in the demand for or price of a key commodity linked to one of our group’s operating subsidiaries may result in termination, suspension or default under a key contract, or otherwise have a material adverse impact on the financial performance or growth prospects of that particular operation, notwithstanding our group’s efforts to maximize contractual protections.
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If a critical upstream or downstream business ceased to operate, this could materially impact our group’s financial performance or the value of one or more of our group’s operating businesses. In extreme cases, our group’s infrastructure could become redundant, resulting in an inability to recover a return on or of capital and potentially triggering covenants and other terms and conditions under associated debt facilities.
The completion of new acquisitions can have the effect of significantly increasing the scale and scope of our operations, including operations in new geographic areas and industry sectors, and the Service Providers may have difficulty managing these additional operations. In addition, acquisitions may subject our group to additional risks and the expected benefits of our group’s acquisitions may not materialize.
A key part of our group’s strategy involves seeking acquisition opportunities upon Brookfield’s recommendation and allocation of opportunities to our company. Acquisitions may increase the scale, scope and diversity of our operating businesses. We depend on the diligence and skill of Brookfield’s professionals and our Service Providers to manage our group, including integrating all of the acquired business’ operations with our existing operations. These individuals may have difficulty managing the additional operations and may have other responsibilities within Brookfield’s asset management business. If Brookfield does not effectively manage the additional operations, our existing business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Acquisitions will likely involve some or all of the following risks, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations: the difficulty of integrating the acquired operations and personnel into our current operations; the ability to achieve potential synergies; potential disruption of our current operations; diversion of resources, including Brookfield’s time and attention; the difficulty of managing the growth of a larger organization; the risk of entering markets in which we have little experience; the risk of becoming involved in labor, commercial or regulatory disputes or litigation related to the new enterprise; the risk of environmental or other liabilities associated with the acquired business; and the risk of a change of control resulting from an acquisition triggering rights of third parties or government agencies under contracts with, or authorizations held by the operating business being acquired. While it is our practice to conduct extensive due diligence investigations into businesses being acquired, it is possible that due diligence may fail to uncover all material risks in the business being acquired, or to identify a change of control trigger in a material contract or authorization, or that a contractual counterparty or government agency may take a different view on the interpretation of such a provision to that taken by us, thereby resulting in a dispute. The discovery of any material liabilities subsequent to an acquisition, as well as the failure of an acquisition to perform according to expectations, could have a material adverse effect on our group’s business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if returns are lower than anticipated from acquisitions, we may not be able to achieve growth in our dividends in line with our stated goals and the market value of our exchangeable shares may decline.
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Our group operates in a highly competitive market for acquisition opportunities.
Our group’s acquisition strategy is dependent to a significant extent on the ability of Brookfield to identify acquisition opportunities that are suitable for our group. Our group faces competition for acquisitions primarily from investment funds, operating companies acting as strategic buyers, construction companies, commercial and investment banks, and commercial finance companies. Many of these competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than are available to our group. Some of these competitors may also have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of acquisitions and to offer terms that our group is unable or unwilling to match. Due to the capital intensive nature of infrastructure acquisitions, in order to finance acquisitions our group will need to compete for equity capital from institutional investors and other equity providers, including Brookfield, and our group’s ability to consummate acquisitions will be dependent on such capital continuing to be available. Increases in interest rates could also make it more difficult to consummate acquisitions because our group’s competitors may have a lower cost of capital which may enable them to bid higher prices for assets. In addition, because of our group’s affiliation with Brookfield, there is a higher risk that when our group participates with Brookfield and others in joint ventures, partnerships and consortiums on acquisitions we may become subject to antitrust or competition laws that we would not be subject to if our group were acting alone. These factors may create competitive disadvantages for our group with respect to acquisition opportunities.
Our group cannot provide any assurance that the competitive pressures our group faces will not have a material adverse effect on our group’s business, financial condition and results of operations or that Brookfield will be able to identify and make acquisitions on our group’s behalf that are consistent with our group’s objectives or that generate attractive returns for our group’s respective shareholders or unitholders. Our group may lose acquisition opportunities if our group does not match prices, structures and terms offered by competitors, if our group is unable to access sources of equity or obtain indebtedness at attractive rates or if our group becomes subject to antitrust or competition laws. Alternatively, our group may experience decreased rates of return and increased risks of loss if our group matches prices, structures and terms offered by competitors.
Our group may be unable to complete acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions as planned.
Our group’s acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions are subject to a number of closing conditions, including, as applicable, security holder approval, regulatory approval (including competition authorities) and other third party consents and approvals that are beyond our group’s control and may not be satisfied. In particular, many jurisdictions in which our group seeks to invest (or divest) impose government consent requirements on investments by foreign persons. Consents and approvals may not be obtained, may be obtained subject to conditions which adversely affect anticipated returns, and/or may be delayed and delay or ultimately preclude the completion of acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions. Government policies and attitudes in relation to foreign investment may change, making it more difficult to complete acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions in such jurisdictions. Furthermore, interested stakeholders could take legal steps to prevent transactions from being completed. If all or some of our group’s acquisitions, dispositions and other transactions are unable to be completed on the terms agreed, our group may need to modify or delay or, in some cases, terminate these transactions altogether, the market value of our group’s respective securities may significantly decline and our group may not be able to achieve the expected benefits of the transactions.
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Infrastructure assets may be subject to competition risk.
Some assets may be affected by the existence of other competing assets owned and operated by other parties. There can be no assurance that our group’s businesses can renew all their existing contracts or win additional contracts with their existing or potential customers. The ability of our group’s businesses to maintain or improve their revenue is dependent on price, availability and customer service as well as on the availability of access to alternative infrastructure. In the case where the relevant business is unable to retain customers and/or unable to win additional customers to replace those customers it is unable to retain, the revenue from such assets will be reduced.
Investments in infrastructure projects prior to or during a construction or expansion phase are likely to be subject to increased risk.
A key part of our group’s growth strategy involves identifying and taking advantage of organic growth opportunities within our existing businesses. These opportunities typically involve development and construction of new infrastructure or expansion or upgrades to existing infrastructure. Investments in new infrastructure projects during a development or construction phase are likely to be subject to additional risk that the project will not receive all required approvals, will not be completed within budget, within the agreed timeframe and to the agreed specifications and, where applicable, will not be successfully integrated into the existing assets. During the construction phase, major risks include: (i) a delay in the projected completion of the project, which can result in an increase in total project construction costs through higher capitalized interest charges and additional labor, material expenses, and a resultant delay in the commencement of cash flow; (ii) the insolvency of the head contractor, a major subcontractor and/or a key equipment supplier; (iii) construction costs exceeding estimates for various reasons, including inaccurate engineering and planning, labor and building material costs in excess of expectations and unanticipated problems with project start-up; and (iv) defects in design, engineering or construction (including, without limitation, latent defects that do not materialize during an applicable warranty or limitation periods). Such unexpected increases may result in increased debt service costs, operations and maintenance expenses and damage payments for late delivery. This may result in the inability of project owners to meet the higher interest and principal repayments arising from the additional debt required.
In addition, construction projects may be exposed to significant liquidated damages to the extent that commercial operations are delayed beyond prescribed dates or that performance levels do not meet guaranteed levels.
All of our group’s infrastructure operations may require substantial capital expenditures in the future.
Utilities, transport, data and midstream operations, including our current operations and the operations of Brookfield Infrastructure, are capital intensive and require substantial ongoing expenditures for, among other things, additions and improvements, and maintenance and repair of plant and equipment. Any failure to make necessary capital expenditures to maintain our group’s operations in the future could impair the ability of our group’s operations to serve existing customers or accommodate increased volumes. In addition, our group may not be able to recover such investments based upon the rates our group’s operations are able to charge.
In some of the jurisdictions in which our group has operations, certain maintenance capital expenditures may not be covered by the regulatory framework. If our group’s operations in these jurisdictions require significant capital expenditures to maintain our group’s asset base, our group may not be able to recover such costs through the regulatory framework. In addition, we may be exposed to disallowance risk in other jurisdictions to the extent that capital expenditures and other costs are not fully recovered through the regulatory framework.
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Our group’s operating subsidiaries are exposed to the risk of environmental damage.
Our group’s operating subsidiaries are exposed to the risk of environmental damage. Many of our group’s assets are involved in using, handling or transporting substances that are toxic, combustible or otherwise hazardous to the environment. Furthermore, some of our group’s assets have operations in or in close proximity to environmentally sensitive areas or densely populated communities. There is a risk of a leak, spillage or other environmental emission at one of these assets, which could cause regulatory infractions, damage to the environment, injury or loss of life. Such an incident if it occurred could result in fines or penalties imposed by regulatory authorities, revocation of licenses or permits required to operate the business or the imposition of more stringent conditions in those licenses or permits, or legal claims for compensation (including punitive damages) by affected stakeholders. In addition, some of our group’s assets may be subject to regulations or rulings made by environmental agencies that conflict with existing obligations we have under concession or other permitting agreements. Resolution of such conflicts may lead to uncertainty and increased risk of delays or cost over-runs on projects. All of these have the potential to significantly impact the value or financial performance of our group.
Our group’s operating subsidiaries are exposed to the risk of increasing environmental legislation and the broader impacts of climate change.
With an increasing global focus and public sensitivity to environmental sustainability and environmental regulation becoming more stringent, our group’s assets could be subject to increasing environmental responsibility and liability. For example, many jurisdictions in which our group operates are considering implementing, or have implemented, schemes relating to the regulation of carbon emissions. As a result, there is a risk that the consumer demand for some of the energy sources supplied by our group will be reduced. The nature and extent of future regulation in the various jurisdictions in which Brookfield Infrastructure’s operations are situated is uncertain, but is expected to become more complex and stringent.
It is difficult to assess the impact of any such changes on our group. These schemes may result in increased costs to our group’s operations that may not be able to be passed onto our group’s customers and may have an adverse impact on prospects for growth of some businesses. To the extent such regimes (such as carbon emissions schemes or other carbon emissions regulations) become applicable to the operations of our group (and the costs of such regulations are not able to be fully passed on to consumers), our group’s financial performance may be impacted due to costs applied to carbon emissions and increased compliance costs.
Our group’s operating subsidiaries are also subject to laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and pollution. Standards are set by these laws and regulations regarding certain aspects of environmental quality and reporting, provide for penalties and other liabilities for the violation of such standards, and establish, in certain circumstances, obligations to remediate and rehabilitate current and former facilities and locations where our group’s operations are, or were, conducted. These laws and regulations may have a detrimental impact on the financial performance of our group’s infrastructure operations and projects through increased compliance costs or otherwise. Any breach of these obligations, or even incidents relating to the environment that do not amount to a breach, could adversely affect the results of our group’s operating subsidiaries and their reputations and expose them to claims for financial compensation or adverse regulatory consequences.
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Climate change may increase the frequency and severity of severe weather conditions and may change existing weather patterns in ways that are difficult to anticipate, which could result in more frequent and severe disruptions to our group’s business and the markets in which our group operates. In addition, customers’ requirements for our services may vary with weather conditions, primarily temperature and humidity. To the extent weather conditions are affected by climate change, customers’ demand for our group’s services could increase or decrease depending on the duration and magnitude of changing weather conditions, which could adversely affect our group’s business, results of operations and cash flows.
Our group’s operating subsidiaries may be exposed to higher levels of regulation than in other sectors and breaches of such regulations could expose our group’s operating subsidiaries to claims for financial compensation and adverse regulatory consequences.
In many instances, our group’s ownership and operation of infrastructure assets involves an ongoing commitment to a governmental agency. The nature of these commitments exposes the owners of infrastructure assets to a higher level of regulatory control than typically imposed on other businesses. For example, several of our group’s utilities, transport and midstream operations are subject to government safety and reliability regulations that are specific to their industries. The risk that a governmental agency will repeal, amend, enact or promulgate a new law or regulation or that a governmental authority will issue a new interpretation of the law or regulations, could affect our operating entities substantially.
Sometimes commitments to governmental agencies involve the posting of financial security for performance of obligations. If obligations are breached these financial securities may be called upon by the relevant agency.
There is also the risk that our group’s operating subsidiaries do not have, might not obtain, or may lose permits necessary for their operations. Permits or special rulings may be required on taxation, financial and regulatory related issues. Even though most permits and licenses are obtained before the commencement of operations, many of these licenses and permits have to be renewed or maintained over the life of the business. The conditions and costs of these permits, licenses and consents may be changed on any renewal, or, in some cases, may not be renewed due to unforeseen circumstances or a subsequent change in regulations. In any event, the renewal or non-renewal could have a material adverse effect on our group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
The risk that a government will repeal, amend, enact or promulgate a new law or regulation or that a regulator or other government agency will issue a new interpretation of the law or regulations, may affect our group’s operations or a project substantially. This may also be due to court decisions and actions of government agencies that affect these operations or a project’s performance or the demand for its services. For example, a government policy decision may result in adverse financial outcomes for our group through directions to spend money to improve security, safety, reliability or quality of service.
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The lands used for our group’s infrastructure assets may be subject to adverse claims or governmental or First Nations rights.
Our group’s operations require large areas of land on which to be constructed and operated. The rights to use the land can be obtained through freehold title, leases and other rights of use. Although we believe that we have valid rights to all material easements, licenses and rights of way for our infrastructure operations, not all of our easements, licenses and rights of way are registered against the lands to which they relate and may not bind subsequent owners. Additionally, different jurisdictions have adopted different systems of land title and in some jurisdictions, it may not be possible to ascertain definitively who has the legal right to enter into land tenure arrangements with the asset owner. In some jurisdictions where our group has operations, it is possible to claim indigenous or aboriginal rights to land and the existence or declaration of native title may affect the existing or future activities of our group’s utilities, transport or midstream operations and impact on their business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, a government, court, regulator, or indigenous or aboriginal group may make a decision or take action that affects an asset or project’s performance or the demand for its services. In particular, a regulator may restrict our access to an asset, or may require us to provide third parties with access, or may affect the pricing structure so as to lower our revenues and earnings. Adverse claims or governmental rights, including claims by First Nations or similar groups, may affect the existing or future activities of our group’s operations, impact on our group’s business, financial condition and results of operations, or require that compensation be paid.
Some of our group’s transactions and current operations are structured as joint ventures, partnerships and consortium arrangements, including our interest in NTS, and we intend to continue to operate in this manner in the future, which may reduce Brookfield’s and our group’s influence over our group’s operating subsidiaries and may subject our group to additional obligations.
Some of our group’s transactions and current operations are structured as joint ventures, partnerships and consortium arrangements, including our interest in NTS. An integral part of our strategy is to participate with institutional investors in Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored consortiums for single asset acquisitions and as a partner in or alongside Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored partnerships that target acquisitions that suit our group’s profile. These arrangements are driven by the magnitude of capital required to complete acquisitions of infrastructure assets, strategic partnering arrangements to access operating expertise, and other industry-wide trends that our group believes will continue. Such arrangements involve risks not present where a third party is not involved, including the possibility that partners or co-venturers might become bankrupt or otherwise fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Additionally, partners or co-venturers might at any time have economic or other business interests or goals different from our group and Brookfield.
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While our group’s strategy is to structure these arrangements to afford our group certain protective rights in relation to operating and financing activities, joint ventures, partnerships and consortium investments may provide for a reduced level of influence over an acquired company because governance rights are shared with others or such protective rights do not otherwise provide us with direct operational control over the underlying business. For example, these arrangements are structured to provide the partnership with veto rights over key operational activities and to require these arrangements to distribute available funds generated by the arrangement, subject to maintaining prudent reserves. Accordingly, decisions relating to the underlying operations and financing activities, including decisions relating to management and operation, the investment of capital within the arrangement, and the timing and nature of any exit, will be made by a majority or super majority vote of the investors or by separate agreements that are reached with respect to individual decisions. For example, although we own a controlling stake in our interest in NTS, the arrangements in place with our consortium partners require that certain actions with respect to our investment in NTS and our influence over its business operations require super majority or greater approval of the consortium, which we cannot carry on our own. As a further example, when our group participates with institutional partners in Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored consortiums for asset acquisitions and as a partner in or alongside Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored partnerships, there is often a finite term to the investment or a date after which partners are granted liquidity rights, which could lead to the investment being sold prior to the date our group would otherwise choose. In addition, such operations may be subject to the risk that the other investors may make business, financial or management decisions with which our group does not agree or a management team may take risks or otherwise act in a manner that does not serve our group’s interests. Because our group may have a reduced level of influence over such operations, our group may not be able to realize some or all of the benefits that our group believes will be created from our group and Brookfield’s involvement. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our group’s business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer as a result.
In addition, because some of our group’s transactions and current operations are structured as joint ventures, partnerships or consortium arrangements, the sale or transfer of interests in some of our group’s operations, including our interest in NTS, are or may be subject to rights of first refusal or first offer, tag along rights or drag along rights and some agreements provide for buy-sell or similar arrangements. For example, some of our group’s investments are subject to a shareholder agreement which allows for the sale of assets without our group’s consent. Such rights may be triggered at a time when our group may not want them to be exercised and such rights may inhibit our ability to sell our group’s interest in an entity within our group’s desired time frame or on any other desired basis.
Some of our group’s operating subsidiaries operate in jurisdictions with less developed legal systems and could experience potential difficulties in obtaining effective legal redress and create uncertainties.
Some of our businesses operate in jurisdictions with less developed legal systems than those in more established economies. In these jurisdictions, our group could be faced with potential difficulties in obtaining effective legal redress; a higher degree of discretion on the part of governmental authorities; a lack of judicial or administrative guidance on interpreting applicable rules and regulations; inconsistencies or conflicts between and within various laws, regulations, decrees, orders and resolutions; and relative inexperience of the judiciary and courts in such matters.
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In addition, in certain jurisdictions, our group may find that the commitment of local business people, government officials and agencies and the judicial system to abide by legal requirements and negotiated agreements could be uncertain, creating particular concerns with respect to permits, approvals and licenses required or desirable for, or agreements entered into in connection with, our group’s business in any such jurisdiction. These may be susceptible to revision or cancellation and legal redress may be uncertain or delayed. There can be no assurance that joint ventures, licenses, permits or approvals (or applications for licenses, permits or approvals) or other legal arrangements will not be adversely affected by the actions of government authorities or others and the effectiveness of and enforcement of such arrangements in these jurisdictions cannot be assured.
Action taken by national, state or provincial governments, including nationalization or the imposition of new taxes, could materially impact the financial performance or value of our group’s assets.
Our group’s assets are located in many different jurisdictions, each with its own government and legal system. Different levels of political risk exist in each jurisdiction and it is possible that action taken by a national, state or provincial government, including the nationalization of a business, the imposition of new taxes and/or the expropriation, termination and/or cancellation of, or failure to obtain or renew, concessions, permits, licenses, consents (or similar rights or assets) necessary for the operation of the business of our operating entities, could materially impact our or our operating entities’ financial performance or in extreme cases deprive our group of one or more of its businesses without adequate compensation.
Equipment that we need, including spare parts and components required for project development, may become unavailable or difficult to procure, inhibiting our ability to maintain full availability of existing facilities and also our ability to complete development projects on scope, schedule and budget.
Equipment and spare parts may become unavailable or difficult to procure on terms consistent with those that we have budgeted for. For example, some jurisdictions in which we operate have experienced supply chain challenges resulting from bottlenecks caused by, among other things, increases in demand and challenges involved with ramping up to meet this demand.
While supply chain disruptions that occurred in recent years did not materially impact our business or operations, supply chains could be further disrupted in the future by factors outside of our control. This could include (1) a reduction in the supply or availability of the commodities required to produce the parts and components that we need to maintain existing projects and develop new projects from our development pipeline, (2) the potential physical effects of climate change, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, precipitation, floods and other climatic events and their impact on transportation networks and manufacturing centers, and (3) economic sanctions or embargoes, including those relating to human rights concerns in jurisdictions that produce key materials, components or parts.
Any material delays in procuring equipment or significant cost increases could adversely impact our business and financial condition.
Our group’s business relies on the use of technology, and as a result, our group may be exposed to cyber-security attacks.
Our group’s business places significant reliance on information systems and other technology. This technology includes our group’s computer systems used for information storage, processing, administrative and commercial functions and the operating plant and equipment used by our group’s business. In addition, our group’s business also relies upon telecommunication services to interface with its widely distributed business network and customers. The information and embedded systems of key business partners, third-party service providers and regulatory agencies are also important to our group’s operations. Our group’s business relies on this technology functioning as intended.
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Our group’s information systems and technology may not continue to be able to accommodate our growth, and the cost of maintaining such systems may increase from its current level. Such a failure to accommodate growth, or an increase in costs related to such information systems, could have a material adverse effect on us. We rely heavily on certain financial, accounting, communications and other data processing systems. We collect, store and use large amounts of sensitive information, including personally identifiable information, through our information technology systems.
Information technology systems used by our group’s business face ongoing cybersecurity threats and attacks, which could result in the failure of such systems. We may in the future be subject to cyber-terrorism or other cybersecurity risks or other breaches of information technology security, noting the increasing frequency, sophistication and severity of these kinds of incidents. In particular, the information technology systems used by our group’s business may be subject to cyber terrorism intended to obtain unauthorized access to our proprietary information, personally identifiable information or to client or third-party data stored on our systems, destroy or disable our data and/or that of our group’s business partners, disclose confidential data in breach of data privacy legislation, destroy data or disable, degrade or sabotage these systems, through the introduction of computer viruses, cyber-attacks and other means. Such attacks could originate from a wide variety of sources including internal actors or unknown third parties. Further, unauthorized parties may also gain physical access to our facilities and infiltrate our information systems or attempt to gain access to information and data.
The sophistication of the threats continues to evolve and grow, including the risk associated with the use of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and quantum computing, for nefarious purposes. We cannot predict what effects such cyber-attacks or compromises or shut-downs may have on our group’s business and on the privacy of the individuals or entities affected, and the consequences could be material. Cyber incidents may remain undetected for an extended period, which could exacerbate these consequences. A significant actual or potential theft, loss, corruption, exposure, fraudulent, unauthorized or accidental use or misuse of investor, policyholder, employee or other personally identifiable or proprietary business data, whether by third parties or as a result of employee malfeasance or otherwise, non-compliance with our contractual or other legal obligations regarding such data or intellectual property or a violation of our privacy and security policies with respect to such data could result in significant remediation and other costs, fines, litigation and regulatory actions against our group by governments, various regulatory organizations or exchanges, or affected individuals, in addition to significant reputational harm and/or financial loss, and it may not be possible to recover losses suffered from such incidents under our insurance policies.
In addition, the operating equipment used by our group’s business may not continue to perform as it has in the past, and there is a risk of equipment failure due to wear and tear, latent defect, design or operator errors or early obsolescence, among other things.
A breach of our group’s cyber security measures or the failure or malfunction of any of our group’s computerized business systems, associated backup or data storage systems could cause our group to suffer a disruption in one or more parts of our group’s business and experience, among other things, financial loss, reputational damage, a loss of business opportunities, misappropriation or unauthorized release of confidential or personal information, damage to our group’s systems and those with whom our group does business, violation of privacy and other laws, litigation, regulatory penalties and remediation and restoration costs as well as increased costs to maintain our group’s systems.
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We are reliant on third party service providers for certain aspects of our business, including for certain information systems and technology platforms, trustee services, legal services, technology, administration, tax, accounting and compliance matters. A disaster, disruption or compromise in technology or infrastructure that supports our group’s businesses, including a disruption involving electronic communications or other services used by us, our vendors or third parties with whom we conduct business, may have an adverse impact on our group’s ability to continue to operate our group’s businesses without interruption which could have a material adverse effect on us. These risks could increase as vendors increasingly offer cloud-based software services rather than software services that can be operated within our group’s own data centers. These risks also increase to the extent we engage with vendors and third-party service providers in jurisdictions with which we are not familiar. In addition to the fact that these third-party service providers could also face ongoing cybersecurity threats and compromises of their systems, we generally have less control over the delivery of such third-party services, and as a result, our group may face disruptions to our ability to operate a business as a result of interruptions of such services. A prolonged global failure of cloud services provided by a variety of cloud services providers that we engage could result in cascading systems failures for us. Although our group continues to develop measures to ensure the integrity of our systems, our group can provide no assurance that our efforts or those of third-party service providers will be successful in protecting our systems and preventing or ameliorating damage from such a cyber incident.
Data protection and privacy rules have become a focus for regulators globally. For instance, the European General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) sets out data protection rules for individuals that are residents of the European Union (“E.U.”). GDPR imposes stringent rules and penalties for non-compliance. Other countries where we operate are enacting or amending data protection, artificial intelligence and other technology laws to empower regulators to impose financial penalties and injunctions on certain data processing activities, which could have an adverse effect on our business.
Our group’s operating subsidiaries depend on relevant contractual arrangements.
Many of our group’s operating subsidiaries rely on revenue from customers under contracts. There is a risk that customers will default under these contracts. Our group cannot provide assurance that one or more customers will not default on their obligations to our group or that such a default or defaults will not have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial position, future results of operations, or future cash flows. Furthermore, the bankruptcy of one or more of our group’s customers, or some other similar proceeding or liquidity constraint, might make it unlikely that our group would be able to collect all or a significant portion of amounts owed by the distressed entity or entities. In addition, such events might force such customers to reduce or curtail their future use of our group’s products and services, which could have a material adverse effect on our group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our Brazilian business is dependent on a sole customer for the majority of our revenues. Our future success in this market is dependent upon the continued demand by this customer and expansion of our customer base. Any decline in or loss of demand from this customer for any reason may have a negative impact on our revenues, and an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, our dependence on a single customer in this market exposes us to the risk that current or future economic conditions could negatively affect our major customer and cause them to significantly reduce operations or file for bankruptcy.
Our group endeavors to minimize risk wherever possible by structuring our group’s contracts in a way that minimizes volume risk (e.g. minimum guaranteed volumes and ‘take-or-pay’ arrangements), however it is possible that the take-or-pay arrangements may not be fully effective. In addition, the contract terms are finite and in some cases the contracts contain termination or suspension rights for the benefit of the customer.
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Certain of our group’s assets with revenues contracted under contracts will be subject to re-contracting risk in the future. Our group cannot provide assurance that we will be able to re-negotiate these contracts once their terms expire, or that even if we are able to do so, that our group will be able to obtain the same prices or terms our group currently receives. If our group is unable to renegotiate these contracts, or unable to receive prices at least equal to the current prices we receive, our group’s business, financial condition, results of operation and prospects could be adversely affected.
Our group relies on tolling and revenue collection systems.
Revenues at some of our group’s assets depend on reliable and efficient tolling, metering or other revenue collection systems. There is a risk that, if one or more of our group’s businesses are not able to operate and maintain these tolling, metering or other revenue collection systems in the manner expected, or if the cost of operation and maintenance is greater than expected, our group’s assets, business, financial condition, and risks of operations could be materially adversely affected. Users of our group’s facilities who do not pay tolls or other charges may be subject to either direct legal action from the relevant business, or in some cases may be referred to the state for enforcement action. Our group bears the ultimate risk if enforcement actions against defaulting customers are not successful or if enforcement actions are more costly or take more time than expected.
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Risks Relating to Our Relationship with Brookfield
Brookfield exercises substantial influence over our group and we are highly dependent on the Service Providers.
A subsidiary of BN is the sole shareholder of the partnership’s general partner. In addition, Brookfield Infrastructure, which itself is controlled by Brookfield, holds all of our issued and outstanding class B shares, having a 75% voting interest in our company and which entitle the partnership to all of the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares. Brookfield also directly and indirectly holds all of the issued and outstanding class A.2 exchangeable shares (being 13,012,789 class A.2 exchangeable shares) which are exchangeable on a one-for-one basis for exchangeable shares (subject to an ownership cap that limits the exchange by Brookfield of class A.2 exchangeable shares such that exchanges by Brookfield may not result in Brookfield owning 9.5% or more of the aggregate fair market value of all issued and outstanding shares of our company) or units. Accordingly, Brookfield beneficially holds, directly or indirectly, shares exchangeable into exchangeable shares representing approximately 9.9% of the exchangeable shares on an as-exchanged basis (provided however that exchanges of such shares are subject to the ownership cap described above). Brookfield Infrastructure holds a 50% voting interest in BIHC through its indirect holding of 662/3% of the issued and outstanding BIHC class B shares and also holds all of the issued and outstanding class C shares, which entitle Brookfield Infrastructure to all of the residual value in BIHC after payment in full of the amount due to holders of class A.1 exchangeable shares, class A.2 exchangeable shares, BIHC class B shares and subject to the prior rights of holders of preferred shares. Together, Brookfield and Brookfield Infrastructure hold an approximate 77% voting interest in our company on an as exchanged basis (assuming the maximum permitted number of the class A.2 exchangeable shares held by Brookfield are converted into exchangeable shares). As a result, Brookfield is able to control the appointment and removal of our directors and the directors of the partnership’s general partner and, accordingly, exercise substantial influence over our group. In addition, the Service Providers, which include subsidiaries of Brookfield, provide management and administration services to our group pursuant to the Master Services Agreement. With the exception of our group’s operating subsidiaries, our group generally does not have any employees and depends on the management and administration services provided by the Service Providers. Other subsidiaries of Brookfield also provide management services to certain of our group’s operating subsidiaries, including NTS. The partners, members, shareholders, directors, officers and employees of Brookfield, or Brookfield Personnel, and support staff that provide services to our group are not required to have as their primary responsibility the management and administration of our group or to act exclusively for our group. Any failure to effectively manage our group’s current operations or to implement our group’s strategy could have a material adverse effect on our group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Brookfield has no obligation to source acquisition opportunities for our group and our group may not have access to all infrastructure acquisitions that Brookfield identifies.
Our ability to grow depends on Brookfield’s ability to identify and present our group with acquisition opportunities. However, Brookfield has no obligation to source acquisition opportunities for our group. In addition, Brookfield has not agreed to commit to our group any minimum level of dedicated resources for the pursuit of infrastructure-related acquisitions or transition investments. There are a number of factors which could materially and adversely impact the extent to which suitable acquisition opportunities are made available from Brookfield, for example:
•there is no accepted industry standard for what constitutes an infrastructure asset. For example, Brookfield may consider certain assets that have both real-estate related characteristics and infrastructure related characteristics to be real estate and not infrastructure;
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•it is an integral part of Brookfield’s (and our group) strategy to pursue the acquisition of infrastructure assets through consortium arrangements with institutional partners, strategic partners and/or financial sponsors and to form partnerships (including private funds, joint ventures and similar arrangements) to pursue such acquisitions on a specialized or global basis. Although Brookfield has agreed that it will not enter any such arrangements that are suitable for our group without giving our group an opportunity to participate in them, there is no minimum level of participation to which our group will be entitled;
•the same professionals within Brookfield’s organization that are involved in sourcing and executing acquisitions that are suitable for our group are responsible for sourcing and executing opportunities for the vehicles, consortiums and partnerships referred to above, as well as having other responsibilities within Brookfield’s broader asset management business. Limits on the availability of such individuals will likewise result in a limitation on the availability of acquisition opportunities for our group;
•Brookfield will only recommend acquisition opportunities that it believes are suitable and appropriate for our group. Our focus is on assets where we believe that our operations-oriented approach can be deployed to create value. Accordingly, opportunities where Brookfield cannot play an active role in influencing the underlying assets may not be consistent with our acquisition strategy and, therefore, may not be suitable for our group, even though they may be attractive from a purely financial perspective. Legal, regulatory, tax and other commercial considerations will likewise be an important consideration in determining whether an opportunity is suitable and/or appropriate for our group and will limit our group’s ability to participate in certain acquisitions; and
•in addition to structural limitations, the question of whether a particular acquisition is suitable and/or appropriate is highly subjective and is dependent on a number of portfolio construction and management factors including our liquidity position at the relevant time, the expected risk return profile of the opportunity, its fit with the balance of our group’s investments and related operations, other opportunities that we may be pursuing or otherwise considering at the relevant time, our interest in preserving capital in order to secure other opportunities and/or to meet other obligations, and other factors. If Brookfield determines that an opportunity is not suitable or appropriate for us, it may still pursue such opportunity on its own behalf, or on behalf of a Brookfield-sponsored vehicle, partnership or consortium.
In making determinations about acquisition opportunities and investments, consortium arrangements or partnerships, Brookfield may be influenced by factors that result in a misalignment or conflict of interest and may take the interests of others into account, as well as our group’s own interests. See Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions—Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties.”
Among others, we may pursue acquisition opportunities indirectly through investments in Brookfield-sponsored vehicles, consortiums and partnerships or directly (including by investing alongside such vehicles, consortiums and partnerships). Any references in this Item 3.D “Risk Factors” to our acquisitions, investments, assets, expenses, portfolio companies or other terms should be understood to mean such items held, incurred or undertaken directly by us or indirectly by us through our investment in such Brookfield-sponsored vehicles, consortiums and partnerships.
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The departure of some or all of Brookfield’s professionals could prevent us and Brookfield Infrastructure from achieving our objectives.
Our group depends on the diligence, skill and business contacts of Brookfield’s professionals and the information and opportunities they generate during the normal course of their activities. Our future success will depend on the continued service of these individuals, who are not obligated to remain employed with Brookfield. Brookfield has experienced departures of key professionals in the past and may do so in the future, and we cannot predict the impact that any such departures will have on our group’s ability to achieve its objectives. The departure of a significant number of Brookfield’s professionals for any reason, or the failure to appoint qualified or effective successors in the event of such departures, could have a material adverse effect on our group’s ability to achieve its objectives. The Master Services Agreement does not require Brookfield to maintain the employment of any of its professionals or to cause any particular professionals to provide services to us or on our behalf.
Brookfield’s and Brookfield Infrastructure’s ownership position in our company entitles them to a significant percentage of our dividends, and Brookfield may increase its ownership relative to other shareholders.
As of March 20, 2025, Brookfield beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, all of the issued and outstanding class A.2 exchangeable shares, entitling it to dividends from BIHC equivalent to the dividends received by exchangeable shareholders. Brookfield Infrastructure owns all of the issued and outstanding class B shares of our company, which represent a 75% voting interest and entitle the partnership to all of the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares. Brookfield Infrastructure’s ownership of class B shares entitles it to receive dividends as and when declared by our board. Brookfield Infrastructure also holds 662/3% of the issued and outstanding BIHC class B shares, which represent a 50% voting interest, and all of the issued and outstanding class C shares, which entitle Brookfield Infrastructure to all of the residual value in BIHC after payment in full of the amount due to holders of class A.1 exchangeable shares, class A.2 exchangeable shares, BIHC class B shares and subject to the prior rights of holders of preferred shares. Brookfield Infrastructure’s ownership of class C shares entitle it to dividends as and when declared by BIHC’s board. Accordingly, Brookfield Infrastructure’s ownership position of class B shares of our company and class C shares allows it to receive a substantial percentage of our and BIHC’s dividends and Brookfield’s ownership of class A.2 exchangeable shares entitle it to receive a substantial percentage of dividends from BIHC equivalent to the dividends received by exchangeable shareholders. In addition, Brookfield may increase its ownership position in our company by exchanging class A.2 exchangeable shares into exchangeable shares (subject to the ownership cap that limits the exchange by Brookfield of class A.2 exchangeable shares such that exchanges by Brookfield may not result in Brookfield owning 9.5% or more of the aggregate fair market value of all issued and outstanding shares of BIPC). Brookfield may purchase additional exchangeable shares of our company in the open market or pursuant to a private placement, which may result in Brookfield increasing its ownership of our exchangeable shares relative to other shareholders, which could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to public shareholders.
None of British Columbia corporate law, the Master Services Agreement and our other arrangements with Brookfield impose on Brookfield any fiduciary duties to act in the best interests of our shareholders or the partnership’s unitholders.
None of British Columbia corporate law, the Master Services Agreement and our other arrangements with Brookfield impose on Brookfield any duty (statutory or otherwise) to act in the best interests of the Service Recipients, nor do they impose other duties that are fiduciary in nature.
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Our organizational and ownership structure, as well as our contractual arrangements with Brookfield, may create significant conflicts of interest that may be resolved in a manner that is not in the best interests of our company or the best interests of our shareholders.
Our organizational and ownership structure involves a number of relationships that may give rise to conflicts of interest between our company and our shareholders, on the one hand, and Brookfield and Brookfield Infrastructure, on the other hand. For example, our board mirrors the board of the general partner of the partnership, except that our board has one additional non-overlapping board member to assist us with, among other things, resolving any conflicts of interest that may arise from our relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure. In certain instances, the interests of Brookfield or Brookfield Infrastructure may differ from the interests of our company and our shareholders, including with respect to the types of acquisitions made, the timing and amount of distributions by our company, the reinvestment of returns generated by our operations, the use of leverage when making acquisitions and the appointment of outside advisors and service providers. Further, Brookfield may make decisions, including with respect to tax or other reporting positions, from time to time that may be more beneficial to one type of investor or beneficiary than another, or to Brookfield rather than to our company and our shareholders.
In accordance with our articles, the holders of the class B shares are entitled to cast, in the aggregate, a number of votes equal to three times the number of votes attached to the exchangeable shares (which carry one vote per exchangeable share), and except as otherwise expressly provided in the articles or as required by law, the holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares vote together and not as separate classes. Brookfield Infrastructure, which itself is controlled by Brookfield, holds all of our issued and outstanding class B shares, having a 75% voting interest in our company and which entitle the partnership to all of the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares. As a result, Brookfield is able to control the election and removal of our directors. As Brookfield is also able to control the election and removal of the directors of the partnership’s general partner, Brookfield exercises substantial influence over our group.
In addition, the Service Providers, being affiliates of Brookfield, provide management services to us pursuant to the Master Services Agreement. Pursuant to the Master Services Agreement, on a quarterly basis, Brookfield Infrastructure, together with our company, pay a base management fee to the Service Providers equal to 0.3125% (1.25% annually) of the market value of our group. We are responsible for paying, or reimbursing Brookfield Infrastructure for, our proportionate share of such fee. For the purposes of calculating the base management fee, the market value of our group is equal to the aggregate value of all outstanding units (assuming full conversion of Brookfield’s limited partnership interests in Holding LP into units), preferred units and securities of the other Service Recipients (including the Exchangeable units and the exchangeable shares, calculated on a fully-diluted basis assuming conversion of any class A.2 exchangeable shares into exchangeable shares) that are not held by Brookfield Infrastructure, plus all outstanding third party debt with recourse to a Service Recipient, less all cash held by such entities. Brookfield Infrastructure Special LP, a subsidiary of Brookfield, also receives incentive distributions based on the amount by which quarterly distributions on Holding LP’s units (other than Holding LP Class A Preferred Units) as well as economically equivalent securities, such as the exchangeable shares, of the other Service Recipients exceed specified target levels as set forth in Holding LP’s limited partnership agreement. This relationship may give rise to conflicts of interest between our company and our shareholders, on the one hand, and Brookfield, on the other, as Brookfield’s interests may differ from the interests of Brookfield Infrastructure, our company or our shareholders.
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The arrangements we have with Brookfield may create an incentive for Brookfield to take actions which would have the effect of increasing distributions and fees payable to it, which may be to the detriment of our company and shareholders. For example, because the base management fee is calculated based on the market value of our group, it may create an incentive for Brookfield to increase or maintain the market value of our group over the near-term when other actions may be more favorable to our company and shareholders. Similarly, Brookfield may take actions to increase distributions on our exchangeable shares in order to ensure Brookfield is paid incentive distributions in the near term when other investments or actions may be more favorable to our company and shareholders.
Brookfield Infrastructure’s arrangements with Brookfield were negotiated in the context of an affiliated relationship and may contain terms that are less favorable than those which otherwise might have been obtained from unrelated parties.
The terms of Brookfield Infrastructure’s arrangements with Brookfield, that apply to our company, were effectively determined by Brookfield. These terms, including terms relating to compensation, contractual or fiduciary duties, conflicts of interest and Brookfield’s ability to engage in outside activities, including activities that compete with us, our activities and limitations on liability and indemnification, may be less favorable than otherwise might have resulted if the negotiations had involved unrelated parties.
The liability of the Service Providers is limited under our arrangements with them and we have agreed to indemnify the Service Providers against claims that they may face in connection with such arrangements, which may lead them to assume greater risks when making decisions relating to us than they otherwise would if acting solely for their own account.
Under the Master Services Agreement, the Service Providers have not assumed any responsibility other than to provide or arrange for the provision of the services described in the Master Services Agreement in good faith and will not be responsible for any action that our company takes in following or declining to follow their advice or recommendations. The liability of the Service Providers under the Master Services Agreement is similarly limited, except that the Service Providers are also liable for liabilities arising from gross negligence. In addition, our company has agreed to indemnify the Service Providers to the fullest extent permitted by law from and against any claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses incurred by an indemnified person or threatened in connection with our operations, investments and activities or in respect of or arising from the Master Services Agreement or the services provided by the Service Providers, except to the extent that the claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the conduct in respect of which such persons have liability as described above. These protections may result in the Service Providers tolerating greater risks when making decisions than otherwise would be the case, including when determining whether to use leverage in connection with acquisitions. The indemnification arrangements to which the Service Providers are a party may also give rise to legal claims for indemnification that are adverse to our company.
The role and ownership of Brookfield may change.
Our arrangements with Brookfield do not require Brookfield to maintain any ownership level in our group, and Brookfield may sell the units or exchangeable shares that it holds in the partnership or our company, respectively. Brookfield may sell or transfer all or part of its interests in the Service Providers without the approval of our group, which could result in changes to the management of our group and its current growth strategy. Additionally, our group cannot predict with any certainty the effect that any changes in ownership level of Brookfield of our group would have on the trading price of our exchangeable shares, the units or our group’s ability to raise capital or make investments in the future. As a result, the future of the group would be uncertain and our group’s business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.
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Brookfield and the Walled-Off Businesses (including Oaktree) operate their respective investment businesses largely independently, and do not expect to coordinate or consult on investment decisions, which may give rise to conflicts of interest and make it more difficult to mitigate certain conflicts of interest.
Brookfield and each Walled-Off Business operates their respective investment businesses largely independently pursuant to an information barrier, and Brookfield does not expect to coordinate or consult with Walled-Off Businesses with respect to investment activities and/or decisions. In addition, neither Brookfield nor any Walled-Off Business is expected to be subject to any internal approvals over its investment activities and decisions by any person who would have knowledge and/or decision-making control of the investment decisions of the other. As a result, it is expected that our group and the operating entities, as well as Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in and their portfolio companies, will engage in activities and have business relationships that give rise to conflicts (and potential conflicts) of interests between them, on the one hand, and Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and their portfolio companies, on the other hand. These conflicts (and potential conflicts) of interests may include: (i) competing from time to time for the same investment opportunities, (ii) the pursuit by Walled-Off Business Accounts of investment opportunities suitable for our group and Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in, without making such opportunities available to our group or those Brookfield Accounts, and (iii) the formation or establishment of new Walled-Off Business Accounts that could compete or otherwise conduct their affairs without regard as to whether or not they adversely impact our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in. Investment teams managing the activities of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in are not expected to be aware of, and will not have the ability to manage, such conflicts.
Our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in could be adversely impacted by a Walled-Off Business’s activities. Competition from a Walled-Off Business Accounts for investment opportunities could also, under certain circumstances, adversely impact the purchase price of our (direct and/or indirect) investments. As a result of different investment objectives, views and/or interests in investments, Walled-Off Businesses will manage certain Walled-Off Business Accounts in a way that is different than from the interests of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in, which could adversely impact our (direct and/or indirect) investments. For more information, see Item 7.B., “Related Party Transactions - Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties - Businesses Subject to Information Walls”.
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Brookfield and Walled-Off Businesses (including Oaktree) are likely to be deemed to be affiliates for purposes of certain laws and regulations, which may result in, among other things, earlier public disclosure of investments by our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in.
Brookfield and Walled-Off Businesses are likely to be deemed to be affiliates for purposes of certain laws and regulations, notwithstanding their operational independence and/or information barrier, and it is anticipated that, from time to time, our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in and Walled-Off Business Accounts may each have significant positions in one or more of the same issuers. As such, Brookfield and Walled-Off Businesses will likely need to aggregate certain investment holdings, including holdings of our group, Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in and Walled-Off Business Accounts for certain securities law purposes and other regulatory purposes. Consequently, activities by a Walled-Off Business Account and/or another Brookfield Account could result in earlier public disclosure of investments by our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in, restrictions on transactions by our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in (including the ability to make or dispose of certain investments at certain times), adverse effects on the prices of investments made by our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in, potential short-swing profit disgorgement, penalties and/or regulatory remedies, among others. For more information, see Item 7.B., “Related Party Transactions - Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties - Businesses Subject to Information Walls”.
Breaches of the information barrier and related internal controls by Brookfield and/or a Walled-Off Business could result in significant adverse consequences to Brookfield and such Walled-Off Business and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in, amongst others.
Although information barriers have been implemented to address the potential conflicts of interests and regulatory, legal and contractual requirements of our group, Brookfield and a Walled-Off Business may decide, at any time and without notice to our group or our shareholders, to remove or modify the information barrier between Brookfield and such Walled-Off Business. In addition, there may be breaches (including inadvertent breaches) of the information barriers and related internal controls by Brookfield and/or a Walled-Off Business.
To the extent that the information barrier is removed or is otherwise ineffective and Brookfield has the ability to access analysis, model and/or information developed by a Walled-Off Business and its personnel, Brookfield will not be under any obligation or other duty to access such information or effect transactions on behalf of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in, in accordance with such analysis and models, and in fact may be restricted by securities laws from doing so. In such circumstances, Brookfield may make investment decisions for our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in that differ from those it would have made if Brookfield had pursued such information, which may be disadvantageous to our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in.
The breach or failure of our information barriers could result in our group obtaining material non-public information, which may restrict our group from acquiring or disposing investments and ultimately impact the returns generated for our business. In addition, any such breach or failure could also result in potential regulatory investigations and claims for securities laws violations in connection with our direct and/or indirect investment activities. Any inadvertent trading on material non-public information, or perception of trading on material non-public information, could have a significant adverse effect on Brookfield’s reputation, result in the imposition of regulatory or financial sanctions, and negatively impact Brookfield’s ability to provide investment management services to its clients, all of which could result in negative financial impact to the investment activities of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in. For more information, see Item 7.B., “Related Party Transactions - Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties - Businesses Subject to Information Walls”.
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Our company is not entitled to terminate the Master Services Agreement. Only the general partner of the partnership may terminate the Master Services Agreement, and it may be unable or unwilling to do so.
Our company is not entitled to terminate the Master Services Agreement. Only the general partner of the partnership may terminate the Master Services Agreement, and it may be unable or unwilling to do so. The Master Services Agreement provides that the Service Recipients may terminate the agreement only if: the Service Providers default in the performance or observance of any material term, condition or covenant contained in the agreement in a manner that results in material harm to the Service Recipients and the default continues unremedied for a period of 30 days after written notice of the breach is given to the Service Providers; the Service Providers engage in any act of fraud, misappropriation of funds or embezzlement against any Service Recipient that results in material harm to us; the Service Providers are grossly negligent in the performance of their duties under the agreement and such negligence results in material harm to the Service Recipients; or upon the happening of certain events relating to the bankruptcy or insolvency of the Service Providers. The Master Services Agreement cannot be terminated for any other reason, including if the Service Providers or BN experiences a change of control or due solely to the poor performance or under-performance of our group’s operations or assets, and the agreement continues in perpetuity, until terminated in accordance with its terms. Because the general partner of the partnership is an affiliate of BN, it may be unwilling to terminate the Master Services Agreement, even in the case of a default. If the Service Providers’ performance does not meet the expectations of investors, and the general partner of the partnership is unable or unwilling to terminate the Master Services Agreement, our group is not entitled to terminate the agreement and the market price of our exchangeable shares or the units could suffer. Furthermore, the termination of the Master Services Agreement would terminate our group’s rights under the Relationship Agreement and the Licensing Agreement. See Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Relationship Agreement” and Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Licensing Agreement” for more details.
We guarantee certain debt obligations of Brookfield Infrastructure, which may adversely affect our financial health and make us more vulnerable to adverse economic conditions.
Canada Subco, a wholly-owned subsidiary of BIHC, has agreed to guarantee certain commercial paper, unsecured debt securities and preferred securities issued by Brookfield Infrastructure, as well as Brookfield Infrastructure’s obligations under certain credit facilities, thereby causing us to become liable for such obligations. In light of the guarantees, our company is exposed to the credit risk of Brookfield Infrastructure. If Brookfield Infrastructure is unable or fails to pay any of its indebtedness in respect of which our company has provided a guarantee, we may be required to pay all amounts due under such indebtedness, which may affect our financial health and make us more vulnerable to adverse economic conditions. See Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Support” for more details.
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Risks Relating to our Company
Each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit and therefore we expect that the market price of our exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole.
Each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit and, in addition to contemplating identical dividends to the distributions paid on one unit, each exchangeable share is exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our group). See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital—Exchangeable Shares—Exchange by Holder—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.” Our company currently intends to satisfy any exchange requests on the exchangeable shares through the delivery of units rather than cash. As a result, the business operations of Brookfield Infrastructure, and the market price of the units, are expected to have a significant impact on the market price of the exchangeable shares, which could be disproportionate in circumstances where the business operations and results of our company on a standalone basis are not indicative of such market trends. Exchangeable shareholders will have no ability to control or influence the decisions or business of Brookfield Infrastructure.
Our company is a holding company and its material assets consist solely of interests in our operating subsidiaries.
Our company has no independent means of generating revenue. We depend on distributions and other payments from our operating businesses to provide us with the funds necessary to pay distributions on the exchangeable shares and to meet our financial obligations. Our operating businesses are legally distinct from our company and some of them are or may become restricted in their ability to pay dividends and distributions or otherwise make funds available to our company pursuant to applicable laws, regulatory requirements and contractual agreements. Our operating businesses will generally be required to service their debt obligations before making distributions to our company.
Our company is a “foreign private issuer” under U.S. securities law. Therefore, we are exempt from requirements applicable to U.S. domestic registrants listed on the NYSE.
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Although our company is subject to the periodic reporting requirement of the Exchange Act, the periodic disclosure required of foreign private issuers under the Exchange Act is different from periodic disclosure required of U.S. domestic registrants. Therefore, there may be less publicly available information about our company than is regularly published by or about other companies in the United States. Our company is exempt from certain other sections of the Exchange Act to which U.S. domestic issuers are subject, including the requirement to provide our shareholders with information statements or proxy statements that comply with the Exchange Act. In addition, insiders and large shareholders of our company are not obligated to file reports under Section 16 of the Exchange Act, and we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under the NYSE Listed Company Manual for domestic issuers. We currently intend to follow the same corporate practices as would be applicable to U.S. domestic companies under the U.S. federal securities laws and NYSE corporate governance standards; however, as our company is externally managed by the Service Providers pursuant to the Master Services Agreement, we do not have a compensation committee. However, we may in the future elect to follow our home country law for certain of our other corporate governance practices (being Bermuda and British Columbia for the partnership and our company, respectively), as permitted by the rules of the NYSE, in which case our shareholders would not be afforded the same protection as provided under NYSE corporate governance standards to U.S. domestic registrants. Following our home country governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. domestic company listed on the NYSE may provide less protection than is accorded to investors of U.S. domestic issuers.
Our company’s operations in the future may be different than our current business.
Our operations are composed of a U.K. regulated distribution operation, a Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation and a global intermodal logistics operation, but we may own interests in other infrastructure operations in the future. Brookfield Infrastructure’s operations today include utilities, transport, midstream and data businesses in North and South America, Europe and Asia Pacific. The risks associated with the operations of Brookfield Infrastructure, or our future operations, may differ than those associated with our business.
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Our company is not, and does not intend to become, regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions) and, if our company were deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to operate as contemplated.
The Investment Company Act (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions) provides certain protections to investors and imposes certain restrictions on companies that are required to be regulated as investment companies. Among other things, such rules limit or prohibit transactions with affiliates, impose limitations on the issuance of debt and equity securities and impose certain governance requirements. Our company has not been and does not intend to become regulated as an investment company and our company intends to conduct its activities so it will not be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions). In order to ensure that we are not deemed to be an investment company, we may be required to materially restrict or limit the scope of our operations or plans. We are limited in the types of acquisitions that we may make, and we may need to modify our organizational structure or dispose of assets which we would not otherwise dispose. Moreover, if anything were to happen which would cause our company to be deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act, it would be impractical for us to operate as contemplated. Agreements and arrangements between and among us and Brookfield would be impaired, the type and amount of acquisitions that we would be able to make as a principal would be limited and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected. Accordingly, we would be required to take extraordinary steps to address the situation, such as the amendment or termination of the Master Services Agreement, the restructuring of our company and our operating subsidiaries, the amendment of our governing documents or the dissolution of our company, any of which could materially adversely affect the value of our exchangeable shares.
Our failure to maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business in the future and the price of our exchangeable shares.
As a public company in the United States and Canada, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, stock exchange rules promulgated in response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and corresponding securities legislation in Canada. A number of our current operating subsidiaries are, and potential future acquisitions will be, private companies and their systems of internal controls over financial reporting may be less developed as compared to public company requirements. Any failure to maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting or to implement required, new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting and could result in errors or misstatements in our consolidated financial statements that could be material. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm were to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information and the price of our exchangeable shares could decline. Our failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business, our ability to access capital markets and investors’ perception of us. In addition, material weaknesses in our internal controls could require significant expense and management time to remediate.
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Our group uses leverage and such indebtedness may result in our group or our group’s operating businesses being subject to certain covenants that restrict our group’s ability to engage in certain types of activities or to make distributions to equity.
Many of our group’s operating subsidiaries have entered into or will enter into credit facilities or have incurred or will incur other forms of debt, including for the purposes of acquisitions and investments as well as for general corporate purposes. The total quantum of exposure to debt within our group is significant, and we may become more leveraged in the future. Some facilities are fully drawn, while some have amounts of principal which are undrawn.
Leveraged assets are more sensitive to declines in revenues, increases in expenses and interest rates, and adverse economic, market and industry developments. A leveraged company’s income and net assets also tend to increase or decrease at a greater rate than would otherwise be the case if money had not been borrowed. As a result, the risk of loss associated with a leveraged company, all other things being equal, is generally greater than for companies with comparatively less debt. In addition, the use of indebtedness in connection with an acquisition may give rise to negative tax consequences to certain investors. Leverage may also result in a requirement for short-term liquidity, which may force the sale of assets at times of low demand and/or prices for such assets. This may mean that our group is unable to realize fair value for the assets in a sale.
Our group’s credit facilities also contain, and will contain in the future, covenants applicable to the relevant borrower and events of default. Covenants can relate to matters including limitations on financial indebtedness, dividends, investments, or minimum amounts for interest coverage, Adjusted EBITDA, cash flow or net worth. If an event of default occurs, or minimum covenant requirements are not satisfied, this can result in a requirement to immediately repay any drawn amounts or the imposition of other restrictions including a prohibition on the payment of distributions to equity.
Our group’s credit facilities or other debt or debt-like instruments may or may not be rated. Should such debt or debt-like instruments be rated, a credit downgrade may have an adverse impact on the cost of such debt.
Our group may acquire distressed companies and these acquisitions may subject our group to increased risks, including the incurrence of additional legal or other expenses.
As part of our group’s acquisition strategy, our group may acquire distressed companies. This could involve acquisitions of securities of companies in event-driven special situations, such as acquisitions, tender offers, bankruptcies, recapitalizations, spinoffs, corporate and financial restructurings, litigation or other liability impairments, turnarounds, management changes, consolidating industries and other catalyst-oriented situations. Acquisitions of this type involve substantial financial and business risks that can result in substantial or total losses. Among the problems involved in assessing and making acquisitions in troubled issuers is the fact that it frequently may be difficult to obtain information as to the condition of such issuer. If, during the diligence process, our group fails to identify issues specific to a company or the environment in which our company operates, our group may be forced to later write down or write off assets, restructure our group’s operations, or incur impairment or other charges that may result in other reporting losses.
As a consequence of our group’s role as an acquirer of distressed companies, our group may be subject to increased risk of incurring additional legal, indemnification or other expenses, even if we are not named in any action. In distressed situations, litigation often follows when disgruntled shareholders, creditors and other parties seek to recover losses from poorly performing investments. The enhanced litigation risk for distressed companies is further elevated by the potential that Brookfield or entities within our group may have controlling or influential positions in these companies.
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Risks Relating to the Exchangeable Shares
Our company may redeem the exchangeable shares at any time without the consent of the holders.
Our board, in its sole discretion and for any reason, and without the consent of holders of exchangeable shares, may elect to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares at any time upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice, including without limitation following the occurrence of any of the following redemption events: (i) the total number of exchangeable shares outstanding decreases by 50% or more over any twelve-month period; (ii) a person acquires 90% of the units in a take-over bid (as defined by applicable securities law); (iii) unitholders of the partnership approve an acquisition of the partnership by way of arrangement or amalgamation; (iv) unitholders of the partnership approve a restructuring or other reorganization of the partnership; (v) there is a sale of all or substantially all of the partnership assets; (vi) there is a change of law (whether by legislative, governmental or judicial action), administrative practice or interpretation, or a change in circumstances of our company and our shareholders, that may result in adverse tax consequences for our company or our shareholders; or (vii) our board, in its sole discretion, concludes that the unitholders of the partnership or holders of exchangeable shares are adversely impacted by a fact, change or other circumstance relating to our company. For greater certainty, unitholders do not have the ability to vote on such redemption and the board’s decision to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares will be final. In addition, the holder of class B shares may deliver a notice to our company specifying a redemption date upon which our company shall redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares, and upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice from our company to holders of the exchangeable shares and without the consent of holders of exchangeable shares, our company shall be required to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares on such redemption date. In the event of such redemption, holders of exchangeable shares will no longer own a direct interest in our company and will become unitholders of the partnership or receive cash based on the value of a unit, even if such holders desired to remain holders of exchangeable shares. Such redemption could occur at a time when the trading price of the exchangeable shares is greater than the trading price of the units, in which case holders would receive units (or its cash equivalent) with a lower trading price.
Holders of exchangeable shares do not have a right to elect whether to receive cash or units upon a liquidation, exchange or redemption event. Rather, our group has the right to make such election in its sole discretion.
In the event that (i) there is a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company or the partnership, (ii) our company or the partnership exercises its right to redeem (or cause the redemption of) all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares, or (iii) a holder of exchangeable shares requests an exchange of exchangeable shares, holders of exchangeable shares shall be entitled to receive one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events described in this annual report on Form 20-F and certain other payment obligations in the case of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company or the partnership) or its cash equivalent. The form of payment will be determined at the election of our group so a holder will not know whether cash or units will be delivered in connection with any of the events described above. Our company and the partnership currently intend to satisfy any exchange requests on the exchangeable shares through the delivery of units rather than cash. See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares”.
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Any holder requesting an exchange of their exchangeable shares for which our company or the partnership elects to provide units in satisfaction of the exchange amount may experience a delay in receiving such units, which may affect the value of the units the holder receives in an exchange.
Each exchangeable share is exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our group). See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares — Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.” In the event cash is used to satisfy an exchange request, the amount payable per exchangeable share will be equal to the NYSE closing price of one unit on the date that the request for exchange is received by the transfer agent. As a result, any decrease in the value of the units after that date will not affect the amount of cash received. However, any holder whose exchangeable shares are exchanged for units will not receive such units for up to ten (10) business days after the applicable request is received. During this period, the market price of units may decrease. Any such decrease would affect the value of the unit consideration to be received by the holder of exchangeable shares on the effective date of the exchange.
The partnership is required to maintain an effective registration statement in order to exchange any exchangeable shares for units. If a registration statement with respect to the units issuable upon any exchange, redemption or acquisition of exchangeable shares (including in connection with any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company) is not current or is suspended for use by the SEC, no exchange or redemption of exchangeable shares for units may be effected during such period.
The exchangeable shares may not trade at the same price as the units.
Although the exchangeable shares are intended to provide an economic return that is equivalent to the units, there can be no assurance that the market price of exchangeable shares will be equal to the market price of units at any time. If our company redeems the exchangeable shares (which can be done without the consent of the holders) at a time when the trading price of the exchangeable shares is greater than the trading price of the units, holders will receive units (or its cash equivalent) with a lower trading price. Factors that could cause differences in such market prices may include:
•perception and/or recommendations by analysts, investors and/or other third parties that these securities should be priced differently;
•actual or perceived differences in distributions to holders of exchangeable shares versus holders of the units, including as a result of any legal prohibitions;
•business developments or financial performance or other events or conditions that may be specific to only Brookfield Infrastructure or our company; and
•difficulty in the exchange mechanics between exchangeable shares and units, including any delays or difficulties experienced by the transfer agent in processing the exchange requests.
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If a sufficient amount of exchangeable shares are exchanged for units, then the exchangeable shares may be de-listed.
The exchangeable shares trade on the NYSE and the TSX. However, if a sufficient amount of exchangeable shares are exchanged for units, or our company exercises our redemption right at any time including if the total number of exchangeable shares decreases by 50% or more over any twelve-month period, our company may fail to meet the minimum listing requirements on the NYSE and the TSX, and the NYSE or the TSX may take steps to de-list the exchangeable shares. Though holders of exchangeable shares will still be entitled to exchange each such share at any time for one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events described in Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association —Description of our Share Capital”), or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our group), a de-listing of the exchangeable shares would have a significant adverse effect on the liquidity of the exchangeable shares, and holders thereof may not be able to exit their investments in the market on favorable terms.
The market price of the exchangeable shares and units may be volatile, and holders of exchangeable shares and/or units may lose a significant portion of their investment due to drops in the market price of exchangeable shares and/or units.
The market price of the exchangeable shares and the units may be volatile and holders of such securities may not be able to resell their securities at or above the implied price at which they acquired such securities or otherwise due to fluctuations in the market price of such securities, including changes in market price caused by factors unrelated to our company or Brookfield Infrastructure’s operating performance or prospects. Specific factors that may have a significant effect on the market price of the exchangeable shares and the units include:
•changes in stock market analyst recommendations or earnings estimates regarding the exchangeable shares or units, other companies and partnerships that are comparable to our company or Brookfield Infrastructure or are in the industries that they serve;
•with respect to the exchangeable shares, changes in the market price of the units, and vice versa;
•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our company and partnership’s operating results or future prospects;
•reactions to public announcements by our company and Brookfield Infrastructure;
•strategic actions taken by our company or Brookfield Infrastructure;
•adverse conditions in the financial market or general U.S. or international economic conditions, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism and responses to such events; and
•sales of such securities by our company, Brookfield Infrastructure or significant stockholders.
Exchanges of exchangeable shares or class A.2 exchangeable shares for units may negatively affect the market price of the units, and additional issuances of exchangeable shares and class A.2
exchangeable shares would be dilutive to the units.
Each exchangeable share and class A.2 exchangeable share is exchangeable by the holder thereof for one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our group). See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares —Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.” If our group elects to deliver units in satisfaction of any such exchange request, a significant number of additional units may be issued from time to time which could have a negative impact on the market price for units. Additionally, any exchangeable shares issued by our company or class A.2 exchangeable shares issued by BIHC in the future will also be exchangeable in accordance with the terms of the exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares, respectively, and, accordingly, any future exchanges satisfied by the delivery of units would dilute the percentage interest of existing holders of the units and may reduce the market price of the units.
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We, BIHC or the partnership may issue additional shares or units in the future, or securities exchangeable into shares or units, including in lieu of incurring indebtedness, which may dilute holders of our equity securities and could depress the trading price of our shares and/or the units. We, BIHC or the partnership may also issue securities that have rights and privileges that are more favorable than the rights and privileges accorded to our equity holders.
Subject to the terms of any of our securities then outstanding, we and BIHC may issue additional securities, including exchangeable shares, class B shares, class A.2 exchangeable shares, options, rights and warrants for any purpose and for such consideration and on such terms and conditions as our board may determine. Subject to the terms of any of our securities then outstanding, our board will be able to determine the class, designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties of any additional securities, including any rights to share in our profits, losses and dividends, any rights to receive our company’s assets upon our dissolution or liquidation and any redemption, conversion and exchange rights. Subject to the terms of any of our securities then outstanding, our board may use such authority to issue such additional securities, which would dilute holders of such securities, or to issue securities with rights and privileges that are more favorable than those of our exchangeable shares.
Similarly, under the partnership’s limited partnership agreement, subject to the terms of any preferred units then outstanding, the partnership’s general partner may issue additional partnership securities, including units, preferred units, options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to partnership securities for any purpose and for such consideration and on such terms and conditions as the board of the partnership’s general partner may determine. Subject to the terms of any of the partnership securities then outstanding, the board of the partnership’s general partner will be able to determine the class, designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties of any additional partnership securities, including any rights to share in the partnership’s profits, losses and dividends, any rights to receive the partnership’s assets upon its dissolution or liquidation and any redemption, conversion and exchange rights. Subject to the terms of any of the partnership securities then outstanding, the board of the partnership’s general partner may use such authority to issue such additional partnership securities, which would dilute holders of such securities, or to issue securities with rights and privileges that are more favorable than those of the units.
The sale or issuance of a substantial number of our exchangeable shares, class A.2 exchangeable
shares, units, other equity securities of our company or the partnership, other securities exchangeable into our exchangeable shares or the units, or the exchange of the BIPC Exchangeable LP Units or the perception that such sales, issuances or exchanges could occur, could depress the market price of our exchangeable shares and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional exchangeable shares. In addition, we may also issue exchangeable shares, class A.2. exchangeable shares or other securities as consideration for acquisitions. We cannot predict the effect that future sales or issuances of our exchangeable shares, units, other equity securities, or securities exchangeable into our exchangeable shares or the units would have on the market price of our exchangeable shares or the units. Subject to the terms of any of our securities then outstanding, holders of exchangeable shares will not have any pre-emptive right or any right to consent to or otherwise approve the issuance of any such securities or the terms on which any such securities may be issued.
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Our company cannot assure you that it will be able to pay dividends equal to the levels currently paid by the partnership and holders of exchangeable shares may not receive dividends equal to the distributions paid on the units and, accordingly, may not receive the intended economic equivalence of those securities.
The exchangeable shares are intended to provide an economic return per exchangeable share equivalent to one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events). See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association —Description of Our Share Capital — Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.” However, dividends are at the discretion of our board of directors and unforeseen circumstances (including legal prohibitions) may prevent the same dividends from being paid on each security. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that dividends and distributions will be identical for each exchangeable share and unit, respectively, in the future, which may impact the market price of these securities. Dividends on our exchangeable shares may not equal the levels currently paid by the partnership for various reasons, including, but not limited to, the following:
•our company may not have enough unrestricted funds to pay such dividends due to changes in our company’s cash requirements, capital spending plans, cash flow or financial position;
•decisions on whether, when and in which amounts to make any future dividends will be dependent on then-existing conditions, including our company’s financial conditions, earnings, legal requirements, including limitations under British Columbia law, restrictions on our company’s borrowing agreements that limit our ability to pay dividends and other factors we deem relevant; and
•our company may desire to retain cash to improve our credit profile or for other reasons.
Non-U.S. shareholders are subject to foreign currency risk associated with our company’s dividends.
A significant number of our shareholders reside in countries where the U.S. dollar is not the functional currency. Our dividends are denominated in U.S. dollars but are settled in the local currency of the shareholder receiving the dividend. For each non-U.S. shareholder, the value received in the local currency from the dividend will be determined based on the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the applicable local currency at the time of payment. As such, if the U.S. dollar depreciates significantly against the local currency of the non-U.S. shareholder, the value received by such shareholder in its local currency will be adversely affected.
The exchangeable shares are not units and will not be treated as units for purposes of the application of applicable Canadian or U.S. rules relating to takeover bids, issuer bids and tender offers.
Units and exchangeable shares are not securities of the same class. As a result, holders of exchangeable shares will not be entitled to participate in an offer or bid made to acquire units, and holders of units will not be entitled to participate in an offer or bid made to acquire exchangeable shares. In the event of a takeover bid for units, a holder of exchangeable shares who would like to participate would be required to tender his or her exchangeable shares for exchange, in order to receive a unit, or the cash equivalent, at the election of our group, pursuant to the exchange right. If an issuer tender offer or issuer bid is made for the units at a price in excess of the market price of the units and a comparable offer is not made for the exchangeable shares, then the conversion factor for the exchangeable shares may be adjusted. See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares — Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events” for more information on the circumstances in which adjustments may be made to the conversion factor.
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The Rights Agreement will terminate on March 31, 2025.
The Rights Agreement will terminate on March 31, 2025, unless otherwise terminated earlier pursuant to its terms. After such date, holders of exchangeable shares will no longer have the benefit of the protections provided for by the Rights Agreement and will be reliant solely on the rights provided for in our company’s articles. In the event that our company or the partnership fails to satisfy a request for exchange after the expiry of the Rights Agreement, a tendering holder will not be entitled to rely on the secondary exchange rights.
See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares — Exchange by Holder” and Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Rights Agreement”.
U.S. investors in our exchangeable shares may find it difficult or impossible to enforce service of process and enforcement of judgments against us and our board and the Service Providers.
We were established under the laws of the Province of British Columbia, and most of our subsidiaries are organized in jurisdictions outside of the United States. In addition, our executive officers are located outside of the United States. Certain of our directors and officers and the Service Providers reside outside of the United States. A substantial portion of our assets are, and the assets of our directors and officers and the Service Providers may be located outside of the United States. It may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon our directors and officers and the Service Providers. It may also not be possible to enforce against us, or our directors and officers and the Service Providers, judgments obtained in U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of applicable securities law in the United States.
Risks Relating to Taxation
General
Changes in tax law and practice may have a material adverse effect on the operations of the partnership, our company, the Brookfield Infrastructure Holding Entities, and the Brookfield Infrastructure Operating Entities and, as a consequence, the value of the Brookfield Infrastructure assets and the ability of the partnership and our company to make distributions to unitholders and holders of exchangeable shares, respectively.
The Brookfield Infrastructure structure, including the structure of the Brookfield Infrastructure Holding Entities and the Brookfield Infrastructure Operating Entities, is based on prevailing taxation law and practice in the local jurisdictions in which Brookfield Infrastructure operates. Any change in tax legislation (including in relation to taxation rates) and practice in these jurisdictions could adversely affect these entities, as well as the ability of the partnership and our company to make distributions to unitholders and holders of exchangeable shares, respectively. Taxes and other constraints that would apply to the Brookfield Infrastructure entities in such jurisdictions may not apply to local institutions or other parties, and such parties may therefore have a significantly lower effective cost of capital and a corresponding competitive advantage in pursuing such acquisitions.
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We may be exposed to transfer pricing risks.
To the extent that the partnership, our company, Holding LP, the Brookfield Infrastructure Holding Entities or the Brookfield Infrastructure Operating Entities enter into transactions or arrangements with parties with whom they do not deal at arm’s length, the relevant tax authorities may seek to adjust the quantum or nature of the amounts included in or deducted from taxable income by such entities if they consider that the terms and conditions of such transactions or arrangements differ from those that would have been made between persons dealing at arm’s length. This could result in more tax (and penalties and interest) being paid by such entities, and therefore the return to unitholders and holders of exchangeable shares could be reduced.
We believe that the base management fee and any other amount that is paid to the Service Providers will be commensurate with the value of the services being provided by the Service Providers and comparable to the fees or other amounts that would be agreed to in an arm’s length arrangement. However, no assurance can be given in this regard.
United States
The exchange of exchangeable shares for units may result in the U.S. federal income taxation of any gain realized by a U.S. Holder.
Depending on the facts and circumstances, a U.S. Holder’s exchange of exchangeable shares for units may result in the U.S. federal income taxation of any gain realized by such U.S. Holder. In general, a U.S. Holder exchanging exchangeable shares for units pursuant to the exercise of the exchange right will recognize capital gain or loss (i) if the exchange request is satisfied by the delivery of units by Brookfield pursuant to the Rights Agreement or (ii) if the exchange request is satisfied by the delivery of units by our company and the exchange is, within the meaning of Section 302(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, in “complete redemption” of the U.S. Holder’s equity interest in our company, a “substantially disproportionate” redemption of stock, or “not essentially equivalent to a dividend”, applying certain constructive ownership rules that take into account not only the exchangeable shares and other equity interests in our company actually owned but also other equity interests in our company treated as constructively owned by such U.S. Holder for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If an exchange request satisfied by the delivery of units by our company is not treated as a sale or exchange under the foregoing rules, then it will be treated as a taxable distribution equal to the amount of cash and the fair market value of property received (such as units) without any offset for a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the exchangeable shares exchanged.
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In general, if the partnership satisfies an exchange request by delivering units to a U.S. Holder pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right, then the U.S. Holder’s exchange of exchangeable shares for units will qualify as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, unless at the time of such exchange, the partnership (i) is a publicly traded partnership treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes or (ii) would be an “investment company” if it were incorporated for purposes of Section 721(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. In the case described in (i) or (ii) of the preceding sentence, a holder that is a U.S. taxpayer may recognize gain upon the exchange. We understand that the general partner of the partnership believes that the partnership will be treated as a partnership and not as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, based on the shareholders’ rights in the event of the liquidation or dissolution of our company (or the partnership) and the terms of the exchangeable shares, which are intended to provide an economic return equivalent to the economic return on the units (including identical distributions), and taking into account the expected relative values of the partnership’s assets and its ratable share of the assets of its subsidiaries for the foreseeable future, we understand that the general partner of the partnership currently expects that a U.S. Holder’s exchange of exchangeable shares for units pursuant to the exercise of the partnership call right will not be treated as a transfer to an investment company for purposes of Section 721(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Accordingly, we understand that the general partner of the partnership currently expects a U.S. Holder’s exchange of exchangeable shares for units pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right to qualify as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. However, no definitive determination can be made as to whether any such future exchange will qualify as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, as this will depend on the facts and circumstances at the time of the exchange. Many of these facts and circumstances are not within the control of the partnership, and no assurance can be provided as to the position, if any, taken by the general partner of the partnership with regard to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of any such exchange. Nor can any assurance be given that the IRS will not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any future position taken by the partnership. If Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code does not apply, then a U.S. Holder who exchanges exchangeable shares for units pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right will be treated as if such holder had sold its exchangeable shares to the partnership in a taxable transaction for cash in an amount equal to the value of the units received.
Even if a U.S. Holder’s transfer of exchangeable shares in exchange for units pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right qualifies as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, we understand that the general partner of the partnership currently expects for the partnership and Holding LP to immediately undertake subsequent transfers of such exchangeable shares that would result in the allocation to such U.S. Holder of any gain realized under Section 704(c)(1) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Under this provision, if appreciated property is contributed to a partnership, the contributing partner must recognize any gain that was realized but not recognized for U.S. federal income tax purposes with respect to the property at the time of the contribution (referred to as “built-in gain”) if the partnership sells such property (or otherwise transfers such property in a taxable exchange) at any time thereafter or distributes such property to another partner within seven years of the contribution in a transaction that does not otherwise result in the recognition of “built-in gain” by the partnership. If, contrary to the current expectations of the general partner of the partnership, Section 704(c)(1) does not apply as a result of any such subsequent transfers by the partnership or Holding LP of exchangeable shares transferred by a U.S. Holder for units in an exchange qualifying as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, then such U.S. Holder could, nonetheless, be required to recognize part or all of the built-in gain in its exchangeable shares deferred as a result of such exchange under Section 737 or Section 707(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, depending on whether the partnership or Holding LP were to make certain types of distributions to such U.S. Holder following the exchange.
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For a more complete discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the exchange of exchangeable shares for units, see Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Consequences to U.S. Holders — Ownership and Disposition of Exchangeable Shares” below. The U.S. federal income tax consequences of exchanging exchangeable shares for units are complex, and U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding such consequences in light of their particular circumstances.
Distributions on exchangeable shares made to Non-U.S. Holders may be subject to U.S. withholding tax if Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code applies.
Distributions on exchangeable shares made to Non-U.S. Holders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, except that U.S. withholding tax may apply to any portion of a distribution made on exchangeable shares that is treated as a deemed dividend under Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Specifically, a 30% withholding tax generally applies to deemed dividend amounts (“dividend equivalents”) with respect to certain contractual arrangements held by non-U.S. persons which reference any interest in an entity if that interest could give rise to a U.S.-source dividend. Under Treasury Regulations, a Section 871(m) transaction is treated as directly referencing the assets of a partnership that holds significant investments in certain securities (such as stock of a U.S. corporation). The partnership indirectly holds stock of a U.S. corporation through Holding LP, and the exchangeable shares are intended to be structured so that distributions are identical to distributions on units. Accordingly, the contractual arrangements relating to the exchangeable shares could be subject to Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, as discussed below.
Whether U.S. withholding tax applies with respect to a Section 871(m) transaction depends, in part, on whether it is classified for purposes of Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code as a “simple” contract or “complex” contract. No direct authority addresses whether the contractual arrangements relating to the exchangeable shares constitute a simple contract or a complex contract. Our company intends to take the position and believes that such contractual arrangements do not constitute a simple contract. In such case, under Treasury Regulations, as modified by an IRS Notice, such contractual arrangements should not be subject to Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code before January 1, 2027, and no portion of a distribution made on exchangeable shares before such date should be subject to U.S. withholding tax by reason of treatment as a dividend equivalent under Section 871(m). For distributions made on exchangeable shares on or after January 1, 2027, Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code will apply if the contractual arrangements relating to the exchangeable shares meet a “substantial equivalence” test. If this is the case, U.S. federal withholding tax (generally at a rate of 30%) is expected to apply to any portion of a distribution on exchangeable shares that is treated as a dividend equivalent and paid on or after January 1, 2027.
This 30% withholding tax may be reduced or eliminated under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code or an applicable income tax treaty, provided that the Non-U.S. Holder properly certifies its eligibility by providing an IRS Form W-8. If, notwithstanding the foregoing, our company is unable to accurately or timely determine the tax status of a Non-U.S. Holder for purposes of establishing whether reduced rates of withholding apply, then U.S. withholding tax at a rate of 30% may apply to any portion of a distribution on exchangeable shares that is treated as a dividend equivalent under Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. A dividend equivalent may also be subject to a 30% withholding tax under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance provisions of the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act of 2010 (“FATCA”), unless a Non-U.S. Holder properly certifies its FATCA status on IRS Form W-8 or other applicable form and satisfies any additional requirements under FATCA.
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Notwithstanding the foregoing, our company’s position that the contractual arrangements relating to the exchangeable shares do not constitute a simple contract does not bind the IRS. The Treasury Regulations under Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code require complex determinations with respect to contractual arrangements linked to U.S. equities, and the application of these regulations to the exchangeable shares is uncertain. Accordingly, the IRS could challenge our company’s position and assert that the contractual arrangements relating to the exchangeable shares constitute a simple contract, in which case U.S. withholding tax currently would apply, generally at a rate of 30% (subject to reduction or elimination under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code or an applicable income tax treaty), to that portion, if any, of a distribution on exchangeable shares that is treated as referencing a U.S.-source dividend paid to the partnership or Holding LP. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the implications of Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and FATCA for their ownership of exchangeable shares with regard to their particular circumstances.
For a more complete discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of owning exchangeable shares, see Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders — Ownership and Disposition of Exchangeable Shares” below. The U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning exchangeable shares are complex, and Non-U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding such consequences in light of their particular circumstances.
Canada
Canadian federal income tax considerations described herein may be materially and adversely impacted by certain events.
If BIPC ceases to qualify as a “mutual fund corporation” under the Tax Act, the income tax considerations described under the heading Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations” would be materially and adversely different in certain respects.
In general, there can be no assurance that Canadian federal income tax laws respecting the treatment of mutual fund corporations or otherwise respecting the treatment of our company will not be changed in a manner that adversely affects our shareholders, or that such tax laws will not be administered in a way that is less advantageous to our company or our shareholders.
General Risks
All of our group’s operating subsidiaries are subject to general economic and political conditions and risks relating to the markets in which our group operates.
The industries in which our group operates are impacted by political and economic conditions, and in particular, adverse events in financial markets, which may have a profound effect on global or local economies. Some key impacts of general financial market turmoil include contraction in credit markets resulting in a widening of credit spreads, devaluations and enhanced volatility in global equity, commodity and foreign exchange markets and a general lack of market liquidity. A slowdown in the financial markets or other key measures of the global economy or the local economies of the regions in which our group operates, including, but not limited to, the acceleration or reversal of key global trends such as deglobalization, decarbonization and digitization, new home construction, employment rates, business conditions, inflation, fuel and energy costs, commodity prices, lack of available credit, the state of the financial markets, interest rates and tax rates may adversely affect our group’s growth and profitability.
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The demand for services provided by our group’s operating subsidiaries are, in part, dependent upon and correlated to general economic conditions and economic growth of the regions applicable to the relevant asset and are also subject to global economic trends. Poor economic conditions or lower economic growth in a region or regions may, either directly or indirectly, reduce demand for the services provided by an asset. Adverse changes in economic conditions can significantly harm demand for our services and make it more challenging to forecast our operating results and make business decisions, including regarding prioritization of investments in our business. An economic downturn or increased uncertainty may also materially impact revenues, profits and cash flow; volatile energy, commodity input and consumables prices and currency exchange rates could materially impact production costs; poor local or regional economic conditions could materially impact the level of traffic on our toll roads or volume of commodities transported on our rail network and/or shipped through our ports, our U.K. regulated distribution business earns connection revenues that would be negatively impacted by an economic recession and a reduction of housing starts in the U.K. An economic downturn would also lead to higher borrowing costs or reduced availability of capital markets, reduced liquidity, adverse impacts on our service providers, failures of counterparties including financial institutions and insurers, asset impairments and declines in the value of our financial instruments. The devaluation and volatility of global stock markets could materially impact the valuation of our exchangeable shares.
In addition, our group may be affected by political uncertainties in various jurisdictions, which may have global repercussions, including in markets where our group currently operates or intends to expand into in the future. These uncertainties include geopolitical concerns and other global events, including, without limitation, trade conflict, civil unrest, national and international political circumstances (including outbreak of war, terrorist acts or security operations and changes in laws and policies such as the imposition of import and export duties, quotas and tariffs) and pandemics or other severe public health events, that have contributed and may continue to contribute to volatility in global equity and debt markets. For example, the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East and the global response to each, including the imposition of widespread economic and other sanctions, has significantly impacted the global economy and financial markets, resulted in volatility in fuel prices, amplified existing supply chain challenges caused by increases in shipping costs (including as a result of conflicts and other attacks in or near shipping channels) and heightened cybersecurity disruptions and threats. Further economic and political instability and the escalation or expansion of armed conflict in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, or elsewhere in the world and could significantly disrupt the free movement of goods, services and people, have a destabilizing effect on energy markets and result in potential higher costs of conducting business. In addition, our business and results of operations are subject to risks resulting from the political and economic policies of various countries including China. Trade disputes between countries in which we have assets or operations, or changes in laws and policies such as the imposition of import and export duties, quotas and tariffs, restrictions on private enterprise or foreign investment, the introduction of measures to control inflation, changes in the rate or method of taxation, and the imposition of additional restrictions on currency conversion or remittances abroad, could impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Inflationary pressures could adversely impact our businesses.
Our operating businesses may be impacted by rising inflationary pressures. High inflation may continue to drive tightening in monetary policies by major central banks, posing risks to economic growth. Central banks in various countries may continue to raise interest rates in response to concerns about inflation, which, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks. Interest rate increases or other government actions taken to reduce inflation could also result in recessionary pressures in many parts of the world. Interest rate risk poses a significant market risk to us as a result of interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities held by us and our operating businesses. Higher interest rates or elevated interest rates for a sustained period could also result in an economic slowdown. Economic contraction or further deceleration in the rate of growth in certain industries, sectors or geographies may contribute to poor financial results for our operating subsidiaries.
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A significant portion of the upward pressure on prices has been attributed to the rising costs of labor, energy, food, motor vehicles and housing and continuing global supply-chain disruptions. Inflation increases may or may not be transitory and future inflation may be impacted by labor market constraints reducing, supply-chain disruptions easing and commodity prices moderating. While regulated and contractual arrangements in our portfolio companies can provide significant protection against inflationary pressures, any sustained upward trajectory in the inflation rate may still have an impact on our operating businesses and our investors, and could impact our ability to source suitable investment opportunities, match or exceed prior investment strategy performance and secure attractive debt financing, all of which could adversely impact our operating businesses and our growth and capital recycling initiatives.
Changes or developments in U.S. laws or policies, including changes in U.S. domestic economic policies and foreign trade policies and tariffs and the reaction of other countries thereto, may have a material adverse effect on our group’s business and financial condition.
The new President of the United States of America has repeatedly stated that he intends to impose a 25% tariff on all Canadian exports to the U.S.. The eventuality, timing and rates of potential tariffs are difficult to predict at this time. Changes or developments in U.S. laws and policies, such as laws and policies surrounding U.S. domestic economic policies, including the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”), as well as international trade, foreign affairs, manufacturing and development and investment in the territories and countries where we operate, can materially adversely affect our business and financial condition. Changes in U.S. administrative policy may lead to a loss of substantial tax credits under the IRA or otherwise, as well as result in significant increases in tariffs for imported goods, among other possible changes. There also are risks associated with retaliatory tariffs and resulting trade wars. The imposition of such tariffs or other similar trade restrictions may strain international trade relations and increase the risk that foreign governments implement retaliatory tariffs on goods imported from the United States. The imposition of such tariffs or other similar trade restrictions may also be inflationary, which could cause the cost of inputs to increase and interest rates to rise and create further uncertainty and volatility in the market, which may have a material adverse effect on our group’s business and financial statements.
Alternative and emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, could impact the demand for, or use of, the businesses and assets that our group owns and operates and could impair or eliminate the competitive advantage of such businesses and assets.
There are alternative and emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, that may impact the demand for, or use of, the businesses and assets that our group owns and operates. While some such technologies are in earlier stages of development, ongoing research and development activities may improve such technologies, including artificial intelligence. For example, further development of electric vehicles may reduce the need and demand for road fuel distribution, or changes in the materials used in construction may reduce the demand for iron ore and coal. Our data operations rely for their continued viability on the ongoing demand for tower infrastructure and data storage facilities, which is uncertain and could be subject to bypass risk or obsolescence as a result of new or developing technologies. Additionally, off-grid energy solutions may reduce the need for electricity and gas generation networks and pipelines, and technologies that enable remote working opportunities could reduce traffic on our toll roads. If new technologies emerge that are able to deliver goods and services more efficiently than our group’s current businesses, such technologies could adversely impact our group’s ability to compete. Moreover, the use of artificial intelligence, including our use of third-party products incorporating artificial intelligence, and the overall adoption of artificial intelligence throughout society, may exacerbate or create new and unpredictable competitive, operational, legal and regulatory risks to our group’s businesses. There is substantial uncertainty about the extent to which artificial intelligence will result in dramatic changes throughout the world, and our group may not be able to anticipate, prevent, mitigate, or remediate all of the potential risks, challenges, or impacts of such changes.
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Such changes could potentially disrupt and impair, among other things, our group’s business models, investment strategies, operational processes and the competitive advantage of our businesses and assets, and as a result, our group’s businesses, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected.
We are subject to risks associated with pandemics, epidemics and other public health emergencies.
Our business could be exposed to effects of pandemics/epidemics (including the emergence and progression of new variants), which could materially adversely impact our operations.
A local, regional, national or international outbreak of a contagious disease, which may be capable of spreading across the globe at a rapid pace impacting global commercial activity and travel, or future public health crises, epidemics or pandemics, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition due to disruptions to commerce, reduced economic activity and other unforeseen consequences that are beyond our control. The ongoing prevalence of such diseases or public health crises, the emergence and progression of new variants and the actions taken in response to such diseases or public health crises by government authorities across various geographies in which we and our businesses operate may interrupt business activities and supply chains, disrupt travel, contribute to significant volatility in the financial markets, impact social conditions and adversely affect local, regional, national and international economic conditions as well as the labor market. There can be no assurance that strategies that we employ to address potential disruptions in operations will mitigate the adverse impacts of any of these factors.
The longer-term economic impacts of the outbreak of a contagious disease or future public health crises will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, constantly evolving and difficult to predict. These developments may include the risk of new and potentially more severe strains of such diseases; additional actions that may be taken to contain these diseases such as re-imposing previously lifted measures or putting in place additional restrictions and the pace, availability, distribution, acceptance and effectiveness of vaccines. Such developments, depending on their nature, duration and intensity, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In addition, the potential effects of the outbreak of a contagious disease or future public health crises on our employees or the employees of our operating companies or other companies with which we and they do business could disrupt our business operations. The effectiveness of external parties, including governmental and non-governmental organizations, in combating the spread and severity of the pandemic could have a material impact on the adverse effects we experience. These events, which are beyond our control, could cause a material adverse effect on our results of operations in any period and, depending on their severity, could also materially and adversely affect our financial condition.
Our group is subject to foreign currency risk and our risk management activities may adversely affect the performance of our operations.
A significant portion of our group’s current operating subsidiaries are in countries where the U.S. dollar is not the functional currency. These operations pay distributions in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, which our group must convert to U.S. dollars prior to making distributions, and certain of our group’s operating subsidiaries have revenues denominated in currencies different from our group’s expense structure, thus exposing our group to currency risk. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates could reduce the value of cash flows generated by our operating subsidiaries or could make it more expensive for our group’s customers to purchase our services and consequently reduce the demand for our group’s services. In addition, a significant depreciation in the value of such foreign currencies may have a material adverse effect on our group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
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When managing our group’s exposure to such market risks, our group may use forward contracts, options, swaps, caps, collars and floors or pursue other strategies or use other forms of derivative instruments. The success of any hedging or other derivative transactions that our group enters into generally will depend on our ability to structure contracts that appropriately offset our group’s risk position. As a result, while our group may enter into such transactions in order to reduce our group’s exposure to market risks, unanticipated market changes may result in poorer overall investment performance than if the derivative transaction had not been executed. Such transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the value of a hedged position increases.
General economic and business conditions that impact the debt or equity markets could impact our group’s ability to access credit markets.
General economic and business conditions that impact the debt or equity markets could impact the availability of credit to, and cost of credit for, our group. Actions to reduce inflation, including raising interest rates, increase our cost of borrowing, which in turn could make it more difficult to obtain financing for our operations or investments on favorable terms. Our group has revolving credit facilities and other short-term borrowings and the amount of interest charged on these will fluctuate based on changes in short-term interest rates. Any economic event that affects interest rates or the ability to refinance borrowings could materially adversely impact our group’s financial condition. Continued movements in interest rates could also affect the discount rates used to value our group’s assets, which in turn could cause their valuations calculated under IFRS Accounting Standards to be reduced resulting in a material reduction in our group’s equity value.
In addition, some of our group’s operations either currently have a credit rating or may have a credit rating in the future. A credit rating downgrade may result in an increase in the cost of debt for the relevant businesses and reduced access to debt markets.
Some assets in our group’s portfolio have a requirement for significant capital expenditure. For other assets, cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments combined with cash flow generated from operations are believed to be sufficient for it to make the foreseeable required level of capital investment. However, no assurance can be given that additional capital investments will not be required in these businesses. If our group is unable to generate enough cash to finance necessary capital expenditures through operating cash flow, then our group may be required to issue additional equity or incur additional indebtedness. The issue of additional equity would be dilutive to existing shareholders at the time. Any additional indebtedness would increase our group’s leverage and debt payment obligations, and may negatively impact our group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our group’s business relies on continued access to capital to fund new investments and capital projects. While our group aims to prudently manage our group’s capital requirements and ensure access to capital is always available, it is possible our group may overcommit ourselves or misjudge the requirement for capital or the availability of liquidity. Such a misjudgment may require capital to be raised quickly and the inability to do so could result in negative financial consequences or in extreme cases bankruptcy.
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All of our group’s operating subsidiaries are subject to changes in government policy and legislation.
Our group’s financial condition and results of operations could also be affected by changes in economic or other government policies or other political or economic developments in each country or region, as well as regulatory changes or administrative or market practices over which our group has no control such as: the regulatory environment related to our group’s business operations, concession agreements and periodic regulatory resets; interest rates; benchmark interest rate reforms; currency fluctuations; exchange controls and restrictions; inflation; tariffs; liquidity of domestic financial and capital markets; policies relating to climate change or policies relating to tax; and other political, social, economic, and environmental and occupational health and safety developments that may occur in or affect the countries in which our group’s operating subsidiaries are located or conduct business or the countries in which the customers of our group’s operating subsidiaries are located or conduct business or both.
In addition, operating costs can be influenced by a wide range of factors, many of which may not be under the control of the owner/operator, including the need to comply with the directives of central and local government authorities. For example, in the case of our group’s utility, transport and midstream operations, our group cannot predict the impact of future economic conditions, energy conservation measures, alternative fuel requirements, or governmental regulation all of which could reduce the demand for or availability of commodities our group’s transport and midstream operations rely upon, most notably coal and natural gas. It is difficult to predict government policies and what form of laws and regulations will be adopted or how they will be construed by the relevant courts, or to the extent which any changes may adversely affect our group. For example, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union and military tensions and conflict in Eastern Europe and the Middle East has contributed to global economic uncertainty and significant disruptions in the free movement of goods, services, and people, which has increased the costs of conducting business in Europe. Further political instability and escalation of military conflict in Eastern Europe, the Middle East or elsewhere in the world could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Federal, state and foreign anti-corruption and trade sanctions laws and restrictions on foreign direct investment applicable to our group and our group’s operating subsidiaries create the potential for significant liabilities and penalties, the inability to complete transactions, imposition of significant costs and burdens, and reputational harm and we may also be subject to various governmental investigations.
Our group, from time to time, may be subject to various governmental investigations, audits and inquiries, both formal and informal. These investigations, regardless of their outcome, can be costly, divert management attention and damage our reputation. The unfavorable resolution of such investigations could result in criminal liability, fines, penalties or other monetary or non-monetary sanctions and could materially affect our business or results of operations.
Our group is subject to a number of laws and regulations governing payments and contributions to public officials or other third parties both domestically and in respect of operations abroad, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (the “FCPA”), various federal and state corruption laws, and similar laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions, such as the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, the Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (“CFPOA”) and the Brazilian Clean Company Act. This global focus on anti-bribery and corruption enforcement may also lead to more investigations, both formal and informal, in this area, the results of which cannot be predicted.
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Instances of bribery, fraud, accounting irregularities and other improper, illegal or corrupt practices can be difficult to detect, in particular when conducting due diligence in connection with acquisitions, and fraud and other deceptive practices can be widespread in certain jurisdictions. Our group invests in emerging market countries that may not have established stringent anti-bribery and corruption laws and regulations, where existing laws and regulations may not be consistently enforced, or that are perceived to have materially higher levels of corruption according to international rating standards. Due diligence on investment opportunities in these jurisdictions is frequently more challenging because consistent and uniform commercial practices in such locations may not have developed or do not meet international standards. Bribery, fraud, accounting irregularities and corrupt practices can be especially difficult to detect in such locations. When acquiring assets in distress, the quality of financial information of the target may also make it difficult to identify irregularities.
The FCPA prohibits bribery of non-U.S. officials, candidates for office and political parties, and requires U.S. companies to keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect those companies’ transactions. Similar laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions, such as the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 and the CFPOA, as well as other applicable anti-bribery and corruption or related laws in the United States and abroad, may also impose stricter or more onerous requirements than the FCPA, and implementing them may disrupt our business or cause our group to incur significantly more costs to comply with those laws. The policies and procedures our group has implemented to comply with anti-bribery and corruption legislation may be inadequate. If our group fails to comply with such laws and regulations, our group could be exposed to claims for damages, financial penalties, incarceration of employees, reputational harm, restrictions on our operations and other liabilities, which could negatively affect our group’s operating results and financial condition. In addition, our group may be subject to successor liability for violations under these laws and regulations or other acts of bribery committed by our group or our group’s operating businesses.
Our group is also subject to laws and regulations governing trade and economic sanctions. The Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“OFAC”), the U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. Department of State administer and enforce various trade control laws and regulations, including economic and trade sanctions based on U.S. foreign policy and national security goals against targeted foreign states, organizations and individuals. These laws and regulations implicate a number of aspects of our business, including servicing existing investors, finding new investors, and sourcing new investments, as well as activities by the portfolio companies in our investment portfolio or other controlled investments. Some of these regulations provide that penalties can be imposed on us for the conduct of a portfolio company, even if we have not ourselves violated any regulation. Similar laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions, such as the Special Economic Measures Act (Canada), the United Nations Act (Canada) and the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act (Canada) and E.U. sanctions, may also impose restrictions or requirements on our group or our group’s operating subsidiaries. Applicable laws of various jurisdictions may contain conflicting provisions, making our compliance more difficult. For example, Canada has adopted measures, such as the Canadian Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act, that could restrict certain persons and entities subject to Canadian jurisdiction from complying with extra-territorial sanctions imposed by other jurisdictions, such as the U.S. Beginning in February 2022, the United States and other countries began imposing meaningful sanctions targeting Russia as a result of actions taken by Russia in Ukraine. Our group and our portfolio companies are required to comply with these and potentially additional sanctions imposed by the United States and by other countries, for which the full costs, burdens, and limitations on our and our operating businesses and prospects are currently unknown and may become significant.
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In addition, the U.S. and many non-U.S. countries have laws designed to protect national security or to restrict foreign direct investment. For example, under the United States Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (“FIRRMA”), the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) has the authority to review, block or impose conditions on investments by non-U.S. persons in U.S. companies or real assets deemed critical or sensitive to the United States. Many non-U.S. jurisdictions have similar laws. For example, the E.U. has adopted an E.U.-wide mechanism to screen foreign investment on national security grounds and most E.U. member states now have a foreign investment screening mechanism in place or has initiated a consultative or legislative process expected to result in the adoption of a new mechanism or amendments to an existing mechanism, adopted a regulation aimed at regulation of foreign subsidies that could distort the internal E.U. market.
Under these laws, governments have the authority to impose a variety of actions, including requirements for the advance screening or notification of certain transactions, blocking or imposing conditions on certain transactions, limiting the size of foreign equity investments or control by foreign investors, and restricting the employment of foreigners as key personnel. These actions could limit our ability to find suitable investments, cause delays in consummating transactions, result in the abandonment of transactions, and impose burdensome operational requirements on us or our portfolio companies. These laws could also negatively impact our fundraising and syndication activities by causing us to exclude or limit certain investors or co-investors for our transactions. Moreover, these laws may make it difficult for us to identify suitable buyers for our investments that we want to exit and could constrain the universe of exit opportunities generally. Complying with these laws imposes potentially significant costs and complex additional burdens, and any failure by our group or our portfolio companies to comply with them could expose us significant penalties, sanctions, loss of future investment opportunities, additional regulatory scrutiny, and reputational harm.
Our group may be exposed to natural disasters, weather events, uninsurable losses and force majeure events.
Force majeure is the term generally used to refer to an event beyond the control of the party claiming that the event has occurred, including but not limited to acts of God, fires, floods, earthquakes, wars, epidemics and labor strikes. The assets of our group’s infrastructure businesses are exposed to unplanned interruptions caused by significant catastrophic events such as cyclones, landslides, explosions, terrorist attacks, war, floods, earthquakes, fires, major plant breakdowns, pipeline or electricity line ruptures, accidents, extreme weather events or other disasters. Operational disruption, as well as supply disruption, could adversely affect the cash flow available from these assets. In addition, the cost of repairing or replacing damaged assets could be considerable and could give rise to third-party claims. In some cases, project agreements can be terminated if the force majeure event is so catastrophic as to render it incapable of remedy within a reasonable time period. Repeated or prolonged interruption may result in a permanent loss of customers, substantial litigation, damage, or penalties for regulatory or contractual non-compliance. Moreover, any loss from such events may not be recoverable in whole or in part under relevant insurance policies. Business interruption insurance is not always available, or available on reasonable economic terms to protect the business from these risks.
Given the nature of the assets operated by our group’s operating subsidiaries, we may be more exposed to risks in the insurance market that lead to limitations on coverage and/or increases in premium. The ability of our group’s operating subsidiaries to obtain the required insurance coverage at a competitive price may have an impact on the returns generated by them and accordingly the returns our group receives.
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Performance of our group’s operating subsidiaries may be harmed by future labor disruptions and economically unfavorable collective bargaining agreements.
Our group’s current operations or other business operations have workforces that are unionized or that in the future may become unionized and, as a result, are required to negotiate the wages, benefits and other terms with many of their employees collectively. If an operating entity were unable to negotiate acceptable contracts with any of its unions as existing agreements expire, it could experience a significant disruption of its operations, higher ongoing labor costs and restrictions on its ability to maximize the efficiency of its operations, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, in some jurisdictions where our group has operations, labor forces have a legal right to strike, which may have an impact on our group’s operations, either directly or indirectly, for example if a critical upstream or downstream counterparty was itself subject to a labor disruption which impacted our ability to operate.
Our group’s operations are exposed to occupational health and safety and accident risks.
Infrastructure projects and operational assets are highly exposed to the risk of accidents that may give rise to personal injury, loss of life, disruption to service and economic loss. Some of the tasks undertaken by employees and contractors are inherently dangerous and have the potential to result in serious injury or death.
Our group’s operating subsidiaries are subject to laws and regulations governing health and safety matters, protecting both members of the public and their employees and contractors. Occupational health and safety legislation and regulations differ in each jurisdiction. Any breach of these obligations, or serious accidents involving our group’s employees, contractors or members of the public could expose them to adverse regulatory consequences, including the forfeit or suspension of operating licenses, potential litigation, claims for material financial compensation, reputational damage, fines or other legislative sanction, all of which have the potential to impact the results of our operating entities and our ability to make distributions. Furthermore, where our group does not control a business, our group has a limited ability to influence health and safety practices and outcomes.
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Many of our group’s operations are subject to economic regulation and may be exposed to adverse regulatory decisions.
Due to the essential nature of some of the services provided by our group’s assets and the fact that some of these services are provided on a monopoly or near monopoly basis, many of our group’s operations are subject to forms of economic regulation. This regulation can involve different forms of price control and can involve ongoing commitments to economic regulators and other governmental agencies. The terms upon which access to our group’s facilities is provided, including price, can be determined or amended by a regulator periodically. Future terms to apply, including access charges that our group’s operations are entitled to charge, cannot be determined with any certainty, as our group does not have discretion as to the amount that can be charged. New legislation, regulatory determinations or changes in regulatory approaches may result in regulation of previously unregulated businesses or material changes to the revenue or profitability of our group’s operations. In addition, a decision by a government or regulator to regulate non-regulated assets may significantly and negatively change the economics of these businesses and the value or financial performance of our group.
Our group’s infrastructure business is at risk of becoming involved in disputes and possible litigation.
Our group’s infrastructure business is at risk of becoming involved in disputes and possible litigation, the extent of which cannot be ascertained. Any material or costly dispute or litigation could adversely affect the value of the assets or future financial performance of our group. In addition, as a result of the actions of the operating subsidiaries, our group could be subject to various legal proceedings concerning disputes of a commercial nature, or to claims in the event of bodily injury or material damage. The final outcome of any proceeding could have a negative impact on the business, financial condition or results of operations of our group during a given quarter or financial year.
Our group’s operating subsidiaries’ ability to finance our operations is subject to various risks relating to the state of the capital markets.
Our group’s financing strategy may involve the issuance of partnership level equity, exchangeable
shares and/or the issuance of corporate debt.
Our group has corporate debt and limited recourse project level debt, the majority of which is non-recourse that will need to be replaced from time to time. Our financings may contain conditions that limit our ability to repay indebtedness prior to maturity without incurring penalties, which may limit our capital markets flexibility. As such, a number of risks arise with respect to refinancing our group’s existing indebtedness, including, among other factors, dependence on continued operating performance of our group’s assets, future electricity market prices, future capital markets conditions, the level of future interest rates and investors’ assessment of our group’s credit risk, and perceived environmental and social governance risk, at such time. In addition, certain of our group’s financings are, and future financings may be exposed to floating interest rate risks, and if interest rates increase, an increased proportion of our group’s cash flow may be required to service indebtedness.
Future acquisitions, development and construction of new facilities and other capital expenditures, including those arising from our group’s committed backlog of organic growth projects, will be financed out of cash generated from our group’s operations, borrowings and possible future sales of equity. Further, our group may look to finance transactions through our capital recycling program, resulting in the disposition of certain of our group’s assets. As a large portion of our group’s capital is invested in physical assets and securities, relying on capital recycling as a means of financing could be difficult, as such assets can be hard to sell, especially if market conditions are poor. A lack of liquidity could limit our group’s ability to vary our portfolio or assets promptly in response to changing economic or investment conditions. Additionally, if financial or operating difficulties of other owners result in distress sales, such sales could depress asset values in the markets in which our group operates.
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In addition to the above, our group’s ability to obtain financing to finance our group’s growth is dependent on, among other factors, the overall state of the capital markets, continued operating performance of our group’s assets, future electricity market prices, the level of future interest rates and investors’ assessment of our group’s credit risk, and perceived environmental and social governance risk, at such time, and investor appetite for investments in infrastructure assets in general and in our group’s securities in particular. To the extent that external sources of capital become limited or unavailable or available on onerous terms, our ability to fund acquisitions and make necessary capital investments to construct new or maintain existing facilities will be impaired, and as a result, our group’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially adversely affected.
Changes in our group’s credit ratings may have an adverse effect on our group’s financial position and ability to raise capital.
Our group cannot assure you that any credit rating assigned to us or any of our subsidiaries’ debt securities will remain in effect for any given period of time or that any rating will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by the relevant rating agency. A lowering or withdrawal of such ratings may have an adverse effect on our group’s financial position and ability to raise capital.
Our group may suffer a significant loss resulting from fraud, bribery, corruption, other illegal acts, inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, or from external events.
Our group may suffer a significant loss resulting from fraud, bribery, corruption, other illegal acts by our employees or those of Brookfield (including those in parts of the Brookfield group that do not engage or interact with Brookfield Infrastructure), inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, or from external events, such as security threats affecting our ability to operate. Both Brookfield and our group operate in different markets and rely on our group’s employees to follow our group’s policies and processes as well as applicable laws in their activities. Risk of illegal acts or failed systems is managed through our infrastructure, controls, systems and people, complemented by a focus on enterprise-wide management of specific operational risks such as fraud, bribery and corruption, as well as personnel and systems risks. Specific programs, policies, standards and methodologies have been developed to support the management of these risks. However, these cannot guarantee that such conduct does not occur and if it does, it can result in direct or indirect financial loss, reputational impact or regulatory consequences.
New regulatory initiatives related to ESG and/or sustainability and/or changing market perception of our businesses could adversely impact our business.
While we believe that regulatory initiatives and market trends towards an increased focus on ESG and/or sustainability are generally beneficial to the partnership, any such regulatory initiatives also have the potential to adversely impact us. For example, regulatory initiatives seeking to reorient investment toward sustainability by regulating green financial products could have the effect of increasing disclosure requirements around ESG and/or sustainability and prescribing approaches to ESG and/or sustainability policies that are inconsistent with our current practices.
If regulators disagree with our disclosures, for example because they believe them to be incomplete or misleading, we may face regulatory enforcement action, and our business or reputation could be adversely affected. There is also a risk that a significant reorientation in the market following the implementation of any such measures could be adverse to our business if we are perceived to be presenting a product or business as having green or sustainable characteristics where this is not, in fact, the case (i.e., “greenwashing”). Additionally, compliance with any new regulations or laws generally increases our regulatory burden and could make compliance more difficult and expensive thereby adversely impacting our financial position.
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There is also a risk that investor sentiment regarding which of our assets have desirable non-financial characteristics (related to decarbonization or otherwise) could change over time. This could include changing perceptions of which assets in our current portfolio are considered sustainable or ethical, and could result in assets, segments or businesses, or aspects thereof that we currently present as, for example, sustainable or ethical, being considered unsustainable or unethical by investors in the future. Changes in our business model that see us taking a more active approach to certain decarbonization investments could have a similar result. Our business, reputation and the market price of the exchangeable shares or units could be adversely affected by any such changes in investor sentiment.
We may not be able to identify and assess all potential human rights impacts of our business activities.
While we pride ourselves on our commitment to ethical business practices and the controls, policies and practices that we have in place with respect to such practices, we may not be able to identify and assess all potential human rights impacts of our investment activities, operations and supply chain. Any potential human rights abuses that occur and are in any way associated with our business, whether through third-party business relationships or otherwise, could have an adverse impact on our reputation, as well as present legal and financial risks.
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ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
4.A HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE
Overview of our Company
Our company serves as an alternative investment vehicle for investors in the partnership who prefer owning our infrastructure operations through a corporate structure and we became a separately-traded public company upon completion of the special distribution in March 2020. In December 2024, the Arrangement was completed (see “History and Development of our Business — 2024 Developments” below for more details). Our company owns and operates high-quality, long-life assets that generate stable cash flows, require relatively minimal maintenance capital expenditures and, by virtue of barriers to entry or other characteristics, tend to appreciate in value over time. As of December 31, 2024, our operations consisted principally of the ownership and operation of regulated gas transmission systems in Brazil, regulated distribution operations in the U.K. and a global intermodal logistics operations. Upon Brookfield’s recommendation and allocation of opportunities to our company, we intend to seek acquisition opportunities in other sectors with similar attributes and in which we can deploy our operations-oriented approach to create value.
Although our current operations are predominantly located in the U.K. and Brazil, shareholders have exposure to eight markets across utilities, transport, midstream, and data operating segments by virtue of the exchange feature of our company’s exchangeable shares. The exchangeable shares of our company are structured with the intention of being economically equivalent to the units of the partnership. We believe economic equivalence is achieved through identical dividends and distributions on the exchangeable shares and the partnership’s units and each exchangeable share being exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit of the partnership at any time. Given the economic equivalence, we expect that the market price of the exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the partnership’s units and the combined business performance of our company and Brookfield Infrastructure as a whole. In making an investment decision relating to our securities, investors should carefully consult the documents prepared by the partnership.
Our group’s mission is to own and operate a globally diversified portfolio of high-quality infrastructure assets that will generate sustainable and growing distributions over the long-term for unitholders and shareholders. To accomplish this objective, our group will seek to leverage its operating segments to acquire infrastructure assets and actively manage them to extract additional value following our group’s initial investment. As the business matures and cash flows have been de-risked, we seek to recycle capital and re-invest in assets that are expected to generate higher returns. An integral part of our group’s strategy is to participate along with institutional investors in Brookfield-sponsored infrastructure funds that target acquisitions that suit our group’s profile. Our group focuses on investments in which Brookfield has sufficient influence or control to deploy an operations-oriented approach.
Our group targets a total return of 12% to 15% per annum on the infrastructure assets that it owns, measured over the long term. Our group intends to generate this return from the in-place cash flows from our operations plus growth through investments in upgrades and expansions of our asset base, as well as acquisitions. The partnership determines its distributions based primarily on an assessment of our operating performance.
The partnership’s distributions are underpinned by stable, highly regulated and contracted cash flows generated from operations. The partnership’s objective is to pay a distribution that is sustainable on a long-term basis and has set its target payout ratio at 60-70% of the partnership’s FFO. The partnership targets 5% to 9% annual distribution increase in light of growth it foresees in its operations.
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On January 30, 2025, the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership approved a 6% increase in the partnership’s quarterly distribution to $0.430 per unit (or $1.72 per unit annualized). Distributions have grown at a compound annual growth rate of 7% over the last 10 years.
Our board may declare dividends at its discretion. However, each of our exchangeable shares has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit of the partnership. It is expected that dividends on our exchangeable shares will be declared and paid at the same time and in the same amount as distributions are declared and paid on the units of the partnership. Accordingly, on January 30, 2025, our board approved a quarterly dividend of $0.430 per exchangeable share (or $1.72 per exchangeable share annualized), starting with the dividend to be paid in March 2025.
Currently, the Service Providers, which are subsidiaries of Brookfield, provide certain management, administrative and advisory services to Brookfield Infrastructure for a fee pursuant to the Master Services Agreement. Our company is also externally managed by the Service Providers. See Item 6.A “Directors and Senior Management — Our Master Services Agreement”.
The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information relating to our company. The site is located at http://www.sec.gov. Similar information can also be found on our website at https://bip.brookfield.com/bipc. In addition to carefully considering the disclosure made in this document, shareholders are strongly encouraged to carefully review the partnership’s periodic reporting. The partnership is required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. The partnership’s SEC filings are available to the public from the SEC’s website noted above. Copies of documents that have been filed with the Canadian securities authorities can be obtained at www.sedarplus.ca. Information about the partnership, including its SEC filings, is also available on its website at https://bip.brookfield.com. The information found on, or accessible through, our website does not form part of this annual report on Form 20-F.
History and Development of our Business
Our company was formed as a corporation established under the BCBCA and is a subsidiary of the partnership. Brookfield is our company’s ultimate parent. We became a separately-traded public company upon completion of the special distribution in March 2020, as described below.
On March 30, 2020, the partnership contributed its U.K. regulated distribution operation and Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation to our company in exchange for loans receivable, exchangeable shares, class B shares and class C shares. On March 31, 2020, the partnership completed a special distribution whereby unitholders, as of record date March 20, 2020, received one exchangeable share for every nine units held (the “special distribution”).
In December 2024, the Arrangement was completed (see “2024 Developments” below for more details), and the previous Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation entity was renamed to Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings Corporation (“BIHC”) and the exchangeable shares of BIHC were delisted. The exchangeable shares of our company are listed on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “BIPC”. The registered head office of our company is 250 Vesey Street, New York, NY, 10281, United States. A subsidiary of the partnership owns all of the issued and outstanding class B shares which represent a 75% voting interest in our company and entitle the partnership to the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares.
Holders of exchangeable shares hold an aggregate 25.0% voting interest in our company.
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2024 Developments.
On December 24, 2024, the partnership, BIHC and our company completed a reorganization through a court approved plan of arrangement under the BCBCA (the “Arrangement”) pursuant to which (i) holders of the exchangeable shares of BIHC, other than Brookfield, received exchangeable shares of our company in exchange for their BIHC exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (ii) Brookfield transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to our company in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (iii) the exchangeable shares of BIHC were delisted; and (iv) the exchangeable shares of our company were listed on the NYSE and TSX.
2023 Developments.
On August 31, 2023, our company sold its interest in its Australian regulated utility operation to an affiliate of Brookfield for net proceeds of approximately $435 million. On disposition, our company recognized a gain of $32 million in the consolidated statement of operating results and accumulated currency translation losses of $28 million were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to the consolidated statement of operating results.
On September 28, 2023, our company, alongside institutional partners (the “Triton consortium”) completed the acquisition of Triton International Limited (“Triton”), the world’s largest owner and lessor of intermodal shipping containers, for consideration of $1.2 billion (Triton consortium - $4.5 billion). In connection with the Triton acquisition, our company issued $751 million of exchangeable shares as partial consideration. Our company has an effective 28% interest in Triton. Concurrently, our company entered into a voting agreement with an affiliate of Brookfield, providing our company the right to direct the relevant activities of the entity, thereby providing our company with control. Accordingly, our company consolidated the entity effective September 28, 2023. Acquisition costs of approximately $49 million were recorded as other (expense) income within the Consolidated Statement of Operating Results.
2022 Developments.
On February 16, 2022, our company acquired an approximate 8% non-controlling interest in AusNet Services Ltd., an Australian regulated utility, for total consideration of approximately $0.5 billion.
On June 10, 2022, our group completed a three-for-two split of partnership units, Exchangeable units, exchangeable shares, class B shares and class C shares, by way of a subdivision whereby unitholders/shareholders received an additional one-half of a unit/share for each unit/share held. All historical units/shares and per unit/share disclosures have been adjusted to effect for the change in units/shares due to the splits.
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4.B BUSINESS OVERVIEW
Our Operations
Our company is an indirect subsidiary of the partnership, one of the world’s largest diversified infrastructure owners and operators. As of December 31, 2024, we own interests in a regulated gas and electricity business in the U.K., a regulated natural gas transmission business in Brazil and a global intermodal logistics operation. Virtually all of our revenues are supported by the underlying regulatory framework or long-term contracts in the businesses we own. These stable cash flows help provide visibility and certainty around our company’s dividend.
Our operations are summarized below:
Overview
Our business is comprised of a U.K. regulated distribution operation, a Brazilian regulated natural gas transmission operation and a global intermodal logistics operation. These businesses earn a return on a regulated or notionally stipulated asset base, which we refer to as rate base, or from revenues in accordance with long-term agreements. Our rate base increases with capital that we invest to upgrade and expand our systems. Depending on the jurisdiction, our rate base may also increase by inflation and maintenance capital expenditures and decrease by regulatory depreciation. The return that we earn is typically determined by a regulator for prescribed periods of time. Thereafter, it may be subject to customary reviews based upon established criteria. Our diversified portfolio of assets allows us to mitigate exposure to any single regulatory regime. In addition, due to the franchise frameworks and economies of scale of our businesses, we often have significant competitive advantages in competing for projects to expand our rate base and earn incremental revenues. Accordingly, we expect our businesses to produce stable revenue and margins over time that should increase with investment of additional capital and inflation. Nearly all of our revenues are regulated or contractual.
The objectives for our businesses are to invest capital in the expansion of our rate base, as well as to provide safe and reliable service for our customers on a cost-efficient basis. If we do so, we will be in a position to earn an appropriate return on our rate base and strengthen our market position. Our performance can be measured by the growth in our rate base and the return on our rate base.
Our operations are comprised of the following:
•Approximately 2,000 kilometers of natural gas pipelines in Brazil
•Approximately 4.7 million gas and electricity connections in the U.K.
•Global fleet of approximately 7 million twenty-foot equivalent units (“TEUs”) intermodal containers under long-term contracts
Brazil
Our regulated gas transmission operation in Brazil operates over 2,000 kilometers of natural gas transportation pipelines in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais. The total capacity of 158 million cubic meters is fully contracted under long-term “ship-or-pay”, inflation adjusted gas transportation agreements (“GTAs”) that have an average remaining life of 5 years. These assets operate under a perpetual contract.
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Strategic Position
Our regulated gas transmission operation in Brazil provides the backbone of Brazil’s southeast natural gas transportation system, supplying natural gas to a region responsible for approximately 50% of Brazil’s demand, including Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. The operation benefits from stable long-term cash flows, with 100% of its capacity fully contracted under long-term “ship-or-pay”, inflation adjusted GTAs that have an average remaining life of 5 years.
Regulatory Environment
The natural gas transmission industry in Brazil is regulated by the Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Biofuels. Each GTA provides owners with a return on regulatory asset base and tariffs calculated on an inflation adjusted regulatory weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) fixed for the term of the agreement. These assets operated under contracts expiring between 2039 and 2041 until the approval of new legislation in April 2021 (the “Brazil Gas Law”), which changed the contracts from finite to perpetual. The new Brazil Gas Law also allows an ‘entry-exit’ model to be adopted for the gas transportation systems, which is expected to foster growth of the market and our regulated gas transmission operation in Brazil.
Growth Opportunities
Our natural gas transmission operation in Brazil is strategically located in the region where the majority of Brazilian economic activity and pre-salt offshore oil production occurs. We believe this operation is well positioned to absorb increasing demand as natural gas is used as an efficient and low carbon energy solution for both home and industry, and as the new ‘entry-exit’ model incentivizes utilization of our transportation infrastructure by multiple new shippers.
United Kingdom
Our regulated distribution operation is the leading independent “last-mile”, multi-utility connection provider, with approximately 4.7 million connections.
Strategic Position
Our regulated distribution operation is critical to the markets in which it is located. Our system is currently a market leader in terms of new gas and electricity connection sales to the new-build housing market, and total installed connections among independent utilities. The operation generates stable cash flows underpinned by a diverse customer base throughout England, Scotland and Wales. Our U.K. customers consist primarily of large energy retailers who serve residential and commercial users.
Regulatory Environment
Our regulated distribution operation competes with other connection providers to secure contracts to construct, own and operate connections to the home for seven product lines which include: natural gas, electricity, fiber, water, wastewater, district heating, and cooling. Once connections are established, we charge retailers rates based on the tariff of the distribution utility with which we are interconnected. The connection rate is typically adjusted annually and provides inflation protection as it escalates at inflation. The gas connection rate is subject to a cap and floor that escalates by an inflation factor minus an efficiency factor determined by the U.K. regulator, providing a higher degree of certainty of income following installation. Connections revenue does not vary materially with volume transported over our system.
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Growth Opportunities
We believe that our regulated distribution operation will be able to grow organically. Growth in our operation is expected to benefit from (i) the progressive build out of our large existing backlog of connections, (ii) long-term growth in the U.K housing stock, and (iii) the growth of nascent product offerings such as water, fiber, and district energy, which will increase our bundled service offering to new and existing customers.
Global Operations
Our global intermodal logistics operation is the world’s largest lessor of intermodal containers with a fleet of 4 million containers representing 7 million TEUs. Operations include the acquisition, leasing, re-leasing, and subsequent sale of multiple types of intermodal containers and chassis to our customers, which include the largest container shipping lines. Our lease products provide numerous operational and financial benefits to our shipping line customers, including operating flexibility, fleet size and mix flexibility, and an alternative source of financing.
Strategic Position
Our global intermodal logistics operation has an extensive global presence, offering leasing and sales services to the world’s largest shipping lines through 21 local offices and over 450 third-party owned depots across 47 countries. Our position as the largest global owner and lessor of intermodal containers provides scale efficiencies and enhances the service quality provided to our customers. Our primary customers include the world’s top shipping lines that collectively account for 85% of global shipping capacity. In December 2024, our company agreed to the sale of its 33% interest in a subsidiary of our global intermodal logistics operation, which owns and leases stabilized intermodal container assets to customers, for net proceeds of approximately $430 million ($116 million to our company). Our global intermodal logistics operation will retain a 67% interest as an investment in associate and continue to manage the subsidiary under a management agreement.
Regulatory Environment
Our global intermodal logistics operation is subject to regulations promulgated in various countries, including the United States, seeking to protect the integrity of international commerce. These regulations encompass environmental and operational standards designed to provide uniform international safety measures in the transport and handling of containers and chassis.
Growth Opportunities
Containerized trade is a critical component of the global supply chain, and we expect continued high demand for intermodal containers as a result of economic growth in developed and emerging markets and the decentralization of supply chains. As the leading lessor of intermodal containers, we believe we are well positioned to capture demand resulting from growth in containerized trade, as well as to expand our service offering to further increase the efficiency and resiliency of the global supply chain.
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General Operating Matters
Our Growth Strategy
Our group’s vision is to be a leading owner and operator of high-quality infrastructure assets. We seek to grow by deploying our group’s operations-oriented approach to enhance value and by leveraging our group’s relationship with Brookfield to pursue acquisitions. To execute our group’s strategy, we seek to:
•incorporate our group’s technical insight into the evaluation and execution of acquisitions;
•maintain a disciplined approach to acquisitions;
•actively manage our group’s assets to improve operating performance; and
•employ a hands-on approach to key value drivers such as capital investments, development projects, follow-on acquisitions and financings.
We believe that our group’s relationship with Brookfield will provide us with competitive advantages in comparison with a stand-alone infrastructure company in the following respects:
•ability to leverage Brookfield’s transaction structuring expertise;
•ability to pursue acquisitions of businesses that own infrastructure assets together with other assets that have a riskier cash flow profile;
•ability to acquire assets developed by Brookfield through its operating platforms; and
•ability to participate alongside Brookfield and in or alongside Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored consortiums, partnerships and companies.
Intellectual Property
Our company is automatically entitled to the benefits of, and certain obligations under, the Licensing Agreement that Brookfield Infrastructure has entered into with Brookfield, by virtue of the fact that our company is a controlled subsidiary of the partnership. Pursuant to the Licensing Agreement, Brookfield has granted a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the name “Brookfield” and the Brookfield logo. Other than under this limited license, we do not have a legal right to the “Brookfield” name and the Brookfield logo in the United States and Canada. Brookfield may terminate the Licensing Agreement immediately upon termination of our Master Services Agreement and it may be terminated in the circumstances described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Licensing Agreement”.
Governmental, Legal and Arbitration Proceedings
Our group, and our company specifically may be named as a party in various claims and legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. Our group has not been in the previous 12 months and is not currently subject to any material governmental, legal or arbitration proceedings which may have or have had a significant impact on our company’s financial position or profitability nor is our company aware of such proceedings that are pending or threatened.
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Employees
Our company does not employ any of the individuals who carry out the management and activities of our infrastructure business, other than employees of our operating subsidiaries. Instead, members of Brookfield’s senior management and other individuals from Brookfield are drawn upon to fulfill the Service Providers’ obligations to provide our group with management services under our Master Services Agreement. For a discussion of the individuals that are involved in our infrastructure business, see Item 6.A “Directors and Senior Management”. Our operating subsidiaries currently employ approximately 2,684 individuals globally.
Sustainability Management
Grounded in our group’s history as owners and operators of real assets, strong sustainability principles have always been a fundamental part of our investment and asset management approach. We believe that conducting our business in a sustainable and ethical manner is directly linked to our success as a manager of critical infrastructure assets.
Sustainability is integrated into the full asset life cycle beginning with initial due diligence, through the acquisition, operational oversight and ultimately the sales process. We understand that good governance is essential to sustainable business operations. From our Board of Directors to the CEOs of our portfolio companies, there is complete leadership engagement in the implementation of our sustainability program:
•Board of Directors: Our Board of Directors is focused on maintaining strong corporate governance and prioritizing the interests of our shareholders and other stakeholders. The Board has oversight of our business and affairs and reviews progress on major strategic initiatives. The Board oversees our group’s sustainability strategy and leverages management’s monitoring processes. The Board and its committees review and approve significant policies relating to sustainability and monitor progress towards sustainability goals. The Board discusses our group’s approach to sustainability matters within its business activities on a quarterly basis.
•Executive Management: Senior executives oversee our sustainability initiatives and provide regular updates to the board. Functional leads are responsible for developing, implementing and monitoring relevant sustainability factors within their respective functional areas.
•Sustainability Management Team: Our Sustainability team works across functions of our group including our investment professionals, portfolio management teams, as well as with portfolio companies to articulate and oversee the strategic direction for sustainability. Part of the mandate of the team includes the ongoing monitoring and reporting of key sustainability metrics, which are collected annually with trends and material findings reported to the board.
•Portfolio Company CEO: The CEO of each portfolio company is responsible for the development and execution of a sustainability strategy for their business and are accountable for the portfolio company’s performance.
The diverse nature of these groups, with their varying expertise and backgrounds, ensures there is a wide range of representation from across the business. Our group’s sustainability program is additionally overseen by the Governance and Nominating Committee of Brookfield, which receives regular updates on sustainability initiatives throughout the year from each business group.
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2024 Highlights
In 2024, Brookfield and our group made progress on a number of initiatives as part of our continued effort to strengthen sustainability practices.
•Maintaining Regulatory Preparedness: We continue to monitor sustainability-related regulatory developments across jurisdictions to ensure preparedness. We are focused on readying our processes, systems and controls for new and proposed regulations and standards.
•Sustainability Report: Our group has published its annual Sustainability Report, inclusive of its Taskforce for Climate-related Financial Disclosures “TCFD” reporting. The report highlights in detail key sustainability initiatives undertaken, including our approach to decarbonization, sustainability related due diligence and governance practices. The report also includes key KPIs such as greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions across all portfolio companies.
•Human Rights and Modern Slavery: Brookfield published its annual Modern Slavery Statement, which includes the inaugural statement under the Canadian Fighting Against Forced Labour and Child Labour in Supply Chains Act and the eighth statement for the United Kingdom Modern Slavery Act 2015.
•Climate Change Risk Mitigation: Our team of sustainability professionals have reviewed the results of our screening level climate assessment, which utilized transition and physical scenarios to provide a view of potential climate risks and opportunities across our businesses. These results have been shared with our team of operating specialists and engineers to formalize the process for confirming that our assets are resilient in the face of climate change or ensuring that adequate mitigation practices are in place.
•Principles for Responsible Investment (“PRI”) Assessment: Brookfield received the results of its 2024 PRI assessment, achieving a minimum of four out of five stars in each of the eight scored modules.(1)
(1)No compensation was provided in connection with scores provided by PRI. BAM provides PRI with annual fees which are payable by all signatories. Please refer to the PRI website for information on the PRI’s reporting assessment.
As part of Brookfield’s ongoing social initiatives, we recognize that our employees drive our success, and we seek to create a positive, open, and inclusive work environment that enables employees to develop. Our culture reinforces strong succession and ensures that we maintain an engaged workforce. Our employees in turn drive our success and ensure that we deliver on our commitments to stakeholders.
Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Positive Work Environment Policy sets a consistently high standard for how we are expected to interact and collaborate with one another and reinforce a work environment conducive to learning and development.
Three attributes—collaboration, entrepreneurship and discipline—form the foundation of Brookfield’s culture. By hiring talented people who align with our culture and giving them opportunities to move into different businesses, roles and regions where they learn from a variety of leaders, Brookfield has been able to create a broad ecosystem of collaborative and disciplined professionals who think and act like owners and who can be successful across our organization. We have also continued to enhance our governance processes through ongoing engagement with leading sustainability framework organizations to ensure our reporting and protocols are aligned with evolving best practices and reporting regulations. Our portfolio companies continue to adopt their own industry-relevant standards and certifications to further contribute to the development of our sustainability program.
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The health and safety of employees, including contractors, is integral to our success. This is why we target zero serious safety incidents and encourage a culture of safe practice and leadership for our portfolio companies.
Our group’s portfolio companies practice high governance standards. Key elements include a code of conduct, an anti-bribery and corruption policy, an independent and anonymous whistleblower hotline and supporting controls and procedures. These standards are designed to meet or exceed all applicable requirements.
Our group’s portfolio companies are also actively involved in various sustainability initiatives. Below are a few examples of key initiatives at the portfolio company level:
•Our U.K. regulated distributor, BUUK, has earned the “Great Place to Work” accreditation for the past five years, and was ranked as the 15th Best U.K. Super Large Workplace and the seventh Best Workplace for Women. BUUK has also been ranked 9th Best Workplace for Wellbeing so far in 2023.
•Our North American container leasing business, Triton, supports the communities it operates in by sponsoring employee volunteering programs. Employee events in the past have focused on coastal cleanups to improve ocean health, including the removal of ~500 pounds of waste from beaches and waterways; partnering with a local charity to develop employment skills and employee understanding of the autistic community; and improving accessibility by widening hiking trails. Triton continues to expand its support for its employee volunteering programs, which also serve to foster employee engagement.
Overview of Sustainability & the Investment Process
Brookfield’s sustainability strategy is centered on combining economic goals, supporting business resilience and preserving or creating value for our investors and stakeholders, now and in the future. Our global Sustainability Policy codifies our operating principles related to sustainability and illustrates our longstanding commitment to integrating sustainability into our asset management activities. Our Sustainability Policy is guided by the following principles:
•Mitigate the impact of our operations on the environment
◦Strive to minimize the environmental impact of our operations and improve our efficient use of resources over time
◦Support the goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 or sooner
•Strive to ensure the well-being and safety of employees
◦Operate with leading health and safety practices to support the goal of zero serious safety incidents
◦Foster a positive work environment based on meritocracy, valuing diversity and having zero tolerance for workplace discrimination, violence, or harassment
•Uphold strong governance practices
◦Operate to the highest ethical standards by conducting business activities in accordance with our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
◦Maintain strong stakeholder relationships through transparency and active engagement ◦Strive to ensure the interests, safety and well-being of the communities in which we operate are integrated into our business decisions
•Be good corporate citizens
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◦Support philanthropy and volunteerism by our employees
We seek to integrate sustainability into all aspects of investment decision-making and ongoing portfolio management. This includes initial due diligence, financial model and business trends, investment valuations, performance monitoring and engaging with management teams. Our investment processes align with the PRI.
As part of investment due diligence, we seek to assess sustainability-related risks and opportunities and factor them into the overall investment decision. This includes leveraging leading industry guidance to identify sustainability factors most likely to materially impact the financial condition or operating performance of companies in a sector. As part of the Brookfield-wide Sustainability Due Diligence Protocol, we provide specific guidance to investment teams on assessing climate, bribery and corruption, cybersecurity, health and safety, human rights and modern slavery risks. We have several internal subject matter experts who support our investment teams throughout the diligence process by providing technical expertise, reviewing findings and contributing additional insight to ensure completeness of the analysis undertaken. Where warranted, we perform enhanced due diligence, working with internal and third-party experts as appropriate. Upon acquisition(1), our asset management team creates a tailored integration plan that includes any material sustainability-related matters identified during due diligence, or that arise during our ownership. We onboard new acquisitions to each of our programs with subject matter specific onboarding approaches. Our approach is informed by our goal to advance sustainability performance to drive long-term value creation, while managing any associated risks. We maintain a hands-on approach with all portfolio companies, often through a visible presence on portfolio company boards and through broader engagement of our group that could include executive and employee placements or secondments. It is ultimately the management teams within each portfolio company who are responsible for managing sustainability risks and opportunities. This combination of local accountability and expertise and support from our group’s investment team, operating partners, dedicated sustainability personnel and operating capabilities is what lays the foundation for our success. We seek to support the implementation of best practices and development of internal capabilities at our portfolio companies by encouraging training, providing technical expertise on certain sustainability-related matters, facilitating connections to experts in relevant sectors, and leveraging cross-portfolio collaboration.
To support our ongoing goals, a number of our portfolio companies’ executive leadership teams have a portion of their compensation tied to certain sustainability performance metrics, which has historically been primarily focused on health and safety, but continues to evolve with additional metrics, creating accountability for performance and an alignment of interests. The above initiatives and our continued sustainability practices are highlighted within our group’s annual Sustainability Report. We believe our report exemplifies the continued progress we are making in elevating our sustainability initiatives, as well as the related commitment to transparency.
(1)Refers to investments in which our group has control. Where our group is not in a controlling position, best efforts are made to exert similar levels of influence, where possible and required.
Seasonality
The demand for our natural gas and electricity is partially dependent upon weather conditions, primarily temperature and humidity. Weather conditions have natural variations from season to season and from year to year and may also change permanently because of climate change or other factors. See Item 3.D “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Group’s Operations and the Infrastructure Industry — Our operating entities are exposed to the risk of increasing environmental legislation and the broader impacts of climate change.”
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Raw Materials
Some of our operating subsidiaries depend on continued strong demand for commodities, such as natural gas or minerals, for their financial performance. Demand, availability, and price of these raw materials can have an impact on the performance of our operating subsidiaries. See Item 3.D “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Group’s Operations and the Infrastructure Industry — Some of our operations depend on continued strong demand for commodities, such as natural gas or minerals, for their financial performance. Material reduction in demand for these key commodities can potentially result in reduced value for assets, or in extreme cases, a stranded asset.”
Marketing
Our marketing efforts focus on leveraging our competitive advantages described and our group’s world-class operating businesses described in Item 4.B “Business Overview”.
We also leverage our relationship with Brookfield, which our group believes provides a unique competitive advantage considering Brookfield’s strong reputation in the energy marketing, asset management, infrastructure and global real estate industries. See Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Licensing Agreement”.
Emerging Markets Operations
Brookfield and its predecessor corporations have invested in Brazil for over 100 years and Brookfield Infrastructure has been invested in Brazil since its inception in 2008, with Brazilian operations including NTS. Our group and Brookfield employ a number of key practices in managing the various risks associated with the emerging markets in which they operate, including Brazil. These practices include the following:
Oversight of Subsidiaries. Our company’s corporate structure has been designed to ensure that our company controls, or has an appropriate measure of direct oversight over, the operations of NTS. A majority of the equity interests in NTS are held by Nova Infraestrutura Fundo de Investimento em Participações, or NIF, which is in turn externally managed by Brookfield Brasil Asset Management Investmentos Ltda., or Brookfield Brazil, a subsidiary of Brookfield. Pursuant to the NTS Voting Agreement, BIHC has the right to remove Brookfield Brazil as the manager of NIF at any time.
Transfer of Funds. Brookfield, by virtue of its control of NTS, may cause NTS to make distributions to our group.
Local Management and Advisors. NTS is staffed by some personnel seconded from Brookfield and our group to NTS and resident in the local jurisdiction, which ensures a degree of oversight and control in the day-to-day operations which would not be present in a passive investment. Our group also retains legal advisors with knowledge of the local laws and regulations. Some of these legal advisors are employees of our group, and others are external counsel who work in the foreign jurisdiction and are fluent in English and the local languages, familiar with the local laws, and resident or formerly resident in the local jurisdictions.
Internal Audit. As part of our group’s internal audit plan, each year our group’s internal auditor conducts an on-site internal audit with respect to specific matters as instructed by our audit committee. The audit report is reviewed and discussed by our audit committee.
70 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Strategic Direction. The board of directors of the general partner of the partnership is responsible for the overall stewardship of our group and, as such, supervises the management of the business and affairs of our group. Our board of directors and the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership is responsible for reviewing the strategic business plans and corporate objectives, and approving acquisitions, dispositions, investments, capital expenditures and other transactions and matters that are thought to be material to the partnership and our company, respectively, including those that occur relating to NTS.
In addition to the above practices, many of Brookfield Infrastructure’s directors and Brookfield’s directors and executive officers have acquired experience conducting business in Brazil. The board of directors of the general partner of the partnership and the board of directors of our company are composed of directors residing in Canada, Bermuda, Spain, Australia, the U.K. and the United States who have experience with various international issuers. In addition, Brookfield has a global presence and an international network of corporate and regional offices that allows it to work with local management and oversee the operations of our group’s subsidiaries in Brazil and elsewhere in the world.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 71
4.C ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Organizational Charts
The chart below presents a summary of our ownership and organizational structure as at March 20, 2025. Please note that on this chart all interests are 100% unless otherwise indicated and “GP Interest” denotes a general partnership interest and “LP Interest” denotes a limited partnership interest. These charts should be read in conjunction with the explanation of our ownership and organizational structure below and the information included under Item 4.B “Business Overview,” Item 6.C “Board Practices” and Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions.”
72 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
(1)Brookfield’s general partner interest is held through Brookfield Infrastructure Partners Limited, a Bermuda company that is
indirectly wholly owned by Brookfield.
(2)Brookfield’s special general partner interest is held through Brookfield Infrastructure Special L.P., a Bermuda limited partnership, the sole general partner of which is Brookfield Infrastructure Special GP Limited, a Bermuda company that is a subsidiary of the Asset Management Company.
(3)The Brookfield Holders’ collective economic interest in the partnership is approximately 26.6% on a fully exchanged basis.
(4)Brookfield’s limited partnership interest in the Holding LP, held in Redeemable Partnership Units, is redeemable for cash or exchangeable for units in accordance with a redemption−exchange mechanism, pursuant to which BN can acquire units in exchange for Redeemable Partnership Units on a one for one basis, which could result in the Brookfield Holders collectively eventually owning approximately 29.9% of the issued and outstanding units assuming exchange of all Redeemable Partnership Units (and including the issued and outstanding units that the Brookfield Holders currently also own).
(5)The Service Providers provide services to the Service Recipients pursuant to the Master Services Agreement. The Service Providers are subsidiaries of the Asset Management Company.
(6)The partnership owns all of the class B shares through its subsidiaries and members of the public hold all of the exchangeable shares. The exchangeable shares and the class B shares hold 25% and 75%, respectively, of the aggregate voting rights of our company.
(7)The share capital of BIHC is comprised of class A.1 exchangeable shares, class A.2 exchangeable shares, BIHC class B shares and class C shares. BIPC owns all of the class A.1 exchangeable shares, which hold an aggregate 25% voting interest in BIHC. Brookfield holds all of the class A.2 exchangeable shares, which are non-voting. The BIHC class B shares hold an aggregate 75% voting interest in BIHC and are held 662/3% by a subsidiary of the partnership and 331/3% by BIPC. The class C shares are non-voting and are held by a subsidiary of the partnership. Through their respective ownership of class A.1 exchangeable shares and BIHC class B shares, BIPC and the partnership each hold a 50% voting interest in BIHC.
(8)As of December 31, 2024, the partnership had outstanding 461,855,350 units and an equal number of Managing General Partner Units are held by the partnership in the Holding LP. As of December 31, 2024, Brookfield holds 1,399,230 of the outstanding units and BWS holds 3,287,267 of the outstanding units.
(9)Brookfield has provided an aggregate of $20 million of working capital to certain of these holding entities through a subscription for preferred shares.
(10)On February 4, 2025, BAM and BN completed a corporate restructuring whereby BN transferred its approximate 73% interest in the Asset Management Company to BAM in exchange for newly issued class A limited voting shares of BAM on a one-for-one basis. Following completion of this corporate restructuring, the Asset Management Company is now wholly-owned, directly and indirectly, by BAM, and BN owns approximately 73% of the class A limited voting shares of BAM.
Our Company
BIPC and BIHC were incorporated under the BCBCA on October 3, 2024 and August 30, 2019, respectively. See Item 4.A “History and Development of Brookfield Infrastructure — History and Development of our Business”.
The Partnership
The partnership owns and operates high quality, essential, long-life assets in the utilities, transport, midstream and data sectors across the Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe. The partnership focuses on assets that have contracted and regulated revenues that generate predictable and stable cash flows.
The partnership is a Bermudian exempted limited partnership that was established on May 21, 2007 and spun off from Brookfield on January 31, 2008.
The partnership’s sole material asset is its managing general partnership interest and preferred limited partnership interest in the Holding LP. The partnership serves as the Holding LP’s managing general partner and has sole authority for the management and control of the Holding LP. The partnership anticipates that the only distributions that it will receive in respect of the partnership’s managing general partnership interest and preferred limited partnership interest in the Holding LP will consist of amounts that are intended to assist the partnership in making distributions to its unitholders in accordance with the partnership’s distribution policy, to its preferred unitholders in accordance with the terms of its preferred units and to allow the partnership to pay expenses as they become due. The declaration and payment of cash distributions by the partnership is at the discretion of the general partner of the partnership.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 73
Brookfield and the Service Providers
The Brookfield Holders’ collective economic interest in the partnership is approximately 26.6% on a fully exchanged basis. BN and BWS have agreed that all decisions to be made by BWS with respect to the voting of the units held by BWS will be made jointly by mutual agreement of the applicable BWS subsidiary and BN. BWS may acquire additional units or other securities exchangeable for units. It is expected that any units or other securities exchangeable for units held by BWS will be subject to the foregoing voting arrangements.
The partnership and the other Service Recipients, including our company, have each appointed affiliates of BN as Service Providers to provide certain management, administrative and advisory services, for a fee, under the Master Services Agreement. In connection with the special distribution, the Master Services Agreement was amended to contemplate our company receiving management services comparable to the services provided to Brookfield Infrastructure by the Service Providers.
BN is focused on deploying its capital on a value basis and compounding it over the long term. This capital is allocated across its three core pillars of asset management, insurance solutions and its operating businesses. Employing a disciplined investment approach, BN leverages its deep expertise as an owner and operator of real assets, as well as the scale and flexibility of its capital, to create value and deliver strong risk-adjusted returns across market cycles.
BAM is a leading global alternative asset manager, headquartered in New York, with over $1 trillion of assets under management across real estate, infrastructure, renewable power and transition, private equity and credit. It invests client capital for the long-term with a focus on real assets and essential service businesses that form the backbone of the global economy. BAM offers a range of alternative investment products to investors around the world — including public and private pension plans, endowments and foundations, sovereign wealth funds, financial institutions, insurance companies and private wealth investors. BAM draws on Brookfield’s heritage as an owner and operator to invest for value and seeks to generate strong returns for its clients, across economic cycles.
Brookfield’s global alternative asset management business is wholly-owned, directly and indirectly, by BAM. BN owns approximately 73% of the issued and outstanding class A limited voting shares of BAM.
Brookfield has approximately 1,400 investment professionals and 250,000 operating employees in over 80 countries around the world. Our operating subsidiaries currently employ approximately 2,684 individuals globally. Brookfield’s strategy is to combine best-in-class operating segments and transaction execution capabilities to acquire and invest in targeted assets and actively manage them in order to achieve superior returns on a long-term basis.
To execute its vision of being a leading owner and operator of high quality infrastructure assets that produce an attractive risk-adjusted total return for its unitholders, the partnership seeks to leverage its relationship with Brookfield and in particular, its operations-oriented approach, which is comprised of the following attributes:
•strong business development capabilities, which benefit from deep relationships within, and in-depth knowledge of, its target markets;
•technical knowledge and industry insight used in the evaluation, execution, risk management and financing of development projects and acquisitions;
74 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
•project development capabilities, with expertise in negotiating commercial arrangements (including offtake arrangements and engineering, procurement and construction contracts), obtaining required permits and managing construction of network upgrades and expansions, as well as greenfield projects;
•operational expertise, with considerable experience optimizing sales of its products and structuring and executing contracts with end users to enhance the value of its assets; and
•development and retention of the highest quality people in its operations.
Our group does not employ any of the individuals who carry out the current management of our group. The personnel that carry out these activities are employees of Brookfield, and their services are provided to our group or for the benefit of our group under the Master Services Agreement. For a discussion of the individuals from Brookfield’s management team that are expected to be involved in our business, see Item 6.A “Directors and Senior Management—Our Management.”
Significant Subsidiaries
The following table sets forth our company’s significant subsidiaries, the jurisdiction of incorporation and the percentage ownership held by our company as of December 31, 2024.
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| Defined Name |
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Name of entity |
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Jurisdiction of
Organization |
|
Ownership
Interest (%) |
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Voting
Interest (%) |
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U.K. regulated distribution operation |
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BUUK Infrastructure No 1 Limited |
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U.K. |
|
80 |
|
80 |
| Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation |
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Nova Transportadora do Sudeste S.A. |
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Brazil |
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31 |
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92 |
| Global intermodal logistics operation |
|
Triton International Limited |
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U.S. |
|
27 |
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100 |
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4.D PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Our company’s head office is located at 250 Vesey Street, 15th Floor, New York NY 10281 and our registered office is located at 1055 West Georgia Street, Suite 1500, P.O Box 11117, Vancouver, British Columbia V6E 4N7. We do not directly own any real property.
See also the information contained in this annual report on Form 20-F under Item 3.D “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Operations and the Infrastructure Industry—All of our group’s infrastructure operations may require substantial capital expenditures in the future,” “—Investments in infrastructure projects prior to or during a construction or expansion phase are likely to be subject to increased risk,” “—All of our group’s operating subsidiaries are subject to changes in government policy and legislation,”, Item 5 “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Item 18 “Financial Statements” regarding information on Property, Plant and Equipment on a consolidated basis.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 75
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (“MD&A”)
Introduction
The exchangeable shares of our company are structured with the intention of being economically equivalent to the units of the partnership. We believe economic equivalence is achieved through identical dividends and distributions on the exchangeable shares and the partnership’s units and each exchangeable share being exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit of the partnership at any time. Given the economic equivalence, we expect that the market price of the exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the partnership’s units and the combined business performance of our company and Brookfield Infrastructure as a whole. In addition to carefully considering the disclosure made in this document, shareholders are strongly encouraged to carefully review the partnership’s annual reporting. The partnership is required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. The partnership’s SEC filings are available to the public from the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of documents that have been filed with the Canadian securities authorities can be obtained at www.sedarplus.ca. This MD&A is dated March 21, 2025.
Performance Targets and Key Measures
Our group targets a total return of 12% to 15% per annum on the infrastructure assets that we own, measured over the long term. Our group intends to generate this return from the in-place cash flows from our operations plus growth through investments in upgrades and expansions of our asset base, as well as acquisitions. The partnership determines its distributions based primarily on an assessment of our operating performance.
Continuity of Interests
Our company was established on October 3, 2024 by the partnership. The partnership owns and operates high quality, long-life assets that generate stable cash flows, require relatively minimal maintenance capital expenditures and, by virtue of barriers to entry and other characteristics, tend to appreciate in value over time. The partnership’s current operations consist of utilities, transport, midstream and data businesses in North and South America, Europe and Asia Pacific. On December 24, 2024, the date of the Arrangement, our company acquired an interest in BIHC and consolidated BIHC in its financial statements. As a result of the Arrangement, (i) holders of the exchangeable shares of BIHC, other than Brookfield, received exchangeable shares of our company in exchange for their BIHC exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (ii) Brookfield transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to our company in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (iii) the exchangeable shares of BIHC were delisted; and (iv) the exchangeable shares of our company were listed on the NYSE and TSX. The partnership directly controlled BIHC prior to the Arrangement and continues to control our company subsequent to the Arrangement through ownership of the class B shares. As a result of this continuing common control, there is insufficient substance to justify a change in the measurement of our company. In accordance with our company’s and the partnership’s accounting policy, our company has reflected BIHC in its financial position and financial performance using BIHC’s carrying values prior to the Arrangement.
76 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
To reflect this continuity of interests, these consolidated financial statements provide comparative information of our company for the periods prior to December 24, 2024, as previously reported by the BIHC. The economic and accounting impact of contractual relationships created or modified in conjunction with acquisition of interest in BIHC by our company have been reflected prospectively from the date of the Arrangement and have not been reflected in the results of operations or financial position of our company prior to December 24, 2024, as such items were in fact not created or modified prior thereto. Accordingly, the financial information for the periods prior to December 24, 2024 is presented based on the historical financial information of BIHC. For the period after December 24, 2024, the results are based on the actual results of our company, including the impact of contractual relationships created or modified in association with acquisition of interest in BIHC by our company. As the partnership held all of the class C shares of BIHC prior to December 24, 2024, which was the only class of shares presented as equity, and the partnership holds all of the class B shares of our company after December 24, 2024, which is the only class of shares presented as equity, net income and equity attributable to common equity have been allocated to the partnership prior to and after December 24, 2024.
Prior to the Arrangement, class C shares were classified as financial liabilities due to their cash redemption feature. As discussed in Note 1(c)(ii), Organization and Description of our Company, the class C shares met certain qualifying criteria and were presented as equity. Following the Arrangement and upon consolidation of BIHC into our company, the class C shares are presented as financial liabilities at fair value. As a result, the share capital pertaining to the class C shares was removed, and the difference between the fair value and carrying value of the class C shares was reflected as “Arrangement/reorganization” as shown in the consolidated statements of changes in equity.
Basis of Presentation
For the periods prior to December 24, 2024, the financial statements represent those of BIHC, formerly Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation. During this period, all of the assets and liabilities presented were controlled by the partnership. Effective December 24, 2024, our company acquired an interest in BIHC and consolidated BIHC in its financial statements. The acquisition of interest in BIHC is a common control transaction where all transacting parties are subsidiaries of the partnership. As a result, the assets and liabilities of our company will be recorded at BIHC’s historical carrying values in our company’s consolidated financial statements. All intercompany balances, transactions, revenues and expenses within our company have been eliminated.
Our company incurs general corporate expenses according to the amended and restated master services agreement dated as of February 29, 2024, as amended from time to time, among the Service Recipients (as defined therein), BN, the Service Providers and others (the “Master Services Agreement”). The base management fee related to the services received under the Master Services Agreement has been recorded as part of general and administrative expenses in the consolidated financial statements.
Financial data provided has been prepared using accounting policies in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards. All dollar references, unless otherwise stated, are in millions of United States dollars (“USD”).
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 77
Dividend Policy
The partnership’s distributions are underpinned by stable, highly regulated and contracted cash flows generated from operations. The partnership’s objective is to pay a distribution that is sustainable on a long-term basis and has set its target payout ratio at 60-70% of the partnership’s FFO.
The board of directors of the general partner of the partnership approved a 6% increase in the partnership’s quarterly distribution to $0.430 per unit (or $1.72 per unit annualized), starting with the distribution paid in March 2025. This increase reflects the forecasted contribution from the partnership’s recently commissioned capital projects, as well as, the expected cash yield on recent acquisitions. The partnership targets 5% to 9% annual distribution increase in light of growth it foresees in its operations.
Our board may declare dividends at its discretion. However, each of our exchangeable shares has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit of the partnership. It is expected that dividends on our exchangeable shares will be declared and paid at the same time and in the same amount as distributions are declared and paid on the units of the partnership. Accordingly, our board approved an equivalent quarterly dividend of $0.430 per exchangeable share (or $1.72 per exchangeable share annualized), starting with the dividend to be paid in March 2025.
On June 10, 2022, our group completed a three-for-two split of partnership units, Exchangeable units, exchangeable shares, class B shares and class C shares, by way of a subdivision whereby unitholders/shareholders received an additional one-half of a unit/share for each unit/share held. All historical units/shares and per unit/share disclosures have been adjusted to effect for the change in units/shares due to the splits.
Voting Rights
Except as otherwise expressly provided in the notice of articles and articles of our company or as required by law, each holder of exchangeable shares is entitled to receive notice of, and to attend and vote at, all meetings of our shareholders. Each holder of exchangeable shares is entitled to cast one vote for each exchangeable share held at the record date for determination of shareholders entitled to vote on any matter. The holders of the class B shares are entitled to cast, in the aggregate, a number of votes equal to three times the number of votes attached to the exchangeable shares. Except as otherwise expressly provided in the articles of our company or as required by law, the holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares vote together and not as separate classes. Holders of exchangeable shares hold an aggregate 25% voting interest in our company.
78 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
5.A OPERATING RESULTS
Consolidated Results
In this section we review our consolidated performance and financial position as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Further details on the key drivers of our operations and financial position are contained within the “Performance Disclosures” section of this MD&A.
The following table summarizes the financial results of our company for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
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| US$ MILLIONS |
|
For the year ended
December 31, |
| Summary Statements of Operating Results |
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2024 |
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2023 |
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2022 |
| Revenues |
|
$ |
3,666 |
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|
$ |
2,503 |
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|
$ |
1,886 |
|
| Direct operating costs |
|
(1,378) |
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(778) |
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(542) |
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| Interest expense |
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(1,065) |
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(697) |
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(544) |
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| Share of (losses) earnings from investments in associates |
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— |
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(20) |
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4 |
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| Mark-to-market and foreign currency revaluation |
|
(116) |
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23 |
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49 |
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| Remeasurement of shares classified as financial liability |
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(477) |
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34 |
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1,058 |
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| Income tax expense |
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(365) |
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(368) |
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(262) |
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| Net income |
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72 |
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606 |
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1,619 |
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| Net (loss) income attributable to the partnership |
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(608) |
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111 |
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1,094 |
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2024 vs. 2023
For the year ended December 31, 2024, our company reported net income of $72 million, of which net losses of $608 million were attributable to the partnership. This compared to a net income of $606 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, of which $111 million was attributable to the partnership. Net income for the current year benefited from the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation and capital commissioned into rate base at our U.K. regulated distribution business, partially offset by an increase in interest expense as a result of incremental borrowings and an increase in dividends paid on our exchangeable shares. Further impacting net income during the year were foreign currency translation losses on our Canadian denominated deposit receivable from Brookfield Infrastructure, compared to foreign currency translation gains in the prior year. Additionally, total remeasurement losses of $477 million were recognized on our company’s shares that are classified as liabilities under IFRS Accounting Standards, compared to remeasurement gains of $34 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Total revenues increased by $1,163 million relative to the prior year. Current year revenues benefited from our company’s acquisition of a global intermodal logistics operation at the end of September in the prior year, which contributed additional revenues of $1,183 million. Distribution revenues in the U.K. increased due to higher volumes and inflation-indexation which contributed additional revenues of $106 million. Our revenues further benefited from the appreciation of the British Pound which increased our revenues in U.S. dollars by $19 million relative to 2023. These benefits were partially offset by a $126 million decrease in underlying gas transmission revenues in Brazil due to the impact of foreign exchange and inflationary tariff adjustments.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 79
Direct operating costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $1,378 million, an increase of $600 million compared to the prior year. Direct costs increased from the prior year primarily due to $505 million of incremental costs (including depreciation) associated with the acquisition of a global intermodal logistics operation that our company acquired at the end of September in the prior year. Direct costs also increased due to inflation and organic growth, incremental depreciation on capital expenditures made over the last year and higher values as a result of our revaluation process.
Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1,065 million, an increase of $368 million compared to 2023. Interest expense increased from the prior year primarily due to $184 million of incremental interest expense associated with our global intermodal logistics operation that our company acquired at the end of September in the prior year. Interest expense was further impacted by incremental borrowings at our Brazilian regulated gas transmission business and an increase in dividends paid on our exchangeable shares, which are classified as interest expense. Dividends on our exchangeable shares increased due to a 6% increase in our company’s quarterly dividends compared to the prior year and approximately 21 million exchangeable shares issued in connection with the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation at the end of September in the prior year.
Mark-to-market and foreign currency revaluation losses totaled $116 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to gains of $23 million in the prior year. The losses in the current year reflect foreign currency translation losses on our Canadian denominated deposit receivable with Brookfield Infrastructure, compared to foreign currency translation gains in the prior year.
Total remeasurement losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $477 million compared to gains of 34 million in the prior year. The remeasurement losses reflect the increase in the market price of partnership units based on the NYSE closing price. As a result of the Arrangement, the class C shares of BIHC were classified as financial liabilities upon consolidation into our company, resulting in incremental remeasurement losses of $346 million.
Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $365 million, a decrease of $3 million compared to the prior year. Incremental income tax expense from our global intermodal logistics operation that our company acquired at the end of September in the prior year was more than offset by the impact of foreign exchange and a decrease in current taxes from lower income at our Brazilian regulated gas transmission business as a result of inflationary tariff adjustments.
2023 vs. 2022
For the year ended December 31, 2023, our company reported net income of $606 million, of which $111 million was attributable to the partnership. This compares to a net income of $1,619 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, of which $1,094 million was attributable to the partnership. Net income for 2023 benefited from the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation, inflation-indexation at our Brazilian regulated gas transmission business and capital commissioned into rate base at our U.K. regulated distribution business. Remeasurement gains of $34 million were recognized on our company’s exchangeable shares that are classified as liabilities under IFRS Accounting Standards, compared to $1,058 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Total revenues increased by $617 million relative to 2022. Current year revenues benefited from the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation, which contributed additional revenues of $385 million. Underlying gas transmission revenues in Brazil increased by $120 million due to inflation-indexation. Distribution revenues in the U.K. increased due to higher volumes and inflation-indexation which contributed additional revenues of $22 million. Connections revenue in the U.K. benefited from an increase in construction activity which contributed additional revenues of $28 million compared to 2022. Revenues further benefited from the impact of foreign exchange which increased revenues in U.S. dollars by $52 million relative to 2022.
80 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Direct operating costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $778 million, an increase of $236 million compared to the 2022. Direct costs increased from 2022 primarily due to $181 million of incremental costs (including depreciation) associated with the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation. Direct costs also increased due to inflation and organic growth, incremental depreciation on capital expenditures made over 2022 and higher values as a result of our revaluation process.
Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $697 million, an increase of $153 million compared to 2022. Interest expense increased from 2022 primarily due to $61 million of incremental interest expense associated with the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation. Incremental charges associated with debt issued at our Brazilian regulated gas transmission business to fund the deferred consideration paid in April 2022 and a higher average interest rate on our variable rate non-recourse borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2023 also increased interest expense compared to the prior year. 2023 results were further impacted by incremental borrowings at our U.K. regulated distribution business to fund capital expenditures, an increase in dividends paid on our exchangeable shares, classified as interest expense, and interest incurred on a loan agreement entered into with an affiliate of Brookfield in March 2023.
Remeasurement gains for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $34 million compared to $1,058 million in the prior year. The remeasurement gains reflect the decrease in the market price of partnership units based on the NYSE closing price.
Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $368 million, an increase of $106 million compared to 2022. Income tax in the prior year benefited from the recognition of a deferred tax asset of $90 million at our Brazilian regulated gas transmission business. 2023 results also include incremental income tax expense associated with the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation.
Summary of Quarterly Financial Information
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2024 |
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2023 |
| US$ MILLIONS |
Q4 |
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Q3 |
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Q2 |
|
Q1 |
|
Q4 |
|
Q3 |
|
Q2 |
|
Q1 |
| Revenues |
$ |
944 |
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|
$ |
912 |
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|
$ |
908 |
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|
$ |
902 |
|
|
$ |
917 |
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|
$ |
551 |
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|
$ |
538 |
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|
$ |
497 |
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| Net income (loss) |
40 |
|
|
(808) |
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|
643 |
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|
197 |
|
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(54) |
|
|
1,009 |
|
|
(154) |
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|
(195) |
|
| Net income (loss) attributable to the partnership |
(150) |
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|
(977) |
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|
491 |
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28 |
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|
(227) |
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|
913 |
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(274) |
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(301) |
|
Our businesses, given their regulated and contractual nature, provide stable, predictable revenues and margins. Quarterly variances in our company’s revenues are primarily due to inflation-indexation at our Brazilian regulated gas transmission business and the impact of foreign exchange. Quarterly variances in our company’s net income and net income attributable to the partnership are primarily due to revaluation gains and losses recognized on our company’s exchangeable shares that are classified as liabilities under IFRS Accounting Standards. During the year ended December 31, 2024, revaluation losses totaled $477 million.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 81
Statements of Financial Position
The following table summarizes the statement of financial position of our company as at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
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| US$ MILLIONS |
|
As of |
| Summary Statements of Financial Position Key Metrics |
|
December 31, 2024 |
|
December 31, 2023 |
|
|
| Cash and cash equivalents |
|
$ |
674 |
|
|
$ |
539 |
|
|
|
| Due from Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
1,278 |
|
|
1,288 |
|
|
|
| Property, plant and equipment |
|
12,572 |
|
|
14,151 |
|
|
|
| Intangible assets |
|
2,892 |
|
|
3,699 |
|
|
|
| Investments in associates |
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
| Total assets |
|
23,587 |
|
|
23,909 |
|
|
|
| Loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
102 |
|
|
26 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shares classified as financial liability |
|
4,644 |
|
|
4,153 |
|
|
|
| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
12,178 |
|
|
12,028 |
|
|
|
| Total liabilities |
|
21,365 |
|
|
19,841 |
|
|
|
| Equity in net assets attributable to the partnership |
|
(1,253) |
|
|
(399) |
|
|
|
| Total equity |
|
2,222 |
|
|
4,068 |
|
|
|
Total assets were $23.6 billion at December 31, 2024, compared to $23.9 billion at December 31, 2023. Total assets increased as a result of additions to property, plant and equipment of $0.4 billion at our U.K. regulated distribution business, mark-to-market gains on derivatives of $0.5 billion, and an increase in cash and equivalents of $0.3 billion related to the timing of debt refinancing at our Brazilian regulated gas transmission business. These increases were offset by the impact of foreign exchange which decreased our total assets by $1.5 billion.
Our accounting policy is to carry property, plant and equipment at fair value and intangible assets at amortized cost. Our company carried out an assessment of the fair value of its property, plant and equipment as at December 31, 2024, resulting in a gain from revaluation of $119 million.
On December 24, 2024, our company completed the Arrangement. As a result, (i) holders of the BIHC exchangeable shares, other than Brookfield, received BIPC’s exchangeable shares in exchange for their BIHC exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (ii) Brookfield transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to BIPC in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis. The exchangeable shares, class A.2 exchangeable shares and class C shares, upon consolidation into BIPC, are classified as liabilities due to their exchangeable and cash redemption features. Upon issuance, these shares were recognized at their fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, these shares were recognized at amortized cost and remeasured to reflect changes in the contractual cash flows associated with the shares. These contractual cash flows were based on the price of one unit of the partnership. As at December 31, 2024, the shares were remeasured to reflect the NYSE closing price of one unit, $31.79 per share.
Non-recourse borrowings increased by $0.2 billion to $12.2 billion at December 31, 2024 as a result of incremental net borrowings of $2.1 billion, partially offset by $1.2 billion of non-recourse borrowings reclassified to held for sale at our global intermodal logistics operation and the impact of foreign exchange of $0.8 billion primarily driven by the weakening of the Brazilian real relative to the U.S. dollar.
Total equity decreased to $2.2 billion as at December 31, 2024, from $4.1 billion at December 31, 2023 as income generated from operations was more than offset by distributions, foreign currency translation losses on our Canadian denominated deposit with Brookfield Infrastructure and remeasurement losses associated with our shares classified as liabilities.
82 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Foreign Currency Translation
A discussion of the most significant currency exchange rates that impact our company are set forth below as at and for the periods indicated:
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Period End Rate |
|
Average Rate |
|
As of December 31, |
|
For the year ended December 31, |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
|
2024 vs 2023 |
|
2023 vs 2022 |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
|
2024 vs 2023 |
|
2023 vs 2022 |
| Brazilian real |
0.1615 |
|
0.2066 |
|
0.1917 |
|
(22) |
% |
|
8 |
% |
|
0.1855 |
|
0.2002 |
|
0.1936 |
|
(7) |
% |
|
3 |
% |
| British pound |
1.2516 |
|
1.2731 |
|
1.2083 |
|
(2) |
% |
|
5 |
% |
|
1.2781 |
|
1.2439 |
|
1.2366 |
|
3 |
% |
|
1 |
% |
| Australian dollar |
0.6188 |
|
0.6812 |
|
0.6813 |
|
(9) |
% |
|
— |
% |
|
0.6597 |
|
0.6644 |
|
0.6947 |
|
(1) |
% |
|
(4) |
% |
The following table disaggregates the impact of foreign currency translation on the equity of our company by the most significant non-U.S. currencies for the periods indicated:
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| US$ MILLIONS |
For the year ended December 31, |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Brazilian real |
$ |
167 |
|
|
$ |
47 |
|
|
$ |
32 |
|
| British pound |
(33) |
|
|
86 |
|
|
(170) |
|
Australian dollar(1) |
— |
|
|
26 |
|
|
(25) |
|
|
134 |
|
|
159 |
|
|
(163) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Attributable to: |
|
|
|
|
|
| The partnership |
$ |
35 |
|
|
$ |
109 |
|
|
$ |
(152) |
|
| Non-controlling interests |
99 |
|
|
50 |
|
|
(11) |
|
|
$ |
134 |
|
|
$ |
159 |
|
|
$ |
(163) |
|
(1)2023 includes $49 million relating to net losses from previous foreign exchange movements that were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to Other income (expense) on the Consolidated Statements of Operating Results as a result of the disposition of our Australian regulated utility.
The impact of foreign currency translation on our company’s equity, including those attributable to non-controlling interests for the year ended December 31, 2024, was an increase to equity of $134 million (2023: increase of $159 million, 2022: decrease of $163 million).
Average currency exchange rates impact the U.S. dollar equivalents of revenues and net income from non-U.S. operations on a comparative basis. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the average exchange rate of the British pound appreciated relative to the U.S. dollar, while the average exchange rate of the Brazilian real depreciated relative to the U.S. dollar.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 83
Summary Financial Information Related to the Partnership
As the market price of our exchangeable shares is expected to be significantly impacted by the market price of the units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole, we are providing the following summary financial information regarding the partnership. For further details please review the partnership’s periodic reporting referenced in the introductory section of this MD&A.
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| US$ MILLIONS |
For the year ended December 31, |
| IFRS measures |
2024 |
|
2023 |
| Revenue |
$ |
21,039 |
|
|
$ |
17,931 |
|
| Net income |
1,683 |
|
|
1,448 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
As of |
| IFRS measures |
December 31, 2024 |
|
December 31, 2023 |
| Total assets |
104,590 |
|
|
$ |
100,784 |
|
| Total liabilities |
74,737 |
|
|
66,768 |
|
| Total partnership capital |
29,853 |
|
|
34,016 |
|
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
In the normal course of operations, our company entered into the transactions below with related parties. The ultimate parent of our company is Brookfield. Other related parties of our company represent BN’s subsidiary and operating entities.
Since inception, Brookfield Infrastructure has had a management agreement, the Master Services Agreement, with the Service Providers which are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Brookfield.
Pursuant to the Master Services Agreement, on a quarterly basis, we, together with Brookfield Infrastructure, pay a base management fee to the Service Providers equal to 0.3125% per quarter (1.25% annually) of the combined market value of our group. Our company pays for, or reimburses the partnership for, our proportionate share of the management fee. For purposes of calculating the base management fee, the market value of our group is equal to the aggregate value of all the outstanding units (assuming full conversion of BN’s limited partnership interests in Holding LP into units), preferred units and securities of the other Service Recipients (including the Exchangeable units and exchangeable shares, calculated on a fully-diluted basis assuming full conversion of any class A.2 exchangeable shares into exchangeable shares) that are not held by Brookfield Infrastructure, plus all outstanding third-party debt with recourse to a Service Recipient, less all cash held by such entities. The amount attributable to our company is based on the weighted average number of exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares outstanding relative to units.
The base management fee attributable to our company was $67 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 (2023: $63 million, 2022: $63 million).
Our company’s affiliates provide connection services in the normal course of operations on market terms to affiliates and associates of Brookfield Property Partners L.P. For the year ended December 31, 2024, revenues of $1 million were generated (2023: less than $1 million, 2022: less than $1 million) and $nil expenses were incurred (2023: $nil, 2022: $nil).
84 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
A subsidiary of BIHC is party to two credit agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure, one as borrower and one as lender, each providing for a ten-year revolving $1 billion credit facility for purposes of providing BIHC and Brookfield Infrastructure with access to debt financing on an as-needed basis and to maximize our flexibility and facilitate the movement of cash within our group. Such credit agreements terminate on March 31, 2030. We intend to use the liquidity provided by the foregoing credit facilities for working capital purposes and to fund growth capital investments and acquisitions. The determination of which of these sources of funding we will access in any particular situation will be a matter of optimizing needs and opportunities at that time.
In addition, each such credit facility contemplates potential deposit arrangements pursuant to which the lender thereunder would, with the consent of a borrower, deposit funds on a demand basis to such borrower’s account at market interest rate. As at December 31, 2024, $nil (December 31, 2023: $nil) was drawn on the credit facilities under the credit agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure.
On December 24, 2024, the partnership, BIHC and our company completed the Arrangement pursuant to which (i) holders of the exchangeable shares of BIHC, other than Brookfield, received exchangeable shares of our company in exchange for their BIHC exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (ii) Brookfield transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to our company in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (iii) the exchangeable shares of BIHC were delisted; and (iv) the exchangeable shares of our company were listed on the NYSE and TSX.
In connection with the Arrangement, our company entered into two deposit agreements with Canada Holdco, one as depositor/lender and one as depositee/borrower. Each deposit agreement contemplates potential deposit arrangements pursuant to which the parties thereunder would mutually agree to deposit funds thereunder from time to time on a demand basis at a specified rate of interest. Additionally, our company, as borrower, entered into a credit agreement with Canada Holdco, as lender, pursuant to which Canada Holdco established a revolving credit facility in the aggregate principal amount of $150 million in favor of our company. The credit agreement has a ten-year term, subject to automatic one-year extensions occurring annually unless terminated by the lender.
The credit facilities are available in U.S. or Canadian dollars, and advances will be made by way of SOFR, base rate, CORRA, or prime rate loans. Each of the credit facilities bears interest at the benchmark rate plus an applicable spread, in each case subject to adjustment from time to time as the parties may agree.
Brookfield Infrastructure provided BIHC an equity commitment in the amount of $1 billion. The equity commitment may be called by BIHC in exchange for the issuance of a number of class C shares or preferred shares, as the case may be, to Brookfield Infrastructure, corresponding to the amount of the equity commitment called divided (i) in the case of a subscription for class C shares, by the fair market value of a class C share, and (ii) in the case of a subscription for preferred shares, $25.00. The equity commitment will be reduced permanently by the amount so called. As at December 31, 2024, $nil (December 31, 2023: $nil) was called on the equity commitment.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 85
BIPC Holdings Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of BIHC, fully and unconditionally guaranteed (i) any unsecured debt securities issued by Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC, Brookfield Infrastructure Finance LLC, Brookfield Infrastructure Finance Limited and Brookfield Infrastructure Finance Pty Ltd., which we refer to collectively as the “Co-Issuers”, in each case as to payment of principal, premium (if any) and interest when and as the same will become due and payable under or in respect of the trust indenture dated October 10, 2012 among the Co-Issuers and Computershare Trust Company of Canada under which such securities are issued, (ii) certain of the partnership’s preferred units, as to payment of distributions when due, the payment of amounts due on redemption and the payment of amounts due on the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership, and (iii) the obligations of Brookfield Infrastructure under its bilateral credit facilities. These arrangements do not have or are not reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors. In addition, BIPC Holdings Inc. guaranteed (i) subordinated debt securities issued by Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC or BIP Bermuda Holdings I Limited on a subordinated basis, as to payment of principal, premium (if any) and interest when and as the same will become due and payable under or in respect of the trust indenture under which such securities are issued, and (ii) the obligations of Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc. under its commercial paper program.
On March 28, 2023, a subsidiary of our company entered into a loan agreement with an affiliate of Brookfield for total proceeds of $250 million, which accrued interest at SOFR plus 200 basis points per annum and matured on May 24, 2024. This loan was non-recourse to our company and was presented as non-recourse borrowings on the consolidated statements of financial position. Interest accrued during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $8 million (December 31, 2023: $14 million), respectively. Upon maturity, the loan was restructured and settled as a non-cash transaction with Brookfield Infrastructure through a combination of settling pre-existing loans and establishing new loan agreements.
On March 28, 2023, our company entered into a loan agreement (as lender) with Brookfield Infrastructure for $250 million. On May 24, 2024, the loan was partially settled as part of a non-cash transaction for $200 million and had a balance outstanding of $57 million as of December 31, 2024. The loan is presented as amounts due from Brookfield Infrastructure on the consolidated statements of financial position. The loan was extended to a maturity date of May 24, 2029 and accrues interest at SOFR plus 210 basis points per annum until May 24, 2026, and thereafter accrues interest at SOFR plus 475 basis points per annum until the maturity date. Interest accrued during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $10 million (December 31, 2023: $14 million).
On May 24, 2024, our company entered into an additional loan agreement (as lender) with Brookfield Infrastructure as part of a non-cash transaction for $24 million. The loan agreement was subsequently amended on December 27, 2024 to extend an additional $17 million to Brookfield Infrastructure. As of December 31, 2024, the balance outstanding on this loan was $43 million. The loan is presented as amounts due from Brookfield Infrastructure on the consolidated statements of financial position and accrues interest at SOFR plus 210 basis points per annum until May 24, 2026, and thereafter accrues interest at SOFR plus 475 basis points per annum until May 24, 2029, the maturity date. Interest accrued during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1 million.
86 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
As at December 31, 2024, the balance outstanding on our deposit with Brookfield Infrastructure was $1,178 million (December 31, 2023: $1,038 million). As at December 31, 2024, the demand deposit payable to Brookfield Infrastructure was $nil (December 31, 2023: $26 million) following a non-cash settlement of $26 million on May 24, 2024. The deposit arrangements accrue interest at 0.2% per annum. During the year ended December 31, 2024, interest accrued on the deposit with Brookfield Infrastructure was $3 million (December 31, 2023: less than $1 million). During the year ended December 31, 2024, interest accrued on the demand deposit payable to Brookfield Infrastructure was $nil (December 31, 2023: less than $1 million).
On May 24, 2024, our company entered into loan agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure as part of a non-cash transaction for total cumulative proceeds of $100 million. The loans are presented as loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure on the consolidated statements of financial position and accrue interest at SOFR plus 210 basis points per annum until May 24, 2026, and thereafter accrue interest at SOFR plus 475 basis points per annum until May 24, 2029, the maturity date. Interest accrued during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $4 million.
As at December 31, 2024, our company had accounts payable of $30 million (December 31, 2023: $10 million) to Brookfield and subsidiaries of Brookfield Infrastructure, and accounts receivable of $19 million (December 31, 2023: $19 million) from subsidiaries of Brookfield Infrastructure.
On August 31, 2023, our company sold its 7.9% effective interest in its Australian regulated utility operation to an affiliate of Brookfield for net proceeds of approximately $435 million. On disposition, our company recognized a gain of $32 million in the consolidated statement of operating results and accumulated currency translation losses of $28 million were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to the consolidated statement of operating results.
5.B LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
The nature of our asset base and the quality of our associated cash flows enable us to maintain a stable and low cost capital structure. We attempt to maintain sufficient financial liquidity at all times so that we are able to participate in attractive opportunities as they arise, better withstand sudden adverse changes in economic circumstances and maintain our distributions to shareholders. Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from our operations, capital recycling, access to public and private capital markets, access to the partnership’s undrawn credit facilities and equity commitment and group wide liquidity. We structure the ownership of our assets to enhance our ability to monetize them to provide additional liquidity. In certain instances, subsidiaries may be subject to limitations on their ability to declare and pay dividends to our company. However, no significant limitations existed at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, we believe that our company’s liquidity is sufficient to meet its present requirements. As of the dates set forth below, our company’s liquidity consisted of the following:
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| US$ MILLIONS |
As of |
| December 31, 2024 |
|
December 31, 2023 |
| Cash |
$ |
213 |
|
|
$ |
190 |
|
| Credit facilities |
664 |
|
|
350 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Company liquidity |
$ |
877 |
|
|
$ |
540 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our company assesses liquidity on a group-wide basis, consistent with the partnership, because shareholders have exposure to a broader base of infrastructure investments by virtue of the exchange feature of our company’s exchangeable shares. As of December 31, 2024, our group’s total liquidity was $5,483 million (2023: 5,211 million).
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 87
We finance our assets principally at the operating company level with debt that generally has long-term maturities, few restrictive covenants and no recourse to either our company or our other operations.
On a consolidated basis as of December 31, 2024, scheduled principal repayments over the next five years are as follows:
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|
|
US$ MILLIONS |
|
Average Term (years) |
|
2025 |
|
2026 |
|
2027 |
|
2028 |
|
2029 |
|
Beyond |
|
Total |
| Non-recourse borrowing |
|
7 |
|
$ |
781 |
|
|
$ |
1,321 |
|
|
$ |
698 |
|
|
$ |
846 |
|
|
$ |
3,175 |
|
|
$ |
5,814 |
|
|
$ |
12,635 |
|
As discussed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, in connection with the Arrangement, our company as borrower, entered into a credit agreement with Brookfield Infrastructure, as lender, pursuant to which Brookfield Infrastructure established a revolving credit facility in the aggregate principal amount of $150 million in favor of our company. The credit agreement has a ten-year term, subject to automatic one-year extensions occurring annually unless terminated by the lender. Additonally, a subsidiary of BIHC is party to two credit agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure, one as borrower and one as lender, each providing for a ten-year revolving $1 billion credit facility for purposes of providing our company and Brookfield Infrastructure with access to debt financing on an as-needed basis and to maximize our flexibility and facilitate the movement of cash within our group. We intend to use the liquidity provided by the foregoing credit facilities for working capital purposes and to fund growth capital investments and acquisitions. The determination of which of these sources of funding our company will access in any particular situation will be a matter of optimizing needs and opportunities at that time.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Foreign Currency Hedging Strategy
To the extent that we believe it is economic to do so, our strategy is to hedge a portion of our equity investments and/or cash flows exposed to foreign currencies by our company. The following key principles form the basis of our foreign currency hedging strategy:
•We leverage any natural hedges that may exist within our operations
•We utilize local currency debt financing to the extent possible
•We may utilize derivative contracts to the extent that natural hedges are insufficient
Most of the foreign exchange exposure of our group is hedged directly by the partnership and therefore, as of December 31, 2024, our company has $nil (December 31, 2023: $nil) corporate foreign exchange contracts in place to hedge against foreign currency risk.
The following table presents our exposure to foreign currencies as of December 31, 2024.
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|
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|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Equity Investment - US$ |
| GBP |
|
$ |
1,867 |
|
| BRL |
|
(717) |
|
| EUR & Others |
|
16 |
|
|
|
$ |
1,166 |
|
(1)During the year ended December 31, 2024, our Brazilian regulated distribution operation completed a dividend recapitalization of $1.7 billion.
For additional information, see Note 6, “Fair Value of Financial Instruments”, Note 24, “Derivative Financial Instruments” and Note 25, “Financial Risk Management” in our consolidated financial statements.
88 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
OTHER MARKET RISKS
Inflation Risk
Certain of our operating entities are subject to inflation risk. However, we believe this is offset by the nature of our revenues which are in large part indexed to inflation. For example, our U.K. regulated distribution operations charge retailers’ rates based on the tariff of the distribution utility with which we are interconnected. These tariffs are set on the basis of regulated asset base and escalates with inflation. Our Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation charges tariffs calculated on an inflation adjusted regulatory weighted average cost of capital.
Commodity Risk
Revenues from our Brazilian regulated gas transmission business are adjusted by a multi-factor inflation index that is designed to approximate changes in prices of the underlying components of the replacement cost of our transmission system. Due to the construction of the system, metals, such as aluminum, are a material percentage of replacement cost. Thus, changes in the price of these metals could impact future revenues.
CAPITAL REINVESTMENT
From a treasury management perspective, our company manages its cash reserves with a view to minimizing foreign exchange and administrative costs, as well as enhancing our ability to secure asset level debt financing. While capital is primarily raised at the corporate level to fund the equity component of organic growth capital expenditures, actual funding of projects may be executed by injecting cash into subsidiaries or utilizing operating cash flow generated and retained by our company. Importantly, the physical movement of cash has no relevance on our company’s ability to fund capital expenditures or make distributions.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
Due to the capital-intensive nature of the asset base of our company, ongoing capital investment is required for additions and enhancements, life-cycle maintenance and repair of plant and equipment related to our operations. Our company reviews all capital expenditures and classifies them in one of the two following categories:
•Growth capital expenditures: capital outlays underpinned by incremental revenues that will enhance our company’s returns. These projects are eligible for inclusion in the rate base of our businesses; and
•Maintenance capital expenditures: required capital outlays to maintain the current operating state and reliability of the system while ensuring regulatory and safety requirements are upheld.
We manage separate review and approval processes for each of the two categories of capital expenditures. Growth capital expenditures are underwritten in isolation and must meet our company’s target after-tax equity return threshold of 12-15%. Projects that meet these return targets are presented to the Capital Expenditure Committee which comprises senior personnel of the general partner of the partnership. The committee reviews proposed project plans considering the target returns and funding plans, in addition to analyzing the various execution risks associated with these projects. Once a project receives approval from the Capital Expenditure Committee, it is generally added to the backlog.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 89
Maintenance capital expenditures follow a different, though equally robust process, as failure to make necessary investment to maintain our operations could impair the ability of our company to serve our customer base or continue existing operations. Firstly, the operations teams involved with a particular business performs a detailed review of all planned and proposed maintenance capital expenditures during the annual budgeting process. These plans are reviewed in the context of the businesses’ maintenance capital approach that is agreed upon with the business at the time of acquisition and take into account drivers of performance that include public and worker health and safety, environmental and regulatory compliance, system reliability and integrity. Maintenance capital projects that receive approval at the asset level are then presented to our company’s corporate asset management teams that are responsible for overseeing our company’s operations, and have ample experience in managing the assets. Through an iterative process with the companies’ senior operating executives, the plan is refined through a comprehensive review including prioritization of non-discretionary projects and comparisons to industry benchmarks. Once agreed, maintenance capital expenditure plans are approved and form part of the annual and five-year business plans that are presented to the partnership’s senior executive team. Once approved, these maintenance plans are executed in the following year and performance relative to these plans is closely monitored by both the operations and asset management teams.
In addition to the various levels of internal reviews, our company will engage a reputable, globally recognized engineering services firm annually to perform an independent review of its overall approach to maintenance capital expenditures and detailed capital program. Each year the engineering services firm will review a portion of the portfolio, covering all assets on a rotating basis. For each asset under review in a given year, the engineering services firm will review the historical and forecasted spend against industry standards, regulatory requirements or other benchmarking data, and determine the reasonableness of the maintenance capex program based on the nature of the business and the age and condition of the assets. We have also engaged an accounting firm to review the findings of the report provided by the engineering services firm and to assess the control activities related to our process for compiling the annual sustaining maintenance capital expenditure ranges.
Our group has completed reviews at our U.K. regulated distribution operation, Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation and global intermodal logistics operation within the last five years. The results from the engagements conducted by the firms confirm that our stated ranges of annual sustaining maintenance capital expenditures are reasonable and in-line with industry standard for assets of a similar nature.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.
90 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
BIPC Holdings Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of BIHC, fully and unconditionally guaranteed (i) any unsecured debt securities issued by Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC, Brookfield Infrastructure Finance LLC, Brookfield Infrastructure Finance Limited and Brookfield Infrastructure Finance Pty Ltd., which we refer to collectively as the “Co-Issuers”, in each case as to payment of principal, premium (if any) and interest when and as the same will become due and payable under or in respect of the trust indenture dated October 10, 2012 among the Co-Issuers and Computershare Trust Company of Canada under which such securities are issued, (ii) certain of the partnership’s preferred units, as to payment of distributions when due, the payment of amounts due on redemption and the payment of amounts due on the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership, and (iii) the obligations of Brookfield Infrastructure under its bilateral credit facilities. These arrangements do not have or are not reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors. In addition, BIPC Holdings Inc. guaranteed (i) subordinated debt securities issued by Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC or BIP Bermuda Holdings I Limited on a subordinated basis, as to payment of principal, premium (if any) and interest when and as the same will become due and payable under or in respect of the trust indenture under which such securities are issued, and (ii) the obligations of Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc. under its commercial paper program.
In the normal course of operations, we execute agreements that provide for indemnification and guarantees to third parties in transactions such as business dispositions and acquisitions, construction projects, capital projects, and sales and purchases of assets and services. We have also agreed to indemnify our directors and certain of our officers and employees. The nature of substantially all of the indemnification undertakings prevents us from making a reasonable estimate of the maximum potential amount that we could be required to pay third parties, as many of the agreements do not specify a maximum amount and the amounts are dependent upon the outcome of future contingent events, the nature and likelihood of which cannot be determined at this time. Historically, we have made no significant payments under such indemnification agreements.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 91
TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
The table below outlines our company’s contractual obligations as at December 31, 2024:
|
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|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
US$ MILLIONS |
|
Less than
1 year |
|
1-2 years |
|
2-3 years |
|
3-5 years |
|
5+ years |
|
Total
contractual
cash flows |
| Accounts payable and other liabilities |
|
$ |
697 |
|
|
$ |
5 |
|
|
$ |
6 |
|
|
$ |
7 |
|
|
$ |
7 |
|
|
$ |
722 |
|
| Non-recourse borrowing |
|
781 |
|
|
1,321 |
|
|
698 |
|
|
4,021 |
|
|
5,814 |
|
|
12,635 |
|
| Financial liabilities |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
33 |
|
| Loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
102 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
102 |
|
| Shares classified as financial liability |
|
4,644 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
4,644 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| Interest Expense: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-recourse borrowing |
|
900 |
|
|
834 |
|
|
729 |
|
|
1,123 |
|
|
1,273 |
|
|
4,859 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In addition, pursuant to the Master Services Agreement, on a quarterly basis, we, together with Brookfield Infrastructure, pay a base management fee to the Service Providers equal to 0.3125% (1.25% annually) of the combined market value of our group. Our company pays for, or reimburses the partnership for, our proportionate share of the management fee. For purposes of calculating the base management fee, the market value of our group is equal to the aggregate value of all the outstanding units (assuming full conversion of BN’s limited partnership interests in Holding LP into units), preferred units and securities of the other Service Recipients (including the Exchangeable units and our exchangeable shares, calculated on a fully-diluted basis assuming full conversion of any class A.2 exchangeable shares into exchangeable shares) that are not held by Brookfield Infrastructure, plus all outstanding third-party debt with recourse to a Service Recipient, less all cash held by such entities. The base management fee allocated to our company is estimated to be approximately $67 million per year based on the December 31, 2024 market value of the partnership and our company ($68 million per year based on the December 31, 2023 market value of the partnership and our company).
An integral part of our group’s strategy is to participate with institutional investors in Brookfield-sponsored infrastructure funds that target acquisitions that suit our group’s profile. In the normal course of business, our group will make commitments to Brookfield-sponsored infrastructure funds to participate in these target acquisitions in the future, if and when identified.
92 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
REVIEW OF CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
The following table summarizes the consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:
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|
|
|
|
US$ MILLIONS
Summary Statements of Operating Results
|
For the year ended December 31, |
| 2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Cash from operating activities |
$ |
1,743 |
|
|
$ |
1,059 |
|
|
$ |
893 |
|
| Cash (used by) from investing activities |
(1,110) |
|
|
(3,174) |
|
|
(1,047) |
|
| Cash (used by) from financing activities |
(428) |
|
|
2,183 |
|
|
(4) |
|
2024 vs. 2023
Cash from operating activities
Cash from operating activities totaled $1,743 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $684 million compared to the prior year. Operating cash flows increased primarily due to contributions from the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation and the benefits of inflation indexation and capital commissioned into rate base. These increases were partially offset by an increase in dividends paid on our exchangeable shares, which are presented as interest expense, and an increase in interest paid on non-recourse borrowings.
Cash used by investing activities
Cash used by investing activities was $1,110 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to cash used by investing activities of $3,174 million in the prior year. The investing activities in the current year primarily relate to additional investments in long-lived assets at our U.K. regulated distribution business and our global intermodal logistics operation. Prior year cash used by investing activities primarily related to the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation and investments in long lived assets, partially offset by the sale of our 7.9% interest in an Australian regulated utility.
Cash used by financing activities
Cash used by financing activities was $428 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $2,183 million of cash from financing activities in 2023. Cash used by financing activities in the current year is primarily driven by distributions paid to non-controlling interests, partially offset by incremental borrowings. Cash from financing activities in the prior year was primarily related to funding associated with the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation, partially offset by distributions paid to non-controlling interests.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 93
2023 vs. 2022
Cash from operating activities
Cash from operating activities totaled $1,059 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $166 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Operating cash flows increased primarily due to contributions from the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation and the benefits of inflation indexation and capital commissioned into rate base. These increases were partially offset by an increase in dividends paid on our exchangeable shares, which are presented as interest expense, and an increase in interest paid on non-recourse borrowings.
Cash used by investing activities
Cash used by investing activities was $3,174 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to cash used by investing activities of $1,047 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Cash used by investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily related to the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation and investments in long lived assets, partially offset by the sale of our 7.9% interest in an Australian regulated utility. Cash used by investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to our acquisition of a 7.9% interest in our Australian regulated utility, and investments in long lived and financial assets.
Cash from financing activities
Cash from financing activities was $2,183 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $4 million of cash used by financing activities in 2022. Cash from financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily related to funding associated with the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation, partially offset by distributions paid to non-controlling interests. Cash used by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to a drawdown on our deposit with Brookfield Infrastructure to finance the acquisition of our Australian regulated utility, partially offset by distributions paid to non-controlling interests.
94 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
SHARE CAPITAL
Our company’s equity interests include exchangeable shares held by the public shareholders and class B shares held by Brookfield Infrastructure. Dividends on each of our exchangeable shares are expected to be declared and paid at the same time and in the same amount per share as distributions on each unit of the partnership. Ownership of class B shares entitle holders to receive dividends as and when declared by our board.
As of December 31, 2024, our company’s share capital is comprised of exchangeable shares and class B shares. As part of the Arrangement, BN transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to BIPC in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis, which are exchangeable for exchangeable shares (subject to a restriction that limits the exchange by Brookfield and its subsidiaries of class A.2 exchangeable shares such that exchanges by Brookfield and its subsidiaries may not result in Brookfield and its subsidiaries owning 9.5% of more of the aggregate fair market value of all issued and outstanding shares of our company) or units.
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
As of |
|
|
December 31, 2024 |
|
December 31, 2023 |
Exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares(1),(2) |
|
132,051,909 |
|
|
131,872,066 |
|
Class B shares(3) |
|
31,909 |
|
|
2 |
|
| Class C shares |
|
— |
|
|
11,117,660 |
|
(1)Includes 119,039,120 exchangeable shares (2023: 131,872,066) and 13,012,789 class A.2 exchangeable shares (2023: nil).
(2)Exchangeable shares prior to the Arrangement refer to the exchangeable shares of BIHC, whereas exchangeable shares post the Arrangement refer to the exchangeable shares of BIPC.
(3)Class B shares prior to the Arrangement refer to the BIHC class B shares, whereas class B shares post the Arrangement refer to the BIPC class B shares. As part of the Arrangement, our company issued 31,909 class B shares to Brookfield Infrastructure in exchange for $1 million.
In August 2021, Brookfield Infrastructure acquired a controlling interest in IPL for consideration comprised of cash, exchangeable shares and exchangeable limited partnership units (“BIPC Exchangeable LP Units”) of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation Exchange Limited Partnership (“BIPC Exchange LP”). BIPC Exchange LP is a subsidiary of the partnership and holders of BIPC Exchangeable LP Units have the right to require the partnership to purchase BIPC Exchangeable LP Units and deliver one exchangeable share for each BIPC Exchangeable LP Unit purchased. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our company issued 199,066 exchangeable shares in connection with exchange requests from BIPC Exchange LP unitholders. As of March 20, 2025, our company’s capital structure comprised of 119,022,666 exchangeable shares. There were no further issuances of class B shares since December 31, 2024.
Exchangeable shares are exchangeable at the option of the holder at any time at a price equal to the market price of a unit. Our company has the option to satisfy the exchange either by delivering a unit or the cash equivalent of a unit. Our company intends to settle any exchange requests with units. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our shareholders exchanged 19,223 exchangeable shares for an equal number of units. Class B shares are redeemable for cash in an amount equal to the market price of a unit. There have been no redemptions of class B shares to date. Due to the exchange feature of the exchangeable shares and the cash redemption feature of the class B shares, the exchangeable shares and the class B shares are classified as financial liabilities. However, class B shares, the most subordinated class of all common shares, meet certain qualifying criteria and are presented as equity instruments given the narrow scope presentation exceptions existing in IAS 32.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 95
In September 2023, our company issued 21,094,441 exchangeable shares in connection with the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation. In addition, our company issued 9,013,983 class C shares to Brookfield Infrastructure to partially finance the acquisition.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, our company declared and paid dividends on our exchangeable shares at a rate of $0.4050 per share resulting in total dividends paid of $213 million. Dividends paid on our exchangeable shares are presented as interest expense in our audited consolidated financial statements. No dividends were declared on our class B shares or class C shares during the year.
Our company may from time-to-time, subject to applicable law, purchase exchangeable shares for cancellation in the open market, provided that any necessary approval has been obtained.
In November 2024, we announced that the TSX accepted a notice filed by our company of its intention to renew its normal course issuer bid to repurchase outstanding exchangeable shares. Please refer to Item 16E “Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchaser” for further details.
PRICE RANGE AND TRADING VOLUME OF LISTED UNITS
The units are listed and posted for trading on the TSX under the symbol “BIP.UN”. The following table sets forth the price ranges (after accounting for the effect of special distribution) and trading volumes of the units as reported by the TSX for the periods indicated, in Canadian dollars:
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
Units |
|
High (C$) |
|
Low (C$) |
|
Volume |
| 2024 |
|
|
|
|
|
| January 1, 2024 - March 31, 2024 |
43.09 |
|
37.54 |
|
28,068,653 |
|
| April 1, 2024 - June 30, 2024 |
41.98 |
|
34.61 |
|
35,483,118 |
|
| July 1, 2024 - September 30, 2024 |
47.63 |
|
38.02 |
|
31,098,913 |
|
| October 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024 |
50.28 |
|
43.95 |
|
24,660,757 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2023 |
|
|
|
|
|
| January 1, 2023 - March 31, 2023 |
48.12 |
|
42.91 |
|
24,027,799 |
|
| April 1, 2023 - June 30, 2023 |
50.09 |
|
45.05 |
|
17,739,905 |
|
| July 1, 2023 - September 30, 2023 |
48.71 |
|
39.39 |
|
24,196,988 |
|
| October 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023 |
42.03 |
|
29.65 |
|
35,356,692 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
The units are listed and posted for trading on the NYSE under the symbol “BIP”. The following table sets forth the price ranges and trading volumes of the units as reported by the NYSE for the periods indicated, in U.S. dollars:
96 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Units |
|
High ($) |
|
Low ($) |
|
Volume |
| 2024 |
|
|
|
|
|
| January 1, 2024 - March 31, 2024 |
31.95 |
|
27.64 |
|
31,192,792 |
|
| April 1, 2024 - June 30, 2024 |
30.75 |
|
25.05 |
|
29,357,547 |
|
| July 1, 2024 - September 30, 2024 |
35.19 |
|
27.14 |
|
24,284,595 |
|
| October 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024 |
36.42 |
|
30.42 |
|
21,892,473 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2023 |
|
|
|
|
|
| January 1, 2023 - March 31, 2023 |
36.03 |
|
31.32 |
|
23,218,111 |
|
| April 1, 2023 - June 30, 2023 |
37.07 |
|
33.48 |
|
21,498,725 |
|
| July 1, 2023 - September 30, 2023 |
36.72 |
|
29.16 |
|
21,282,609 |
|
| October 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023 |
31.84 |
|
21.39 |
|
54,495,963 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
5.C RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC.
Not applicable.
5.D TREND INFORMATION
We seek to increase the cash flows from our operations through acquisitions and organic growth opportunities as described below. In particular, we focus on consortiums and partnerships where Brookfield has sufficient influence or control to deploy our operations oriented approach and Brookfield has a strong track record of leading such transactions, which provides the opportunity to expand cash flows through acquisitions. Our beliefs as to the opportunities for our company to increase cash flows through acquisitions and organic growth are based on assumptions about our company and markets that management believes are reasonable in the circumstances. There can be no assurance as to growth in our cash flows, or capital deployed for acquisitions or organic growth. See “Forward-Looking Statements” in the forepart of this annual report on Form 20-F.
We believe our global scale and best-in-class operating groups provide us with a unique competitive advantage as we are able to efficiently allocate capital around the world toward those sectors and geographies where we see the greatest returns. We actively recycle assets on our balance sheet as they mature and reinvest the proceeds into higher yielding investment strategies, further enhancing returns.
Capital recycling has been a critical component of our full-cycle investment strategy and is important to our company for the following reasons:
•Key value creation lever - most infrastructure assets reach a maturity point, where the pace of capital appreciation or same-store growth levels out. Capital appreciation is maximized in periods where there are operational improvements, increased capacity utilization and capital expansion. Absent these factors, we would generally consider these assets to have mature income streams. At this point we will look to sell them at attractive returns and redeploy the proceeds into new income streams that will earn our 12-15% target returns.
•Alternative source of capital - we sometimes issue equity to fund growth, however capital markets are not always available and thus capital recycling becomes an important alternative source of funding. We believe that capital recycling allows us to be more strategic and focus on selling bond-like businesses at a very low discount rate, while potentially increasing returns to shareholders by avoiding dilution on our high-growth businesses.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 97
•Institutes capital discipline - to us, it is imperative that businesses are sold to maximize proceeds, not when cash is needed as selling under duress almost never optimizes value. While our approach may result in periods where we have substantial liquidity that results in a short-term drag on results, as long-term investors, we believe it is the best way to create value over the long run.
Notwithstanding the benefits for our business, expectations of quantitative tightening and a rising interest rate environment have recently caused significant stock market volatility. This volatility has been most pronounced in the technology sector, where we have seen a large pullback in valuations to start the year. Although we expect our unit price to move with broader market sentiment, we believe the underlying value of our privately owned infrastructure assets will be less impacted. We expect that private buyers of infrastructure assets, especially those for high-quality, de-risked essential infrastructure, take a longer-term view and are less influenced by short-term economic conditions or sentiment.
5.E CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make significant judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources, during the reporting period. These estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.
Significant judgments and estimates made by management and utilized in the normal course of preparing our company’s consolidated financial statements, which we consider to be critical, are outlined below.
Revaluation of property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment is revalued on a regular basis. The critical estimates and assumptions underlying the valuation of property, plant and equipment are set out in Note 9, “Property, Plant and Equipment” in our financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F. Our company’s property, plant, and equipment is measured at fair value on a recurring basis with an effective date of revaluation for all asset classes of December 31. Our company determined fair value under the income method with due consideration to significant inputs such as the discount rate, terminal value multiple and overall investment horizon.
98 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Recently adopted accounting standards
Our company applied new and revised standards issued by the IASB which are applicable to our company beginning on or after January 1, 2024. The impact of these amendments on our company’s accounting policies are as follows:
International Tax Reform – Pillar Two Model Rules (Amendments to IAS 12)
The company operates in countries, including Canada, which have enacted new legislation to implement the global minimum top-up tax, effective from January 1, 2024. The company has applied a temporary mandatory relief from recognizing and disclosing deferred taxes in connection with the global minimum top-up tax and will account for it as a current tax when it is incurred. There is no material current tax impact for year ended December 31, 2024. The global minimum top-up tax is not anticipated to have a significant impact on the financial position of the company.
Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current (Amendments to IAS 1)
The amendments to IAS 1 clarify how to classify debt and other liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments are applied retrospectively for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024, and has been adopted as of this date. The amendment did not have a material impact on the financial position of our company.
Future accounting policies
The following are accounting policies issued that our company expects to adopt in the future:
IAS 18 - Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements (“IFRS 18”)
In April 2024, the IASB issued IFRS 18, Presentation and Disclosure of Financial Statements. IFRS 18 is effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2027, with early adoption permitted. IFRS 18 is expected to improve the quality of financial reporting by requiring defined subtotals in the statement of profit or loss, requiring disclosure about management-defined performance measures, and adding new principles for aggregation and disaggregation of information. Our company is in the process of determining the impact of the amendments on its consolidated financial statements.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 99
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
6.A DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT
The Board of Directors
The following table presents certain information concerning the current board of directors of our company as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F:
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name and Municipality of Residence(1) |
|
Age |
|
Position |
|
Principal Occupation |
|
Anne Schaumburg(3)
Short Hills, New Jersey
|
|
75 |
|
Chair |
|
Director |
|
Jeffrey Blidner
Toronto, Canada
|
|
77 |
|
Director |
|
Vice Chair of BN |
|
William Cox(2)
Pembroke, Bermuda
|
|
62 |
|
Director |
|
Business Executive |
|
Roslyn Kelly(3)
London, United Kingdom
|
|
52 |
|
Director |
|
Investment Manager |
|
John Mullen(2),(4)
Sydney, Australia
|
|
69 |
|
Director |
|
Director |
|
Daniel Muñiz Quintanilla(3)
Madrid, Spain
|
|
51 |
|
Director |
|
Director |
|
Suzanne Nimocks(2)
Houston, Texas
|
|
66 |
|
Director |
|
Director |
Rajeev Vasudeva
London, United Kingdom |
|
65 |
|
Director |
|
Senior Advisor of Egon Zehnder |
|
Malcolm Cockwell(5)
Ontario, Canada
|
|
37 |
|
Director |
|
Director |
(1)The business address for each of the directors is 250 Vesey Street, 15th Floor, New York NY 10281.
(2)Member of the nominating and governance committee. William Cox is the chair of the nominating and governance committee
(3)Member of the audit committee. Daniel Muñiz Quintanilla is the chair of the audit committee and is our audit committee financial expert. Our audit committee consists solely of independent directors, each of whom are persons determined by our company to be financially literate within the meaning of National Instrument 52-110 – Audit Committees. Each of the audit committee members has the ability to read and understand a set of financial statements that present a breadth and level of complexity of accounting issues that are generally comparable to the breadth and complexity of the issues that can reasonably be expected to be raised by our company’s financial statements.
(4)Serves as the non-overlapping board member of our company to assist us with, among other things, resolving any conflicts of interest that may arise from our relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure. Mr. Mullen served on the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership from May 6, 2021 until he resigned from such board of directors on August 2, 2022.
(5)Malcolm Cockwell was appointed as a director of our company effective as of January 30, 2025.
100 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Anne Schaumburg. Anne has served as a director of our board and Chair since the completion of the special distribution and as a director of the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership since November 3, 2008, including serving as Chair since February 2020. Anne is also a director of BWS, and is Chair of its Compensation Committee and a member of its Audit Committee and Governance & Nominating Committee. She was previously a member of the board of directors of NRG Energy, Inc., an integrated power generation and consumer products company listed on NYSE. During her 18-year tenure at NRG Energy, Inc., Anne also served as Chair of the Audit Committee, Chair of the Finance Committee and was a member of the Risk Committee, the Compensation Committee and the Nuclear Oversight Committee. From 1984 until her retirement in 2002, Anne was a Managing Director and senior banker in the Global Energy Group of Credit Suisse First Boston. Anne has worked in the investment banking industry for 28 years specializing in the power sector. Anne ran Credit Suisse’s Power Group from 1994 to 1999, prior to its consolidation with Natural Resources and Project Finance, where she was responsible for assisting clients on advisory and finance assignments. Her transaction expertise, across the spectrum of utility and unregulated power, includes mergers and acquisitions, debt and equity capital market financings, project finance and leasing, utility disaggregation and privatizations. Anne is a graduate of the City University of New York.
Jeffrey Blidner. Jeffrey has served as a director of our board since the completion of the special distribution and as a director of the general partner of the partnership since 2010. Jeffrey is Vice Chair and a director of BN and former Chief Executive Officer of Brookfield’s Private Funds Group. Jeffrey is Chair of the general partner of Brookfield Renewable Partners L.P. and Brookfield Renewable Corporation and Chair of the general partner of Brookfield Property Partners L.P.. He also serves as a director of the general partner of Brookfield Business Partners L.P. and Brookfield Business Corporation and BIPC. Prior to joining Brookfield in 2000, Jeffrey was a senior partner at a Canadian law firm. Jeffrey’s practice focused on merchant banking transactions, public offerings, mergers and acquisitions, management buy-outs and private equity transactions. Jeffrey received his LLB from Osgoode Hall Law School and was called to the Bar in Ontario as a Gold Medalist. Jeffrey is not considered an independent director because of his role at Brookfield.
William Cox. William has served as a director of our board since completion of the special distribution and as a director of the general partner of the partnership since November 3, 2016. He is also a director of BWS and is chair of its Governance & Nominating Committee and a member of its Audit Committee and Compensation Committee. William is the President and Chairman of Waterloo Properties in Bermuda; a fifth generation family owned business which operates real estate and retail investment companies in Bermuda. He has developed large scale, commercial projects in Bermuda and operates a successful group of retail operations. William graduated from Saltus Grammar School, where he served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees and completed his education at Lynchburg College in Virginia.
Roslyn Kelly. Roslyn has served as a director of our board since completion of the special distribution and as a director of the general partner of the partnership since February 7, 2020. She manages the family office of Lance Uggla, the current CEO of IHS Markit. Roslyn has held various investment banking and portfolio management roles throughout her career with several large global financial institutions, and most recently was a senior managing director in Mediobanca’s Alternative Asset Management Group, based in London. Roslyn holds a BBS in Finance from Trinity College, Dublin and an MBA from Georgetown University, McDonaugh School of Business.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 101
John Mullen. John was appointed as a director of our company on May 5, 2021. John is a professional director and has extensive international transportation and logistics experience with more than two decades in senior positions with multinationals including most recently as Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Asciano Ltd from 2011 to 2016. His experience includes 10 years with the TNT Group – two years of those as its Chief Operating Officer. From 1991 to 1994, he held the position of Chief Executive Officer of TNT Express Worldwide. John joined Deutsche Post DHL Group in 1994, becoming Chief Executive Officer of DHL Express Asia Pacific in 2002 and joint Chief Executive Officer, DHL Express in 2005. He was then Global Chief Executive Officer, DHL Express, from 2006 to 2009. John is Chairman of Brambles, Chairman of Qantas, Chairman of Treasury Wines and Chairman of Scyne Advisory. Until recently, John was a non-executive Director and Chairman of Telstra, an Australian telecommunications and media company, and was the Chairman of Toll Group, a transport and logistics company owned by Japan Post. John holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Surrey in the U.K., is also a member of the Australian Graduate School of Management and a Councillor of the Australian National Maritime Museum.
Daniel Muñiz Quintanilla. Daniel has served as a director of our board since completion of the special distribution and as a director of the general partner of the partnership since August 1, 2019. He is a seasoned business executive who has held senior positions with multinational mining and infrastructure companies for over a decade. Most recently, he was Managing Director and Executive Vice President of Americas Mining Corporation, the holding company of the Mining Division of Grupo Mexico, S.A.B. de C.V. He served as a member of the Board of Directors and was the Executive Vice President of Southern Copper Corporation, a subsidiary of Americas Mining Corporation, where he led several successful mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and other similar transactions. He has also held the roles of Executive President and Chief Executive Officer of Industrial Minera Mexico S.A. de C.V., the Underground Mining Division of Grupo Mexico, and Chief Financial Officer of Grupo Mexico. Daniel holds a LLM from Georgetown University and a MBA from Instituto de Empresa, Madrid, Spain.
Suzanne Nimocks. Suzanne Nimocks has served as a director of our board and as a director of the general partner of the partnership since August 2, 2022. Suzanne serves as a member of the board of directors of Ovintiv Inc., a leading North American energy producer, and is Lead Independent Director for Owens Corning, a global building and construction materials leader. She is a former director for Arcelor Mittal and Valaris plc. and was formerly a Senior Partner of McKinsey & Company where she was a leader in the firm’s global organization, risk management and electric power, natural gas and renewables practices. Suzanne holds a BA from Tufts University, Medford, USA and a MBA from Harvard University.
Rajeev Vasudeva. Rajeev has served as a director of the general partner of the partnership since August 1, 2019. Rajeev also serves as a director of our board. He has advised global organizations on appointing, assessing and developing leaders over the last two decades. He had a 25-year career with Egon Zehnder, the global leadership advisory firm, as a Partner in the India and U.K., culminating in his appointment as the Chief Executive Officer of the firm for five years from 2014-2019. Prior to being appointed CEO, he was the Partner-in-charge for global operations, technology and financial performance. His consulting engagements were primarily focused on serving clients in the Telecom and Technology sector. During his initial career, he worked as a management consultant with Price Waterhouse and Touche Ross in India and the U.S. Rajeev currently serves on the board of Sofina, an investment holding company listed on the Brussels stock exchange, and the board of Pidilite Industries Ltd., a specialty chemicals company, listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and is a member of the Nomination and Remuneration Committee. Rajeev is a qualified Chartered Accountant and lawyer and holds an MBA from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
102 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Malcolm Cockwell. Malcolm has served as a director of the general partner of the partnership and our company since January 30, 2025. Malcolm is the Chairman of Acadian Timber Corp., one of the largest timberland owners in Eastern Canada and the Northeastern U.S., as well as Haliburton Forest, one of the largest timberland owners and hardwood lumber producers in Ontario. He is a Registered Professional Forester, and holds a PhD in forestry from the University of Toronto. Malcolm also serves as Chair of Forests Canada and as a director of GreenGold Group AB, a Swedish timberland company with holdings across Europe.
Our Management
Our company and the general partner of the partnership do not employ any of the individuals who carry out the management and activities of our business, other than employees of our operating subsidiaries. Instead, members of Brookfield’s senior management are drawn upon to fulfill the Service Providers’ obligations to provide us with management services under the Master Services Agreement. Brookfield currently has more than 250,000 operating employees and approximately 1,400 investment professionals, worldwide. Our operating subsidiaries currently employ approximately 2,684 individuals globally. The following table presents certain information concerning the core senior management team that is principally responsible for our operations and their positions with the Service Providers as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F:
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| Name |
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Age |
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Years of Experience in
relevant industry or role |
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Years at Brookfield |
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Current Position with the
Service Providers |
| Sam Pollock |
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58 |
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35 |
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30 |
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Chief Executive Officer |
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| David Krant |
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38 |
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17 |
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13 |
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Chief Financial Officer |
| Ben Vaughan |
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53 |
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27 |
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24 |
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Chief Operating Officer |
| Aaron Kline |
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45 |
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22 |
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16 |
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Managing Partner |
| Michael Ryan |
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53 |
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26 |
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15 |
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Managing Director and General Counsel |
Each of the members of this team has substantial deal origination and execution expertise, having put together numerous consortiums, partnerships and joint ventures for large complex transactions. Members of this team have also been integral in building and developing Brookfield’s utilities, transport, midstream and data operations. Set forth below is biographical information for Messrs. Pollock, Krant, Vaughan, Kline and Ryan:
Sam Pollock. Sam is a Managing Partner of BAM and Chief Executive Officer of the Service Providers. Sam has also been a director of TWC Enterprises since 2008. Since 2006, Sam has led Brookfield’s expansion into the infrastructure sector and is responsible for the formulation and execution of the operating and investment strategy for Brookfield’s infrastructure business. Sam joined BN in 1994 and, prior to his current role, was broadly responsible for Brookfield’s investment initiatives acting as BN’s Chief Investment Officer. Sam is a Chartered Professional Accountant and holds a business degree from Queen’s University.
David Krant. David was appointed to the role of Chief Financial Officer of the Service Providers, effective March 1, 2021. David has been with the Brookfield organization since 2012 and with our group since 2015. In this time, he has performed a number of critical roles in a finance and operations capacity. Prior to joining Brookfield, David was in the Assurance and Advisory group at a global public accounting firm. David holds a CPA, CA designation and a Bachelor of Commerce (Hons) degree in finance and accounting, from the School of Business and Economics at Wilfrid Laurier University.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 103
Ben Vaughan. Ben is a Managing Partner of BAM and Chief Operating Officer of the Service Providers. Since joining Brookfield in 2001, Ben has helped achieve a track record of driving value in its portfolio companies through growth initiatives, increasing cash flows and mitigating risks. Prior to his current role, Ben held a series of executive positions within Brookfield’s Renewable Group, helping grow the business through organic development projects and building a scalable commercial and operating platform. In addition to his role in the renewable power business, Ben has lived in Brazil and played a key role in Brookfield’s investment activities across South America. Ben holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Queen’s University in Canada and is a Chartered Professional Accountant. He currently serves on several public and private portfolio company boards.
Aaron Kline. Aaron is a Managing Partner of BAM and an officer of the Service Providers. Aaron has oversight responsibility for our group’s corporate operations including leading the global tax function. Aaron joined Brookfield in 2009 and has held his current role since 2016. Prior to joining Brookfield, Aaron was with a global public accounting firm. Aaron holds a Bachelor of Business Administration from York University and is a Chartered Professional Accountant.
Michael Ryan. Michael is a Managing Director and General Counsel of Brookfield Infrastructure and Corporate Secretary of the company. Michael joined Brookfield in 2010, following Brookfield’s acquisition of an Australian listed company where he served as General Counsel and Company Secretary since 2004. Prior to this role, he was an Associate at a large law firm. Michael holds degrees in International Business and Law from Griffith University. He also holds a Graduate Diploma in Applied Finance from the Securities Institute of Australia.
See also information contained in this annual report on Form 20-F under Item 6.C “Board Practices,” Item 3.D “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to our Relationship with Brookfield,” Item 6.A “Directors and Senior Management” and Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions.”
Our Master Services Agreement
Our company, like Brookfield Infrastructure, is externally managed by the Service Providers pursuant to the Master Services Agreement. There was no increase to the base management fee and incentive distribution fees paid by Brookfield Infrastructure to the Service Providers following the completion of the special distribution, though our company is responsible for paying, or reimbursing Brookfield Infrastructure for, our proportionate share of the base management fee. Our company’s proportionate share of the base management fee is calculated on the basis of the weighted average number of exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares outstanding relative to units.
The following is a summary of certain provisions of the Master Services Agreement and is qualified in its entirety by reference to all of the provisions of the agreement. Because this description is only a summary of the Master Services Agreement, it does not necessarily contain all of the information that you may find useful. We therefore urge you to review the Master Services Agreement in its entirety. The Master Services Agreement is available electronically on EDGAR on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca.
Appointment of the Service Providers and Services Rendered
Under the Master Services Agreement, the Service Recipients have appointed the Service Providers, as the service providers, to provide the following services, or arrange for their provision by an appropriate service provider:
•causing or supervising the carrying out of all day-to-day management, secretarial, accounting, banking, treasury, administrative, liaison, representative, regulatory and reporting functions and obligations;
104 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
•establishing and maintaining or supervising the establishment and maintenance of books and records;
•identifying, evaluating and recommending to the Service Recipients acquisitions or dispositions from time-to-time and, where requested to do so, assisting in negotiating the terms of such acquisitions or dispositions;
•recommending and, where requested to do so, assisting in the raising of funds whether by way of debt, equity or otherwise, including the preparation, review or distribution of any prospectus or offering memorandum in respect thereof and assisting with communications support in connection therewith;
•recommending to the Service Recipients suitable candidates to serve on the boards of directors or their equivalents of the operating entities;
•making recommendations with respect to the exercise of any voting rights to which the Service Recipients are entitled in respect of the operating entities;
•making recommendations with respect to the payment of dividends or other distributions by the Service Recipients, including dividends by our company to shareholders;
•monitoring and/or oversight of the applicable Service Recipient’s accountants, legal counsel and other accounting, financial or legal advisors and technical, commercial, marketing and other independent experts, and managing litigation in which a Service Recipient is sued or commencing litigation after consulting with, and subject to the approval of, the relevant board of directors or its equivalent;
•attending to all matters necessary for any reorganization, bankruptcy proceedings, dissolution or winding up of a Service Recipient, subject to approval by the relevant board of directors or its equivalent;
•supervising the timely calculation and payment of taxes payable, and the filing of all tax returns due, by each Service Recipient;
•causing the Service Recipients’ annual consolidated financial statements and quarterly interim financial statements to be: (i) prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles or other applicable accounting principles for review and audit at least to such extent and with such frequency as may be required by law or regulation; and (ii) submitted to the relevant board of directors or its equivalent for its prior approval;
•making recommendations in relation to and effecting the entry into insurance of each Service Recipient’s assets, together with other insurances against other risks, including directors and officers insurance as the relevant service provider and the relevant board of directors or its equivalent may from time to time agree;
•arranging for individuals to carry out the functions of principal executive, accounting and financial officers for our group only for purposes of applicable securities laws;
•providing individuals to act as senior officers of Service Recipients as agreed from time-to-time, subject to the approval of the relevant board of directors or its equivalent;
•advising the Service Recipients regarding the maintenance of compliance with applicable laws and other obligations; and
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 105
•providing all such other services as may from time-to-time be agreed with the Service Recipients that are reasonably related to the Service Recipient’s day-to-day operations.
Notwithstanding the foregoing all investment advisory services (as defined in the Master Services Agreement) must be provided solely to the Holding LP.
The Service Providers’ activities are subject to the supervision of the board of directors or equivalent governing body of each of the Service Recipients, as applicable. The relevant governing body remains responsible for all investment and divestment decisions made by the Service Recipient.
Any Service Provider may, from time to time, appoint an affiliate of Brookfield to act as a new Service Provider under the Master Services Agreement, effective upon the execution of a joinder agreement by the new Service Provider.
Management Fee
Pursuant to the Master Services Agreement, on a quarterly basis, Brookfield Infrastructure, together with our company, pay a base management fee to the Service Providers equal to 0.3125% (1.25% annually) of the combined market value of our group. We are responsible for paying, or reimbursing Brookfield Infrastructure for, our proportionate share of such fee. The amount attributable to our company is based on the weighted average number of exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares outstanding relative to units. For the purposes of calculating the base management fee, the market value of our group is equal to the aggregate value of all outstanding units (assuming full conversion of Brookfield’s limited partnership interests in Holding LP into units), preferred units and securities of the other Service Recipients (including the Exchangeable units and our exchangeable shares, calculated on a fully-diluted basis assuming full conversion of any class A.2 exchangeable shares into exchangeable shares) that are not held by Brookfield Infrastructure, plus all outstanding third party debt with recourse to a Service Recipient, less all cash held by such entities. Brookfield Infrastructure Special LP, a subsidiary of Brookfield, also receives incentive distributions based on the amount by which quarterly distributions on Holding LP units (other than Holding LP Class A Preferred Units), as well as economically equivalent securities of the other Service Recipients, including our company, exceed specified target levels as set forth in Holding LP’s limited partnership agreement, which specified target levels were amended in connection with the special distribution.
The table below sets forth the management fees for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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For the year ended December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
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2024 |
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2023 |
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2022 |
| Base management fee |
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$ |
67 |
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$ |
63 |
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$ |
63 |
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To the extent that under any other arrangement we are obligated to pay a base management fee (directly or indirectly through an equivalent arrangement) to the Service Providers (or any affiliate) on a portion of our capital that is comparable to the base management fee, the base management fee payable for each quarter in respect thereof will be reduced on a dollar for dollar basis by our proportionate share of the comparable base management fee (or equivalent amount) under such other arrangement for that quarter. The base management fee will not be reduced by the amount of any incentive distribution payable by any Service Recipient or operating entity to the Service Providers (or any other affiliate) (for which there is a separate credit mechanism under the Holding LP’s limited partnership agreement), or any other fees that are payable by any operating entity to Brookfield for financial advisory, operations and maintenance, development, operations management and other services. See Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions—Other Services” and Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions—Incentive Distributions.”
106 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Reimbursement of Expenses and Certain Taxes
The Service Recipients, including our company, also reimburse the Service Providers for any out-of-pocket fees, costs and expenses incurred in the provision of the management and administration services. However, the Service Recipients are not required to reimburse the Service Providers for the salaries and other remuneration of their management, personnel or support staff who carry out any services or functions for such Service Recipients or overhead for such persons.
The relevant Service Recipient is required to pay the Service Providers all other out-of-pocket fees, costs and expenses incurred in connection with the provision of the services including those of any third party and to reimburse the Service Providers for any such fees, costs and expenses. Such out-of-pocket fees, costs and expenses include, among other things, (i) fees, costs and expenses relating to any debt or equity financing; (ii) out-of-pocket fees, costs and expenses incurred in connection with the general administration of any Service Recipient; (iii) taxes, licenses and other statutory fees or penalties levied against or in respect of a Service Recipient; (iv) amounts owed under indemnification, contribution or similar arrangements; (v) fees, costs and expenses relating to our financial reporting, regulatory filings and investor relations and the fees, costs and expenses of agents, advisors and other persons who provide services to or on behalf of a Service Recipient; and (vi) any other fees, costs and expenses incurred by the Service Providers that are reasonably necessary for the performance by the Service Providers of their duties and functions under the Master Services Agreement.
In addition, the Service Recipients are required to pay all fees, costs and expenses incurred in connection with the investigation, acquisition, holding or disposal of any acquisition that is made or that is proposed to be made by us. Where the acquisition or proposed acquisition involves a joint acquisition that is made alongside one or more other persons, the Service Providers will be required to allocate such fees, costs and expenses in proportion to the notional amount of the acquisition made (or that would have been made in the case of an unconsummated acquisition) among all joint investors. Such additional fees, expenses and costs represent out-of-pocket costs associated with investment activities that are undertaken pursuant to the Master Services Agreement.
The Service Recipients are also required to pay or reimburse the Service Providers for all sales, use, value added, withholding or other taxes or customs duties or other governmental charges levied or imposed by reason of the Master Services Agreement or any agreement it contemplates, other than income taxes, corporation taxes, capital taxes or other similar taxes payable by the Service Providers, which are personal to the Service Providers.
Termination
The Master Services Agreement has no fixed term. However, the Service Recipients may terminate the Master Services Agreement upon 30 days’ prior written notice of termination from the partnership’s general partner to the Service Providers if any of the following occurs:
•the Service Providers default in the performance or observance of any material term, condition or covenant contained in the agreement in a manner that results in material harm to the Service Recipients and the default continues unremedied for a period of 30 days after written notice of the breach is given to the Service Providers;
•the Service Providers engage in any act of fraud, misappropriation of funds or embezzlement against any Service Recipient that results in material harm to the Service Recipients;
•the Service Providers are grossly negligent in the performance of its duties under the agreement and such negligence results in material harm to the Service Recipients; or
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 107
•certain events relating to the bankruptcy or insolvency of the Service Providers.
The Service Recipients have no right to terminate for any other reason, including if the Service Providers or Brookfield experience a change of control. The Master Services Agreement may only be terminated with the prior unanimous approval of the partnership’s general partner’s independent directors. The Master Services Agreement expressly provides that the agreement may not be terminated by the partnership’s general partner due solely to the poor performance or the underperformance of any of our group’s operations.
The Service Providers may terminate the Master Services Agreement upon 30 days’ prior written notice of termination to the partnership’s general partner if any Service Recipient defaults in the performance or observance of any material term, condition or covenant contained in the agreement in a manner that results in material harm and the default continues unremedied for a period of 30 days after written notice of the breach is given to the Service Recipient. The Service Providers may also terminate the Master Services Agreement upon the occurrence of certain events relating to the bankruptcy or insolvency of our company.
If the Master Services Agreement is terminated, the Licensing Agreement, the Relationship Agreement and any of Brookfield’s obligations under the Relationship Agreement would also terminate. See Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Licensing Agreement” and Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Relationship Agreement” for further details.
Indemnification and Limitations on Liability
Under the Master Services Agreement, the Service Providers have not assumed and will not assume any responsibility other than to provide or arrange for the provision of the services called for thereunder in good faith and will not be responsible for any action that the Service Recipients take in following or declining to follow the advice or recommendations of the Service Providers. The maximum amount of the aggregate liability of the Service Providers or any of their affiliates, or of any director, officer, employee, contractor, agent, advisor or other representative of the Service Providers or any of their affiliates, will be equal to the base management fee previously paid by the Service Recipients in the two most recent calendar years pursuant to the Master Services Agreement. The Service Recipients have also agreed to indemnify each of the Service Providers, Brookfield and their directors, officers, agents, members, partners, shareholders and employees to the fullest extent permitted by law from and against any claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses (including legal fees) incurred by an indemnified person or threatened in connection with our respective businesses, investments and activities or in respect of or arising from the Master Services Agreement or the services provided by the Service Providers, except to the extent that the claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the indemnified person’s bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful. In addition, under the Master Services Agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the indemnified persons will not be liable to the Service Recipients except for conduct that involved bad faith, fraud, willful misconduct, gross negligence or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful.
Outside Activities
The Master Services Agreement does not prohibit the Service Providers or their affiliates from pursuing other business activities or providing services to third parties that compete directly or indirectly with us.
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6.B COMPENSATION
Compensation
Except for the sole non-overlapping director, the directors of our company also serve as directors of the general partner of the partnership. For the year ended December 31, 2024, each overlapping director received an annual retainer of $15,000 for their service on our company’s board and committees, and reimbursement of expenses incurred in attending meetings. In addition, those directors received an annual retainer of $150,000 for serving on the board of the general partner of the partnership. The chairperson of the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership was paid an additional amount of $50,000 for serving in this role, making the chairperson’s total remuneration for the 2024 fiscal year $215,000 (excluding fees paid for serving on any committee of the partnership or BIPC). The members of the audit committee received an additional $10,000 per year for serving in such positions. The chair of the audit committee received $20,000 for serving as the chair of the audit committee of the general partner of the partnership (no additional amount is paid for serving as our audit committee chair), making the audit committee chairperson’s total remuneration for the 2024 fiscal year $195,000. In addition, effective January 1, 2024, the directors of our company who regularly reside outside Bermuda and the east coast of North America will also receive an additional annual stipend of $15,000. This payment recognizes the time it takes these directors to travel long distances to attend all regularly scheduled meetings and is in addition to reimbursement for travel and other out-of-pocket expenses. To the extent the director also serves as a director of the general partner of the partnership, such director will receive this annual stipend from the general partner of the partnership only, and where the director also serves on the board of directors of another publicly traded entity managed by Brookfield (other than the partnership) that holds the majority of its meetings in Bermuda, this annual stipend will be split evenly between our company and the other Brookfield-managed entity. Directors who are not independent, including due to their employment or relationship with Brookfield, received no fees for their services on the board of our company or the general partner of the partnership.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the non-overlapping director who did not serve as a director of the general partner of the partnership received an annual retainer of $165,000 for his service on our company’s board and committees, and reimbursement of expenses incurred in attending meetings.
In coordination with the partnership, the nominating and governance committee periodically reviews board compensation in relation to its peers and other similarly-sized companies and is responsible for approving changes in compensation for non-employee directors.
Our company does not have any employees, other than employees of our operating subsidiaries. Our operating subsidiaries currently employ approximately 2,684 individuals globally. We have entered into a Master Services Agreement with the Service Providers pursuant to which the Service Providers provide or arrange for other service providers to provide day-to-day management and administrative services for our company and the other Service Recipients.
Members of Brookfield’s senior management and other individuals from Brookfield’s global affiliates are drawn upon to fulfill obligations under the Master Service Agreement. However, these individuals are not compensated by our company. Instead, they are compensated by Brookfield.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 109
6.C BOARD PRACTICES
Board Structure, Practices and Committees
The structure, practices and committees of our company’s board of directors, including matters relating to the size, independence and composition of the board of directors, the election and removal of directors, requirements relating to board action and the powers delegated to board committees, are governed by our company’s articles. Our company’s board is responsible for exercising the management, control, power and authority of our company except as required by applicable law or the articles. The following is a summary of certain provisions of those articles and policies that affect our company’s governance.
Size, Independence and Composition of the Board of Directors
Our board of directors is currently set at nine directors. Our board may consist of between three (3) and eleven (11) directors or such other number of directors as may be determined from time-to-time by a resolution of our company’s shareholders and subject to its articles. At least three (3) directors and at least a majority of the directors holding office must be independent of our company and Brookfield, as determined by the full board of directors using the standards for independence established by the NYSE. Our board mirrors the board of the general partner of the partnership, except that there is one additional non-overlapping board member who assists us with, among other things, resolving any conflicts of interest that may arise from our relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure. John Mullen is currently serving as the non-overlapping member of our board of directors. Mr. Mullen served on the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership since May 6, 2021 and resigned from such board on August 2, 2022.
If the death, resignation or removal of an independent director results in the board of directors consisting of less than a majority of independent directors, the vacancy must be filled promptly. Pending the filling of such vacancy, the board of directors may temporarily consist of less than a majority of independent directors and those directors who do not meet the standards for independence may continue to hold office.
Election and Removal of Directors
Our company’s board is appointed by its shareholders and each of its current directors will serve until the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of our company or his or her death, resignation or removal from office, whichever occurs first. Vacancies on the board of directors may be filled and additional directors may be added by a resolution of our company’s shareholders or a vote of the directors then in office. A director may be removed from office by a resolution duly passed by our company’s shareholders or, if the director has been absent without leave from three consecutive meetings of the board of directors, by a written resolution requesting resignation signed by all other directors then holding office. A director will be automatically removed from the board of directors if he or she becomes bankrupt, insolvent or suspends payments to his or her creditors or becomes prohibited by law from acting as a director. Brookfield Infrastructure, through its ownership of class B shares, has a 75% voting interest in our company and is able to control the election and removal of directors serving on our board. See Item 3.D “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Relationship with Brookfield — Brookfield exercises substantial influence over our group and we are highly dependent on the Service Providers”.
110 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Term Limits and Board Renewal
Our nominating and governance committee reviews and assesses the qualifications of candidates to join our board with the goal, among other things, of reflecting a balance between the experience that comes with longevity of service on our board and the need for renewal and fresh perspectives.
Our board does not have a mandatory age for the retirement of directors and there are no term limits nor any other mechanisms in place that operate to compel board turnover. While we believe that mandatory retirement ages, director term limits and other board turnover mechanisms are overly prescriptive, periodically adding new voices to our board can help us adapt to a changing business environment.
As such, the nominating and governance committee reviews the composition of our board on a regular basis in relation to approved director criteria and skill requirements and recommends changes as appropriate.
Board of Directors, Committees and Director Evaluation
Our board believes that a regular and formal process of evaluation improves the performance of our board as a whole, its committees and individual directors. Each year, a survey is sent to directors regarding the effectiveness of our board and its committees, inviting comments and suggestions on areas for improvement. The results of this survey are reviewed by the nominating and governance committee, which makes recommendations to our board as required. Each director also receives a list of questions for completing a self-assessment. The chair of our board also holds private interviews with each director annually to discuss the operations of our board and its committees and to provide any feedback on the individual director’s contributions.
Action by the Board of Directors
Our board of directors may take action in a duly convened meeting at which a quorum is present or by a written resolution signed by all directors then holding office. Our board of directors holds a minimum of four meetings per year. When action is to be taken at a meeting of the board of directors, the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast is required for any action to be taken.
Transactions Requiring Approval by Independent Directors
Our company’s independent directors have approved a conflicts protocol which addresses the approval and other requirements for transactions in which there is greater potential for a conflict of interest to arise. These transactions include:
•any material amendment to the Master Services Agreement;
•any material service agreement or other arrangement pursuant to which Brookfield will be paid a fee, or other consideration other than any agreement or arrangement contemplated by the Master Services Agreement;
•acquisitions by us from, and dispositions by us to, Brookfield;
•approval of the protocol governing the allocation of employees between our company and the Service Providers;
•any other material transaction involving us and Brookfield; and
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•termination of, or any determinations regarding indemnification under, the Master Services Agreement.
Our conflicts protocol requires certain transactions including those described above to be approved by a majority of our company’s independent directors. Pursuant to our conflicts protocol, independent directors may grant approvals for any such transactions in the form of general guidelines, policies or procedures in which case no further special approval will be required in connection with a particular transaction or matter permitted thereby.
Transactions in which a Director has an Interest
A director who directly or indirectly has an interest in a contract, transaction or arrangement with our company or certain of our affiliates is required to disclose the nature of his or her interest to the full board of directors. Such disclosure may take the form of a general notice given to the board of directors to the effect that the director has an interest in a specified company or firm and is to be regarded as interested in any contract, transaction or arrangement which may after the date of the notice be made with that company or firm or its affiliates. A director may participate in any meeting called to discuss or any vote called to approve the transaction in which the director has an interest and any transaction approved by the board of directors will not be void or voidable solely because the director was present at or participates in the meeting in which the approval was given provided that the board of directors or a board committee authorizes the transaction in good faith after the director’s interest has been disclosed or the transaction is fair to our company at the time it is approved.
Transactions Requiring Shareholder Approval
Shareholders have consent rights with respect to certain fundamental matters and on any other matters that require their approval in accordance with applicable corporate laws, securities laws and stock exchanges rules.
Service Contracts
There are no service contracts with directors that provide benefit upon termination of employment.
Director Share Ownership Requirements
We believe that directors of our company can better represent our shareholders if they have economic exposure to our company themselves. We expect that directors of our company hold sufficient exchangeable shares and/or units such that the acquisition costs of our exchangeable shares and/or units held by such directors is equal to at least two times their annual retainer, as determined by our board from time to time. Directors of our company are required to meet this requirement within five years of their date of appointment.
Audit Committee
Our company’s board is required to establish and maintain at all times an audit committee that operates pursuant to a written charter. The audit committee is required to consist solely of independent directors and each member must be financially literate and there will be at least one member designated as an audit committee financial expert. The audit committee is responsible for assisting and advising our company’s board with matters relating to:
•our accounting and financial reporting processes;
•the integrity and audits of our financial statements;
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•our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;
•the qualifications, experience, performance and independence of our independent auditor; and
•our cybersecurity program including assessing cybersecurity risks and practices.
The audit committee is also responsible for engaging our independent auditor, reviewing the plans and results of each audit engagement with our independent auditor, approving audit and non-audit services provided by our independent auditors, considering the fees charged by our independent auditors and reviewing the adequacy of our internal accounting controls.
Our board has adopted a written policy on auditor independence, or the pre-approval policy. Under the pre-approval policy, except in very limited circumstances, all audit and permitted non-audit services are required to be pre-approved by the audit committee. The pre-approval policy prohibits the auditors from providing the following types of non-audit services:
•bookkeeping or other services related to our company’s accounting records or financial statements;
•appraisal or valuation services or fairness opinions;
•actuarial services;
•management functions or human resources;
•legal services and expert services unrelated to the audit;
•internal audit outsourcing;
•financial information systems design and implementation; and
•certain tax services.
The pre-approval policy permits the auditors to provide other types of non-audit services, but only if approved in advance by the audit committee, subject to limited exceptions. The pre-approval policy also addresses issues relating to the disclosure of fees paid to the auditors.
Our audit committee consists solely of independent directors, each of whom are persons determined by our company to be financially literate within the meaning of National Instrument 52-110 – Audit Committees. Each of the audit committee members has the ability to read and understand a set of financial statements that present a breadth and level of complexity of accounting issues that are generally comparable to the breadth and complexity of the issues that can reasonably be expected to be raised by our company’s financial statements.
Our audit committee charter is filed as Exhibit 15.1 with this annual report on Form 20-F.
Nominating and Governance Committee
Our company’s board is required to establish and maintain at all times a nominating and governance committee that operates pursuant to a written charter. The nominating and governance committee is required to consist of a majority of independent directors.
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The nominating and governance committee is responsible for recommending the appointment by the sitting directors of a person to the office of director and for recommending a slate of nominees for election as directors by our company’s shareholders. The nominating and governance committee is also responsible for assisting and advising our company’s board with respect to matters relating to the general operation of our board, the governance of our company and the performance of its board and individual directors. The nominating and governance committee is also responsible for reviewing and making recommendations to the board of directors of our company concerning the remuneration of directors and committee members and supervising any changes in the fees to be paid pursuant to the Master Services Agreement.
Indemnification and Limitations on Liability
Articles
Under our articles, our company is required to indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by law, among other persons, its affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders and employees against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, costs or expenses (including legal fees and expenses), judgments, fines, penalties, interest, settlements, or other amounts arising from any and all claims, demands, actions, suits or proceedings, incurred by an indemnified person in connection with our company’s operations and activities or in respect of or arising from their holding such positions, except to the extent that the claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the indemnified person’s bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful.
Insurance
Our company has the benefit of insurance coverage under which the directors of our company are insured, subject to the limits of the policy, against certain losses arising from claims made against such directors by reason of any acts or omissions covered under the policy in their respective capacities as directors of our company, including certain liabilities under securities laws.
6.D EMPLOYEES
Our group does not employ any of the individuals who carry out the management and other non-operational activities of our group. The personnel that carry out these activities are employees of Brookfield, and their services are provided to our group or for our benefit under our Master Services Agreement. For a discussion of the individuals from Brookfield’s management team that are expected to be involved in our business, see Item 6.A “Directors and Senior Management—Our Management.” Our consolidated operating subsidiaries currently employ approximately 2,684 individuals globally.
6.E SHARE OWNERSHIP
The current directors of our company together beneficially own less than 1% of the exchangeable shares.
6.F DISCLOSURE OF A REGISTRANT’S ACTION TO RECOVER ERRONEOUSLY
AWARDED COMPENSATION
Not applicable.
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ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
7.A MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS
The following table presents information regarding the beneficial ownership of our exchangeable shares by each person or entity that beneficially own 5% or more of our exchangeable shares as at December 31, 2024. The exchangeable shares held by our principal shareholders do not entitle such shareholders to different voting rights than those of other holders of our exchangeable shares. However, the exchangeable shares and the class B shares have different voting rights. Holders of exchangeable shares hold a 25% voting interest in our company and holders of the class B shares hold a 75% voting interest in our company. See Item 10.B “Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares — Voting” and Item 10.B “Description of Our Share Capital — Class B Shares — Voting”.
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Shares Outstanding |
| Name and Address |
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Shares Owned(1) |
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Percentage(2) |
BN(3) |
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13,012,789 |
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(3) |
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9.9 |
% |
(3) |
FMR LLC(4) |
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11,790,586 |
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(4) |
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8.2 |
% |
(4) |
Blackrock, Inc(5) |
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8,810,496 |
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(5) |
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6.7 |
% |
(5) |
(1)Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Exchangeable shares relating to securities currently exercisable or exercisable within sixty (60) days of the date of this table are deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of the person holding such securities but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of any other person.
(2)The percentages shown are based on 119,039,120 exchangeable shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024. In the case of BN, the percentage includes 13,012,789 class A.2 exchangeable shares beneficially owned by BN.
(3)As reported in BN’s Schedule 13D/A filed on our EDGAR profile at www.sec.gov on December 27, 2024, BN may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of 13,012,789 exchangeable shares. BN, including through its wholly-owned subsidiary, BIPC Holding LP (the “BN Subsidiary”), holds 13,012,789 class A.2 exchangeable shares, which are exchangeable for exchangeable shares on a one for one basis, subject to a restriction that limits the exchange by Brookfield and its subsidiaries of class A.2 exchangeable shares such that exchanges by Brookfield and its subsidiaries may not result in Brookfield and its subsidiaries owning 9.5% or more of the aggregate fair market value of all issued and outstanding shares of our company (the “Ownership Cap”). In addition, BAM Partners Trust (the “BAM Partnership”), may be deemed a beneficial owner of such exchangeable shares. The BAM Partnership is a trust established under the laws of Ontario and is the sole owner of the Class B limited voting shares of BN. The BAM Partnership has the ability to appoint on half of the board of directors of BN and approve all other matters requiring shareholder approval of BN with no single individual or entity controlling the BAM Partnership. As such, the BAM Partnership may be deemed to have indirect beneficial ownership of 13,012,789 exchangeable shares. The business address of each of BN, the BAM Partnership and the BN Subsidiary is Brookfield Place, 181 Bay Street, Suite 100, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2T3.
(4)Based on the Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC by FMR LLC on February 12, 2025. The business address of FMR LLC is 245 Summer Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210.
(5)Based on the Schedule 13G filed with the SEC by Blackrock, Inc on February 2, 2024. The business address of Blackrock, Inc. is 50 Hudson Yards, New York, New York 10001.
Brookfield Infrastructure holds all of the class B shares, having a 75% voting interest in our company, and which entitle the partnership to all of the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares. Brookfield, directly and indirectly, holds all of the issued and outstanding class A.2 exchangeable shares which are exchangeable for exchangeable shares (subject to the ownership cap that limits the exchange by Brookfield of class A.2 exchangeable shares such that exchanges by Brookfield may not result in Brookfield owning 9.5% or more of the aggregate fair market value of all issued and outstanding shares of BIPC) or units. Together, BN and Brookfield Infrastructure hold an approximate 77% voting interest in our company on a fully exchanged basis (assuming the maximum permitted number of the class A.2 exchangeable shares held by Brookfield are converted into exchangeable shares).
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Record Ownership
As of December 31, 2024, 20,426 of our exchangeable shares were held by 339 holders of record in the United States, not including The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”). As of December 31, 2024, DTC was the holder of record of 63,422,206 exchangeable shares.
7.B RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
RELATIONSHIP WITH BROOKFIELD
Brookfield is a leading global alternative asset manager with significant assets under management and a long history of owning, managing and operating assets, businesses and investment vehicles across various industries, sectors, geographies and strategies. Brookfield offers a range of public and private investment products and services, and invests its own capital alongside its client accounts.
We are an affiliate of Brookfield. Our group has entered into a number of agreements and arrangements with Brookfield in order to enable the partnership and our company to be established as separate entities from Brookfield and other public and private investment vehicles and programs that Brookfield currently manages and participates in, and may, in the future, manage and participate in, including co-investment vehicles, sidecar vehicles, separate accounts, region-specific vehicles, strategy-specific vehicles, sector-specific vehicles and Brookfield proprietary accounts (collectively with the Related-Party Investor, “Brookfield Accounts”) and to pursue our group’s vision of being a leading owner and operator of high quality infrastructure assets. While we believe that this ongoing relationship with Brookfield provides our group with a strong competitive advantage as well as access to opportunities that would otherwise not be available to us, we operate as our own, stand-alone entity. We describe below these relationships as well as actual and potential conflicts of interest (and the methods for managing and resolving them) and other material considerations arising from our relationship with Brookfield.
See also the information contained in this annual report on Form 20-F under Item 3.D “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to our Relationship with Brookfield,” Item 4.C “Organizational Structure,” Item 6.A “Directors and Senior Management”, Item 7.A “Major Shareholders” and Note 23, “Related Party Transactions” in our financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F.
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The Arrangement
On December 24, 2024, we completed the Arrangement pursuant to which (i) holders of BIHC’s exchangeable shares, other than Brookfield, received BIPC’s exchangeable shares in exchange for their exchangeable shares of BIHC on a one-for-one basis; (ii) Brookfield transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to BIPC in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (iii) the exchangeable shares of BIHC were delisted; and (iv) the exchangeable shares of BIPC were listed on the NYSE and the TSX.
Relationship Agreement
The partnership, the Holding LP, the Brookfield Infrastructure Holding Entities, the Service Providers and BN have entered into an agreement, referred to as the Relationship Agreement, which governs aspects of the relationship among them. Our company, being a controlled subsidiary of the partnership, is automatically entitled to the benefits and subject to certain obligations under the Relationship Agreement. Pursuant to the Relationship Agreement, BN has agreed that our group serve as the primary (though not exclusive) vehicle through which Brookfield makes future infrastructure related acquisitions that are suitable for our group’s strategy and objectives, alongside other Brookfield Accounts, as further described herein. Our group’s acquisition strategy focuses on large scale transactions, for which our group believes there is less competition and where Brookfield has sufficient influence or control so that our operations-oriented approach can be deployed to create value. Due to similar asset characteristics and capital requirements our group believes that the infrastructure industry will evolve like the real estate industry in which assets are commonly owned through consortiums and partnerships of institutional equity investors and owner/operators such as ourselves. Accordingly, an integral part of our group’s strategy is to participate with institutional investors in Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored consortiums for single asset acquisitions and as a partner in or alongside Brookfield-sponsored or co-sponsored partnerships that target acquisitions that suit our group’s profile. Brookfield has a strong track record of leading Brookfield Accounts and actively managing underlying assets to improve performance. Brookfield agreed that it will not sponsor such arrangements that are suitable for us in the infrastructure sector unless our group is given an opportunity to participate.
Brookfield’s commitment to our group and our ability to take advantage of opportunities is subject to a number of inherent limitations such as our financial capacity, the suitability of the acquisition in terms of the underlying asset characteristics and its fit with our strategy, limitations arising from the tax and regulatory regimes that govern our affairs and certain other restrictions. See above under Item 3.D “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Group’s Relationship with Brookfield”.
Under the terms of the Relationship Agreement, Brookfield Infrastructure acknowledges and agrees that, subject to providing our group the opportunity to participate on the basis described above, Brookfield (including its directors, officers, agents, members, partners, shareholders and employees) is able to pursue other business activities and provide services to third parties that compete directly or indirectly with us. In addition, Brookfield has established or advised, and may continue to establish or advise other entities that rely on the diligence, skill and business contacts of Brookfield’s professionals and the information and acquisition opportunities they generate during the normal course of their activities. Our group acknowledges and agrees that some of these entities may have objectives that overlap with our group’s objectives or may acquire infrastructure assets or businesses that could be considered appropriate acquisitions for our group, and that Brookfield may have greater financial incentives to assist those other entities over us. Due to the foregoing, our group expects to compete from time-to-time with Brookfield or other third parties for access to the benefits that we expect to realize from Brookfield’s involvement in our business. See “Related Party Transactions — Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties” below.
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Since Brookfield has large, well established operations in real estate, timberlands and renewable power that are separate from our group, Brookfield will not be obligated to provide our group with any opportunities in these sectors. In addition, since Brookfield has granted an affiliate the right to act as the exclusive vehicle for Brookfield’s timberland acquisitions in Eastern Canada and the Northeastern United States, our group will not be entitled to participate in timberland acquisitions in those geographic regions. Brookfield has also appointed an affiliate as its primary vehicle through which Brookfield will acquire renewable power assets on a global basis. Except as explicitly provided in the Relationship Agreement, the Relationship Agreement will not in any way limit or restrict members of Brookfield from carrying on their respective business. In the event of the termination of the Master Services Agreement, the Relationship Agreement would also terminate, including Brookfield’s commitments to provide us with acquisition opportunities, as described above.
Pursuant to the Relationship Agreement, BN has also agreed that any voting rights with respect to any operating entity that are held by entities over which it has control will be:
•voted in favor of the election of a director (or its equivalent) approved by the entity through which our group’s interest in the relevant entity is held;
•withheld from voting for (or voted against, if applicable) the election of a director (or its equivalent) not approved by the entity through which our group’s interest in the relevant entity is held; and
•voted in accordance with the direction of the entity through which our group’s interest in the relevant entity is held with respect to the approval or rejection of the following matters relating to the operating entity, as applicable: (i) any sale of all or substantially all of its assets, (ii) any merger, amalgamation, consolidation, business combination or other material corporate transaction, except in connection with any internal reorganization that does not result in a change of control, (iii) any plan or proposal for a complete or partial liquidation or dissolution, or any reorganization or any case, proceeding or action seeking relief under any existing laws or future laws relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, (iv) any issuance of shares, units or other securities, including debt securities, or (v) any commitment or agreement to do any of the foregoing.
For these purposes, the relevant entity may maintain, from time-to-time, an approved slate of nominees or provide direction with respect to the approval or rejection of any matter in the form of general guidelines, policies or procedures in which case no further approval or direction will be required. Any such general guidelines, policies or procedures may be modified by the relevant entity in its discretion.
Under the Relationship Agreement, Brookfield Infrastructure has agreed that none of Brookfield or the Service Providers, nor any director, officer, agent, member, partner, shareholder or employee of Brookfield or the Service Providers, will be liable to our group for any claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses (including legal fees) arising in connection with the business, investments and activities in respect of or arising from the Relationship Agreement. The maximum amount of the aggregate liability of Brookfield, or of any director, officer, employee, contractor, agent, advisor or other representative of Brookfield, will be equal to the amounts previously paid in the two most recent calendar years by the Service Recipients pursuant to the Master Services Agreement.
Voting and Veto Agreements
BIHC has entered into one or more voting agreements (“Voting Agreements”) with Brookfield that permits BIHC (or BIHC’s designated affiliates) to direct all eligible votes with respect to approving or rejecting certain fundamental matters involving certain of our operations managed or controlled by Brookfield-related entities.
Pursuant to each Voting Agreement, Brookfield has agreed that any voting rights with respect to the entities that are the subject of the Voting Agreement will be voted in favor of the election of directors or officers (or their equivalent, if any) approved by BIHC (or BIHC’s designated affiliates).
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In addition, Brookfield has agreed that it will exercise any voting rights that are the subject of the Voting Agreements at the direction of BIHC (or BIHC’s designated affiliates) with respect to the following matters: (i) any merger, amalgamation, consolidation, business combination or other material corporate transaction, except in connection with any internal reorganization that does not result in a change of control, (ii) any plan or proposal for a complete or partial liquidation or dissolution, or any reorganization or any case, proceeding or action seeking relief under any existing laws or future laws relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, (iii) any amendments to the applicable organizational documents, or (iv) any commitment or agreement to do any of the foregoing. For these purposes, BIHC or BIHC’s designated affiliates, as applicable, may maintain, from time-to-time, an approved slate of nominees or provide direction with respect to the approval or rejection of any matter in the form of general guidelines, policies or procedures in which case no further approval or direction will be required. Any such slate of nominees or general guidelines, policies or procedures may be modified by BIHC or BIHC’s designated affiliates, as applicable, in their discretion.
Each Voting Agreement terminates (i) at such time that BIHC ceases to own any interest in the relevant entity, (ii) at such time that the general partner (or its successors or permitted assigns) of the partnership involuntarily ceases to be the general partner of the partnership, (iii) at such time that the partnership (or its successors or permitted assigns) involuntarily ceases to be the general partner of the Holding LP, or (iv) upon 30 days’ notice given by BIHC. In addition, any party to a Voting Agreement is permitted to terminate the Voting Agreement at such time that such a party provides notice that it has reasonably determined that, as a result of applicable regulation and through no fault of its own, continued participation in the Voting Agreement would have a material adverse effect on such party. The termination of a Voting Agreement with respect to one or more entity will not affect the validity or enforceability of the Voting Agreements with respect to any other entity.
Pursuant to each Voting Agreement, our group will generally be provided with voting rights over investments in which it participates. These voting rights will be exercised by Brookfield personnel, on behalf of all Brookfield Accounts that participate in such investments alongside our group. As a result, our company, and Brookfield in light of Brookfield’s control over our group, will consolidate these investments in its financial statements and for purposes of calculating its assets under management, despite the fact that it does not hold 100% of the investments.
In addition, BIHC has entered into other voting agreements (“Veto Agreements”) with Brookfield that permit BIHC (or BIHC’s designated affiliates) to have certain veto rights over certain material decisions involving certain of our operations and/or investments managed or controlled by Brookfield-related entities.
Pursuant to each Veto Agreement, Brookfield has agreed that BIHC (or BIHC’s designated affiliates) may veto (i) any action that is reasonably likely to have a material impact on the relevant activities of the subject entity or (ii) any commitment or agreement to do the foregoing. For these purposes, BIHC or BIHC’s designated affiliates, as applicable, may provide direction with respect to the approval or rejection of any matter in the form of general guidelines, policies or procedures in which case no further approval or direction will be required. Any such general guidelines, policies or procedures may be modified by BIHC or BIHC’s designated affiliates, as applicable, in their discretion.
Each Veto Agreement terminates (i) at such time that BIHC ceases to own any interest in the relevant entity or (ii) upon 30 days’ notice given by BIHC or BIHC’s designated affiliates, as applicable. In addition, any party to a Veto Agreement is permitted to terminate the Veto Agreement at such time that such a party provides notice that it has reasonably determined that, as a result of applicable law, rule or regulation and through no fault of its own, continued participation in the Veto Agreement would have a material adverse effect on such party.
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Pursuant to each Veto Agreement, our group will generally be provided with veto rights over investments in which it participates. These veto rights will be exercised by Brookfield personnel, on behalf of all Brookfield Accounts that participate in such investments alongside such entities. As a result, our group will account for these investments using the equity method of accounting in our financial statements and for purposes of calculating our group’s assets under management.
See “Relationship Agreement” above. Brookfield will rely on our financial statements to prepare its own financial records, and will not reimburse us for the expenses associated with preparing our financial statements and calculating our assets under management.
Management Services
The Service Providers currently provide to Brookfield Infrastructure and our company management services pursuant to the Master Services Agreement. See Item 6.A “Directors and Senior Management — Our Master Services Agreement”. In addition, Brookfield and its affiliates also provide management services to certain of our group’s operating subsidiaries, including NTS. To the extent that under these or any other arrangements our group is obligated to pay a base management fee (directly or indirectly through an equivalent arrangement) to the Service Providers (or any affiliate) on a portion of our capital that is comparable to the base management fee, the base management fee payable for each quarter in respect thereof will be reduced on a dollar-for-dollar basis by our proportionate share of the comparable base management fee (or equivalent amount) under such other arrangement for that quarter.
Other Services and Arrangements
Brookfield may provide to our company services which are outside the scope of the Master Services Agreement under arrangements that are on market terms and conditions, on a cost-recovery basis or as otherwise agreed to by our independent directors, and pursuant to which Brookfield will receive fees. The services provided under these arrangements include financial advisory, operations and maintenance, development, operations management and other services. Pursuant to our conflict of interest guidelines, those arrangements generally require prior approval by a majority of the independent directors, which may be granted in the form of general guidelines, policies, procedures and/or parameters. See below under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties”.
Rights Agreement
Brookfield entered into a rights agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) with the rights agent pursuant to which Brookfield has agreed that, until March 31, 2025, upon an exchange of exchangeable shares, if our company has not satisfied its obligation under our articles by delivering the unit amount or its cash equivalent amount (or the partnership has not exercised its call right), Brookfield will satisfy, or cause to be satisfied, the obligations pursuant to our articles to exchange such exchangeable shares for the unit amount or its cash equivalent. Brookfield currently intends to satisfy any exchange requests on the exchangeable shares through the delivery of units rather than cash. The below is a summary of the key terms of the Rights Agreement.
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Appointment of Rights Agent; Term
The rights agent has agreed to act as the rights agent for the holders, as a class and not individually, of the exchangeable shares. Pursuant to and subject to the terms and conditions set forth in our articles, a holder of exchangeable shares may request to exchange each exchangeable share, or subject exchangeable share, for one unit per exchangeable share held, subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our group) — see Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares — Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events” below. Upon receipt of a notice of exchange, our company shall, within ten (10) business days after the date that the notice of exchange is received by our transfer agent, or the specified exchange date, deliver to the tendering holder of exchangeable shares, such unit or cash amount. Pursuant to the Rights Agreement, Brookfield has agreed that, in the event that, on the applicable specified exchange date with respect to any subject exchangeable shares, (i) our company has not satisfied its obligation under our articles by delivering the unit or cash amount and (ii) the partnership has not, upon its election in its sole and absolute discretion, acquired such subject exchangeable share from the holder thereof and delivered the unit or cash amount, Brookfield will satisfy, or cause to be satisfied, the obligations pursuant to our articles to exchange such subject exchangeable shares for the unit amount or the cash amount. The holders of exchangeable shares have a right to receive the unit amount or the cash amount in such circumstances, which we refer to as the secondary exchange rights.
The secondary exchange rights are a part of the terms of the exchangeable shares and may not be evidenced, transferred or assigned separate or apart from the exchangeable shares.
This Rights Agreement will terminate on March 31, 2025, unless otherwise terminated pursuant to its terms as described below.
Satisfaction of Secondary Exchange Rights
In accordance with the Rights Agreement, Brookfield has agreed to satisfy, or cause to be satisfied, the obligations with respect to the secondary exchange rights contained in our articles. The rights agent established a collateral account, and Brookfield contributed an amount of cash or securities in accordance with the Rights Agreement (as further described below) in order to enable the rights agent to exchange subject exchangeable shares for the cash amount or the unit amount in accordance with the Rights Agreement.
In accordance with our articles, our company is required to deliver a notice (“company notice”) to the rights agent and Brookfield on the specified exchange date if the conditions to the exercise of the secondary exchange rights with respect to any subject exchangeable shares have been satisfied. The company notice must set forth the unit amount and the cash amount for such subject exchangeable shares and any necessary wire transfer or other delivery instructions. Brookfield may provide notice to the rights agent by the business day immediately following receipt of the company notice, providing that Brookfield has elected, in Brookfield’s sole discretion, to fund the cash amount. If the rights agent has not received such notice from Brookfield, the rights agent must exchange the subject exchangeable shares for a number of units held in the collateral account equal to the unit amount and promptly, and in any event within two (2) business days, deliver such units from the collateral account to the holder of the subject exchangeable shares. If there are not enough units in the collateral account to satisfy the unit amount with respect to one or more of such subject exchangeable shares, the rights agent will exchange such subject exchangeable shares for an amount of cash from the collateral account equal to the cash amount and promptly, and in any event within two (2) business days, deliver the cash amount to the holder of the subject exchangeable shares.
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If the holder of subject exchangeable shares has not received the units amount or the cash amount by the specified exchange date, the holder of subject exchangeable shares may deliver, or cause to be delivered, a notice, or the exchanging exchangeable shareholder notice, to the rights agent and Brookfield. The exchanging exchangeable shareholder notice must set forth the number of such subject exchangeable shares and any necessary wire transfer or other delivery instructions. On the next business day following receipt of the exchanging exchangeable shareholder notice, Brookfield will provide notice to the rights agent (i) setting forth the unit amount and the cash amount for such subject exchangeable shares and (ii) either (a) providing that Brookfield has elected, in Brookfield’s sole discretion, to fund the cash amount or (b) instructing the rights agent to exchange each subject exchangeable share. Brookfield is not obligated to deliver such notice if it has determined in good faith that the conditions to the exercise of the secondary exchange right have not been satisfied. On or prior to the second business day following receipt by the rights agent of such instruction by Brookfield, the exchanging exchangeable shareholder notice and the subject exchangeable shares, the rights agent will exchange such subject exchangeable shares for the unit amount from the collateral account or, if there are not enough units in the collateral account, for the cash amount from the collateral account.
With respect to any exchange of subject exchangeable shares, Brookfield may elect to instruct the rights agent to exchange the subject exchangeable shares for the cash amount. If Brookfield makes such an election and there is not a sufficient amount of cash in the collateral account, Brookfield must deposit the required amount into the collateral account simultaneously with such election.
In connection with the exercise by a holder of the secondary exchange right with respect to any subject exchangeable shares held through the DTC, such holder will deliver to the rights agent such subject exchangeable shares pursuant to DTC’s applicable procedures. In addition, such holder will deliver to the rights agent via email on the business day prior to delivery of such subject exchangeable shares a copy of the exchanging exchangeable shareholder notice, if applicable.
Receipt of Subject Exchangeable Shares; Withholding
Holders of subject exchangeable shares will deliver such shares free and clear of all liens, claims and encumbrances, and should any such liens, claims and encumbrances exist with respect to such subject exchangeable shares, the holder of such subject exchangeable shares will not be entitled to exercise its secondary exchange rights with respect to such shares. Each holder of subject exchangeable shares will pay to Brookfield the amount of any tax withholding due upon the exchange of such shares and, in the event Brookfield elects to acquire some or all of the subject exchangeable shares in exchange for the cash amount, will authorize Brookfield to retain a portion of the cash amount to satisfy tax withholding obligations. If Brookfield elects to acquire some or all of the subject exchangeable shares in exchange for the unit amount, Brookfield may elect to either satisfy the amount of any tax withholding by retaining units with a fair market value equal to the amount of such obligation, or satisfy such tax withholding obligation using amounts paid by Brookfield, which amounts will be treated as a loan by Brookfield to the holder of the subject exchangeable shares, in each case, unless the holder, at the holder’s election, has made arrangements to pay the amount of any such tax withholding.
Units Record Date
Each former holder of subject exchangeable shares who receives the unit amount will be deemed to have become the owner of the units as of the date upon which such subject exchangeable shares are duly surrendered in accordance with the Rights Agreement.
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Collateral Account
Brookfield has established a non-interest bearing trust account administered by the rights agent, or the collateral account. In accordance with the terms of the Rights Agreement, Brookfield will ensure that the aggregate of (i) the units in or issuable pursuant to any convertible securities in the collateral account, or the collateral account unit balance, and (ii) the number of units equal to the aggregate amount of cash in the collateral account divided by the value of a unit, or the collateral cash balance and, together with the collateral account unit balance, the collateral account balance, will at all times be equal to or exceed the number of units that is equal to the product of the total number of exchangeable shares outstanding (excluding those owned by Brookfield or its affiliates) multiplied by the conversion factor in accordance with our articles, or the required collateral account balance.
If the collateral account balance is at any time less than the required collateral account balance, Brookfield will, within two (2) business days, cause to be deposited into the collateral account either (i) a number of units or any security convertible into or redeemable for units (other than exchangeable shares), or the unit convertibles, or (ii) an amount of cash or cash equivalents, in each case in an amount necessary to cause the collateral account balance to be at least equal to the required collateral account balance. To the extent that conversion or redemption of a unit convertible results in the imposition of any fees, payments, premiums or penalties, such fees, payments, premiums or penalties will be borne by Brookfield or its affiliates, and must either be satisfied directly by Brookfield or such affiliates or will be deemed to reduce the collateral account balance. Brookfield must keep the rights agent informed of the collateral account balance and the required collateral account balance in writing on a regular basis, and must inform the rights agent in writing within two (2) business days of any change in the collateral account balance or the required collateral account balance for any reason, including as a result of an adjustment to the conversion factor pursuant to our articles.
Brookfield and its affiliates will not be entitled to withdraw any unit or unit convertible from the collateral account, except (i) if the collateral account balance exceeds the required collateral account balance, either as a result of a change in the conversion factor pursuant to our articles or a decrease in the number of exchangeable shares outstanding (excluding exchangeable shares held by Brookfield or its affiliates) or (ii) upon the deposit by Brookfield or its affiliates of an amount in cash or cash equivalents equal to one hundred and fifty percent (150%) of the value of the units withdrawn.
If the collateral account contains any amount of cash in lieu of units, such cash amount is required to be no less than the product of the required collateral account balance minus the collateral account unit balance, multiplied by one hundred and twenty-five percent (125%) of the value of a unit, or the required collateral account cash balance. If at any time the collateral account cash balance is less than the required collateral account cash balance, Brookfield will within two (2) business days cause to be deposited cash or cash equivalents in the collateral account in an amount sufficient to cause the collateral account cash balance to be at least equal to the required collateral account cash balance.
Brookfield and its affiliates will not be entitled to withdraw any cash or cash equivalents from the collateral account, except (i) to the extent the collateral account cash balance is greater than one hundred and twenty percent (120%) of the required collateral account cash balance or (ii) upon the deposit in the collateral account of a corresponding number of units or unit convertibles.
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Registration of Units
Brookfield has agreed that, in the United States, if a shelf registration statement has not been effective for five (5) consecutive business days with respect to all of the units in the collateral account, including units issuable from time to time upon conversion of or redemption for unit convertibles, and the transfer of such units from the collateral account to a holder of subject exchangeable shares, Brookfield will cause to be deposited into the collateral account an amount of cash or cash equivalents equal to one hundred and fifty percent (150%) of the value of all units (including units issuable from time to time upon conversion of or redemption for unit convertibles) held in the collateral account at such time; provided, however, no such deposit is required to the extent all of the units in the collateral account, including units issuable from time to time upon conversion of or redemption for unit convertibles, and the transfer of such units from the collateral account to a holder of subject exchangeable shares, are registered under an effective shelf registration statement.
Termination or Amendment
The Rights Agreement will terminate automatically on the earliest of (i) the date on which there are no exchangeable shares outstanding, other than exchangeable shares owned by Brookfield or its affiliates and (ii) March 31, 2025. Brookfield may not, without the affirmative vote of holders of at least two-thirds (2/3rds) of the outstanding exchangeable shares not held by Brookfield, voting as a class, and the approval of a majority of the independent directors of our company, materially amend, modify, or alter the Rights Agreement or repeal, terminate or waive any rights under the Rights Agreement. After the expiry of the Rights Agreement, holders of exchangeable shares will continue to have all of the rights provided for in our company’s articles but will no longer be entitled to rely on the secondary exchange rights.
Registration Rights Agreement
Our company, the partnership and Brookfield entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) comparable to the registration rights agreement existing between Brookfield and the partnership. Under the Registration Rights Agreement, our company agreed that, upon the request of Brookfield, our company will file one or more registration statements or prospectuses to register for sale and qualify for distribution under applicable securities laws any of our exchangeable shares held by Brookfield. In the Registration Rights Agreement, we agreed to pay expenses in connection with such registration and sales and will indemnify Brookfield for material misstatements or omissions in the registration statement.
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Incentive Distributions
The Asset Management Company holds an approximate 0.37% interest in Holding LP through special general partner units held by Infrastructure Special LP and also owns the general partner of Infrastructure Special LP. Infrastructure Special LP is entitled to receive incentive distributions from the Holding LP as a result of its ownership of the special general partner units. In consideration for serving as the special general partner of Holding LP, Infrastructure Special LP is entitled to incentive distribution rights that are based on the amount by which quarterly distributions on Holding LP’s units (including securities such as our exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares that are the economic equivalent of a unit, but excluding Holding LP’s class A preferred units) exceed specified target levels. To the extent distributions on Holding LP’s units (including securities such as our exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares that are the economic equivalent of a unit, but excluding Holding LP’s class A preferred units) exceed $0.1218 per quarter, the incentive distribution rights entitle Infrastructure Special LP to 15% of incremental distributions above this threshold. To the extent that distributions on Holding LP’s units (including securities such as our exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares that are the economic equivalent of a unit, but excluding Holding LP’s class A preferred units) exceed $0.1320 per quarter, the incentive distribution rights entitle Infrastructure Special LP to 25% of incremental distributions above this threshold. Infrastructure Special LP may elect to reinvest any of the incentive distributions from its special general partner units in additional Redeemable Partnership Units. To the extent that Brookfield Infrastructure or our company pays to Brookfield any comparable performance or incentive distribution, the amount of any future incentive distributions will be reduced in an equitable manner to avoid duplication of distributions.
There was no increase to the base management fee and incentive distribution fees paid by the partnership in connection with the special distribution. Our company is responsible for paying, or reimbursing Brookfield Infrastructure, as the case may be, for our proportionate share of the base management fee.
Indemnification Arrangements
Subject to certain limitations, Brookfield and its directors, officers, agents, members, partners, shareholders and employees generally benefit from indemnification provisions and limitations on liability that are included in our articles and other arrangements with Brookfield. See Item 6.A “Directors and
Senior Management — Our Master Services Agreement” and Item 6.A “Directors and
Senior Management — Indemnification and Limitations on Liability”.
Licensing Agreements
Our company is automatically entitled to the benefits of, and certain obligations under, the Licensing Agreement that Brookfield Infrastructure has entered into with Brookfield, by virtue of the fact that our company is a controlled subsidiary of the partnership. Pursuant to the Licensing Agreement, Brookfield has granted a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the name “Brookfield” and the Brookfield logo. Other than under this limited license, we do not have a legal right to the “Brookfield” name and the Brookfield logo in the United States and Canada.
The Licensing Agreements may be terminated by Brookfield Infrastructure upon 30 days’ prior written notice if Brookfield defaults in the performance of any material term, condition or agreement contained in the agreement and the default continues for a period of 30 days after written notice of termination of the breach is given to Brookfield. Brookfield may terminate the Licensing Agreements effective immediately upon termination of the Master Services Agreement or with respect to any licensee upon 30 days’ prior written notice of termination if any of the following occurs:
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1.the licensee defaults in the performance of any material term, condition or agreement contained in the agreement and the default continues for a period of 30 days after written notice of termination of the breach is given to the licensee;
2.the licensee assigns, sublicenses, pledges, mortgages or otherwise encumbers the intellectual property rights granted to it pursuant to the Licensing Agreement;
3.certain events relating to a bankruptcy or insolvency of the licensee; or
4.the licensee ceases to be an affiliate of Brookfield.
A termination of a Licensing Agreement with respect to one or more licensee will not affect the validity or enforceability of the agreement with respect to any other licensees.
Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties
Brookfield is a global alternative asset manager with significant assets under management and a long history of owning and operating assets and businesses across various industries, sectors, geographies and strategies. As noted throughout this annual report on Form 20-F, a key element of our group’s strategy, and the strategy of our investment activities, and of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, is to leverage Brookfield’s experience, expertise, broad reach, relationships and position in the market for investment opportunities and deal flow, financial resources, access to capital markets and operating needs. Brookfield believes that this is in the best interests of our group and of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. However, being part of this broader platform, as well as activities of and other considerations relating to Brookfield Accounts, gives rise to actual and potential conflicts of interest between our group, our shareholders and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, on the one hand, and Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts, on the other hand. These actual or potential conflicts of interest may not be managed or resolved in the most favorable manner to the interests of our group and/or of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests.
Brookfield’s activities include, among others: (i) investment and asset management; (ii) managing and investing proprietary as well as insurance and reinsurance capital; (iii) sponsoring, offering and managing private and public investment vehicles that invest in the global fixed income, currency, commodity, equities, private equity and other markets; and (iv) developing, constructing, owning, managing, operating and servicing real estate, renewable power, infrastructure and other companies and assets, including among others residential, commercial, storage and mixed-use real estate, data centers, transportation facilities, electric utilities, industrial and manufacturing facilities, energy companies, metals and mining companies, timberlands and agrilands, natural gas pipelines, and other assets; providing capital and financing solutions, as well as financial advisory, business development and other financial services; and other activities (collectively, “Brookfield Activities”). It is expected that our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests will benefit from Brookfield’s expertise, market positioning and connectivity that arise from Brookfield Activities. At the same time, in the ordinary course of its business, Brookfield’s and other Brookfield Accounts’ interests are expected to conflict with the interests of our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, notwithstanding Brookfield’s direct or indirect participation in our group, our group’s investments and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. While Brookfield expects that its expertise as a global real asset operator will directly impact the ability of our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests to identify, access and assess investment opportunities, and that we and the Brookfield Accounts’ investments will benefit from the greater Brookfield ecosystem, there can be no assurance of any such successful collaboration or synergies. A lack of successful collaboration or synergies, whether as a result of concerns related to conflicts or otherwise, could impact our group’s ability to successfully implement its strategies or achieve its investment objectives.
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The discussion below describes certain conflicts of interest considerations that are expected to arise between Brookfield Activities (as defined above), on the one hand, and Brookfield’s management of our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, on the other hand. These conflicts of interest are not a complete list or explanation of all actual and potential conflicts of interest that could arise. While Brookfield acts in good faith to manage or resolve conflicts considerations in a manner that is fair and equitable taking into account the facts and circumstances known to it at the time, there can be no assurance that any recommendation or determination made by Brookfield will be the most beneficial or favorable to our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, or would not have been different if additional information were available to it. Conflicts of interest considerations generally will be managed or resolved (i) in accordance with (A) the principles summarized herein and as described in the relevant Brookfield Form ADV and (B) Brookfield’s policies for addressing conflicts of interest considerations that arise in managing its business activities, including our conflicts protocols that have been approved by our independent directors; or (ii) alternatively, in Brookfield’s sole discretion, in a manner specifically approved by our independent directors.
As described further below under “Management and Resolution of Conflicts”, our conflicts protocol was put in place in recognition of the benefit to our group of our relationship with Brookfield and our intent to seek to maximize the benefits from this relationship. The protocol generally provides for potential conflicts to be managed or resolved on the basis of transparency and, in certain circumstances, third-party validation and approvals. Addressing conflicts of interest is complex, and it is not possible to predict all of the types of conflicts that may arise over time. Accordingly, the conflicts protocol focuses on addressing the principal activities that are expected to give rise to potential and/or actual conflicts of interest, including our group’s investment activities, our participation in Brookfield Accounts, transactions with Brookfield (and Brookfield Accounts), and engagements of Brookfield affiliates. Pursuant to our conflicts protocol, certain conflicts of interest do not require the approval of our company’s independent directors provided they are addressed in accordance with pre-approved parameters, while other conflicts require the specific approval of our company’s independent directors. By acquiring our exchangeable shares, each investor will be deemed to have acknowledged the existence of these actual and potential conflicts of interest and to have waived any and all claims with respect to them and any actions taken or proposed to be taken in respect of them. Conflicts may not be managed or resolved in a manner that is favorable to our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests or our shareholders or the unitholders. Prospective investors are encouraged to seek the advice of independent legal counsel in evaluating the conflicts involved in an investment in our exchangeable shares and the operation of our company.
As described elsewhere herein, our group pursues investment opportunities and investments in various ways, including indirectly through investments in Brookfield Accounts or directly by investing alongside Brookfield Accounts or otherwise. Any references in this Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties” to our group’s investments, assets, expenses, portfolio companies or other terms should be understood to mean such terms held, incurred or undertaken directly by our group or indirectly by our group through our investment in one or more Brookfield Accounts. Any references in Item 3.D “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Our Relationship with Brookfield” and this Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions – Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties” to “Brookfield” should be understood to include BWS.
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Our group will generally be provided with voting rights over investments that it participates in. These voting rights will be exercised by Brookfield personnel, on behalf of all Brookfield-managed vehicles that are invested in such investments alongside our group. As a result, our group will consolidate the underlying assets of such other Brookfield-managed vehicles into our group’s financial records and calculation of its assets under management, despite the fact that our group does not hold 100% of the assets of such other Brookfield-managed vehicles. Furthermore, Brookfield will rely on the financial records and calculation of assets under management prepared by our group for purposes of completing its own financial records, and will not reimburse our group for the expenses associated with such calculation and preparation. See “Voting and Veto Agreements” above for more information.
ALLOCATION OF INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES
•Allocation of Investment Opportunities. Brookfield provides investment advice and performs related services for itself and other Brookfield Accounts (including, among others, for its own account and/or accounts that are being seeded and/or incubated), which are similar to the advice provided and services performed by Brookfield for our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. Certain Brookfield Accounts have (and additional future Brookfield Accounts will, in the future, have) investment mandates that overlap with those of our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, and will compete with and/or have priority over our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) in respect of particular investment opportunities. As a result, certain opportunities sourced by Brookfield that would otherwise be suitable for our group (and/or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) are not expected to be available to our group (and/or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), our group (and/or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) will receive a smaller allocation of such opportunities than would otherwise have been the case, or our group will receive an allocation of such opportunities on different terms than Brookfield or other Brookfield Accounts which may be less favorable to our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) than otherwise would have been the case.
Further to the foregoing, Brookfield manages and participates in, and will in the future manage and participate in, Brookfield Accounts that have, or will have, overlapping investment mandates with our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). By way of example only, these include Brookfield Accounts that focus on (i) equity and debt investments in renewable power (and infrastructure) companies and assets, such as the Brookfield Infrastructure series of funds, Brookfield Super-Core Infrastructure fund, the CEE Funds, and the Brookfield Infrastructure Debt series of funds, (ii) infrastructure secondary investments, which include, among other things, third-party general partner-led recapitalizations of assets and/or investment vehicles (including closed-end funds, joint ventures and other vehicles) where the third-party general partner maintains day-to-day asset management responsibilities, investments in pooled investment vehicles managed by third parties and co-investments alongside such investment vehicles, structured solutions and/or preferred equity investments in assets managed by third-party general partners, recapitalization of third-party managed investment vehicles (in whole or in part), and related separately managed accounts, such as Brookfield Infrastructure Sponsor Solutions, (iii) investments that contribute to the transition to a net-zero emissions global economy; and (iv) infrastructure and infrastructure-related investments (including, among others, provision of capital solutions to third parties). In addition, Brookfield expects to continue to manage and participate in new businesses and strategies. Each Brookfield Account generally has priority with respect to investment opportunities that meet its investment mandate.
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It is expected that our group will invest in Brookfield Accounts that are deemed to be suitable and appropriate for its investment mandate, taking into account portfolio construction related considerations (including availability of capital for investment), as determined by Brookfield from time to time in its sole discretion and as approved by our company’s independent directors.
Investment opportunities generally will be allocated pursuant to (and in accordance with) Brookfield Accounts’ investment priorities (if any). Under certain circumstances, where the investment mandate of our group (or of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) overlaps with the investment mandate of one or more other Brookfield Accounts, any investment opportunity that is suitable for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and one or more other Brookfield Account(s) may be allocated among our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and such other Brookfield Account(s) on a basis that Brookfield determines in good faith is fair and equitable taking into account one or more factors (the “Allocation Factors”), as it deems relevant in its discretion, including (among others): (i) the size, nature and type of the investment opportunity (including the risk and return profiles of the opportunity, expected holding period and other attributes) as well as its fit within each Brookfield Account’s investment focus; (ii) the nature of the investment mandate (including investment focus, objectives, strategies, guidelines, limitations, risk-return targets, client instructions (if any) and risk tolerance, as each is determined and adjusted from time to time over the lives of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and such other Brookfield Account(s)); (iii) the geographic location of the investment opportunity, and Brookfield’s determination of the appropriateness of the risks of investing in such location for our group (and such Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and such other Brookfield Account(s); (iv) investment priorities of each Brookfield Account, including in connection with follow-on opportunities; (v) the relative amounts of capital available (or expected to be available) for investment for the periods in which such investment will be consummated; (vi) principles of diversification of investments (including, among others, sector, geographic, risk, asset and/or other portfolio diversification and/or concentration considerations); (vii) the expected future capacity of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and such other Brookfield Account(s); (viii) cash and liquidity needs, including for active pursuit of pipeline, follow-on, staged draw investments (including funding obligations with respect to such investments that are contingent upon achievement of certain milestones) by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and such other Brookfield Account(s); (ix) the management (including mitigation) of any actual or potential conflict of interest considerations, including in connection with investment in different parts of an issuer’s capital structure; (x) limitations imposed by investors in one or more Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests (pursuant to consent and/or approval rights or as otherwise agreed to with such investors); (xi) statutory minimum capital, risk retention and surplus requirements applicable to the relevant Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests; (xii) the capital efficiency of the investment opportunity for insurance and/or other purposes; (xiii) expected or actual ratings or lack of ratings of the investment opportunity; (xiv) the availability of other appropriate or similar investment opportunities; (xv) the extent to which the investment professionals involved in managing our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or such other Brookfield Account(s) participated in the sourcing and/or diligencing of the investment opportunity and as a result their knowledge and understanding of the investment opportunity; (xvi) whether the allocation would result in a Brookfield Account receiving a de minimis amount or an amount below the established minimum quantity; (xvii) related-party nature of the transaction and potential conflicts considerations that could arise as a result; (xviii) whether the relevant Brookfield Accounts are in liquidation; and/or (xix) other considerations deemed relevant by Brookfield (including legal, regulatory, tax, structuring, compliance, investment-specific, timing and similar considerations).
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To the extent that Brookfield determines that an overlap situation is likely to be recurring for particular types of investment opportunities, Brookfield could (but will not be required to) determine to apply the Allocation Factors in accordance with a formulaic or other systematic approach for any period of time, as it deems appropriate in its sole discretion.
The determination of whether an investment is within the scope of the investment mandate of our group (or of a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or is more suitable for another Brookfield Account will be made in the discretion of Brookfield. Further, if Brookfield determines that investment opportunities in respect of a particular sector (which can be comprised of multiple industries) or region are expected (in the fullness of time) to exceed the investment limitations (or appropriate portfolio concentration) of one or more Brookfield Account(s), Brookfield may sponsor, act as general partner and/or manager to, and otherwise participate in, sidecar vehicles that participate in such opportunities, and such opportunities and any investment opportunity related thereto (e.g., follow-on investment opportunities) will be allocated between our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and the applicable sidecar vehicle on a basis that Brookfield believes is fair and equitable taking into account various factors that it deems relevant in its discretion, including the Allocation Factors (which may include allocating investment opportunities in accordance with a formula or other systematic approach that Brookfield determines to be fair and equitable at the time such sector- or region-specific sidecar fund is formed).
From time to time, in applying the principles described above, Brookfield could determine that an investment opportunity will be shared among two or more Brookfield Accounts by causing one Brookfield Account to acquire certain portions of the investment opportunity while one or more other Brookfield Accounts acquire other portions. In such cases, given its varying economic interests in different Brookfield Accounts, Brookfield will face conflicts of interests in valuing portions of an investment opportunity that is allocated among different Brookfield Accounts, in particular where a portion of the opportunity is to be allocated to a Brookfield Account in which Brookfield has a larger economic interest relative to the other Brookfield Account that is participating in the opportunity. Brookfield will value the portion of the opportunity allocated to each Brookfield Account (which will impact the purchase price paid by such Brookfield Account) and allocate transaction expenses among such Brookfield Accounts in accordance with its fiduciary duties to the Brookfield Accounts, consistent with each Brookfield Account’s governing documents and Brookfield’s internal policies and procedures, in particular those relating to the underwriting and valuation of investment opportunities and allocation of fees and expenses. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Brookfield generally will not, unless otherwise required to pursuant to applicable law and/or regulation, seek independent review, opinion, support and/or appraisal for such allocation and/or valuation determinations, including in situations where Brookfield has different economic interests in the participating Brookfield Account(s). See also “Determinations of Value” below. Among other things, if one Brookfield Account is unable to make an additional investment in a particular asset in which it has previously invested, such investment opportunity could be allocated to another Brookfield Account. In such circumstances, the liabilities (including certain expenses related to the investment) will be allocated across such Brookfield Accounts, though there may not be a clear delineation between the expenses and liabilities attributable to each Brookfield Account’s portion, and as a result, one of the Brookfield Accounts could be responsible for more than its share of any shared expenses.
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The process for making allocation determinations is inherently subjective and the factors considered by Brookfield in allocating investments among our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and other Brookfield Accounts are expected to change over time (including to consider new, additional factors) and one or more different factors are likely to be emphasized or be considered less relevant with respect to different investments depending on the then-existing facts-and-circumstances deemed relevant by Brookfield and taking into account the broader facts and circumstances and portfolio construction considerations applicable to each Brookfield Account. In some cases, this will result in certain transactions being shared among two or more Brookfield Accounts (including, for example, on a rotational, pro rata or other basis), while in other cases it will result in one or more Brookfield Accounts being excluded from an investment entirely. In some instances, Brookfield may receive new, different or additional information regarding an investment opportunity during the course of performing continued due diligence on such investment opportunity. To the extent such investment opportunity had already been allocated to one or more Brookfield Accounts pursuant to the allocation methodology described above, Brookfield is not obligated to reconsider its allocation decision, and could elect not to do so, including in cases where structuring work has already been undertaken with respect to the initial allocation or changing the allocation would otherwise be costly or burdensome.
Since certain Brookfield Accounts represent Brookfield’s proprietary investments activities, the fact that investment opportunities deemed unsuitable for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could be pursued by Brookfield itself presents a conflict of interest when making such suitability determination. Brookfield will make such suitability determination in a manner consistent with its fiduciary duties to our group (and/or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), but will not be required to disclose to our company’s board of directors or our shareholders the specific instances in which Brookfield has pursued an investment on a proprietary basis after having deemed it unsuitable for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). Additionally, from time to time, Brookfield may identify an investment opportunity that could otherwise be suitable for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), but which, as a result of the particular facts and circumstances surrounding such investment opportunity at such time, Brookfield determines is not appropriate for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and instead invests on its own behalf (for example, if such investment opportunity falls within a sector, industry or geography that is relatively new to Brookfield and therefore Brookfield determines it does not have sufficient expertise, knowledge or scale to invest prudently on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). In such cases, subsequent similar investment opportunities could be allocated to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), even when the original similar investment opportunities were pursued by Brookfield on a proprietary basis.
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing to the contrary, opportunities to invest in asset managers, including companies that provide or receive investment advisory and/or operational services with respect to assets that our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) focus on investing in (collectively, “Asset Management Opportunities”), will generally be allocated to Brookfield over our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), consistent with Brookfield’s broader business platform and evolution thereof over time. Among other things, these opportunities could be part of a larger transaction comprising both an asset component and an Asset Management Opportunity component, with the Asset Management Opportunity being allocated to Brookfield and other assets being allocated to (and/or among) other Brookfield Accounts. As noted elsewhere herein, asset managers that Brookfield invests in generally will be engaged to provide services to our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and their respective investments.
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In addition, it is possible that there will be a period of time when both a successor Brookfield Account (in which our group invests) and a predecessor fund of such Brookfield Account (in which we have a different level of investment) have capital available to make new investments, particularly because the predecessor Brookfield Account will have recycled capital available to invest. In such instances, Brookfield will determine the extent to which the predecessor account will invest such available capital (including reinvest its recycled capital) in new investments, which could result in investments being allocated to the predecessor account, rather than the successor account, using its available capital in order to make such investments. Brookfield will make such determinations and allocate investments among successor and predecessor accounts taking into account the factors described above (including, in particular, the pipeline of investment opportunities, recycled capital and portfolio construction considerations). In making such allocation decisions, Brookfield may allocate an investment opportunity to a predecessor account even if such opportunity could have been allocated entirely to the successor account, or may, in its discretion, allocate an investment opportunity to both accounts on a shared basis. Decisions to allocate an investment opportunity among predecessor and successor accounts (or both) will be made at the time the investment opportunity arises, and, in Brookfield’s discretion, may or may not be revisited in the event of further developments in investment diligence, pipeline attrition, changes in available capital and other factors.
Moreover, it is possible that prospective investment opportunities may be re-allocated (in whole or in part) among Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield Account(s) in which our group invests) in circumstances that, due to timing (e.g., a delay of certain regulatory approvals or other third party consents) or other considerations, such prospective investment opportunity becomes more suitable for a different Brookfield Account than the one it was originally allocated (or expected to be allocated) to, as determined by Brookfield in its discretion. In such circumstances, if a Brookfield Account is ultimately allocated the full investment opportunity, and such investment is completed, then such Brookfield Account will reimburse the Brookfield Account that was originally allocated (or expected to be allocated) the opportunity for deposits or other costs or expenses incurred. However, in the instance that such prospective investment opportunity is not completed, both Brookfield Accounts will bear the costs actually borne by them in connection with such prospective investment opportunity.
Further, Brookfield may be offered a future investment opportunity related to, or arising from, an existing investment (including opportunities that align with and/or are otherwise synergistic with existing investments), and such future investment opportunity may be allocated to a different Brookfield Account than the one that holds the original investment (which could be our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) because of timing (e.g., too late in the term of the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested or it is otherwise capped from pursuing follow-on investments), portfolio construction, priority, or other considerations, such as lack of required capital. These subsequent investments may dilute or otherwise adversely affect the interests of the Brookfield Account that holds the existing investment (including our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests)).
As a result of the foregoing, opportunities sourced by Brookfield that would otherwise be suitable for our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests may not be available to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) in their entirety and/or our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may receive a smaller allocation of such opportunities than would otherwise have been the case. See “Allocation of Co-Investments” below. Approval from our shareholders or of the independent directors of our company will not be required in connection with such allocation determinations.
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However, as noted throughout this Form 20-F, it is a key element of our group’s strategy to leverage Brookfield’s experience, expertise, broad reach, relationships and position in the market for investment opportunities, deal flow, financial resources, access to capital markets and operating needs, which our group believes is in the best interests of our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests.
For the avoidance of doubt, any investment opportunity allocated to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may not ultimately be made by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), or may be made in an amount that was less than initially allocated to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), due to portfolio construction or other similar considerations (including the time remaining under the Brookfield Account’s term, the availability of capital (or lack thereof), any applicable investment limitations or other concentration considerations), as determined by Brookfield in its discretion. As a result, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may not invest the full amount of any investment opportunity that was allocated to it.
From time to time, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may fund deposits or incur other costs and expenses in respect of an investment opportunity that is ultimately shared with or made entirely by another Brookfield Account. In such cases, such other Brookfield Account would be expected to reimburse our group (or the applicable Brookfield Account in which our group invests) for such deposits or other costs or expenses. Any such reimbursements are expected, but not guaranteed, to include interest and other expenses related to borrowings, regardless of whether our group (or the applicable Brookfield Account in which our group invests) actually borrowed to fund such deposit or other costs or expenses, which interest will generally be set at a rate aligned with such Brookfield Account’s loan facility, the preferred return of such Brookfield Account or another rate determined by Brookfield to be reasonably applicable (which rate may be higher or lower than the rate applicable to the reimbursing Brookfield Account’s loan facility). The approval of investors, the independent directors of our company and/or Brookfield Accounts’ limited partner advisory committees will not be required in connection with such transactions.
•Incentive to Allocate Investment Opportunities to Co-Investment Vehicles and Other Brookfield Accounts. Brookfield will generally have different economic interests in different Brookfield Accounts, including a co-investment account or other Brookfield Account, including among other things because certain Brookfield Accounts are wholly-owned by Brookfield; Brookfield makes different capital commitments to different Brookfield Accounts; certain Brookfield Accounts pay carried interest at different rates, and/or are more (or less) likely to generate any carried interest at all (or to generate carried interest earlier (or later) in time); and/or because certain Brookfield Accounts charge management fees that are calculated based on their amount of capital deployed. As a result, there could be circumstances in which the aggregate economic benefit to Brookfield from allocating an investment opportunity in whole or in part to another Brookfield Account (including, for example, a co‑investment vehicle) is (or is expected to be) greater than if the particular investment were allocated to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). For example, Brookfield is not required to offset certain transaction fees, break-up fees and other fees against management fees charged to certain co-investment vehicles. Similarly, given its varying economic interests in different Brookfield Accounts, Brookfield will face conflicts of interests in valuing portions of an investment opportunity that is allocated among different Brookfield Accounts, in a particular where a portion of the opportunity is to be allocated to a Brookfield Account in which Brookfield has a significantly larger economic interest relative to the other Brookfield Account that is participating in the opportunity. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Brookfield will make allocation and valuation decisions in
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accordance with its fiduciary duties to Brookfield Accounts, consistent with each Brookfield Account’s governing documents and Brookfield’s internal policies and procedures.
In addition, Brookfield anticipates entering into formal or informal arrangements (including with one or more co-investors and/or strategic investors) pursuant to which Brookfield benefits economically, directly or indirectly, from offering co-investment opportunities to such investors. Such arrangements will grant certain rights not offered to other investors, including, (a) reducing fees and/or incentive compensation (or providing a rebate thereof) in respect of their investment in a Brookfield Account and (b) offering priority co-investment opportunities alongside a Brookfield Account with a minimum target allocation and reducing fees and/or incentive compensation (or providing a rebate thereof) where such minimum targets are not met. In connection with such arrangements, Brookfield could agree to provide reduced fees and/or incentive compensation (or a rebate thereof), including in respect of such investors’ investments in Brookfield Accounts, in the instance that such investor is not allocated its full allocation of co-investment opportunities. As a result of any such circumstances, in certain circumstances, Brookfield will be incentivized to allocate a greater portion of an investment opportunity to a co-investor than it would otherwise allocate in the absence of such economic circumstances. In addition, Brookfield’s allocation of any co-investment opportunities could benefit Brookfield in other ways, including increased investments by such investors in one or more Brookfield Accounts.
•Allocation of Co-Investments. Investing in our group (and our investment in any Brookfield Account) does not entitle any shareholder to co-investment opportunities, and shareholders will not have any right to receive co-investments. Shareholders will generally be exposed to co-investment opportunities only indirectly to the extent a Brookfield Account in which our group invests allocates a co-investment opportunity to our group.
To the extent Brookfield determines, in its discretion, that an investment opportunity that is to be offered to and executed by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), in accordance with “Allocation of Investment Opportunities” above, exceeds the amount that is appropriate for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), which will, in some cases, as determined by Brookfield in its discretion, be less than the maximum concentration permitted under the relevant Brookfield Account’s governing agreement, Brookfield may, in its sole and absolute discretion, offer to one or more investors and/or one or more third parties, including, in each case, Brookfield Accounts, our group (as an investor in a Brookfield Account) or Brookfield employees, the ability to participate in such opportunity as a co-investor on such terms and conditions as Brookfield determines. In addition, Brookfield could offer and in the past has offered potential co-investment opportunities to investors that are potentially of strategic benefit to the applicable investment opportunity, including our group (as an investor in a Brookfield Account) and/or other Brookfield Accounts (collectively, “Strategic Co-Investors”). Co-investment opportunities may be offered to Strategic Co-Investors irrespective of whether the available investment opportunity exceeds the amount that would otherwise be appropriate for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), and therefore, participation of a Strategic Co-Investor will reduce the amount of the investment opportunity available to our group (or that Brookfield Account). In connection with each co-investment arrangement, Brookfield generally will be entitled to a one-time upfront transaction or management fee, an ongoing management fee, a performance fee, and/or a fee based on a combination of the foregoing (including different combinations in respect of different portions of the co-investment) as consideration for Brookfield’s management services with respect to the co-investment, in each case based on commercial negotiation with the applicable co-investor(s). Any such fees received by Brookfield will not offset management fees payable by our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests).
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In addition, to the extent a co-investor’s fee arrangement includes different components (e.g., upfront transaction or management fee for a portion of the co-investment and an upfront transaction or management fee plus ongoing management fee for a different portion of the co-investment or another combination), generally one component of the fee arrangement will not offset any other component of the same co-investor’s fee arrangement, regardless of the structure and/or composition of the fee arrangement. While such fee arrangements with co-investors could be comprised of different categories of fees, all components of the co-investment management fee, taken together, represent the collective fee charged by Brookfield to the co-investor for management services in respect of the applicable co-investment.
Where Brookfield determines to offer a co-investment opportunity to one or more investors, and/or one or more third parties (including, in each case, Brookfield Accounts, our group (as an investor in a Brookfield Account) or Brookfield employees), Brookfield generally has broad discretion in determining to whom and in what relative amounts to allocate co-investment opportunities. Co-investment opportunities may, and typically will, be offered to some but not other investors or to third parties who are not investors (including, in each case, Brookfield Accounts, our group (as an investor in a Brookfield Account) or Brookfield employees). To the extent Brookfield determines to allocate co-investment opportunities to investors, decisions regarding whether and to which investors to offer co-investment opportunities are made at the discretion of Brookfield and will be based on a number of factors, including an investor’s expressed interest in co-investments, the size of an investor’s capital commitment to Brookfield Accounts, an investor’s willingness to pay fees, carry or broken deal expenses, whether an investor has a history of participating in co-investment opportunities with Brookfield, whether an investor has demonstrated, or has the potential to demonstrate, a long-term and/or continuing commitment to the potential success of Brookfield and/or Brookfield Accounts, an investor’s contractual rights (if any) to co-investment opportunities that are made available, the jurisdiction of the investor, the investor’s impact on tax, regulatory, legal and similar considerations, the overall strategic value to Brookfield of offering a co-investment opportunity to such investor, and Brookfield’s assessment of an investor’s ability to timely execute and fund the co-investment opportunity. A decision regarding the allocation of a co-investment opportunity will be made based on the then-existing facts-and-circumstances and then-existing factors deemed relevant by Brookfield in its sole discretion (including factors that require subjective decision-making by Brookfield), and could be different from those used in determining the allocation of any other co-investment opportunity, including based on tax, regulatory, legal and similar considerations. For the avoidance of doubt, Brookfield and our group will generally be offered co-investment opportunities directly and/or in their capacity as investors in Brookfield Accounts, and Brookfield’s portion of any co-investment opportunity may be made through any affiliate or Walled-Off Business Account (as defined below).
To the extent potential co-investors determine not to participate in a co-investment opportunity offered to them, there may be excess opportunity available. In such circumstances, Brookfield will allocate such excess in its sole discretion and Brookfield Accounts (including our group) and/or other co-investors, including investors who are not investors in the relevant Brookfield Account, may assume such excess in lieu of offering it to other investors (including our group). Conversely, Brookfield (on behalf of our group) and/or other potential co-investors may determine that they will not, or cannot, participate (either at all or up to their full proportionate amount) in a co-investment opportunity offered to them. As a result, our group’s aggregate percentage interest in certain investments may be different than its proportionate share of the applicable Brookfield Account had it only satisfied the Brookfield Commitment with respect to such investments. Brookfield may also assign our group’s right to participate in a co-investment opportunity to any other individual or entity, including other Brookfield Accounts.
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In addition, but subject to the foregoing, Brookfield may also, without notice to the investors or the independent directors of our company, determine to provide priority rights with respect to all or a select geographic, industry or other subset of co-investment opportunities generally to certain investors (including other Brookfield Accounts, but not to our group and/or other similarly situated investors) pursuant to contracts or other arrangements with such investors. Brookfield may form and manage one or more investment vehicles or accounts through which investors participate in co-investment opportunities. Inclusion in, and the terms of, such a program will be determined by Brookfield in its discretion, which may include some or all of the factors described above. Except to the extent an investor has entered into an agreement with Brookfield pursuant to which Brookfield has granted such investor a right with respect to co-investment opportunities, investors should be aware that they have no such right, and should not expect that they will be offered any co-investment opportunities.
The allocation of a co-investment opportunity may give rise to certain additional potential conflicts of interest, including that Brookfield may allocate such co-investment opportunity in a manner that benefits Brookfield other than as a result of receiving fees and/or incentive compensation from a co-investor (including by allocating such co-investment opportunity to a person in order to encourage such person to enter into a relationship with, or expand its relationship with, Brookfield) and that, if the co-investment opportunity is granted with respect to an existing investment, the amount paid directly or indirectly by investors participating in such co-investment opportunity to Brookfield in respect of such investment will be determined by Brookfield.
Historical allocation decisions are not necessarily indicative of future allocation decisions and the actual number of co-investment opportunities made available to our group directly or indirectly as an investor in Brookfield Accounts may be significantly higher or lower than those made available to it historically. In addition, in certain circumstances, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) will bear costs related to unconsummated co-investments. See “Co-Investment Expenses” and “Facilitation of Investments and Co-Investments” below. Notwithstanding the foregoing incentives, Brookfield endeavors at all times to allocate co-investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner consistent with its fiduciary duties and disclosures set out in the relevant Brookfield Account’s governing documents.
Our group’s returns with respect to co-investment opportunities may exceed its returns generally, or with respect to the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests or other specific investments made by such Brookfield Accounts, particularly for co-investment opportunities whose investments are not subject to any (or are subject to reduced) management fees, carry distributions or similar compensation payable to Brookfield. Additionally, the form of consideration paid by co-investors may be different from the form of consideration paid by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) in connection with a co-investment opportunity (for example, the co-investors and/or our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may participate in the investment using securities), which would also be expected to create conflicts of interest.
In addition, there is no requirement that any co-investment be made or disposed of at the same time or on the same terms for each co-investor or as those of the relevant Brookfield Account. For example, investors (including our group) may participate in co-investment opportunities at different times (e.g. our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could provide interim debt or equity financing or otherwise facilitate a co-investment in advance of co-investors’ participation in such co-investment opportunity), which will also impact returns realized by co-investors. When our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) holds an investment alongside co-investors, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests)
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may also provide certain guarantees under financing or refinancing arrangements (including non-recourse carve-out, environmental, and interest and expenses guarantees) on behalf of the entire investment, while co-investors may bear their pro rata shares of any amounts to be paid via such guarantees through a backstop indemnity to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). If such a guarantee is required to be funded, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) will be responsible for the entire amount and will separately be required to seek to collect the co-investor’s portion from the co-investment vehicle. In some cases, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may make a follow-on investment with respect to an investment (or an investment may otherwise seek to raise additional capital) and co-investors or other Brookfield Accounts that have also participated in the investment may elect not to participate in such follow-on investment or capital raise or may not be offered the opportunity to participate in such follow-on investment or capital raise. Furthermore, in connection with a co-investment, co-investors may receive certain governance rights, minority protections and/or additional liquidity rights that would not otherwise be afforded to the investors in respect of their investment in such co-investment opportunity through our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests).
In the event Brookfield and/or our group participates in co-investment opportunities, Brookfield may determine that it and/or our group (as applicable) fund all or a portion of its capital contributions in respect thereof using securities without the consent of any other co-investors. Brookfield will make such determination with respect to the form of its and/or our group’s funding in its sole discretion, taking into account factors it deems relevant under the circumstances and with a view to facilitating the consummation of the applicable transaction, including, but not limited to: (a) whether the relevant Brookfield Account and its co-investors are capable of funding the applicable investment in cash, (b) whether the applicable contribution of securities is expected to be attractive to the seller of the applicable asset, and/or (c) whether the applicable contribution of securities is expected to be accretive to the applicable co-investor(s). Such determination to fund using securities may be in Brookfield’s interest alone, as opposed to the interests of the unitholders and other co-investors, and it is possible that such determination could lead to adverse consequences, including a lower likelihood of transaction execution and/or a higher purchase price for the asset. Brookfield, in its sole discretion, will determine the value of its contributed securities, which could be based on the volume weighted average price of the shares over a certain period of time, the closing price of the shares as of the applicable transaction closing date, or such other valuation it deems fair and reasonable under the circumstances. See also “Allocation of Investment Opportunities” above and “Determinations of Value” below. Furthermore, in the event that a Brookfield Account (including our group) participates in co-investment opportunities, Brookfield may determine to not dispose of their portion of such co-investment at the same time or on the same terms as other investors (including our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), which may create conflicts of interests. For example, if Brookfield determines to sell one Brookfield Account’s investment later than our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), when selecting a potential purchaser of the applicable investment for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), Brookfield may be incentivized (as a result of its interest as a co-investor) to take into consideration any such purchaser’s strategic value to the applicable portfolio company and the impact on the future value of the portfolio company rather than solely obtaining the highest purchase price in respect of the interests of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). Further, Brookfield determining to hold a Brookfield Account’s interest in a portfolio company for longer than our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may result in a smaller pool of potential buyers or a decreased purchase price as a result of potential buyers being required to buy less than all of the applicable portfolio company and to have a large minority owner post-acquisition.
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While Brookfield believes that such conflicts are mitigated by its significant commitment to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and its potential entitlement to an incentive allocation/carried interest that is tied to the performance of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), such conflicts of interest are nonetheless present.
•Co-Investment Expenses. Co-investors (including (a) third-party co-investors that invest in a co-investment opportunity offered by our group and (b) our group to the extent it co-invests in an opportunity offered by a Brookfield Account in which it invests) will typically bear their pro rata share of fees, costs and expenses related to their co-investments, including those incurred in connection with the discovery, investigation, development, acquisition or consummation, ownership, maintenance, monitoring, hedging, financing and disposition of their co-investments.
Brookfield will endeavor to allocate such fees, costs and expenses among our group and its co-investors (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests and its co-investors, including our group) on a pro rata basis. Notwithstanding the foregoing, third-party co-investors (including co-investors that contractually committed to participate in the co-investment opportunity through a co-investment vehicle or program managed by Brookfield) are generally not expected to pay or otherwise bear fees, costs and expenses related to unconsummated co-investment opportunities (collectively referred to as “broken deal fees, costs and expenses”), and, in such cases, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) is likely to bear fees, costs and expenses attributable to potential co-investors even if our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could not (for investment concentration limits or otherwise) complete the full investment on its own. This will be the case for a number of reasons, including because, at the time that the co-investment opportunity ceases to be pursued, third-party co-investors (a) were not yet identified (or their anticipated allocation was not yet identified), (b) were not yet committed to the potential investment, or (c) did not contractually agree to bear such fees, costs and expenses. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in all instances, Brookfield (in its capacity as a co-investor or a prospective co-investor alongside our group) and our group (in its capacity as a co-investor or a prospective co-investor alongside a Brookfield Account in which it invests) will bear their pro-rata share of broken deal fees, costs and expenses based on the amount they committed to co-invest as of the time a binding offer is made with respect to the potential investment. For the avoidance of doubt, Brookfield (in its capacity as a co-investor or a prospective co-investor alongside our group) and our group (in its capacity as a co-investor or a prospective co-investor alongside a Brookfield Account in which it invests) will not bear the broken-deal fees, costs and expenses relating to (a) any portion of an excess opportunity that it agrees to support (via a backstop or similar arrangement) with a view to syndication of such portion of the excess opportunity to third-party co-investors, and (b) its pro-rata share of an investment opportunity in its capacity as co-investor or prospective co-investor to the extent the opportunity ceases to be pursued prior to a binding offer in respect of the opportunity having been made.
•Facilitation of Investments and Co-Investments. From time to time, in order to facilitate investment activities in a timely and efficient manner, Brookfield, our group or another Brookfield Account will fund obligations and/or incur other costs and expenses (including, among other things, by equity investments, use of loan facilities and/or issuance of guarantees or letters of credit) in respect of an investment that ultimately is shared with or made entirely by our group, another Brookfield Account (including a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), or co-investors; and/or Brookfield and/or our group (including a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could fund obligations and/or incur other costs and expenses in order to facilitate an investment that is ultimately shared with co-investors. These arrangements are intended to
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facilitate investments that Brookfield has determined to be in our best interests (or the best interests of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). But for these forms of support, our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests could lose access to investment opportunities (if, for example, a Brookfield Account has not yet completed its fundraising and has insufficient capital to consummate the opportunity, or if co-investors have not yet been identified for an excess investment opportunity). Brookfield believes that facilitating investments in this manner benefits our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) overall and improves the attractiveness of our shares through the ability to participate in and benefit from these synergistic arrangements and to make investments that otherwise would not be completed. These arrangements, however, give rise to conflicts of interest considerations.
Under these arrangements, the relevant ultimate investor (whether Brookfield, our group, another Brookfield Account or co‑investors) will be expected to reimburse the relevant entity that facilitates the investment (whether Brookfield, our group or another Brookfield Account) for its facilitation of the investment and/or related fees, costs and expenses, as well as carrying charges applicable to such funding activity pursuant to the terms agreed to with such entity, and as otherwise described herein. In certain situations, such as short-term funding durations, these arrangements may not include any interest, fees, expenses and/or other compensation payable to the party funding the investment, as deemed appropriate by Brookfield, in its discretion, under the circumstances.
From time to time, Brookfield and/or our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) will agree to support an investment via a backstop (or similar arrangement) in respect of all or a portion of an excess investment opportunity that relates to an investment that has been allocated to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) in order to facilitate the closing of such investment, with the intent of syndicating such backstopped portion to co-investors (including other Brookfield Accounts and/or Brookfield) prior to or following closing. Brookfield’s and/or our group’s (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests’) backstopped portion will be reduced in whole or in part to the extent that (a) all or any portion of such excess investment opportunity is successfully syndicated to co-investors (whether by Brookfield, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or a third party such as an investment bank) and/or (b) additional proceeds from the investment become available through, among other things, financing or refinancing of all or a portion of the investment or proceeds from the sale of all or a portion of the investment, as determined by Brookfield in its sole discretion. In the event that both Brookfield and/or another Brookfield Account, on the one hand, and our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), on the other hand, have backstopped portions of an investment that exceed the amount our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) intends to hold as its long-term investment, Brookfield’s and/or the other Brookfield Account’s backstop reduction will be in priority to the reduction of any other portion of the excess investment opportunity that is to be syndicated by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) to co-investors (including other Brookfield Accounts and/or Brookfield) or any repayment of borrowings or other obligations of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). Therefore, Brookfield’s and/or the other Brookfield Account’s backstop will be reduced using the first available syndication opportunities (or other proceeds available) and our group’s (or a Brookfield Account’s in which our group invests) portion of the backstop will only be reduced once Brookfield’s and/or the other Brookfield Account’s backstop has been fully extinguished. Using proceeds from an investment to reduce and/or extinguish Brookfield’s and/or another Brookfield Account’s backstopped portion of an excess investment opportunity could have an adverse impact on the investment and our group’s (or a Brookfield Account’s in which our group invests) investment therein, and our group’s (or a Brookfield Account’s in which our group invests) investment could receive a lower return than that received by Brookfield and/or another Brookfield Account.
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Furthermore, to the extent our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) is unable to fully syndicate (or otherwise be repaid for) its backstop amount, our group’s (or a Brookfield Account’s in which our group invests) investment will be larger than Brookfield originally intended, and larger than it would have been had our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) syndicated its backstop amount before Brookfield and/or the other Brookfield Account.
In certain situations, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) will close an investment transaction (in whole or in part) using funding from its loan facility (or similar credit arrangements) prior to syndicating an excess investment opportunity to co-investors, and, in order to facilitate a Brookfield and/or another Brookfield Account’s backstop arrangement, Brookfield and/or the other Brookfield Account will take nominal ownership of their backstopped portion of the investment at such time (notwithstanding that the backstopped portion is funded using the loan facility (or similar credit arrangement) of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and not by Brookfield and/or the other Brookfield Account (i.e., Brookfield and/or the other Brookfield Account will utilize the loan facility of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) to fund their backstop amount). In such cases, in the event the excess investment opportunity is not fully syndicated, Brookfield and/or the other Brookfield Account will repay their pro rata portion of the principal and interest payments that come due and payable under such loan facilities in connection with drawings related to the unsyndicated backstopped portion of the investment (but, for the avoidance of doubt, will not bear any other fees and/or expenses relating to the establishment and maintenance of the loan facilities, including for example set-up costs, standby and/or commitment fees relating to undrawn amounts, fees and expenses relating to renegotiation, extension and/or renewal of the facilities, and other fees and/or expenses, which will only be borne by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and their respective investors). Alternatively, in situations where our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) is not able to use funding from its loan facility (or similar credit arrangements) to fund Brookfield’s and/or another Brookfield Account’s backstopped portion of the investment, Brookfield and/or the other Brookfield Account could choose to directly fund the backstopped portion (in whole or in part) at closing of such investment. To the extent our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) later becomes able to use funding from its loan facilities after closing on the investment, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could reimburse Brookfield and/or the other Brookfield Account (via a loan or a similar financing arrangement) for all or a portion of the backstopped portion of the investment that Brookfield and/or the other Brookfield Account has already funded, on equivalent terms as if such backstopped portion had been funded using the loan facility (or similar credit arrangements) at closing of such investment. In such cases, Brookfield and/or the other Brookfield Account will be responsible for their pro rata portion of the principal and interest payments that come due and payable under such loan facilities in connection with drawings related to the unsyndicated backstopped portion of the investment (but, for the avoidance of doubt, will not bear any other fees and/or expenses relating to the establishment and maintenance of the loan facilities, including for example set-up costs, standby and/or commitment fees relating to undrawn amounts, fees and expenses relating to renegotiation, extension and/or renewal of the facilities, and other fees and/or expenses will be borne by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and their investors.
In addition, our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) is permitted to provide interim debt or equity financing (including among others emergency funding or as part of a follow-on investment) for the purpose of bridging a potential co-investment or a follow-on investment related to an existing co-investment (including prior to allocating and/or syndicating the co-investment or follow-on investment, as applicable, to co-investors including Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts).
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Certain co-investment vehicles are similarly permitted to provide interim debt or equity financing for the purpose of bridging a potential co-investment or a follow-on investment. In order to potentially make available or otherwise facilitate its investments, at any time during the course of an investment, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may also use its loan facility and/or take other action to consummate, guarantee, issue letters of credit or otherwise support the portion of the investment made (or to be made) by co-investors (including, for the avoidance of doubt, on behalf of any co-investors in the co-investment vehicles including Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts), including in connection with financings, refinancings and/or other restructurings of an investment, as deemed appropriate by Brookfield in its sole discretion. In those circumstances, such co-investors would be expected to bear their pro rata share of fees, costs and expenses (including hedging expenses) associated with the investment and repay principal and interest payments that come due and payable under such loan facility, guarantee, letter of credit or other support arrangement in connection with drawings related to their investment (but, for the avoidance of doubt, will not bear any other fees and/or expenses relating to the establishment and maintenance of the loan facility, guarantee and/or letter of credit, including for example set-up costs, standby and/or commitment fees relating to undrawn amounts, fees and expenses relating to renegotiation, extension and/or renewal of the facility, guarantee and/or letter of credit and other fees and/or expenses, which will only be borne by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and their respective investors). See also “Allocation of Co-Investments” above.
In connection with any such financing, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and/or such co-investment vehicles could incur fees, costs and expenses, including among others in connection with borrowing and/or hedging activities (e.g., hedging of currency, interest rate or other exposures) and/or such co-investment vehicles could make use of or otherwise benefit from master service agreements entered into by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) (at the expense of our group (or such Brookfield Account in which our group invests)) with a bank or other counterparty to enable our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) to enter into hedging transactions. To the extent the potential investment is not consummated, these fees, costs and expenses will be treated as broken deal fees, costs and expenses (See “Co-Investment Expenses” above). Where our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) acquires or otherwise facilitates an investment on behalf of or with a view to syndicating it (or a portion thereof) to co-investors (including a follow-on investment), the terms of the sale or transfer of such investment to co-investors may not be favorable to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and may result in better terms for such co-investors than our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) had when it made (or facilitated) the investment. For example, to the extent the investment is consummated, there is no guarantee that any co-investor will ultimately agree to bear its pro rata portion of the fees, costs and/or expenses associated with any such hedging or borrowing activities (including those incurred in connection with an investment and/or carry costs related to an investment) or not default on its obligations to repay such amounts, in which case, such amounts would be borne disproportionately by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). Interest rate hedging transactions entered into by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) on behalf of an investment opportunity will not necessarily be assigned to co-investors when a portion of such opportunity is later syndicated to co-investors, in which case investment returns resulting from such investment opportunity could materially differ between our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and co-investors.
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Moreover, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and such co-investment vehicles may be exposed to losses and/or expenses in connection with such activities as a result of currency exchange rate fluctuations, hedge gains and/or other events beyond a pro rata allocation based on the size of our group’s (or a Brookfield Account’s in which our group invests) investment. Even where our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) hedges currency or other exposure attributable to co-investors’ portion of an investment, such hedges are expected to be imperfect and our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could accordingly be exposed to losses and/or additional expenses. Fluctuations in exchange rates during the time an interim investment is held by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) prior to acquisition by co-investors may affect the portion of the investment that is acquired by co-investors or the price paid for such co-investment. Our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) will bear risks associated with facilitation and the making of the investment, including among others in connection with borrowing and hedging activities, during the term it holds the investment, which could be significant or perpetual if it is not able to successfully syndicate the co-investment.
Similarly, if an investment depreciates during the period when our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) holds it, co-investors may negotiate a lower price and our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may take a loss on the portion of an investment it was holding on behalf of (or with a view to syndication to) co-investors (including with respect to fees, costs and expenses and/or carry costs related to an investment). Additionally, if an investment appreciates during the period when our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) holds it, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may be unable to syndicate or sell such investment above its acquisition cost and our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may therefore not realize gains on the appreciation of the portion of an investment it was holding on behalf of (or with a view to syndication to) co-investors. In these types of situations, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may nonetheless sell the investment to co-investors on the terms negotiated by (and agreed to with) such co-investors at the relevant time in the event that Brookfield determines it is in the best interest of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), for example out of a desire to reduce our group’s (or a Brookfield Account’s in which our group invests) exposure to such investment or to include other participants in the investment.
•Client and Other Relationships. Brookfield and Walled-Off Businesses (as defined below) each have long-term relationships with a significant number of developers, institutions, corporations and other market participants and their advisers (collectively, “Brookfield Client Relationships”). These Brookfield Client Relationships may hold or may have held investments similar to the investments that are held and pursued by our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, including certain investments that may represent appropriate investment opportunities for our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests.
These Brookfield Client Relationships may compete with our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) for investment opportunities. Brookfield will seek to maintain such Brookfield Client Relationships, including after the establishment of new Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. In determining whether to pursue a particular opportunity on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), our company’s board of directors will consider these relationships and there may be certain potential opportunities that are not pursued on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) in view of such relationships.
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In addition, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could invest with or alongside (or enter into joint ventures or other similar arrangements with) Brookfield Client Relationships in particular investments, and the relationship with such clients may influence the decisions made by the partnership’s general partner or our company’s board of directors with respect to such investments.
•Conflicts with Secondary Funds. Brookfield sponsors, manages and invests in certain Brookfield Accounts that focus on making secondary investments (such Brookfield Accounts, “Secondary Funds”), including investments in pooled investment vehicles managed by third parties (“Third Party Vehicles”), recapitalizations of Third Party Vehicles and related investments (collectively, “Secondary Investments”). These Secondary Investments are subject to significant governance, control and/or minority protection rights in favor of the Secondary Funds. Our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and their portfolio investments are expected to compete with such Third Party Vehicles for investment opportunities and are expected to manage competing assets. For example, in a competitive auction process, the Third Party Vehicles, on the one hand, and our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, on the other hand, could be potential bidders. Similarly, Third Party Vehicles could invest in an asset that competes with an asset held by our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests for tenants, market share or other matters.
In order to mitigate potential conflicts of interest in these situations, Brookfield may, but will not be obligated to, take one or more of the following actions (as it determines in its sole discretion): (i) causing the Secondary Fund to remain passive in, or recuse itself from, a situation in which it is otherwise entitled to vote, which would mean that the Secondary Fund defers to the decision or judgment of the Third Party Vehicle or third-party investor(s) in its managed vehicles with respect to certain decisions; (ii) causing the Secondary Fund to hold only non-controlling interests in an investment without governance rights; (iii) referring the matter to one or more persons that is not affiliated with Brookfield; (iv) consulting with and seeking the consent of our group’s independent directors, the advisory committee of the Brookfield Account in which we are invested, the limited partners of the Secondary Fund and/or the advisory committee of the Secondary Fund (as deemed appropriate by Brookfield) on such matter; or (v) establishing ethical screens or information barriers (which can be temporary and of limited purpose) designed to separate Brookfield investment professionals to act independently on behalf of the Secondary Fund, on the one hand, and our group and/or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, on the other hand, in each case with support of separate legal counsel and other advisers.
At all times, Brookfield will endeavor to treat all Brookfield Accounts fairly, equitably and in an impartial manner. However, there can be no assurance that any action or measure pursued by Brookfield will be feasible or effective in any particular situation, or that its own interests won’t influence its conduct, and it is possible that the outcome for the Brookfield Account will be less favorable than otherwise would have been the case if Brookfield did not face these conflicts of interest. In addition, the actions and measures that Brookfield pursues are expected to vary based on the particular facts and circumstances of each situation and, as such, there will be some degree of variation and potentially inconsistency in the manner in which these situations are addressed.
•Pursuit of Investment Opportunities by Certain Non-Controlled Affiliates. Certain companies affiliated with Brookfield (a) are controlled, in whole or in part, by persons other than Brookfield or entities controlled by it, including, for example, joint ventures or similar arrangements with third parties where Brookfield does not have complete control or (b) do not coordinate or consult with Brookfield with respect to investment decisions (together, “Non-Controlled Affiliates”).
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Such Non-Controlled Affiliates are likely to have investment objectives which overlap with the investment objectives of our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and conflicts are likely to arise therefrom. For example, from time to time such Non-Controlled Affiliates or investment vehicles managed by such Non-Controlled Affiliates will pursue investment opportunities which are suitable for our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests but which are not made available to us or such Brookfield Accounts since such Non-Controlled Affiliates do not consult with and/or are not controlled by Brookfield.
CONFLICTS RELATING TO INVESTMENTS
As noted throughout this Form 20-F, our group is expected to benefit from its affiliation with Brookfield and Brookfield’s expertise and resources. Brookfield believes that operating within its integrated investment platform is in the best interests of all of its clients, including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. However, being part of the broader Brookfield platform gives rise to actual and potential conflicts.
•Advice to Other Brookfield Accounts May Conflict with Our Group’s Interests. In light of the extensive scope of Brookfield’s investment and related business activities: (i) Brookfield and its personnel will give advice, and take actions, with respect to current or future Brookfield Accounts (including proprietary accounts of Brookfield) that could compete or conflict with the advice Brookfield gives to our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested, or that will involve a different timing or nature of action than that taken with respect to our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested, and (ii) investments by Brookfield Accounts and/or Brookfield could have the effect of diluting or otherwise disadvantaging the values, prices and/or investment strategies of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested. For example, when another Brookfield Account either manages or implements a portfolio decision ahead of, or contemporaneously with, portfolio decisions for our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested, market impact, liquidity constraints and/or other factors could result in our group receiving less favorable results, paying higher transaction costs, or being otherwise disadvantaged.
In making certain decisions with regard to our investments or those of Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested that compete with or differ from the interests of one or more other Brookfield Accounts, Brookfield could face certain conflicts of interest between the interests of our group (and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested) and the interests of such other Brookfield Accounts. These potential conflicts will be exacerbated in situations where Brookfield is entitled to higher fees from other Brookfield Accounts than from our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested, where portfolio managers making an allocation decision are entitled to higher performance-based compensation from other Brookfield Accounts than from us and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested, where Brookfield (and/or the Related-Party Investor) has larger proprietary investments in other Brookfield Accounts than in our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested, or where there are capacity constraints with respect to a particular strategy or opportunity as a result of, for example, position limits and/or regulatory reporting obligations applicable to Brookfield. In addition, as an investment changes over time, additional conflicts of interest are expected to arise, including as a result of earlier investment allocation decisions. Brookfield will determine the appropriate investment decision for our group, each Brookfield Account in which our group is invested, and other Brookfield Accounts taking into account the mandate and interests of such accounts (where applicable) and, when applicable, in accordance with Brookfield’s investment allocation protocols and such Brookfield Accounts’ governing documents.
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The investment and divestment decisions made with respect to other Brookfield Accounts may be made without regard to the interests of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested, even where such decisions are informed by our (direct or indirect) investment activities and/or adversely affect our group (directly or indirectly).
In addition, certain Brookfield Accounts (and/or portfolio companies of such Brookfield Accounts) may provide investment banking and other advisory services to third parties with respect to assets in which our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may be invested or seek to invest. The interests of such Brookfield Accounts (and/or portfolio companies of such Brookfield Accounts) in such circumstances could conflict with those of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), and we (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could compete with such Brookfield Accounts in pursuing certain investments.
Different business units and teams within the partnership’s general partner and Brookfield may take views, and make decisions or recommendations, that are different than other areas of the partnership’s general partner and Brookfield. Different portfolio management teams within the partnership’s general partner and Brookfield may make decisions or take (or refrain from taking) actions with respect to Brookfield Accounts they advise in a manner that may be different than or adverse to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). Such teams might not share information with the portfolio management team of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), including as a result of certain information barriers. See “Data and Information Sharing” below.
In particular, Brookfield Accounts that focus on making secondary investments are expected to invest in Third Party Vehicles. While such Brookfield Accounts are expected to negotiate for certain control rights over (and to offer strategic advice to) such Third Party Vehicles, such Third Party Vehicles will not be “Brookfield Accounts” and will not be considered “affiliates” of Brookfield for purposes of the provisions of the governing documents that limit the ability of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) to transact with Brookfield affiliates. As a result, our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) will not be restricted from purchasing investments from, selling investments to, or otherwise transacting with or alongside such third-party funds or other investment vehicles. The interests of such Brookfield Accounts and the Third Party Vehicles in which they invest may conflict with those of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), including in circumstances in which such other Brookfield Accounts exercise (or decline to exercise) control rights over, or otherwise offer strategic advice to, such Third Party Vehicles in a manner that differs from Brookfield’s advice to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests).
•Allocation of Personnel. Brookfield will devote such time as it deems necessary to conduct the business affairs of our group and each Brookfield Account in which our group invests in an appropriate manner. However, the various teams and personnel working on one Brookfield Account will also work on matters related to other Brookfield Accounts. Accordingly, conflicts may arise in the allocation of personnel among our group and other Brookfield Accounts and such other strategies. For example, certain of the investment professionals who are expected to devote their business time to our group are also contractually required to, and will, devote substantial portions of their business time to the management and operation of other Brookfield Accounts, and such circumstances may result in conflicts of interest for such portfolio managers and/or other personnel who are in a similar position.
•Integrated Investment Platform, Information Sharing and related Trading Restrictions. As noted elsewhere herein, Brookfield is a global alternative asset manager with significant assets
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under management and a long history of owning, managing and operating assets, businesses and investment vehicles across various industries, sectors, geographies and strategies. Except as otherwise noted, Brookfield generally manages its investment and business lines in an integrated fashion with no information barriers that other firms may implement to separate certain investment teams so that one team’s activities won’t restrict or otherwise influence the other’s. Brookfield believes that managing its investment and asset management platforms in an integrated fashion is in the best interests of Brookfield Accounts, including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, by enabling them to leverage Brookfield’s experience, expertise, broad reach, relationships and position in the market for investment opportunities and deal flow, financial resources, access to capital markets and management and operating needs. Among other things, Brookfield will have access to information across its platform relating to business operations, trends, budgets, customers or users, assets, funding and other metrics that Brookfield has or acquires through its management of Brookfield Accounts and/or its own business and investment activities that is used by Brookfield to identify and/or evaluate potential investments for our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and to facilitate the management of investments, including through operational improvements. Conversely, Brookfield uses data and information that it has or acquires in connection with activities on behalf of our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests for the benefit of other Brookfield Accounts’ (including Brookfield proprietary accounts’) business and investment activities. From time to time, Brookfield expects to commission third-party research, at the expense of our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests, in connection with its diligence of an investment opportunity for our group or such Brookfield Account or in connection with its investment, and such research is expected to subsequently be available to other Brookfield Accounts and Walled-Off Business Accounts (who will generally not be required to compensate our group or the applicable Brookfield Account in which our group invests for the benefit they receive from such research). Such benefits could be material and Brookfield will have no duty, contractual, fiduciary or otherwise, to keep such information confidential from, or not use such information in connection with the business and investment activities of itself, other Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies.
Brookfield believes that managing its broader investment and asset management platform in an integrated fashion, which includes sharing of information and data obtained through the platform, provides Brookfield Accounts with greater transaction sourcing, investment and asset management capabilities, and related synergies, including the ability to better anticipate macroeconomic and other trends, and make more informed decisions for Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests).
At the same time, this level of integration results in certain regulatory, legal, contractual and other considerations that, under certain circumstances, restrict certain activities that would not otherwise arise if Brookfield managed its platform in a different fashion (e.g., in a walled environment) and that Brookfield is required to manage in the ordinary course. For example, from time to time, our group’s ability (and the ability of Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested) to buy or sell certain securities will be restricted by applicable securities laws, regulatory requirements, information held by Brookfield, contractual obligations applicable to Brookfield, and potential reputational risks relating to Brookfield and Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), as well as Brookfield’s internal policies designed to comply with these and similar requirements. As a result, from time to time, Brookfield will not engage in transactions or other activities for, or enforce certain rights in favor of, our group (and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested) due to Brookfield’s activities outside our group (and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested), regulatory requirements, policies, and reputational risk assessments.
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Brookfield will possess material, non-public information about companies that will limit our (and the Brookfield Accounts in which we are invested) ability to buy and sell securities related to those companies (or, potentially, other companies) during certain times. For example, Brookfield makes control investments in various companies and assets across its platform and its personnel take seats on boards of directors of, or have board of directors observer rights with respect to, portfolio companies in which Brookfield invests (including on behalf of Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested). In addition, Brookfield often obtains confidential information relating to investment opportunities that it considers across its platform. As a result, Brookfield will be limited and/or restricted in its ability to trade in securities of companies about which it has material non-public information, even if the information was not obtained for the benefit of the Brookfield Account that is restricted from making the investment. This will adversely affect our ability to make and/or dispose of certain investments during certain times.
Furthermore, Brookfield, Brookfield businesses that are separated by information barriers (e.g., Walled-Off Businesses) and their accounts, and Brookfield Accounts (including our group) are deemed to be affiliates for purposes of certain laws and regulations. As such, it is anticipated that, from time to time, Brookfield, Brookfield businesses that are separated by information barriers and their accounts, and Brookfield Accounts will have positions (which in some cases will be significant) in one or more of the same issuers. As such, Brookfield needs to aggregate such investment holdings for certain securities laws purposes (including trading restrictions under Rule 144 under the Securities Act, complying with reporting obligations under Section 13 of the Exchange Act and the reporting and short-swing profit disgorgement obligations under Section 16 of the Exchange Act) and other regulatory purposes (including: (i) public utility companies and public utility holding companies; (ii) bank holding companies; (iii) owners of broadcast licenses, airlines, railroads, water carriers and trucking concerns; (iv) casinos and gaming businesses; and (v) public service companies (such as those providing gas, electric or telephone services)). Consequently, activities by Brookfield, Brookfield businesses that are separated by information barriers, and/or other Brookfield Accounts could result in earlier public disclosure of investments by our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in, restrictions on transactions by our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in (including the ability to make or dispose of certain investments at certain times), adverse effects on the prices of investments made by our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in, potential short-swing profit disgorgement, penalties and/or regulatory remedies, or otherwise create conflicts of interests for our group and/or Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in.
As a result of the foregoing, Brookfield could restrict, limit or reduce the amount of our group’s investments (or investments of Brookfield Accounts that our group is invested in) under certain circumstances. In addition, certain of the investments made by our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests could become subject to legal and/or other restrictions on transfer following their acquisition. When faced with the foregoing limitations, Brookfield will generally avoid exceeding the threshold because exceeding the threshold could have an adverse impact on the ability of Brookfield to efficiently conduct its business activities. Brookfield could also reduce our (and Brookfield Accounts’) interest in, or restrict our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested) from participating in, an investment opportunity that has limited availability or where Brookfield has determined to cap its aggregate investment in consideration of certain regulatory or other requirements so that other Brookfield Accounts that pursue similar investment strategies are able to acquire an interest in the investment opportunity.
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Brookfield could determine not to engage in certain transactions or activities which may be beneficial to our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested) because engaging in such transactions or activities in compliance with applicable law would result in significant cost to, or administrative burden on, Brookfield or create the potential risk of trade or other errors.
In addition, certain potential conflicts considerations will arise for Brookfield in managing its investment and asset management platform in an integrated fashion. For example, in seeking to manage business activities efficiently across all Brookfield Accounts, Brookfield could determine, in its discretion, to apply certain restrictions during certain times to certain Brookfield Accounts, but not to others, taking into account the relevant facts and circumstances it deems appropriate. Moreover, while Brookfield will have or obtain information from across the platform (including all Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies, strategies, businesses and operations), Brookfield also will use such information for the benefit of its own business and investment activities as well as those of Brookfield Accounts.
Brookfield believes that it will be better able to anticipate macroeconomic and other trends, and otherwise make more informed investment and other decisions for Brookfield Accounts (including our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) as a result of its access to (and rights regarding) the data and information that it has or obtains through the business and investment activities of all Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies. Brookfield will also make investment and other decisions for Brookfield Accounts (including itself, our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, other Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies) on the basis of information Brookfield has or obtains through all Brookfield Accounts’ investment activities. Brookfield believes that using this data and information from across Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies will provide overall benefits to, and improve Brookfield’s management of, Brookfield Accounts (including our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), including their investment activities. For example, data analytics based on inputs from a portfolio company of one Brookfield Account could inform business decisions for another Brookfield Account. In addition, aggregating data provides Brookfield with opportunities to obtain bulk discounts for Brookfield Accounts (including our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, other Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies) on products and services if that data shows significant demand across multiple Brookfield Accounts and/or portfolio companies. Any such discounts would be allocated among Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies on a fair and equitable basis as determined by Brookfield in its sole discretion, with Brookfield able to make corrective allocations should it determine subsequently that such corrections were necessary or advisable.
This practice gives rise to conflicts of interest, however, because in some cases, this will result in certain Brookfield Accounts and/or portfolio companies taking positions that are different from, and potentially adverse to, positions taken for our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested or their portfolio companies, or result in certain Brookfield Accounts and/or portfolio companies benefiting from the business and investment activities of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests (or vice versa). For example, Brookfield’s ability to invest on behalf of another Brookfield Account in a particular company could be enhanced by information obtained from a portfolio company of our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests in the same or a related industry. Such investments can be expected to provide a material benefit to certain Brookfield Accounts and portfolio companies (including proprietary Brookfield accounts) without compensation or other benefits to, or participation by, the Brookfield Accounts (including our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which we are invested) whose information is being used, because Brookfield shares information regarding Brookfield Accounts and their investors, and the benefits received by certain Brookfield Accounts (and/or Brookfield) will not offset management fees or otherwise be shared with our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests or their investors.
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As a result, Brookfield has an incentive to pursue and manage investments for our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests that have data and information that can be utilized in a manner that benefits Brookfield’s broader business platform, including investments that Brookfield would not otherwise have invested in or investments on terms less favorable than Brookfield otherwise would have sought in the ordinary course. Brookfield has implemented policies and procedures designed to mitigate conflicts of interest and address certain regulatory requirements and contractual restrictions with respect to its use and sharing of data and information. Brookfield is also subject to contractual obligations and legal limitations on its use and sharing of data and information. Such policies and procedures, obligations and limitations generally reduce synergies across Brookfield’s various activities and negatively affect Brookfield’s and the Brookfield Accounts’ ability to pursue and manage investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to Brookfield or the Brookfield Accounts if such policies and procedures were not implemented. From time to time, these policies and procedures also will result in our group or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests having reduced investment opportunities or investment flexibility, or otherwise restrict our group, the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests or Brookfield in its management and investment activities with respect to such information, such as the ability of our group, the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests or a portfolio company to make certain investments.
While Brookfield will manage its investment and asset management platform in an integrated basis, there is no assurance that the investment professionals managing the investment activities of our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests will have access to and/or knowledge of all information that Brookfield is privy to at any given point in time. Conversely, operating in an integrated environment may provide Brookfield with access to and knowledge of information that Brookfield may have obtained in connection with an investment for another Brookfield Account, which may provide benefits to such other Brookfield Accounts that would not exist but for its position within Brookfield’s platform. Brookfield will not be under any obligation or other duty to make all such information available for the benefit of our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and/or any portfolio companies.
Regardless of the existence of information barriers, Brookfield will not have any obligation or other duty to make available for the benefit of any Brookfield Account (including our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests or their investments) any information regarding Brookfield’s broader investment activities, strategies or views, or the activities, strategies or views used for other Brookfield Accounts. Brookfield may share any information relating to a Brookfield Account or its investments with its affiliates, including those that are managed independently (in accordance with information barriers and related protocols). Furthermore, to the extent that Brookfield has access to analyses, models and/or information developed by other parts of Brookfield and/or its personnel, Brookfield will not be under any obligation or other duty to effect transactions on behalf of our group, any Brookfield Account in which our group invests or its investments in accordance with such analysis and models and in some cases (such as research) may be prohibited from disseminating information between areas within Brookfield. In the event Brookfield does not share certain information with a Brookfield Account’s investment team, such Brookfield Account may make investments or other decisions that differ from those it would have made if its investment team had such information, which may be disadvantageous to the Brookfield Account.
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•Trade Errors. Brookfield will not be responsible for any losses resulting from any trade errors made by Brookfield in respect of the investments of our group or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, except to the extent such parties are liable pursuant to the applicable governing documents of the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. Trade errors might include, for example, keystroke errors that occur when entering trades into an electronic system or typographical or drafting errors related to derivatives contracts or similar agreements. Investors should assume that trade errors (and similar errors or deviations from accuracy or correctness in the trade process) will occur and that Brookfield will not be responsible for any resulting losses, even if such loss results from negligence (but not gross negligence), unless it has breached its standard of care as set out in applicable laws or regulations as well as the applicable limited partnership agreement, investment management agreement, prospectus or other offering document of the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests.
•Data Management. To the extent it deems necessary or appropriate, in its sole discretion, Brookfield may provide data management services to our group and our investments and/or other Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies (collectively, “Data Holders”). Such services could include, among other things, assistance with obtaining, analyzing, curating, processing, packaging, organizing, mapping, holding, transforming, enhancing, marketing and selling data for monetization through licensing and/or sale arrangements with third parties and/or directly with Data Holders. To the extent provided, these services would be subject to the limitations discussed below and applicable contractual and/or legal obligations or limitations, including on the use of material non-public information. Moreover, where an arrangement is with our group or one of our investments, we would directly or indirectly bear our appropriate share of related compensation. In addition, in Brookfield’s sole discretion, data from one Data Holder may be pooled with data from other Data Holders, subject to applicable laws and regulations (including privacy laws and regulations), and any revenues arising from such pooled data sets would be allocated among Brookfield and the applicable Data Holders on a fair and equitable basis as determined by Brookfield in its sole discretion, with Brookfield able to make corrective allocations should it determine subsequently that such corrections were necessary or advisable.
Brookfield’s compensation for any data management services could include a percentage of the revenues generated through any licensing and/or sale arrangements, fees, royalties and cost and expense reimbursement (including start-up costs and allocable overhead associated with personnel working on relevant matters (including salaries, benefits and other similar expenses)). This compensation will not offset management or other fees or otherwise be shared with the Data Holders, our group, other Brookfield Accounts, their portfolio companies or shareholders. Brookfield may share the products from its data management services within Brookfield (including other Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies) at no charge and, in such cases, the Data Holders are not expected to receive any financial or other benefit from having provided their data to Brookfield. The provision of data management services will create incentives for Brookfield to pursue and make investments that generate a significant amount of data, including on behalf of our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested. While all investments will be within our group’s (or the relevant Brookfield Account’s) investment mandate and consistent with our group’s (or the relevant Brookfield Account’s) investment objectives, they could include investments that Brookfield might not otherwise have made or investments on terms less favorable than Brookfield otherwise would have sought to obtain had it not been providing data management services.
•Terms of an Investment by a Brookfield Account May Benefit or Disadvantage Another Brookfield Account. From time to time, in making investment decisions for our group (or a
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Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or another Brookfield Account, Brookfield will face certain conflicts of interest between the interests of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), on the one hand, and the interests of the other Brookfield Account. For example, subject to applicable law and any limitations contained in the governing documents, Brookfield from time to time could cause our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) to invest in securities, bank loans or other obligations of companies or properties affiliated with or advised by Brookfield or in which Brookfield Accounts have an equity, debt or other interest, or to engage in investment transactions that result in other Brookfield Accounts getting an economic benefit, being relieved of obligations or divested of investments. For example, from time to time, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could make debt or equity investments in entities which are expected to use the proceeds of such investment to repay loans from another Brookfield Account. Depending on the circumstance, such other Brookfield Account would benefit if our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) invested more money, thus providing sufficient funds to repay such other Brookfield Account, or it would benefit if the loans remained outstanding and such Brookfield Account continued to receive payment under the existing loans, if the loans were on attractive terms (including an attractive interest rate) from the perspective of such Brookfield Account. Alternatively, from time to time another Brookfield Account is in the position of making an investment that could be used to repay loans from our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) (which could occur earlier than otherwise expected for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests)), which would present the opposite conflict. Similarly, such conflicts are also present in other situations. For example, in certain circumstances, a Brookfield Account will pursue a take-private, asset purchase or other material transaction with an issuer in which our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) is invested, which will result in a benefit to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). In situations where the activities of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) enhance the profitability of other Brookfield Accounts with respect to their investment in and activities relating to companies, Brookfield could take the interests of such other Brookfield Accounts into consideration in connection with actions it takes on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). See “Investments with Related Parties” below.
Additionally, there may be instances where our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or another Brookfield Account or one of their investments may enter into agreements with third parties (or invest in assets or portfolio companies that have pre-existing agreements with third parties) that restrict the ability of other Brookfield Accounts (including our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) to engage in potentially competitive actions, such as developing competing assets within a defined geographical area, which could adversely impact our group’s (or of a Brookfield Account in which our group invests’) investment opportunities. In cases where our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or one of its investments has entered into such a restriction, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may from time to time seek to induce its counterparty to waive such restriction for the benefit of another Brookfield Account. No consent or notification will be provided to our shareholders or our board of directors in these situations.
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•Conflicts among Portfolio Companies and Brookfield Accounts. There will be conflicts between our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and/or one of our (direct or indirect) investments, on the one hand, and other Brookfield Accounts and/or one or more of their investments, on the other hand. For example, a portfolio company of another Brookfield Account may be a competitor, customer, service provider or supplier of one or more of our (direct or indirect through a Brookfield Account) investments. There may also be circumstances where a tenant or a prospective tenant in connection with an investment may also be interested in or eligible to be a tenant or prospective tenant at a property owned by another Brookfield Account. In such circumstances, the other Brookfield Account and/or portfolio company thereof are likely to take actions that have adverse consequences for our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested and/or one of our group’s (direct or indirect) investments, such as seeking to increase their market share to our group’s detriment, withdrawing business from our group’s investment in favor of a competitor that offers the same product or service at a more competitive price, or increasing prices of their products in their capacity as a supplier to our group’s (direct or indirect) investment, or commencing litigation against our (direct or indirect) investment. In addition, in such circumstances, Brookfield may not pursue certain actions on behalf of our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested or our group’s (direct or indirect) portfolio companies, which could result in a benefit to another Brookfield Account (or vice versa). Brookfield has implemented policies and procedures designed to mitigate such potential conflicts of interest. Such policies and procedures could reduce the business activity among the portfolio companies of Brookfield Accounts, which would negatively affect portfolio companies of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and, therefore, our group, or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests, as a whole. Another Brookfield Account or portfolio company thereof may nonetheless continue to take such actions that have adverse consequences for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or its portfolio companies, and Brookfield will not have any obligation or duty in this regard.
•Investments with Related Parties. In light of the extensive scope of Brookfield’s activities, in certain circumstances our group will invest (directly or indirectly through a Brookfield Account) in assets or companies in which Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts (including a co-investment account) hold an equity or debt position or in which Brookfield or another Brookfield Account invests (either in equity or debt positions) subsequent to our group’s investment. For example, from time to time, Brookfield and/or another Brookfield Account (including a co-investment account) will: (a) enter into a joint transaction with our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests); (b) in their discretion, invest alongside our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) in order to facilitate an investment (e.g., to the extent there is excess capacity) or to facilitate compliance with specific legal, regulatory or similar requirements; (c) be borrowers of certain investments or lenders in respect of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests); and/or (d) invest in different levels of an issuer’s capital structure. In addition, Brookfield could recommend that our group (or a Brookfield Account in which we are invested) make an investment that is part of a broader transaction that, among others, involves Brookfield obtaining, for little or no consideration, additional client accounts in respect of which it will provide advisory, operational and other services in respect of assets held by such accounts. As a result of the various conflicts and related issues described herein, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could sustain losses during periods in which Brookfield or other Brookfield Accounts achieve profits generally or with respect to particular investments, or could achieve lower profits or higher losses than would have been the case had the conflicts described herein not existed.
Brookfield and other Brookfield Accounts invest in a broad range of asset classes throughout the corporate capital structure, including debt positions (either junior or senior to the positions of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests)) and equity securities (either common or preferred). It is possible that our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or one or more of its portfolio companies will hold an interest in one part of a company’s capital structure while another Brookfield Account or one or more of its portfolio companies holds an interest in another. In situations where such company or property is experiencing distress or bankruptcy, such conflicts of interest will be exacerbated.
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In such scenarios, other Brookfield Accounts or other consortiums, including Brookfield, Walled-Off Businesses or Walled-Off Business Accounts, could hold interests that are more senior in priority to that of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and could seek to take over such company or property. In such circumstances, Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Businesses and/or Walled-Off Business Accounts that participate in such asset could take actions that are adverse to the interests of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). Alternatively, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may make an investment in a company in which Brookfield or another Brookfield Account invests and such company may already be experiencing (or may in the future experience) distress or bankruptcy. Our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may, or may not, be successful in managing it out of such distress. Alternatively, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could cause an investment to enter into default with respect to a company or asset in which Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Businesses and/or Walled-Off Business Accounts are lenders or otherwise represent all or a portion of interests in such company or asset more senior to our group’s (or a Brookfield Account’s in which our group invests), and therefore such a default could result in Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Businesses and/or Walled-Off Business Accounts taking over the company or assets. The conflicts between such parties and our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) will be more pronounced where the asset is near default on existing loans and our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may not have the ability to call additional capital or use reserves or other sources of capital in order to sustain its position in the asset (either because our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) is out of available commitments or other limitations). In this case, Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Businesses and/or Walled-Off Business Accounts could, for a relatively small investment, obtain a stake in such company or take over the management of (and risk relating to) such company to the detriment of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). Conflicts of interest could also arise for other reasons (including reasons other than the company or asset experiencing financial distress), including for example in connection with refinancings, restructurings and/or other negotiation or renegotiation of a company’s or asset’s debt structure and/or debt instruments. Brookfield will seek to resolve these situations in a manner that is fair and equitable to all of its client accounts that have an interest in the matter taking into account relevant facts and circumstances.
The interests of Brookfield Accounts and other consortium members in certain investments could differ from those of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and could be acquired at different times, at different prices, with a different view (including different investment objectives and other considerations) and be subject to different terms and conditions. Furthermore, to the extent that our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) acquires an interest in assets or companies subsequent to another Brookfield Account, it is possible that participation by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) could result in a direct or indirect financial benefit to such Brookfield Account which would not have otherwise obtained. In addition, Brookfield Accounts and other consortium members could dispose of their interests in applicable investments at different times and on different terms than our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), including in situations where Brookfield Accounts facilitated an investment with a view to reselling their portion of such investment to third-parties following the closing of the transaction (which could, in certain situations, result in the Brookfield Account receiving compensation for (or related to) such sale) or where Brookfield Accounts and/or such consortium members seek to reallocate capital to other opportunities, de-risk of exposures, or otherwise manage their investments differently than our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), which could have an adverse effect on the value and/or liquidity of the investment of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests).
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In any such circumstances, such Brookfield Accounts or other consortium members will likely sell interests at different values, and possibly higher values, than we (or a Brookfield Account in which we are invested) will be able to when disposing of the applicable investment. Where our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) invests alongside another Brookfield Account, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may desire to manage its investment differently than such Brookfield Account, but may be restrained from doing so because of the Brookfield Account.
Moreover, from time to time, our group, a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested and/or another Brookfield Account could jointly acquire a portfolio of assets with a view to dividing up the assets between them in accordance with their relevant investment mandates. In addition, as noted above, certain investments by our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) will be part of broader transactions that, among others, involve Brookfield obtaining, for little or no consideration, additional client accounts in respect of which it will provide advisory, operational and other services in respect of assets held by such accounts. In this circumstance, Brookfield will determine the terms and conditions relating to the investment, including the purchase price associated with each asset, which price may not represent the price we (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) would have paid if the transaction had involved the acquisition only of the assets our group (or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) ultimately retain and/or if the broader transaction did not involve Brookfield obtaining additional client accounts. In certain circumstances, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) could have residual liability for assets that were allocated to Brookfield or another Brookfield Account, including potential tax liabilities. Additionally, from time to time, Brookfield will seek to sell assets on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) and one or more other Brookfield Accounts together, including because Brookfield deems it to be in the best interests of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) and each participating Brookfield Account to do so and/or because it believes our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) and each applicable Brookfield Account would generate excess value as part of a joint portfolio or platform sale. In this circumstance, Brookfield will determine the terms and conditions relating to such disposition, including the manner of sale, the ultimate sale price associated with each property and/or other asset and the allocation of the sale price among our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) and the other participating Brookfield Accounts, which will be based on one or more factors, as deemed appropriate by Brookfield in its discretion taking into account relevant facts and circumstances, including among others internal carrying values of the relevant assets, appraisals and/or valuations of the relevant assets, the advice of external consultants and/or advisers, and/or the values attributed to the various assets by one or more of the bidders for the portfolio. Brookfield’s ultimate allocation of the sale price among our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) and the other participating Brookfield Accounts could be different than any one particular factor utilized in its determination, including the values attributed to the various assets by the ultimate purchaser of the assets. In addition, Brookfield could rely on similar and/or different factors to facilitate its determination in different (including similar) situations taking into account facts and circumstances that it deems relevant. These types of transactions will not require the approval of the shareholders. Furthermore, from time to time, our group, a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested, Brookfield and/or a Brookfield Account will jointly enter into a binding agreement to acquire an investment. If Brookfield or such Brookfield Account is unable to consummate the investment, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) could be subject to additional liabilities, including the potential loss of any deposit or the obligation to fund the entire investment.
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Similarly, to the extent that indebtedness in connection with an investment is structured such that both our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested), Brookfield and/or another Brookfield Account are jointly responsible on a cross-collateralized, joint borrower, joint guarantor or similar basis for the repayment of the indebtedness, the failure of Brookfield and/or the other Brookfield Account to repay such indebtedness or meet other obligations could result in our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) being required to fund more than their pro rata share of the indebtedness.
If Brookfield or another Brookfield Account participates as a lender in borrowings by our group, a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested or portfolio companies, Brookfield’s (or the other Brookfield Account’s) interests may conflict with the interests of our group, the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested and/or the applicable portfolio company. In this situation, our group’s assets may be pledged to such Brookfield Account as security for the loan. In its capacity as a lender, Brookfield or the relevant Brookfield Account may act in its own interest, without regard for the interests of our group, the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested, our portfolio companies or the unitholders, which may materially and adversely affect our group, the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested and our portfolio companies and, in certain circumstances such as an event of default, ultimately may result in realization of assets held by our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested at a loss, including loss of the entire investment.
In situations in which Brookfield and/or another Brookfield Account holds an interest in an investment that differs from that of our group and/or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested, conflicts of interest will arise in connection with, among other things, the following: (i) the nature, timing and terms of each Brookfield Account’s investment, (ii) the allocation of control and other governance rights among the Brookfield Accounts, (iii) the strategic objectives and/or timing underlying each Brookfield Account’s investments, (iv) differing disposition rights, views and/or needs for all or part of an investment, (v) resolution of liabilities in connection with an investment among the Brookfield Accounts, (vi) allocation of jointly held resources (e.g., intellectual property, pooled funds, etc.), and/or (vii) other considerations related to the investment. In certain situations, Brookfield Accounts will invest in follow-on investments of other Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). Where certain Brookfield Accounts and other Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) hold different interests in an investment, there will be conflicts from various factors, including, among other things, investments in different levels of the capital structure, different measurements of control, different risk profiles, different rights with respect to disposition alternatives, different investment objectives, strategies and horizons, different target rates of return, rights in connection with co-investors and/or other factors. Brookfield will resolve these matters in a fair and reasonable manner consistent with its fiduciary duty to each account. However, there can be no assurance that Brookfield will resolve these matters in any particular manner or that it would resolve these matters in the same manner that it would have resolved them had these conflicts considerations not arisen.
As noted above, from time to time our group and/or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested, on the one hand, and other Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield proprietary accounts and/or co-investment accounts), on the other hand, will invest in different classes or types of securities of the same company (or other assets, instruments or obligations issued by such company) or otherwise on different terms thereby creating divergent interests.
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If the company or asset experiences financial distress, bankruptcy or a similar situation, a Brookfield Account’s interest (including interest of our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) may be subordinated or otherwise adversely affected by virtue of another Brookfield Account’s involvement and actions relating to their investment to the extent their interest is more senior to, or has different contractual rights than, the interest of our group and/or the Brookfield Account in which we are invested. In these situations, Brookfield will face conflicts in managing each side’s investment with a view to maximizing its value and, in connection therewith, pursuing or enforcing rights or activities. At all times, Brookfield will seek to treat each Brookfield Account (including our group and/or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) fairly, equitably and consistent with its investment mandate in pursuing and managing these investments. However, these factors could result in our (direct and indirect) interests and those of Brookfield and other Brookfield Accounts being managed differently under certain circumstances and our group and/or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested realizing different returns (including, possibly lower returns) on their investment than Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts on theirs.
In addition, Brookfield is expected to advise other Brookfield Accounts with respect to different parts of the capital structure of an investment. As a result, Brookfield could pursue or enforce rights or activities, or refrain from pursuing or enforcing rights or activities, with respect to a particular investment in which our group and/or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested has a position. Our group and/or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested could be negatively affected by these activities, and transactions on behalf of our group and/or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested could be executed at prices or terms that are less favorable than would otherwise have been the case. In addition, in the event that Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts hold voting securities of an issuer in which we (directly or indirectly) hold loans, bonds, or other credit-related securities, Brookfield or such other Brookfield Accounts could have the right to vote on certain matters that could have an adverse effect on the positions held by our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests.
As a result of the various conflicts and related issues described above, we could sustain (direct or indirect) losses during periods in which Brookfield or other Brookfield Accounts achieve profits generally or with respect to particular holdings, or could achieve lower profits or higher losses than would have been the case had the conflicts described above not existed.
In order to mitigate potential conflicts of interest in these situations, Brookfield could but will not be obligated to take one or more actions on behalf of itself, our group and/or other Brookfield Accounts, including one or more of the following (as it determines in its sole discretion): (i) forbearance of rights, such as causing Brookfield, our group and/or other Brookfield Accounts to remain passive in a situation in which it is otherwise entitled to vote, which could mean that Brookfield, our group, a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested and/or other Brookfield Accounts (as applicable) defer to the decision or judgment of an independent, third-party investor in the same class of securities with respect to decisions regarding defaults, foreclosures, workouts, restructurings, and/or similar matters, including actions taken by a trustee or administrative or other agent of the investment, such as a release, waiver, forgiveness or reduction of any claim for principal or interest, extension of maturity date or due date of any payment of any principal or interest, release or substitution of any material collateral, release, waiver, termination or modification of any material provision of any guaranty or indemnity, subordination of any lien, and release, waiver or permission with respect to any covenants; (ii) causing Brookfield, our group, a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested and/or other Brookfield Accounts to hold only non-controlling interests in any such investment; (iii) referring the matter to one or more persons that is not affiliated with Brookfield, such as a third-party loan servicer, administrative agent or other agent to review and/or approve of an intended course of action; (iv) consulting with investors and/or seeking approval of our board and the board of the partnership’s general partner on such matter (and similar bodies of other accounts); (v) establishing ethical screens or information barriers (which can be temporary and of limited purpose) designed to separate Brookfield investment professionals to act independently on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested), on the one hand, and Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts, on the other hand, in each case with support of separate legal counsel and other advisers; (vi) seeking to ensure that Brookfield, our group, a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested, and/or other Brookfield Accounts own interests in the same securities or financial instruments and in the same proportions so as to preserve an alignment of interests; and/or (vii) causing Brookfield, our group, a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested, and/or other Brookfield Accounts to divest of an investment that it otherwise could have held on to, including without limitation causing our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) to sell its position to Brookfield or another Brookfield Account (or vice versa).
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At all times, Brookfield will endeavor to treat all Brookfield-managed accounts (including our group and any Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) fairly, equitably and in an impartial manner and consistent with its investment mandate in pursuing and managing in these investments. However, there can be no assurance that any action or measure pursued by Brookfield will be feasible or effective in any particular situation, or that its own interests won’t influence its conduct, and it is possible that the outcome for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) will be less favorable than otherwise would have been the case if Brookfield did not face these conflicts of interest. In addition, the actions and measures that Brookfield pursues are expected to vary based on the particular facts and circumstances of each situation and, as such, there will be some degree of variation and potentially inconsistency in the manner in which these situations are addressed. Furthermore, from time to time Brookfield intends to enter into a voting agreement with one or more other Brookfield Accounts alongside which our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) is invested, which, among other things, would allocate (upon such Brookfield Account’s election), directly or indirectly, certain voting rights of Brookfield with respect to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) or with respect to one or more properties or portfolio companies to such affiliates. However, for the avoidance of doubt, Brookfield will in all circumstances control our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested).
From time to time, Brookfield may declare a distribution-in-kind of an investment of a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested or a portion thereof. Pursuant to any such distribution-in-kind, the investors in the Brookfield Account (including third-party investors, other Brookfield Accounts and Brookfield personnel that are invested in the relevant Brookfield Account) will receive their pro rata portions of the distribution, and Brookfield will receive a portion of the distribution in respect of its incentive distributions (if applicable). Upon receipt of such interests, certain recipients (including other Brookfield Accounts and Brookfield personnel) generally will be free to sell its interests in their sole discretion, which may have an adverse impact on the value and/or liquidity of other recipients’ (including our group’s) interests. For the avoidance of doubt, the value of the investment upon a distribution in-kind to investors (and the value used for determining Brookfield’s entitlement to incentive distributions) may exceed the value ultimately received by investors (including our group) when they dispose of such interests for cash. In addition, each recipient will likely sell its interests at a different value, and it is possible that other Brookfield Accounts and Brookfield personnel are able to sell their interests at higher prices than other investors (including our group) are able to.
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It is likely that certain investors will elect to have Brookfield dispose of such interests for cash on their behalf while Brookfield will retain the securities for certain Brookfield Accounts (or vice versa), which may exacerbate the risks and conflicts identified herein. In the event of a partial distribution-in-kind, other Brookfield Accounts and Brookfield personnel will be free to sell the interests that they received in advance of any sales by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) of the remaining portion of the investment, which may adversely impact the value and/or liquidity of our group’s or the relevant Brookfield Account’s remaining position and may be at higher prices than our group or the relevant Brookfield Account in which our group is invested ultimately sells the remaining portion of the investment. Additionally, in connection with any restructuring of a Brookfield Account in which we are invested or any of its investments (such as the formation of a continuation vehicle or participation in other similar transactions), Brookfield may charge management fees and receive incentive distributions in connection with any continuation vehicle or similar structure established to hold the investments for a longer term. As a result, such transactions will result in conflicts of interest in determining whether to utilize a continuation vehicle when structuring a Brookfield Account’s exit from any investment, and there can be no assurance that such conflicts of interest will be resolved in a manner favorable to the Brookfield Account in which we are invested or to investors who do not elect to participate.
•Definitions of “Investment” and “Disposition”. The governing documents of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests generally provide that an “investment” of such account typically includes any direct or indirect investment in companies or other assets. The governing documents generally further note that Brookfield has discretion regarding whether to treat assets or securities that have been acquired as part of a portfolio of assets, portfolio of companies and/or a platform, and including assets and/or securities acquired in connection with a follow-on investment, as separate Investments or as a single Investment. Further to the foregoing, a single Investment could include a collection of related assets and/or multiple securities (whether acquired in a single transaction or over time), a series of investments in a portfolio company’s securities (including investments made in different parts of an issuer’s capital structure in a single transaction or over time, including in connection with follow-on investments), investments acquired as a portfolio and/or portfolios (whether acquired in a single transaction or over time, including in connection with follow-on investments) via an asset aggregation strategy or otherwise, in each case as reasonably determined by Brookfield.
Brookfield will use its discretion in determining whether multiple assets and/or multiple securities are considered a single “investment” for purposes of the governing documents of the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, taking into account all factors and circumstances it deems relevant to such determination. As a general matter, Brookfield expects to consider each series of related assets and/or securities as a single “investment”. However, even when a series of assets and/or securities are treated as a single Investment for certain purposes, Brookfield may still treat such assets and/or securities as multiple investments for other purposes of the governing documents (to the extent that Brookfield believes that doing so is consistent with the intention of the relevant provisions of such governing documents). For example, Brookfield could determine to assess each asset within a portfolio on a “look-through” basis for the purpose of certain definitions while treating the portfolio as a single “investment” in the relevant Brookfield Account’s investor reporting and for other purposes of its governing documents, including for purposes of calculating and charging management fees. For the avoidance of doubt, Brookfield will determine whether or not to apply such a “look-through” approach on a case-by-case basis based on the relevant facts and circumstances, and expects that it will take different approaches to different Investments.
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The treatment of assets and/or securities as a single “investment” will affect the calculation of the management fee in certain circumstances, in particular in cases in which one or more assets or securities forming part of the “investment” are subject to a “disposition” or partial disposition (since an investment that has been subject to a disposition or partial disposition generally is no longer included in the calculation of the management fee (or included at a reduced amount) after the commitment period of the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). The governing documents of the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests generally define “disposition” to include a situation in which an investment has been written down to zero, and also provide that in the case of a disposition of all or any part of an investment, the remaining portion will be treated as a separate investment for purposes of calculating the relevant Brookfield Account’s management fee. However, if a collection of assets or securities is treated as a single Investment, and one or more of those assets or securities is written down to zero, Brookfield will use its discretion, taking into account all relevant facts and circumstances, in determining whether to treat such event as a partial disposition and therefore reduce the management fees payable by the relevant Brookfield Account.
Furthermore, in connection with a series of investments made in different parts of a portfolio company’s capital structure that is treated as a single investment, certain of such investments (for example, investments in the equity of the company) over time could be written down to a fair value of zero, while other investments (for example, investments in debt issued by the company) retain some value. In such cases, Brookfield expects to treat such series of investments as a single “investment” and does not expect to treat such Investment as being written down to zero or as having been subject to a partial disposition. As a result, Brookfield will continue to collect management fees on the full amount of capital deployed in the investment (even in situations where a substantial majority of the relevant Brookfield Account’s original investment was made in securities that have been written down to zero, for example in equity of a company that has been subject to bankruptcy, so long as the Brookfield Account holds other securities in the portfolio company that retain value).
In addition, from time to time an asset or security held by a Brookfield Account in which our group invests will be substituted or exchanged for another asset or security, including potentially in connection with or as a result of a refinancing or other repayment, reorganization, merger, foreclosure, deed-in-lieu or other exchange or arrangement, whether or not in bankruptcy. In such cases, the governing documents of the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests generally provide Brookfield with discretion as to whether or not to treat such transaction as a “disposition” or partial disposition, and as a result whether the amount invested in such original asset or security will continue to be counted in full or in part towards the applicable Brookfield Account’s funded commitments and therefore be subject to management fees. For example, to the extent a Brookfield Account in which our group invests holds debt securities that are converted to equity pursuant to a bankruptcy proceeding, Brookfield does not expect to treat such event as a full or partial disposition (even if the relevant Brookfield Account in which our group invests also held equity in such portfolio company, as part of the same investment, that was written down to zero in such bankruptcy proceeding).
For these reasons, Brookfield will be conflicted in its determination of whether assets and/or securities are treated as a single “investment” and whether or not a full or partial “disposition” has occurred, and Brookfield will have an incentive to exercise its discretion such that the fees payable to it would not be reduced. Moreover, Brookfield will not be obligated to (and, in certain circumstances, does not expect to) resolve such conflict in favor of the investors, but rather will resolve it based on its determination, taking into account the relevant facts and circumstances of whether the assets and/or securities are part of a single investment and whether a full or partial disposition has occurred.
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For the avoidance of doubt, Brookfield’s determinations are not subject to consent of any investor (or our company’s independent directors or the limited partner advisory committee of any Brookfield Account), including any determination by Brookfield to treat assets and/or securities as a single “investment” and that a full or partial “disposition” has not occurred such that the management fees payable by the Brookfield Accounts in which we are invested are not reduced under the relevant facts and circumstances (as described herein).
Even in circumstances in which Brookfield determines to treat assets and/or securities as multiple “investments” for purposes of the calculation of management fees, in certain cases (in particular, where the portfolio was acquired as a single portfolio with an aggregate purchase price), Brookfield will use its discretion (and, at times, will make reasonable estimates) in attributing a portion of the purchase price and additional capital invested into the assets or portfolio following the initial acquisition to individual assets and/or securities (which will affect the amount by which management fees are reduced upon the realization or write down to zero of an individual asset within the portfolio). Brookfield will be similarly conflicted in making such attribution.
In addition, in certain situations, Brookfield could determine to write an investment down to zero for a period of time and subsequently increase its value above zero due to changed circumstances. In such cases, the management fees will resume and be calculated on the basis of the investment’s original “funded commitments”, beginning with the period that the investment is no longer written down to zero.
•Insurance and Reinsurance Capital. Brookfield currently manages, and expects in the future to manage, one or more Brookfield Accounts that include insurance- and reinsurance-related capital (including, for the avoidance of doubt, Brookfield Wealth Solutions Ltd., formerly known as Brookfield Reinsurance Partners (“BWS”, and together with any other insurance and reinsurance-related Brookfield Accounts, the “Brookfield Credit & Insurance Solutions Accounts”)). Among other things, Brookfield Credit & Insurance Solutions Accounts are expected to (a) invest in or alongside Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)), (b) invest in securities, loans, structured financings, and/or other financial instruments issued by Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)) and/or portfolio companies thereof, (c) invest in different parts of an issuer’s or portfolio company’s capital structure (relative to investments made by other Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)), (d) transact with Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)), including in respect of investments, tax benefits and/or other assets or services, (e) provide financing, refinancing and/or other loans to Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)) and/or portfolio companies or investments thereof for acquisition, investment, financing, working capital, and/or other purposes, (f) provide acquisition financing and other capital solutions to purchasers of assets sold by Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)), and (g) warehouse investments on behalf of Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)).
BWS is a paired entity to BN. BWS’ exchangeable shares are exchangeable into shares of BN on a one-for-one basis, and holders of BWS exchangeable shares are entitled to receive dividends equal to those received by holders of BN Class A Shares. BN is entitled to the residual economic interest in BWS through its ownership of all of the issued and outstanding class C shares of BWS.
The investment programs of the Brookfield Credit & Insurance Solutions Accounts will give rise, in the ordinary course, to various potential and/or actual conflicts of interest considerations, particularly where their interests could conflict with those of other Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested)) and their third-party investors.
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For example, Brookfield Credit & Insurance Solutions Accounts expect to: (a) compete with other Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)) for investment opportunities, (b) from time to time, invest in (or exit from) investments on terms and/or at times that are different from those applicable to other Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)), (c) invest in different parts of an issuer’s or portfolio company’s capital structure (e.g., debt investments) relative to investments made by other Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)) (e.g., equity investments), potentially leading to divergent interests upon certain events, such as defaults by the issuer on debt payments, (d) provide capital solutions, including financings and/or refinancings, to other Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)) and/or portfolio companies thereof, which require a negotiation of the terms of such arrangements, (f) facilitate activities of other Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)), including through warehousing arrangements for and/or joint transactions with other Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)), and/or (h) execute other transactions with other Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)).
Transactions between Brookfield Credit & Insurance Solutions Accounts, on the one hand, and Brookfield Accounts (including our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested)), on the other hand, will be carried out on terms (including compensation terms) that Brookfield deems to be fair and reasonable under the circumstances, in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements and disclosures set out herein. Brookfield will seek to manage all potential and/or actual conflicts situations in a manner that is in the best interests of its client accounts, including our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested), the Brookfield Credit & Insurance Solutions Accounts and other Brookfield Accounts (as applicable), in accordance with its fiduciary duties.
•Brookfield Capital Solutions. Brookfield Capital Solutions (“BCS”) is a separate business within Brookfield that focuses on: (i) sourcing investment opportunities for Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and their respective portfolio investments; (ii) maintaining relationships with the capital markets community in an effort to help Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and their respective portfolio investments to, among other things, raise debt and equity capital and optimize capital structures through creative financing solutions generally on terms and conditions that are viewed as fair, reasonable and equitable from the perspective of Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and their respective portfolio investments, as applicable; and (iii) structuring capital solutions in an effort to enhance, among other things, the ability to syndicate, place or otherwise transfer loans, securities and other financial instruments arising from financings where Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their respective portfolio investments are borrowers/issuers and/or lenders/creditors (the “BCS Business”).
The BCS Business is conducted via subsidiaries of BWS, which is economically linked to BN. The BCS Business includes (among others): (i) a securities broker and dealer registered with the SEC and admitted to membership in FINRA, and (ii) a subsidiary that provides a variety of services with respect to non-security financial instruments, including loans, such as sourcing/originating, arranging, underwriting, structuring, and distributing/syndicating loans, debt advisory services and other similar services.
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Fees received by the BCS Business are not applied to reduce management fees payable by Brookfield Accounts and are not otherwise shared with Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their respective portfolio investments that are recipients of the services.
Among others, BCS performs the following services: (i) underwriting firm and best efforts offerings of securities and non-security instruments on a referral basis; (ii) the resale of securities under Rule 144A under the Securities Act on a referral basis; (iii) merger and acquisition and corporate finance advisory services; (iv) private placements of securities and non-security instruments; (v) nonexchange member arranging for transactions in listed securities by an exchange member, on a referral basis; (vi) trading securities for its own account; (vii) broker or dealer selling corporate debt securities on a referral basis; (viii) broker or dealer selling interests in mortgages, receivables or other asset-backed securities on a referral basis; and (ix) broker or dealer selling tax benefits on a referral basis. The BCS Business is expected to, from time to time, expand the services that it performs and the activities in which it engages. In addition, Brookfield could in the future develop new businesses, such as providing additional investment banking, advisory, and other services to corporations, financial sponsors, management, or other persons, which could be part of the BCS Business.
Any such services could relate to transactions that could give rise to investment opportunities that are suitable for Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their portfolio investments or, alternatively, that preclude investment opportunities for Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their portfolio investments (including because the BCS Business’s participation could change the tax characteristics of an investment opportunity for Brookfield Accounts). The BCS Business will not be obligated to decline any such engagements in order to make an investment opportunity available to any Brookfield Account (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their portfolio investments. It is also possible that Brookfield will come into the possession of information through BCS that limits the ability of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their portfolio companies to engage in potential transactions.
Underwriting services are provided to existing and potential portfolio investments of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) as well as to third parties on occasion. Where the BCS Business serves as underwriter with respect to a portfolio company’s securities, a Brookfield Account will generally be subject to a “lock-up” period following the offering under applicable regulations or agreements during which time its ability to sell any securities that it continues to hold is restricted. This could prejudice such Brookfield Account’s ability to dispose of such securities at an opportune time.
Syndication services include, among other things, identifying potential third-party investors (including potential syndication participants and/or financing counterparties), assisting in structuring the transaction so that it will be more marketable to third-party investors and/or financing counterparties, preparing marketing materials, performing outreach, executing on a syndication and sell-down strategy, arranging financing and providing post-closing support to Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their respective portfolio investments. These services could be required (and the BCS Business will be compensated for providing them) even in situations where ultimately there is no allocation, syndication, sell-down to third-party investors or financing (e.g., when it is unclear at the outset of negotiating a transaction whether there will be sufficient capacity (or demand) to provide the full amount of the financing sought by the borrower or issuer (or its sponsor)).
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Generally, the role of the BCS Business in a syndication of securities and/or non-security financial instruments (including loans) for portfolio investments is that of a co-manager and not as lead underwriter, but it could also serve in such capacity from time to time. The BCS Business can also resell corporate debt or equity securities to Brookfield Accounts (including our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) or otherwise assist in structuring or facilitating the initial resales of debt or equity securities under Rule 144A of the Securities Act, or pursuant to a private placement exemption from Securities Act registration.
In addition to capital raising services, the BCS Business also provides capital markets and debt advisory services to portfolio investments of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), including in respect of restructurings and work-outs. The BCS Business will generally be engaged either by the borrower or issuer (or its sponsor) and receive its fees and expense reimbursement directly from the borrower or issuer (or its sponsor) for services rendered.
A framework for the provision of services by the BCS Business to our group, a Brookfield Account in which our group invests or to existing or potential portfolio investments and the allocated compensation, including the process to ensure that all fee terms will reflect then-current arm’s length market terms, will be subject to the review and consent of our company, but not the review by or consent of the Brookfield Account’s limited partner advisory committee or investors. Individual mandates entered into pursuant to such framework approved by the independent directors of our company will not be subject to review by or consent of the independent directors of our company, the Brookfield Account’s limited partner advisory committee or investors. In general, fees that are received by the BCS Business in connection with its provision of merger and acquisition transaction advisory services to our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests (or its portfolio investments) are applied to reduce management fees owed to Brookfield from our group or such Brookfield Account in which our group invests. However, fees received by the BCS Business in connection with the provision of private placement, underwriting, arranging, structuring, syndication, origination, sourcing, collateral management, administration, debt advisory, commitment, facility, float or other services (including other broker-dealer services such as facilitating initial resales of debt or equity securities under Rule 144A under the Securities Act) are not applied to reduce management fees (or otherwise be shared with our group or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests).
The relationship between Brookfield, on the one hand, and the BCS Business, on the other hand, gives rise to conflicts of interest considerations, both in connection with (i) engagements by Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and/or their respective portfolio investment of the BCS Business for services, and/or (ii) participation by Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) in an investment opportunity issued (or originated) by a third-party issuer (or borrower) in respect of which the BCS Business provides services. Such conflicts considerations include, but are not limited to: (i) in connection with Brookfield Accounts’ or their respective portfolio investments’ engagement of the BCS Business for services, the terms of the engagement (including the compensation to be paid to the BCS Business, which is expected to include fees and expense reimbursement); and (ii) in connection with Brookfield Accounts’ participation in an investment opportunity issued (or originated) by a third-party issuer (or borrower) in respect of which the BCS Business provides services, the BCS Business’ interest in the transaction, including its entitlement to remuneration in respect thereof.
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Moreover, in circumstances where a third-party issuer (or borrower) becomes distressed and the participants in an offering undertaken by such issuer (or borrower), including our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, have a valid claim against the underwriter, Brookfield would have a conflict in determining whether to commence litigation or other proceedings against the BCS Business. In addition, because of the relationships that the BCS Business has with other non-affiliate broker-dealers, in circumstances where a non-affiliate broker-dealer has underwritten an offering, the issuer of which becomes distressed, Brookfield will also have a conflict in determining whether to bring a claim, taking into account the entirety of Brookfield’s relationship with the broker-dealer.
Brookfield maintains policies and procedures designed to address and to seek to mitigate these conflicts considerations. Among other things: (i) the engagement by Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) or their respective portfolio investments of the BCS Business for services will be in accordance with the requirements for affiliated services for the relevant account, including the determination of the compensation to be paid to the BCS Business in that respect; and (ii) each engagement of the BCS Business for services by Brookfield Accounts (including our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or investment by Brookfield Accounts (including our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) in a BCS originated/syndicated investment opportunity will be subject to review and approval by Brookfield’s Investment Committee for the relevant account and/or the portfolio management team managing portfolio investments of the account, which is comprised of different personnel from those managing the BCS Business, to ensure that the engagement and/or investment is suitable and appropriate for the relevant account’s investment mandate, as well as the Conflicts Committee to ensure that the conflicts considerations relating to the engagement and/or investment are appropriately addressed.
However, there can be no assurance that the terms agreed to will reflect then-current arm’s length terms, be as favorable to the relevant Brookfield Account or portfolio investment as otherwise would be the case if BCS was not part of the underwriter syndicate, be the same as those that other Brookfield Accounts or their portfolio investments receive in other transactions or be benchmarked in any manner. In some circumstances, the terms agreed to may be better than then-current arm’s length terms; in other cases, these terms may be worse. In selecting counterparties for any particular transaction and negotiating the terms (including fees) with such counterparties, Brookfield will do so in accordance with its fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the relevant Brookfield Account taking into account the totality of the circumstances, but will not be required to (and is not expected to) cause the Brookfield Account (or portfolio investment thereof) to select counterparties solely on the basis of the fees and other financial terms offered by the counterparties. In cases where Brookfield Accounts or their portfolio investments agree to pay counterparties a higher fee than may have been offered by other prospective counterparties, BCS (and other co-managers) will accordingly also receive higher compensation. While Brookfield personnel advising the Brookfield Account or its portfolio investment with respect to its engagement of an underwriting syndicate are expected to be distinct from the personnel who manage the BCS Business, they will generally be aware of BCS’s interest in the transaction, and – like Brookfield personnel across the organization – will be compensated in part with incentive compensation tied to the performance of Brookfield’s publicly traded affiliates, certain of which will be impacted by revenue generated by the BCS Business, and/or otherwise hold economic interests in such affiliates.
The BCS Business expects to provide services (including financing, capital markets, and advisory services) to third parties from time to time. Such third parties could include competitors of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their respective portfolio investments.
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Services to third parties in this manner present additional conflicts of interest. For example, the BCS Business could act as placement agent or underwriter of securities for a third party that could be acquired by a Brookfield Account. The BCS Business also could come into possession of information that it (and Brookfield) is prohibited from acting on (including on behalf of our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) or disclosing to Brookfield as a result of applicable confidentiality requirements or applicable law, even though such action or disclosure would be in the best interest of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or respective portfolio investments.
•Structuring of Investments and Subsidiaries. Brookfield is the largest investor in our group and is entitled to receive management fees and other compensation from our company. As a result, Brookfield will take its interests into account structuring our group’s and Brookfield Accounts’ investments and other operations, while also taking into account the interests of our group or the relevant Brookfield Accounts. In that regard, at the end of the term of a Brookfield Account in which our group invests, Brookfield may cause all of the investors’ interests to be redeemed in whole, rather than dissolving or cancelling the Brookfield Account with the relevant authority. Similarly, Brookfield may undertake transactions involving subsidiary entities of a Brookfield Account in which our group invests that result in such subsidiaries winding up via a series of loans and repayments that may leave such subsidiaries in existence and owned by Brookfield or its affiliate, but no longer owned by the Brookfield Account in which our group invests, after such Brookfield Account’s term or the realization of the relevant investment. Brookfield may also cause subsidiaries of Brookfield Accounts to lend proceeds to Brookfield (without interest), with such proceeds ultimately paid back to the Brookfield Accounts. Brookfield may also take all or a portion of distributions to which it is entitled (in respect of the Brookfield commitment or incentive distributions) in the form of an interest-free loan from Brookfield Accounts that is later erased. Brookfield may also implement various other strategies and structures over time based on its own interests and objectives.
From time to time, Brookfield may implement bespoke structures for one or a group of investors, including our group, other Brookfield Accounts and third-party investors, to facilitate their participation in particular investments in a manner that addresses tax, regulatory or other concerns (such as forming an alternative investment vehicle for an individual investor). These structures will generally require additional expenses to be borne by our group, the relevant Brookfield Accounts and such expenses are generally shared among all investors in such accounts. In light of the time and expense required in connection with bespoke structures, in some cases Brookfield may make such structures available only to certain investors even when other similarly-situated investors could also benefit from them. Brookfield will decide in its discretion which investors will benefit from such bespoke structuring based on factors such as the amount of an investor’s investment, contractual agreements with such investors and the particular tax, regulatory or other circumstances applicable to an investor. Investors for whom Brookfield engages in such bespoke structuring are expected to benefit from more favorable tax or other outcomes than other similarly-situated investors who do not benefit from such structuring.
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•Buying and Selling Assets. Subject to certain exceptions, such as the transfer of an investment among Brookfield Accounts where such accounts are intended to co-invest alongside each other in the investment or are ultimately intended to invest in different assets that are acquired as part of a portfolio of assets or platform, without obtaining the approval of our company’s independent directors or a Brookfield Account’s limited partner advisory committee (as applicable), our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests will not invest in any securities issued by, or acquire investments from or sell investments to, other Brookfield Accounts (excluding, for this purpose, any transactions or other activities conducted by portfolio companies of Brookfield Accounts). Brookfield may offer an investment to co-investors after a Brookfield Account (including our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) has closed on such investment, even if not originally acquired with the intent to offer the investment as a co-investment opportunity. Such sales to co-investors do not require the approval of our company’s independent directors or a Brookfield Account’s limited partner advisory committee (as applicable). These purchases and sales could give rise to conflicts of interest, including with respect to the consideration offered and the obligation of such accounts. Additionally, Brookfield may, in its discretion, determine not to pursue a transaction on behalf of a Brookfield Account (including our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) that would otherwise be within the investment objective of the Brookfield Account if the approval of our company’s independent directors or a Brookfield Account’s limited partner advisory committee (as applicable) would be required in connection with such transaction and, in such circumstance, other Brookfield Accounts may pursue and invest in such transaction. Furthermore, as described above, Brookfield Credit & Insurance Solutions Accounts are expected to transact with Brookfield Accounts (including our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests)), including in respect of tax benefits. Any purchase or sale of tax benefits by our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) to a Brookfield Credit & Insurance Solutions Account or any other Brookfield Account will not require the approval of our company’s independent directors and/or Brookfield Accounts’ limited partner advisory committees.
•Financing to Counterparties of Brookfield Accounts. There may be situations in which a Brookfield Account or Walled-Off Business Account will offer and/or commit to provide financing to one or more third parties that are expected to bid for and/or purchase an investment (in whole or in part) from our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested. This type of financing could be provided through pre-arranged financing packages arranged and offered by a Brookfield Account or Walled-Off Business Account to potential bidders in the relevant sales process or otherwise pursuant to bilateral negotiations between one or more bidders and Brookfield and/or the Brookfield Account. For example, where our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested seeks to sell an investment (in whole or in part) to a third party in the normal course, a Brookfield Account or Walled-Off Business Account may offer the third party debt financing to facilitate its bid and potential purchase of the investment.
This type of arrangement will only be offered in situations in which Brookfield believes it is neutral to or provides benefits to our group or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested by supporting third parties in their efforts to successfully bid for and/or acquire our investments. However, acquisition financing arranged and offered by Brookfield Accounts or Walled-Off Business Accounts also creates potential conflicts of interest. In particular, such account’s participation as a potential lender in the sales process could create an incentive to select a third-party bidder that uses financing arranged by a Brookfield Account or Walled-Off Business Account to our potential detriment.
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In order to mitigate potential conflicts of interest in these situations, Brookfield generally will seek to take one or more of the following actions (as it determines in its sole discretion) in satisfaction of its duties to our group or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested: (i) offer investments for sale in the normal course via competitive and blind bidding processes designed to maximize the sales value for our group or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested, (ii) engage one or more independent advisers, such as sell-side bankers, on behalf of our group or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested to administer and facilitate a commercially fair and equitable sales process, (iii) consult with and/or seek approval of the our company’s independent directors or investors in the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested (or their advisory committee), as applicable, with respect to a recommended and/or intended course of action; (iv) establish ethical screens or information barriers (which can be temporary and of limited purpose) to separate the Brookfield investment professionals that act on behalf of our group or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested, on the one hand, from the Brookfield investment professionals that act on behalf of the other Brookfield Account or Walled-Off Business Account arranging and offering the acquisition financing, on the other hand, and (v) such other actions that Brookfield deems necessary or appropriate taking into account the relevant facts-and-circumstances. However, there can be no assurance that any particular action will be feasible or effective in any particular situation, or that Brookfield’s own interests won’t influence its conduct, and it is possible that the outcome for our group or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested will be less favorable than otherwise would have been the case if Brookfield did not face these conflicts of interest. In addition, the actions that Brookfield pursues are expected to vary based on the particular facts and circumstances of each situation and, as such, there will be some degree of variation and potentially inconsistency in the manner in which these situations are addressed.
In addition, in certain situations Brookfield may accept a bid for an investment from a bidder that received acquisition financing from a Brookfield Account or Walled-Off Business Account that is at a lower price than an offer that it received from a party that has independent financing sources. For example, although price is often the deciding factor in selecting whom to sell an investment to, other factors frequently influence the seller, including, among other things, closing conditions, lack of committed financing sources, regulatory or other consent requirements, and such other factors that increase the risk of the higher-priced bidder being able to complete or close the transaction under the circumstances. Brookfield could therefore cause our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested to sell an asset to a third party that has received financing from another Brookfield Account or Walled-Off Business Account even when such third party has not offered the most attractive price.
In exercising its discretion hereunder, Brookfield will seek to ensure that our group or the Brookfield Account in which our group is invested obtains the most favorable sale package (including sales price and certainty and speed of closing) on the basis of a commercially fair and equitable sales process. However, no sale of an investment (in whole or in part) involving acquisition financing provided by a Brookfield Account or Walled-Off Business Account will require approval by our group or the shareholders of our company.
•Linked Transactions/Arrangements. Brookfield from time to time contracts with third parties for various linked business transactions and/or arrangements (e.g., agreements to supply power to a third party while at the same time agreeing to procure technology services from such third party) as a part of broader business or other similar relationships with such third parties. Such transactions and/or arrangements (and related benefits) generally will be for the benefit of Brookfield’s broader business platform and will be allocated in accordance with Brookfield’s allocation policies and procedures in a fair and reasonable manner. In connection with these transactions and/or arrangements, Brookfield will allocate certain transactions among various Brookfield Accounts, including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which we are invested, and may in connection therewith commit our group and such Brookfield Accounts to purchase and/or backstop certain services or products provided by such third parties. In addition, Brookfield expects to receive discounts and other special economic benefits in respect of the services and/or products provided by the third parties, which will be allocated among Brookfield and various Brookfield Accounts in a fair and reasonable manner, including Brookfield and Brookfield Accounts that do not participate in providing goods and/or services to the third parties.
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•Investments by Brookfield Personnel. Brookfield personnel that participate in Brookfield’s advisory business activities, including partners, members, shareholders, directors, officers and other employees of Brookfield (“Brookfield Personnel”), are permitted to buy and sell securities or other investments for their own accounts (including through Brookfield Accounts) or accounts of their family members, including trusts and other controlled entities. Positions may be taken by such Brookfield Personnel that are the same, different from, or made at different times than positions taken directly or indirectly for our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested. To reduce the possibility of (a) potential conflicts between our group’s investment activities and those of Brookfield Personnel, and (b) our group’s investment activities being materially adversely affected by personal trading activities described above, Brookfield has established policies and procedures relating to personal securities trading. To this end, Brookfield Personnel that participate in managing our group’s investment activities are generally restricted from engaging in personal trading activities (unless such activities are conducted through accounts over which Brookfield Personnel have no influence or control), and other Brookfield Personnel generally must pre-clear proposed personal trades. In addition, Brookfield’s policies include prohibitions on insider trading, front running, trading in securities that are on Brookfield’s securities watch list, trading in securities that are subject to a black-out period and other restrictions.
•Investments by the Related-Party Investor. Certain executives and former executives of Brookfield own a substantial majority of an investment vehicle (the “Related-Party Investor”) whose investment mandate is managed by such executives, Brookfield, Oaktree and PSG. The Related-Party Investor’s investments include, among other things, interests in companies that Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts that our group invests in) have invested in, are investing in and/or will in the future invest in, including in certain cases investments made alongside our group and Brookfield Accounts.
There is no information barrier between the personnel managing the Related-Party Investor’s activities and the rest of Brookfield (with the exception of the Walled-Off Businesses, which operate pursuant to an information barrier as further described in “Businesses Subject to Information Walls” below). Brookfield has adopted protocols designed to ensure that the Related-Party Investor’s activities do not materially conflict with or adversely affect the activities of our group (or any other Brookfield Account) and to ensure that the interests of Brookfield Accounts, including our group and Brookfield Accounts that we invest in, are, to the extent feasible, prioritized relative to the Related-Party Investor’s interests, including among others in connection with the allocation of investment opportunities and the timing of execution of investments.
•Businesses Subject to Information Walls. BN holds interests in various asset management businesses that manage their investment activities independently of each other. These include: (a) BAM; (b) Brookfield Public Securities Group, which manages investment funds and accounts that invest in public debt and equity markets (“PSG”); (c) Castlelake, which focuses on private and public credit including aviation leasing and lending, consumer credit and SME financing; (d) Duration Capital Partners, which focuses on transportation infrastructure investments; (e)
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17Capital, which focuses on providing financing for private equity portfolios; (f) Pinegrove; (g) LCM Capital Management, which provides investment advisory services to individuals, pension and profit-sharing plans, charitable organizations and corporations; (h) Primary Wave, which focuses on investments in music royalties and (i) Oaktree Capital Group, LLC (together with its affiliates, “Oaktree”), a global investment manager with significant assets under management, emphasizing an opportunistic, value-oriented and risk-controlled approach to investments in credit, private equity, real assets and listed equities. Oaktree manages a significant number of funds and accounts (the “Oaktree Accounts”). As part of the broader Brookfield platform, the businesses are managed with a view to exploring and executing strategic business development and other initiatives that are designed to enhance the overall business, including (among others) new marketing strategies, improved delivery of client services and the sharing of best practices. At the same time, each of these businesses other than BAM (collectively, the “Walled-Off Businesses”) is managed pursuant to an information barrier designed to enable each business to carry out its investment activities independently of the other businesses.
It is expected that Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies (including our group, the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and their respective portfolio companies) will engage in activities and have business relationships that give rise to conflicts (and potential conflicts) of interest between them, on the one hand, and Walled-Off Businesses (including Oaktree, for the avoidance of doubt), such businesses’ funds and accounts (collectively, “Walled-Off Business Accounts”) and their portfolio companies, on the other hand.
For so long as Brookfield and the Walled-Off Businesses manage their investment operations independently of each other pursuant to an information barrier, the Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and their respective portfolio companies generally will not be treated as affiliates of Brookfield, our group, the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests or their respective portfolio companies, and conflicts (and potential conflicts) considerations, including in connection with allocation of investment opportunities, investment and trading activities, and agreements, transactions and other arrangements entered into with Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and their portfolio companies, generally will be managed in accordance with disclosures set out herein.
There is (and in the future will continue to be) some degree of overlap in investment strategies and investments pursued by our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests (directly and indirectly) and Walled-Off Business Accounts. Nevertheless, Brookfield generally does not expect to coordinate or consult with the Walled-Off Businesses with respect to investment activities and/or decisions. This absence of coordination and consultation, and the information barrier described above, will in some respects mitigate conflicts of interests between our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and Walled-Off Business Accounts; however, these same factors also will give rise to certain conflicts and risks in connection with Brookfield’s and the Walled-Off Businesses’ investment activities, and make it more difficult to mitigate, ameliorate or avoid such situations. For example, because Brookfield and the Walled-Off Businesses are not expected to coordinate or consult with each other about investment activities and/or decisions, and neither Brookfield nor the Walled-Off Businesses are expected to be subject to any internal approvals over their investment activities and decisions by any person who would have knowledge and/or decision-making control of the investment decisions of the other, Walled-Off Business Accounts will be entitled to pursue investment opportunities that are suitable for our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), but which are not made available to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). Our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), on the one hand, and Walled-Off Business Accounts, on the other hand, are also expected to compete, from time to time, for the same investment opportunities.
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Such competition could, under certain circumstances, adversely impact the purchase price of our group’s (and the Brookfield Accounts’ in which our group invests) (direct and/or indirect) investments. Walled-Off Businesses (including Oaktree) will have no obligation to, and generally will not, share investment opportunities that may be suitable for our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) with Brookfield, and Brookfield and our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) will have no rights with respect to any such opportunities.
In addition, the Walled-Off Businesses (including Oaktree) will not be restricted from forming or establishing new Walled-Off Business Accounts, such as additional funds or successor funds. Moreover, Brookfield expects to provide Walled-Off Business Accounts, from time to time, with (a) access to marketing-related support, including, for example, strategy sessions, introductions to investor relationships and other marketing facilitation activities, and (b) strategic oversight and business development support, including general market expertise and introductions to market participants such as portfolio companies, their management teams and other relationships. Certain such Walled-Off Business Accounts could compete with or otherwise conduct their affairs without regard as to whether or not they adversely impact our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests).
In addition, Walled-Off Business Accounts will be permitted to make investments of the type that are suitable for our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) without the consent of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) or Brookfield. From time to time, our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), on the one hand, and Walled-Off Business Accounts, on the other hand, are expected to purchase an investment from or sell an investment to each other, as well as jointly pursue one or more investments. In addition, from time to time, Walled-Off Business Accounts are expected to hold an interest in an investment (or potential investment) held by our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), and/or subsequently purchase (or sell) an interest in an investment (or potential investment) held by our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) including in different parts of the capital structure. For example, our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) may hold the equity of a portfolio company of a Walled-Off Business Account. In such situations, Walled-Off Business Accounts could benefit from the (direct or indirect) activities of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). Conversely, our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) could be adversely impacted by a Walled-Off Business’s activities. In addition, as a result of different investment objectives, views and/or interests in investments, it is expected that Walled-Off Businesses will manage certain Walled-Off Business Accounts’ interests in a way that is different from the interests of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) (including, for example, by investing in different portions of an issuer’s capital structure, short selling securities, voting securities or exercising rights it holds in a different manner, and/or selling its interests at different times than our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests)), which could adversely impact the (direct and/or indirect) interests of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). The Walled-Off Businesses and Walled-Off Business Accounts are also expected to take positions, give advice and provide recommendations that are different, and potentially contrary to those which are taken by, or given or provided to, our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), and are expected to hold interests that potentially are adverse to those held by our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) (directly or indirectly). Our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), on the one hand, and Walled-Off Business Accounts, on the other hand, will in certain cases have divergent interests, including the possibility that the interests of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) are subordinated to Walled-Off Business Accounts’ interests or are otherwise adversely affected by Walled-Off Business Accounts’ involvement in and actions related to an investment.
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Walled-Off Businesses will not have any obligation or other duty to make available for the benefit of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) any information regarding its activities, strategies and/or views.
Walled-Off Businesses, including Oaktree, may provide similar information, support and/or knowledge to Brookfield, and the conflicts (and potential conflicts) of interest described above will apply equally in those circumstances.
The potential conflicts of interest described herein are expected to be magnified as a result of the lack of information sharing and coordination between Brookfield and the Walled-Off Businesses. The investment team of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) is not expected to be aware of, and will not have the ability to manage, such conflicts. This will be the case even if they are aware of a Walled-Off Business’s investment activities through public information.
Brookfield and Oaktree or any other Walled-Off Business may decide, at any time and without notice to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) or the investors, to remove or modify the information barrier between Brookfield and such Walled-Off Business. In the event that the information barrier is removed or modified, it would be expected that Brookfield and the applicable Walled-Off Business will adopt certain protocols designed to address potential conflicts and other considerations relating to the management of their investment activities in a different or modified framework.
Breaches (including inadvertent breaches) of the information barrier and related internal controls by Brookfield and/or a Walled-Off Business could result in significant consequences to Brookfield (and applicable Walled-Off Businesses) as well as have a significant adverse impact on our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), including, among other things, potential regulatory investigations and claims for securities laws violations in connection with the direct and/or indirect investment activities of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). These events could have adverse effects on Brookfield’s reputation, result in the imposition of regulatory or financial sanctions, or negatively impact Brookfield’s ability to provide investment management services to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), all of which could result in negative financial impact to the investments of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests).
To the extent that the information barrier is removed or otherwise ineffective and Brookfield has the ability to access analysis, models and/or information developed by a Walled-Off Business (including Oaktree) and its personnel, Brookfield will not be under any obligation or other duty to access such information or effect transactions on behalf of Brookfield Accounts (including our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests)) in accordance with such analysis and models, and in fact may be restricted by securities laws from doing so. Our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) may make investment decisions that differ from those it would have made if Brookfield had pursued such information, which may be disadvantageous to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests).
Portfolio companies in which our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) has invested may enter into lease agreements and other similar arrangements with Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and/or their portfolio companies.
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Additionally, Brookfield may from time to time engage Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and/or their portfolio companies to provide certain services to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and their respective portfolio companies, including non-investment management related services and other services that would otherwise be provided by third-party service providers or Brookfield, as the case may be. For example, Brookfield’s AIFM is owned by Brookfield and Oaktree and provides services such as risk management and Oaktree or another Walled-Off Business Account may be a lender to an asset owned by our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). The AIFM may provide such services at different rates than those charged to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) or their respective affiliates than it will charge to the Oaktree Accounts. While Brookfield will determine in good faith what rates and expenses it believes are acceptable for the services being provided to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) (including based on similar services provided, or previously provided, to other Brookfield Accounts and/or rates approved by other Brookfield Accounts), there can be no assurances that the rates and expenses charged to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) will not be greater than those that would be charged in alternative circumstances. Each such engagement will be in accordance with disclosures set out in the Limited Partnership Agreements and herein. In addition, Brookfield may be retained by a Walled-Off Business, a Walled-Off Business Account or a portfolio company thereof to perform services that it also provides to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). The rates charged by Brookfield for such services to a Walled-Off Business are expected to be different than those charged to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), and the rates charged to a Walled-Off Business may be less than the rates charged to our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests).
This does not purport to be a complete list or explanation of all actual or potential conflicts that may arise as a result of the acquisition of Oaktree, any current Walled-Off Business or any Walled-Off Business acquired by Brookfield in the future, and additional conflicts not yet known by Brookfield, Oaktree or the other Walled-Off Businesses may arise in the future and such conflicts will not necessarily be resolved in favor of the interests of our group (and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). Because of the extensive scope of both Brookfield’s and the Walled-Off Businesses’ activities and the complexities involved in combining certain aspects of existing businesses, the policies and procedures to identify and resolve such conflicts of interest will continue to be developed over time.
•Cross Trades and Principal Trades. When permitted by applicable law and subject to and in accordance with applicable law and the terms of the governing documents of the applicable Brookfield Account, Brookfield may (but is under no obligation) to cause our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) to acquire or dispose of investments in cross trades between our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and other Brookfield Accounts or effect principal transactions where Brookfield causes our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) to purchase investments from or sell investments to Brookfield, provided that any such transaction be approved to the extent required by the governing documents and applicable law. Under our governing documents, where our group engages in cross trades with other Brookfield Accounts or effects principal transactions with Brookfield, such transactions are subject to the approval of our independent directors (subject to certain exceptions), which approval is deemed to constitute the approval of, and binding upon, our group. Our company’s independent directors have generally approved cross trades between our group and other Brookfield Accounts provided they are executed in accordance with parameters described in this annual report on Form 20-F. Principal trades between our group and Brookfield
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Accounts are generally subject to approval by our independent directors on a case-by-case basis. Similarly, we (and other investors in Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) have generally approved cross trades between such Brookfield Accounts and other Brookfield Accounts provided they are executed in accordance with parameters described in the applicable Brookfield Accounts’ governing documents, while principal trades between such Brookfield Accounts and other Brookfield Accounts are subject to their investors’ consent on a case-by-case basis (which is generally obtained via their limited partner advisory committees or other analogous bodies), which approvals will be deemed to constitute the approval of, and be binding upon, the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. Whether a transaction is a “principal trade” under the Advisers Act, and therefore requires independent approval (i.e., by our independent directors on our behalf or the limited partner advisory committee of a Brookfield Account on such account’s behalf), depends on the precise structure of such transaction. In certain circumstances, Brookfield will structure a transaction in a manner so that it is not considered a “principal trade”.
There may be potential conflicts of interest or regulatory issues relating to these transactions which could limit Brookfield’s decision to engage in these transactions for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). In connection with a cross trade or a principal transaction, Brookfield and its affiliates have a potentially conflicting division of loyalties and responsibilities regarding our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and the other parties to the trade and have developed policies and procedures in relation to such transactions and conflicts. However, there can be no assurance that such transactions will be effected, or that such transactions will be effected in the manner that is most favorable to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) as a party to any such transaction. By virtue of its investment, a shareholder consents to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) entering into cross trades and, subject to consent by the independent directors (or by the limited partner advisory committee or other analogous body in the case of a transaction entered into by a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), principal transactions to the fullest extent permitted under applicable law. For the avoidance of doubt, acquisitions or dispositions among certain portfolio companies of our group (or a Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and portfolio companies owned by other Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Businesses or non-controlled affiliates will not be treated as cross trades or principal transactions and will not require the approval of our independent directors or any other consent. See “Affiliate Services and Transactions” and “Transactions with Portfolio Companies” below.
•Excess Funds Liquidity Arrangement with Related Parties. Our group has an arrangement in place with Brookfield pursuant to which our group lends Brookfield excess funds from time to time and it lends our group excess funds from time to time. This arrangement is intended to enhance the use of excess funds between our group and Brookfield when the lender has excess funds and the borrower has a business need for the capital (including, without limitation, to fund operating and/or investment activities and/or to pay down higher cost capital), and provides: (i) to the lender, a higher rate of return on the funds than it otherwise would be able to achieve in the market and (ii) to the borrower, a lower cost of funds than it otherwise would be able to obtain in the market.
Brookfield, in its capacity as our service provider, determines when it is appropriate for our group to lend excess funds to, or borrow excess funds from, Brookfield. Brookfield has similar arrangements with other affiliates for whom it serves in one or more capacities, including (among others) promoter, principal investor and investment manager. It is therefore possible that, from time to time and to the extent that Brookfield determines this to be in the best interests of the parties: (i) funds that are placed on deposit with Brookfield by our group will, in the discretion of Brookfield on a case-by-case basis, be lent on to other affiliates of Brookfield and (ii) funds that are placed on deposit with Brookfield by other Brookfield affiliates will, in the discretion of Brookfield on a case-by-case basis, be lent on to our group.
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Because the interest rates charged are reflective of the credit ratings of the applicable borrowers, any loans by Brookfield to its affiliates, including our group (as applicable), generally will be at higher interest rates than the rates then applicable to any balances deposited with Brookfield by our group or other Brookfield affiliates (as applicable). These differentials are approved according to protocols described below. Accordingly, Brookfield also benefits from these arrangements and will earn a profit as a result of the differential in lending rates.
Amounts our group lends to or borrows from Brookfield pursuant to this arrangement generally are repayable at any time upon either side’s request, and Brookfield generally ensures that the borrower has sufficient available capital from another source in order meet potential repayment demands. As noted above, Brookfield determines the interest rate to be applied to borrowed/ loaned amounts taking into account each party’s credit rating and the interest rate that would otherwise be available to it in similar transactions on an arms’ length basis with unrelated parties. Each of Brookfield and our group must ensure that there is sufficient liquidity available to cover the amount of any deposits from the other in the event they are called for repayment.
Conflicts of interest arising for Brookfield under this arrangement have been approved by our company’s independent directors in accordance with our protocol for managing and resolving potential conflicts of interest.
In addition, from time to time, our group may enter into short-term arrangements with portfolio companies or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests (collectively, “Depositing Parties”) that permit such entities to place funds on deposit with our group on the terms described below or otherwise approved by our company’s independent directors. Interest earned or incurred on such deposits must fall between the interest rate that would otherwise be payable by our group under our commercial paper program or credit facilities with unrelated parties and the interest rate that would otherwise be available to the applicable Depositing Party in similar transactions on an arms’ length basis with unrelated parties. As at December 31, 2024, our net deposit from such Depositing Parties was approximately $657 million and our group incurred interest expenses relating to such arrangements of approximately $6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our group must ensure that there is sufficient liquidity available to cover the amount of any deposits from Depositing Parties in the event they are called for repayment.
This arrangement is intended to enhance the use of excess funds of the applicable Depositing Party when our group has a business need for the capital (including, without limitation, to fund operating and/or investment activities and/or to pay down higher cost capital), and provides: (i) to the applicable Depositing Party, a higher rate of return on the funds than it otherwise would be able to achieve in the market and (ii) to our group, a lower cost of funds than it otherwise would be able to obtain in the market. Accordingly, each of the Depositing Party and our group benefits from these arrangements.
Conflicts of interest arising for Depositing Parties under this arrangement have been approved by our company’s independent directors in accordance with our protocol for managing and resolving potential conflicts of interest.
•Arrangements with Brookfield. Our relationship with Brookfield involves a number of arrangements pursuant to which Brookfield provides various services to our group, including access to financing arrangements and investment opportunities, and our group supports Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies in various ways. Certain of these arrangements were
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effectively determined by Brookfield in the context of the spin-off, and could contain terms that are less favorable than those which otherwise might have been negotiated between unrelated parties. However, Brookfield believes that these arrangements are in the best interests of our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests.
Circumstances may arise in which these arrangements will need to be amended or new arrangements will need to be entered into, and conflicts of interest between our group and Brookfield will arise in negotiating such new or amended arrangements. Any such negotiations will be subject to review and approval by our company’s independent directors.
Brookfield is generally entitled to share in the returns generated by our operations, which creates an incentive for it to assume greater risks when making decisions for our group than it otherwise would in the absence of such arrangements. In addition, our investment in and support of Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies provides Brookfield with certain ancillary benefits, such as satisfying Brookfield’s commitment to invest in such accounts (which Brookfield would otherwise need to satisfy from different sources), assisting Brookfield in marketing Brookfield Accounts and facilitating more efficient management of their portfolio companies’ operations.
•Limited Liability of Brookfield. The liability of Brookfield and its officers and directors is limited under our arrangements with them, and we have agreed to indemnify Brookfield and its officers and directors against claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses which they may face in connection with those arrangements, which may lead them to assume greater risks when making decisions than they otherwise would if such decisions were being made solely for Brookfield’s own account, or may give rise to legal claims for indemnification that are adverse to the interests of our shareholders. U.S. federal and state securities laws may impose liability under certain circumstances on persons that fail to act in good faith. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in these arrangements, nothing in these arrangements is intended to, or will, constitute a waiver of any rights or remedies that a Brookfield Account or any investors may have under such laws.
DECISIONS MADE AND ACTIONS TAKEN THAT MAY RAISE POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
•Reputational Considerations. Given the nature of its broader platform, Brookfield has an interest in preserving its reputation, including with respect to our company’s status as a publicly traded vehicle and, in certain circumstances, such reputational considerations may conflict with the interests of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested). Brookfield will likely make decisions on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) for reputational reasons that may not be directly aligned with the interests of investors or consistent with the determination Brookfield otherwise would have made absent its interest in Brookfield’s broader reputation. For example, Brookfield may limit transactions and activities on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) for reputational or other reasons, including where Brookfield is providing (or may provide) advice or services to an entity involved in such activity or transaction, where another Brookfield Account is or may be engaged in the same or a related activity or transaction to that being considered on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested), where another Brookfield Account has an interest in an entity involved in such activity or transaction, or where such activity or transaction on behalf of or in respect of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) could affect Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts or their activities. Additionally, by way of example, Brookfield may take into account the potential environmental and/or social impact when making decisions regarding the selection, management and disposal of investments and make take additional actions with respect to an investment motivated by environmental and social considerations beneficial to the reputation of Brookfield’s broader platform. Such decisions and actions may result in our group (or a Brookfield Account in which we are invested) achieving lower financial returns had Brookfield not engaged in such decisions and actions. Conversely, while sustainability considerations are integrated into Brookfield investment process, Brookfield may determine in any particular situation to take actions to preserve financial returns of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), notwithstanding any adverse sustainability impact on the investments of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests).
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•Warehoused Investments and Initial Investments. Brookfield (or our group) could purchase one or more warehoused investments on behalf of a Brookfield Account in which our group invests. Brookfield or our group, as applicable, will transfer each such warehoused investment to a Brookfield Account in which our group invests at the time Brookfield, in its discretion, deems it appropriate to transfer each such warehoused investment to the Brookfield Account (either prior to or following its initial closing), taking into account (among others) one or more of the following considerations: (a) capital available for deployment during the fundraising phase, (b) availability of subscription facility, (c) size of subscription facility, (d) size of fund closings, (e) size of anticipated fund closings, (f) actual and anticipated capital needs, (g) optimization of capital calls, including by seeking to limit rebalancing activities within a relatively short period of time and/or in light of anticipated fund closings, and (h) other tax, legal or regulatory considerations. As a result, a warehoused investment could be held by Brookfield or our group for a longer period before transferring such warehoused investment to the Brookfield Account than would otherwise be the case, and/or an expected transfer of a warehoused investment to the Brookfield Account could be delayed, in each case based on (among others) one or more of the factors described above, incurring additional carrying costs payable to Brookfield or our group (as described in the following paragraph).
Each warehoused investment will be transferred for a purchase price equal to the cost to Brookfield or our group, as applicable, with respect to such warehoused investment, including any expenses attributable thereto and taking into account the impact of any currency fluctuations, plus an annually compounded rate of return on the capital deployed by Brookfield or our group, as applicable, as set out in the relevant Brookfield Account’s governing documents, in respect of such warehoused investments, net of any cash distributions received by Brookfield or our group, as applicable, with respect to such warehoused investment (but the cost of carry will not in any event be reduced below zero). The value of a warehoused investment may depreciate between its purchase by Brookfield or our group and its subsequent transfer to a Brookfield Account, and in such case will still be transferred at the price described above notwithstanding the warehoused investment’s depreciation. Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests may make initial investments. The purchase price (and any related deposits and expenses) of any initial investment may be funded by amounts borrowed pursuant to a loan facility.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if upon the initial closing of the Brookfield Account in which our group invested, there has been a significant event relating to any initial investment or warehoused investment (such as a partial realization or a material change in value), Brookfield may, in its discretion, exclude such initial investment or warehoused investment from being purchased by the Brookfield Account in which our group invests or adjust the interests of investors in such Brookfield Account in, or the purchase price of, such initial investment or warehoused investments. In addition, Brookfield may hold an initial closing of a Brookfield Account in which our group invests in respect of the Brookfield commitment (which may be satisfied by our group) to establish a subscription backed loan facility to facilitate the purchase of certain initial investments by the Brookfield Account in which our group invests; provided, however, that if upon the initial closing, there has been a significant event relating to any initial investment (such as a partial realization or a material change in value), Brookfield may, in its discretion, adjust the interests of investors in such Brookfield Account in, or the purchase price of, such initial investments.
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If an initial investment is funded using such a subscription backed loan facility, a Brookfield Account in which our group invests will be responsible for payments of any interest thereon. In the event a Brookfield Account in which our group invests is unable to purchase a warehoused investment from Brookfield or our group, or Brookfield or our group is unable to sell a warehoused investment to a Brookfield Account in which our group invests for any legal, tax, regulatory or other reason, then such investment will not be treated as a warehoused investment for purposes of the governing documents and Brookfield or our group will be permitted to own, syndicate, sell or take any other action with respect to such investment even if such actions benefit Brookfield.
Certain conflicts of interest are inherent in the foregoing transactions between Brookfield, or our group, and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, including in respect of the terms of the agreement between Brookfield or our group, as applicable, and the Brookfield Account in which our group invests regarding the sale of the warehoused investment (including as to representations, warranties, indemnities and remedies therein). In addition, where Brookfield or our group acquires a warehoused investment for a Brookfield Account in which our group invests, the Brookfield Account in which our group invests will generally be obligated to purchase such warehoused investment from Brookfield or our group regardless of any subsequent events affecting the value of such asset or deficiencies in such warehoused investment discovered after its acquisition by Brookfield or our group. Although the prices at which warehoused investments are expected to be acquired by a Brookfield Account in which our group invests will be determined based on the formula described above, (a) such prices may not be as favorable as those in a negotiated transaction with a third party and (b) under circumstances, such prices may be adjusted to reflect significant events relating to any warehoused investment. Moreover, a Brookfield Account in which our group invests will acquire the warehoused investments through privately negotiated transactions with Brookfield or our group, in which prior due diligence may be limited and the persons controlling the Brookfield Account in which our group invests may be conflicted in such transactions. As a result, there is no guarantee that the terms of such transactions will be as favorable as those that could be obtained from a third party or that the properties and interests that will comprise the warehoused investments will not carry with them undisclosed liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on the value of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests).
In connection with the warehoused investments, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests will be indemnified by Brookfield or our group, as applicable, for claims made with respect to breaches of certain representations, warranties or covenants. Such indemnification is limited, however, and the Brookfield Account in which our group invests is not entitled to any other indemnification in connection with the warehoused investments. Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests are subject to the risk that Brookfield or our group may experience material financial distress and be unable to satisfy one or more of these obligations. In addition, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests are reliant on Brookfield and therefore Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests may choose to enforce less vigorously their rights under these arrangements, which could have a material adverse effect on their value. U.S. federal and state securities laws may impose liability under certain circumstances on persons that fail to act in good faith. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the above, nothing in these arrangements is intended to, or will, constitute a waiver of any rights or remedies that a Brookfield Account or any investors may have under such laws.
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•Material, Non-Public Information; Trading Restrictions; Information Not Made Available. The ability of our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests to buy or sell certain securities or take other actions is expected to be restricted in certain circumstances, including by applicable securities laws, regulatory requirements, contractual obligations and/or reputational risk considerations applicable to Brookfield (and/or its internal policies designed to comply with these and similar requirements). For example, Brookfield will possess material, non-public information about issuers that would limit the ability of our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests to buy and sell securities related to those issuers.
Furthermore, Brookfield, the Walled-Off Businesses and other Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) are deemed to be affiliates for purposes of certain laws and regulations across various jurisdictions (notwithstanding that the Walled-Off Businesses will generally not be treated as affiliates under the governing documents of our group or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and it is anticipated that, from time to time, our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests will each have positions (which in some cases will be significant) in one or more of the same issuers that Brookfield needs to aggregate for certain securities laws and other regulatory purposes (including for purposes of certain trading restrictions and/or reporting obligations in various jurisdictions). Consequently, activities by one Brookfield Account could result in earlier public disclosure of investments by other Brookfield Accounts, restrictions on transactions of other Brookfield Accounts (including the ability to make or dispose of certain investments at certain times), adverse effects on the prices of investments made by Brookfield Accounts, potential short-swing profit disgorgement, penalties and/or regulatory remedies, or otherwise create conflicts of interests for our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests.
As a result of the foregoing, Brookfield may restrict, limit or reduce the amount of investments made on behalf of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). In addition, certain investments may become subject to legal or other restrictions on transfer following their acquisition. When faced with the foregoing limitations, Brookfield will generally seek to avoid exceeding the threshold because exceeding the threshold could have an adverse impact on the ability of Brookfield to conduct its business activities. Brookfield may also reduce certain Brookfield Accounts’ interest in, or from participating in, an investment opportunity that has limited availability or where Brookfield has determined to cap its aggregate investment in consideration of certain regulatory or other requirements so that other Brookfield Accounts that pursue similar investment strategies are able to acquire an interest in the investment opportunity. Brookfield could determine not to engage in certain transactions or activities which may be beneficial to Brookfield Accounts (including our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) because engaging in such transactions or activities in compliance with applicable law would result in significant cost to, or administrative burden on, Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts or create the potential risk of trade or other errors.
Brookfield and the Walled-Off Businesses may become subject to additional restrictions on its business activities that could have an impact on the activities of our group or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. In addition, Brookfield may restrict investment decisions and activities on behalf of our group or certain, but not all, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests (in addition to other Brookfield Accounts sponsored, managed or advised by Brookfield or the Walled-Off Businesses).
•Affiliated Services and Transactions. Where it deems appropriate, relevant and/or necessary, in its sole discretion, Brookfield will perform or will engage its affiliates and/or related parties to provide a variety of different services and products in connection with the operation and/or
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management of our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, and/or their investments, potential investments and/or investment entities that would otherwise be provided by independent third parties, including (among others) lending and loan special servicing; arranging, negotiating and managing financing, refinancing, hedging, derivative, managing workouts and foreclosures and other treasury and capital markets arrangements; investment banking (including participation by Brookfield-affiliated broker dealers in the underwriting and syndications of securities, loans and other financial instruments issued by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and/or portfolio companies); investment support, including investment backstop, guarantees and similar investment support arrangements; advisory, consulting, brokerage, market research, appraisal, valuation, risk management, assurance, and audit services (including related to investments, assets, commodities, good and services); acting as alternative investment fund manager and/or other similar type of manager in jurisdictions where such services are necessary and/or beneficial and services relating to the use of entities that maintain a permanent residence in certain jurisdictions, financial planning, cash flow modeling and forecasting, consolidation, reporting, books and records, bank account and cash management, controls and other financial operations services; transaction support, assisting with review, underwriting, analytics, due diligence and pursuit of investments and potential investments; anti-bribery and corruption, anti-money laundering and “know your customer” reviews, assessments and compliance measures; investment onboarding (including training employees of investments on relevant policies and procedures relating to risks); legal, compliance, regulatory, tax and corporate secretarial services; fund administration, accounting and reporting (including coordinating, supervising and administering onboarding, due diligence, reporting and other administrative services, including those associated with the third party fund administrator and placement agents of our group (or of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and client onboarding (including review of subscription materials and coordination of anti-bribery and corruption, anti-money laundering or “know your customer” reviews and assessments); preparation and review of fund documents, negotiation with prospective investors and other services that would be considered organizational expenses of a Brookfield Account if performed by a third party; portfolio company and asset/property operations and management (and oversight thereof); data generation, data analytics, data analysis, data collection and data management services; participation in and/or advice on a range of activities by strategic and/or operations professionals with established industry expertise, including among others in connection with (or with respect to) the origination, identification, assessment, pursuit, coordination, execution and consummation of investment opportunities, including project planning, engineering and other technical analysis, securing site control, preparing and managing approvals and permits, financial analysis and managing related-stakeholder matters; real estate, leasing and/or asset/facility management; service as administrative and collateral agent; development management (including pre-development), market and site analysis, modeling, zoning, entitlements, land use, pre-construction, community and government relations, design, environmental review and approvals, securing and administering compliance with governmental agreements, government approvals and incentive programs, permitting, site safety planning and construction); marketing (including of power or other output by an underlying asset/portfolio company); environmental and sustainability services; the placement and provision of various insurance policies and coverage and/or reinsurance thereof, including via risk retention, insurance captives and/or alternative insurance solutions; system controls; human resources, payroll and welfare benefits services; health, life and physical safety, security, operations, maintenance and other technical specialties; supply and/or procurement of power, energy and/or other commodities/goods/products; information technology services, risk management and innovation (including cyber/digital security and related services); all services contemplated by a Rate Schedule; other operational, back office, administrative and governance related services; oversight and supervision of the provision, whether by a Brookfield affiliate/related party or a third-party, of the above-referenced services and products; and any other services that Brookfield deems appropriate, relevant and/or necessary in connection with the operations and/or management of our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, and/or their investors, investments, potential investments and/or the investment entities (such services, collectively, “Affiliated Services”).
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The types of Affiliated Services that Brookfield provides will not remain fixed and are expected to change and/or evolve over time as determined by Brookfield in its sole discretion.
Some of these services give rise to additional conflicts of interest considerations because they are similar to the services provided by Brookfield to our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). However, Brookfield deems these services to be appropriate for and value enhancing to the operations and/or management of investments, potential investments, our group, and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, and these services otherwise would be provided by third parties engaged to provide the services. Amounts charged to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and/or investments for Affiliated Services will be in addition to other compensation payable to Brookfield, will not be shared with our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or our shareholders or the unitholders (or be offset against other compensation payable to Brookfield), will increase the overall costs and expenses borne indirectly by investors in our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), and are expected to be substantial.
The fee potential, both current and future, inherent in a particular transaction could be an incentive for Brookfield to seek to refer or recommend a transaction to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which we are invested). Furthermore, providing services or products to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and its investments is expected to enhance Brookfield’s relationships with various parties, facilitate additional business development and enable Brookfield to obtain additional business and generate additional revenue.
To the extent Brookfield (including any of its affiliates and/or personnel, other than portfolio companies of other Brookfield Accounts) provides an Affiliated Service, the amount charged for such service will be: (a) at a rate no greater than the applicable rate for such service as agreed to with our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) pursuant to an affiliated services rate schedule (“Rate Schedule”), (b) at a rate for the relevant service that Brookfield reasonably believes is consistent with an arm’s length market rate (the “Affiliate Service Rate”); (c) at cost (including an allocable share of internal costs), plus an administrative fee of 5-10%, or (d) at any other rates with consent from the independent directors (with respect to services provided to our group) or the advisory committees of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests (with respect to services provided to such Brookfield Accounts). A portion of any fees paid to Brookfield affiliates in accordance with the Rate Schedule may be paid as a pass-through of payroll costs for the Brookfield personnel providing such services (in which case the amount payable as a fee in accordance with the Rate Schedule will be reduced on a dollar-for-dollar basis). To the extent Brookfield charges an Affiliate Service Rate or cost plus an administrative fee in respect an Affiliated Service, the Affiliate Services Rate or cost (as applicable) will be determined as set out in more detail in this annual report on Form 20-F. For the avoidance of doubt, Brookfield has discretion to decide when to charge cost plus an administrative fee of 5% instead of using the Rate Schedule or the Affiliate Service Rate, including in situations where cost plus 5% results in a higher fee.
With respect to Affiliated Services, the costs of personnel managing day to day operations of an investment (collectively, “Operating Personnel”), in each case whether employed by Brookfield or a third-party and whether performing services on site or off site, will be charged to the investment at cost (including an allocable share of internal costs) in addition to the fees that are prescribed by the Rate Schedule or the Affiliate Service Rate, as applicable.
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For the avoidance of doubt, the fees so charged will not be reduced by the costs of Operating Personnel. The passed-through costs of such Operating Personnel are often substantial, and in certain cases, are expected to exceed the amount of fees charged in accordance with the Rate Schedule or the Affiliate Services Rate, as applicable.
In certain cases, Brookfield will oversee and/or supervise third-party service providers who provide services that, if performed by Brookfield, would be charged to a Brookfield Account in which our group invests in accordance with the Rate Schedule and/or the Affiliate Service Rate; in such cases, Brookfield may charge, (i) fees that, when combined with the fees charged by the third party services provider, are at a rate equal to or less than those set out in the Rate Schedule, or (ii) at cost (including an allocable share of internal costs) plus an administrative fee of 5% in addition to the third-party service provider’s fees, which amounts may in the aggregate exceed the rates set forth on the Rate Schedule.
If an Affiliated Service is charged at the Affiliate Service Rate, Brookfield will determine the Affiliate Service Rate in good faith at the time of engagement based on one or more factors, including, among others: (i) the rate that one or more comparable service providers (which may or may not be a competitor of Brookfield) charge third-parties for the similar services on an arm’s length basis; (ii) market knowledge (which could be based on internal knowledge or inquiries with one or more market participants); (iii) the rate charged by Brookfield to one or more third-parties for similar services (or the methodology used by Brookfield to set such rate); (iv) advice of and/or information provided by one or more third-party agents, consultants and/or other market participants, including fee data and benchmark analyses (which could be based on proprietary models that utilize various inputs, assumptions and/or estimates deemed relevant by the third-party); (v) commodity or other rate forecasting; (vi) the rate agreed to pursuant to a competitive arm’s length bidding process (which may not reflect the lowest rate bid during the process, but that is inherent in an engagement that is deemed by Brookfield to be in the best interests of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) and/or their investments taking into account the totality of factors relating thereto); (vii) the rate required to meet certain regulatory requirements or qualify for particular governmental programs; (viii) in the case of services which Brookfield provides as part of a syndicate, such as investment banking or brokerage services, the rate that is negotiated and/or determined by a third-party member of the syndicate; (ix) the rate that a third-party agreed to provide the service at pursuant to a term sheet or similar agreement or understanding; and/or (x) other subjective and/or objective metrics deemed relevant by Brookfield (in its sole discretion) in determining an arm’s length market rate for a particular service.
For the avoidance of doubt, the costs to be paid in respect of Affiliated Services and therefore an expense of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) (whether such Affiliated Services are provided in accordance with a Rate Schedule, at the Affiliate Service Rate, cost plus an administrative fee, or otherwise) will include, among other components: (i) personnel compensation costs and expenses (e.g., salary, benefits (including, among others, paid time off)), (ii) short- and long-term incentive compensation (including management promote, incentive fee and/or other performance-based compensation), (iii) costs and expenses of professional development, professional certifications, professional fees, training, business travel (including, among others, transportation, lodging and meals) and related matters, (iv) an allocable share of corporate costs and expenses associated with employment, including (among others) office rent, human resources personnel, talent acquisition fees and expenses, and office services costs, and (v)
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an allocable share of technology costs and expenses associated with employment of personnel, including, among others, information technology hardware, human resources technology, computing power and/or storage, software, cybersecurity, and related costs. These costs and expenses are expected to be substantial and will, in certain cases, be based on estimates made by Brookfield, both in respect of the total amount of costs and expenses relating to a particular service as well as the shares of such costs and expenses allocable to Brookfield Accounts (including, among others, Brookfield and our group (or a Brookfield Account in which we are invested)). To the extent Brookfield retains the services of a third-party consultant, agent or other market participant to advise on or otherwise assist in determining an Affiliate Service Rate and/or the estimated costs and expenses of providing an Affiliated Service to a Brookfield Account, the fees and costs (including expenses) of such third-party will be borne by such Brookfield Account.
At all times, Brookfield will endeavor to determine the costs and expenses and/or the Affiliate Service Rate applicable with respect to a particular Affiliated Service, in a fair, reasonable and impartial manner. However, there can be no assurance that any such determination will accurately reflect the actual cost and/or arm’s length market rate of an Affiliated Service in any particular situation, that Brookfield’s own interests won’t influence its determination, and/or that a different methodology would not have also been fair, reasonable and/or yield a different (including more accurate) result. Among other things, the determination of cost and expenses generally will be based on estimates (which are inherently subjective) and, in determining an Affiliate Service Rate, there are variances in the marketplace for similar services based on an array of factors that affect rates for services, including, among others, loss leader pricing strategies, other marketing and competitive practices, integration efficiencies, geographic market differences, and the quality of the services provided. As a result, there can be no assurances that the amounts charged by Brookfield for any Affiliated Service will not be greater (or lower) than the rate that would be charged had Brookfield determined the rate via a different methodology or engaged a similarly-situated third-party service provider to provide the services. The Affiliate Service Rate charged for any Affiliated Service at any given time following the relevant engagement could be higher (or lower) than the then-current market rate for the service because the market rate has decreased (or increased) over time. However, Brookfield generally will not adjust (i.e., decrease or increase) the Affiliate Service Rate in any particular case. Brookfield’s methodology of estimating the costs and expenses attributable to a particular Affiliated Service could be higher (or lower) than the actual cost of providing the service, particularly as Brookfield will rely on estimates of costs and expenses (including, among others, estimates of budgets, expected services, relative sizes (or other metric) of assets and/or businesses, and/or time periods) and blended rates of employees. However, unless otherwise determined by Brookfield, in its sole discretion, the associated charges to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and/or an investment will not be subject to true-up once the relevant Affiliated Services are completed or periodically throughout the services period.
Where Affiliated Services are in place prior to our group’s (or a Brookfield Account’s in which our group is invested) ownership of an investment and cannot be amended without the consent of an unaffiliated third party, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) will inherit the pre-existing rates for such Affiliated Services until (X) such time at which third-party consent is no longer required, or (Y) our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) seeks consent from the unaffiliated third party to amend such rates. Accordingly, while Brookfield could seek consent of the unaffiliated third party to amend any pre-existing fee rates, Brookfield will be incentivized to seek to amend the pre-existing fee arrangement in certain circumstances and dis-incentivized to do so in others. For example, Brookfield will be incentivized to seek consent to amend the rate in circumstances where the amended fee would be higher than the pre-existing rate, and conversely could choose not to (and will not be required to) seek consent to amend any pre-existing fee rates if the amended rate would be lower than the pre-existing rate.
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From time to time, Brookfield will terminate Affiliated Services arrangements entered into between our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) (and/or its investment(s)), on the one hand, and Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts (and/or their investment(s)), on the other hand, including prior to the expected termination or expiration of the arrangements. In such instances, Brookfield will endeavor to act fairly and reasonably taking into account the interests of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) (and/or its investment(s)) as well as its counterparties and the applicable facts and circumstances at such time. However, there can be no assurance that any such termination will be effected in such manner as it otherwise would have been had the counterparty not been a Brookfield related entity and/or that Brookfield’s own interests won’t influence the manner of such termination. In particular, Brookfield could determine to waive and/or otherwise negotiate certain terms relating to the termination, including early termination fees and related provisions, in a manner that it would not have pursued if the counterparty were not a Brookfield related entity. In addition, it is possible that our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or a particular investment could bear a larger portion of the termination costs than it otherwise would have if Brookfield did not face the conflicts of interest considerations discussed herein.
For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing procedures and limitations regarding compensation for transactions will not apply to transactions for services and/or products between the investments of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and portfolio companies of another Brookfield Account, Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and/or a Non-Controlled Affiliate, which are described in further detail in “Transactions with Portfolio Companies” (though Brookfield could nonetheless determine, in its sole discretion, to apply a Rate Schedule, an Affiliate Service Rate and/or an estimated cost plus an administrative fee methodology in these situations).
Historically, certain Affiliated Services were performed by Brookfield (including by its direct personnel, operating partners, servicers, brokers and/or other third-party vendors) without being charged to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) and/or its investments. Brookfield believes that providing these Affiliated Services results in increased focus, attention, efficiencies and related synergies that facilitate alignment of interest and the ability to offer customized solutions and value creation that would not be available from third-party providers. While Brookfield believes that the cost of the Affiliated Services will be reasonable, the extensive and specialized nature of services could result in such costs being higher than those charged for similar services (to the extent available) by third-party providers. Brookfield generally will not evaluate alternative providers or otherwise benchmark the costs of such Affiliated Services. While Brookfield believes that this enhances the overall services that Brookfield provides to our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and its investments in a cost-efficient manner, the arrangement gives rise to conflicts of interest considerations, including among others in connection with the methodologies employed to determine the cost and expenses of the services provided to our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) (and/or its investments) and/or the determination of the portion of the costs and expenses relating to support services to be allocated among our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) (and its investments), on the one hand, and other Brookfield Accounts (and their investments), on the other hand, including Brookfield.
In addition to the services discussed previously in this section, where it deems appropriate, relevant and/or necessary, in its sole discretion, Brookfield will engage our group to provide services to other Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, and investments of such other Brookfield Accounts.
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These engagements generally will be on a cost recovery basis, which may be lower than applicable market rates for the services or the rates that our group would charge a different counterparty for similar services. However, in light of the broader relationship between Brookfield and our group and the overall alignment of our interests, and our objective of maximizing the value of our investments and those of the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, we believe such arrangements are in our overall best interests.
•Allocation of Costs and Expenses. In the ordinary course, Brookfield is required to decide whether costs and expenses are to be borne by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), their investments or potential investments and/or other Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield), and to allocate such costs and expenses among our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests, their respective investments or potential investments, and/or other Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield) as appropriate. These costs and expenses include organizational expenses, operating expenses and expenses charged to investments, including (among others) fees, costs and expenses payable to service providers, including related parties, affiliates of Brookfield and/or third-party service providers. Brookfield expects to allocate costs and expenses to or among the Brookfield Accounts (including our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or Brookfield) that benefit from such costs and expenses in a fair and reasonable manner using its good faith judgment, which is inherently subjective. Additional detail regarding costs and expenses is set out, among others, in the “Affiliated Services and Transactions,” “Service Providers,” “Transfers and Secondments,” “Insurance” and “Internal Audit” subsections in the Potential Conflicts of Interest section of this annual report on Form 20-F.
Brookfield generally will utilize one or more methodologies (that it determines, in its sole discretion, to be fair and reasonable) to determine (i) the costs and expenses relating to a particular service (that are not otherwise provided pursuant to a fixed rate) and (ii) the allocation of costs and expenses among Brookfield Accounts (including our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or Brookfield). These methodologies are expected to include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: (i) quarterly, semi-annual, annual or other periodic estimates (including budgetary estimates) of (A) the amount and/or range of time spent by or to be spent by employees on provision of a service to one or more Brookfield Accounts, and/or (B) the level of effort required to provide a particular service relative to other services provided by the same employees (for instance, costs and expenses relating to financial reporting services could be allocated based on the estimated level of effort required for audited versus unaudited financial statements), and Brookfield is not required to subject such estimates to true-up once the relevant service has been completed; (ii) the relative size (e.g., value or invested equity), number, output, complexity and/or other characteristic relating to the Brookfield Accounts, investments and/or potential investments to which the services relate; (iii) where services are provided by groups of employees, utilization of blended compensation rates across such employees; and/or (iv) any other methodology deemed fair and reasonable by Brookfield in determining (and/or estimating) the cost and expenses relating to the provision of a particular service.
The methodologies that Brookfield utilizes to determine the costs and expenses relating to a particular service and the allocation of costs and expenses among Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield) are expected to vary based on the particular facts and circumstances of each situation (including potentially analogous situations) and over time, and as such there will be some degree of variation in the manner in which situations are addressed (including similar situations over time). There can be no assurance that any such determination will accurately reflect the actual cost of a service in any particular situation, that Brookfield’s own interests won’t influence its determination, and/or that a different methodology would not have also been fair, reasonable and/or yield a different (including more accurate) result.
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Moreover, it is possible that our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and/or their investments or potential investments could be allocated a larger portion of costs and expenses relating to one or more services, including services provided by Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield) and/or services that are provided to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and other Brookfield Account(s), than they otherwise would have if Brookfield did not face the conflicts of interest considerations discussed herein. Among other things, the determination of costs and expenses generally will be based on estimates (which are inherently subjective) and/or blended rates determined by blending and averaging employee costs. As a result, there can be no assurances that the amounts charged by Brookfield to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and/or their investments for any service will not be greater (or lower) than the amount that would be charged had Brookfield determined the costs and expenses relating to the service(s) and/or the allocation of such costs and expenses among Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield) via a different methodology or engaged a similarly-situated third-party service provider to provide the services.
From time to time, Brookfield may inadvertently miscalculate the amount owed by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) in respect of a certain expense or fee. In the event this occurs, Brookfield will reduce the overall receivable due from our group or the relevant Brookfield Account accordingly. To the extent that, upon correcting the miscalculation, there is no amount owed to Brookfield by the Brookfield Account in respect of the relevant service, Brookfield will reimburse the Brookfield Account for the amount overcharged with interest.
Costs and expenses that are suitable for only our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) (and/or their investments or potential investments) or another Brookfield Account (and/or its investments) are expected to be allocated only to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or such other Brookfield Account, as applicable. Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing to the contrary, in certain situations costs and expenses are expected to be allocated only to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) (and/or their investments) despite the fact that the incurrence of such costs and expenses did not or will not directly relate solely to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and could, in fact, also benefit other Brookfield Accounts or not ultimately benefit our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) (and/or their investments or potential investments) at all. For example, costs and expenses could be allocated to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) in respect of a specific legal, regulatory, tax, commercial and/or other matter, structure and/or negotiation that does not relate solely to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and/or was addressed prior to the launch of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, and Brookfield could determine to allocate all or a significant portion of such costs and expenses to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) based on factors that it deems reasonable in its sole discretion, regardless of the amount of capital raised for and/or number of investors (if any) who ultimately invest in, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) in connection with such matter, structure and/or negotiation, and regardless of the extent to which other Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield) ultimately benefit from such matter, structure and/or negotiation. Costs and expenses incurred in connection with a matter, structure and/or negotiation unrelated to a Brookfield Account in which our group invests could therefore be allocated to a Brookfield Account in which our group invests even if such costs and expenses were incurred prior to the existence of a Brookfield Account in which our group invests. Similarly, costs and expenses that are expected to be borne by a particular investor in a Brookfield Account in which our group invests or a third party could be allocated to a Brookfield Account in which our group invests to the extent such costs and expenses are not ultimately charged to or paid by such investor or third party, including, for example, costs and expenses related to a transfer of an interest in a Brookfield Account in which our group invests, bespoke reporting and/or other arrangements.
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In certain circumstances, in order to create efficiencies and optimize performance, Brookfield expects that one or more investments, potential investments, portfolio companies and/or assets of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) will share the operational, legal, financial, back-office and/or other resources of another investment, potential investment, portfolio company and/or asset of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and/or other Brookfield Accounts, including Brookfield. Brookfield will determine the costs and expenses as well as the allocation of such costs and expenses among the relevant Brookfield Accounts (and/or their assets) utilizing the methodologies set forth above.
Where a potential investment is pursued on behalf of one or more Brookfield Accounts, including our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), the Brookfield Account(s) that ultimately make(s) the investment will generally be allocated the costs and expenses related to such investment on a pro-rata basis based on their proportionate interests in the investment. In the case of a potential investment that is not consummated, Brookfield expects to allocate the broken deal costs and expenses relating to such potential investment among the Brookfield Account(s) that Brookfield expected to participate in such investment on a pro-rata basis based on their expected proportionate interests in the investment, provided that pro-rata interests that were expected to be allocated to (a) other Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield) so as to facilitate a closing of the investment (i.e., with the expectation that such interests would be further syndicated to third-party investors post-closing) and (b) potential third-party co-investors that did not agree to bear broken deal costs and expenses, will be allocated to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) for purposes of allocating such broken deal costs and expenses. In any event, Brookfield’s allocation of costs and expenses relating to a consummated or unconsummated investment may result in our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) reimbursing other Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield) for costs and expenses, or vice versa, so as to achieve an allocation of such costs and expenses that Brookfield determines, in its discretion, to be fair and reasonable, as described above.
Examples of broken deal costs and expenses include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) research costs and expenses, (b) fees and expenses of legal, financial, accounting, risk, technology, consulting or other advisers (including Brookfield) in connection with conducting due diligence or otherwise pursuing a particular non-consummated transaction, (c) fees and expenses in connection with arranging financing for a particular non-consummated transaction, (d) travel costs, (e) deposits or down payments that are forfeited in connection with, or amounts paid as a penalty for, a particular non-consummated transaction, and (f) other costs and expenses incurred in connection with activities related to a particular non-consummated transaction (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any relevant Affiliated Service). Brookfield intends to make allocation determinations in its discretion, and it may modify or change its allocation methodologies from time to time to the extent it determines such modifications or changes are necessary or advisable to achieve a fair and reasonable allocation, and such modifications or changes could result in our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and/or other Brookfield Accounts bearing less (or more) costs and expenses than it otherwise would have borne without such modifications and/or pursuant to a different allocation methodology.
The list of operating expenses included in our group’s and Brookfield Accounts’ disclosure documents is based on Brookfield’s past experiences and current expectations of the types of costs and expenses to be incurred by our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests).
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Additional and/or new costs and expenses are expected to arise over time and Brookfield will allocate such costs and expenses to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) (or among our group (and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and other Brookfield Accounts) as it determines, in its discretion, to be fair and reasonable. In addition, although organizational expenses of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests generally are subject to a cap, certain costs and expenses that are to be borne as operating expenses, which are not subject to a cap, include costs and expenses related to organizational matters, such as costs and expenses relating to distributing and implementing applicable elections pursuant to any “most favored nations” clauses in side letters, and fees, costs and expenses of anti-bribery and corruption, anti-money laundering and/or “know your customer” compliance, tax diligence expenses and costs and expenses of ongoing related procedures. Brookfield has engaged a compliance consulting firm and could engage similar firms to provide services in connection with its investor relations operations, including the review of diligence and marketing materials; such costs and expenses incurred in relation to the formation and organization of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests will be treated as organizational expenses subject to the caps of such Brookfield Accounts, and thereafter in respect of the ongoing operation or administration of the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests will be treated as operating expenses.
•Intangible Benefits and Discounts. Brookfield and its personnel can be expected to receive certain benefits and/or perquisites arising or resulting from their activities on behalf of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) which will not reduce management fees or otherwise be shared with Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), their investors and/or investments. Such benefits will inure exclusively to Brookfield and/or its personnel receiving them, even if they are significant or difficult to value and even though the cost of the underlying service is borne by Brookfield Accounts (including our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their respective investments (as an expense). For example, certain affiliates may receive portions of fees paid by third parties that relate to transactions involving properties and/or tenants, such as a portion of broker commissions paid by sellers of properties, and portions of the insurance premiums and fees paid by tenants to insurance providers. In addition, airline travel or hotel stays incurred as expenses by Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) typically result in “miles” or “points” or credit in loyalty/status programs and such benefits and/or amounts will, whether or not de minimis or difficult to value, inure exclusively to Brookfield and/or such personnel (and not to our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, investors and/or investments) even though the cost of the underlying service is borne by our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and/or investments. Similarly, the volume of work that service providers receive from Brookfield results in discounts for such services that Brookfield will benefit from, while our group, the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and/or their respective investments will not be able to benefit from certain discounts that apply to Brookfield. Brookfield and/or its employees will, from time to time, make or receive employment referrals for certain contacts and/or their family members, including those contacts that relate to Brookfield Accounts (including our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, and investments). Such referrals may result in employment that benefits the contacts and/or their family members and the financial benefit of that employment will not be individually disclosed to Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or shared with such Brookfield Accounts, investors and/or investments. In addition, Brookfield has in the past and expects to continue to make available certain discount programs to its employees as a result of Brookfield’s relationship with an investment (e.g., “friends and family” discounts), which discounts are not available to the investors. Brookfield may also offer corporate discount programs internally so that, for example, Brookfield entities holding events (such as conferences) at Brookfield assets may receive discounts (including in respect of hotel rates for attendees or catering services). The size of these discounts on products and services provided by investments (and, potentially, customers or suppliers of such investments) could be significant. The potential to receive such discounts could provide an incentive for Brookfield to cause Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or investments to enter into transactions that may or may not have otherwise been entered into in the absence of these arrangements and benefits. Financial benefits that Brookfield and its personnel derive from such transactions will generally not be shared with Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), investors and/or investments. Such discounts include, among others, the ability to lease units in multifamily buildings, or rooms in hotels, owned by Brookfield Accounts, stay at hotels owned by Brookfield Accounts, utilize services and/or programs offered by assets owned by Brookfield Accounts, in each case at significantly discounted rates. In certain cases, Brookfield will be engaged by the purchaser of an investment to provide various services, including operations and management services (and oversight thereof), with respect to such investment for an interim period following the disposition of such investments until such functions are fully transitioned to the purchaser’s service providers. Any such services will be provided on rates agreed with the purchaser (which may be different from (and potentially higher than) the rates charged for Affiliated Services) and such compensation will not be shared with Brookfield Accounts (including our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), including the Brookfield Account that sold the investment, or reduce management or other fees owed by Brookfield Accounts. For a discussion regarding the resolution of the conflicts of interest noted above, see “Resolution of Conflicts Generally” below.
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•Transactions with Portfolio Companies. In addition to any Affiliated Services provided by Brookfield or our group (as described above), certain of our investments and/or portfolio companies of Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested will in the ordinary course of business provide services or goods to, receive services or goods from, lease space to or from, or participate in agreements, transactions or other arrangements with (including the purchase and sale of assets and other matters that would otherwise be transacted with independent third parties), portfolio companies owned by other Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and Non-Controlled Affiliates. Some of these agreements, transactions and other arrangements would not have been entered into but for the affiliation or relationship with Brookfield and, in certain cases, are expected to replace agreements, transactions and/or arrangements with third parties. These agreements, transactions and other arrangements will involve payment and/or receipt of fees, expenses and other amounts and/or other benefits to or from the portfolio companies of such other Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and Non-Controlled Affiliates (including, in certain cases, performance-based compensation). Such fees, expenses, amounts and benefits will not offset any management fee payable to Brookfield in respect of our group or other Brookfield Account (including Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). In certain cases, Brookfield’s investment thesis with respect to an investment will include attempting to create value by actively facilitating relationships between the investment and portfolio companies or assets owned by other Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and Non-Controlled Affiliates. In these and other cases, these agreements, transactions and other arrangements will be entered into either with active participation by Brookfield or the portfolio companies’ management teams independent of Brookfield. While such arrangements and/or transactions and the fees or
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compensation involved have the potential for inherent conflicts of interest, Brookfield believes that the access to Brookfield (including portfolio companies of Brookfield Accounts and Walled-Off Business Accounts) enhances our group’s capabilities (and the capabilities of Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested) and is an integral part of our group’s (and other Brookfield Accounts’) operations. We expect that each transaction will be entered into to satisfy a legitimate business need.
Portfolio companies of Brookfield Accounts and Walled-Off Business Accounts generally are not Brookfield’s and our group’s affiliates for purposes of our governing agreements. As a result, the restrictions and conditions contained therein that relate specifically to Brookfield and/or our affiliates do not apply to arrangements and/or transactions among portfolio companies of Brookfield Accounts and/or Walled-Off Business Accounts, even if our group (or a Brookfield Account) has a significant economic interest in a portfolio company and/or Brookfield ultimately controls it. For example, in the event that a portfolio company of one Brookfield Account enters into a transaction with a portfolio company of another Brookfield Account (or a Walled-Off Business Account), such transaction generally would not trigger potential cross trade, principal transaction and/or other affiliate transaction considerations.
In all cases in which Brookfield actively participates in such agreements, transactions or other arrangements, Brookfield will seek to ensure that the agreements, transactions or other arrangements are in the best interests of the applicable Brookfield Accounts’ portfolio companies, with terms to be determined in good faith as fair, reasonable and equitable under the circumstances. However, there can be no assurance that the terms of any such agreement, transaction or other arrangement will be executed on an arm’s length basis, be as favorable to the applicable portfolio company as otherwise would be the case if the counterparty were not related to Brookfield or be the same as those that other Brookfield Accounts’ portfolio companies receive from the applicable counterparty, or be benchmarked in any manner. In some circumstances, our investments and portfolio companies of Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested may receive better terms from a portfolio company of another Brookfield Account or a Walled-Off Business Account than from an independent counterparty. In other cases, these terms may be worse.
All such agreements, transactions or other arrangements described in this section are expected to be entered into in the ordinary course without obtaining consent of our board’s independent directors or shareholders or of investors in other Brookfield Accounts and such arrangements will not impact the management fee payable to Brookfield or any fee for Affiliated Services payable to Brookfield or a Brookfield Account (i.e., the portfolio companies and Non-Controlled Affiliates will be free to transact in the ordinary course of their businesses without limitations, including by charging their ordinary rates for the relevant transactions).
Furthermore, Brookfield (or other Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Business Accounts and/or their businesses) will from time to time make equity or other investments in companies or businesses that provide services to or otherwise contract with our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested and/or their portfolio companies. In particular, Brookfield has in the past entered into, and expects to continue to enter into, relationships with companies in the technology, real assets services and other sectors and industries in which Brookfield has broad expertise and knowledge, whereby Brookfield or a Brookfield Account acquires an equity or other interest in such companies that may, in turn, transact with our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested and/or their portfolio companies. For example, Brookfield and Brookfield Accounts have invested and continue to invest, directly or through Pinegrove, in emerging technology companies that develop and offer technology products that are expected to be of relevance to our group, Brookfield Accounts in which we are invested and portfolio companies (as well as to third-party companies operating in similar sectors and industries).
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In connection with such relationships, Brookfield expects to refer, introduce or otherwise facilitate transactions between such companies and our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested and portfolio companies, which would result in benefits to Brookfield (or Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Business Accounts or their businesses), including via increased profitability of the relevant company, as well as financial incentives and/or milestones which benefit Brookfield Accounts or businesses (including through increased equity allotments), which are likely in some cases to be significant. Such financial incentives that inure to or benefit Brookfield and Brookfield Accounts pose an incentive for Brookfield to cause our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested and/or their portfolio companies to enter into such transactions that may or may not have otherwise been entered into. Financial incentives derived from such transactions will generally not be shared with our group or unitholders. Furthermore, such transactions are likely to contribute to the development of expertise, reputational benefits and/or the development of new products or services by Brookfield (or Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and/or their businesses), which Brookfield will seek to capitalize on to generate additional benefits that are likely to inure solely to Brookfield (or Brookfield Accounts, Walled-Off Businesses, Walled-Off Business Accounts and/or their businesses) and not to our group or our group’s shareholders.
Brookfield (or the portfolio companies’ management teams, as applicable) will seek to ensure that each transaction or other arrangement that our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested and/or their portfolio companies enter into with these companies satisfies a legitimate business need of our group, the applicable Brookfield Account and/or the applicable portfolio company, with terms to be determined in good faith as fair, reasonable and equitable under the circumstances based on our group’s, the applicable Brookfield Account and/or their portfolio companies’ normal course process for evaluating potential business transactions and counterparties. In making these determinations, Brookfield or the management teams of the portfolio companies will take into account such factors that they deem relevant, which will include the potential benefits and synergies of transacting with a Brookfield related party. Brookfield may take its own interests (or the interests of other Brookfield Accounts or businesses) into account in considering and making determinations regarding these matters. In certain cases, these transactions will be entered into with active participation by Brookfield and in other cases by the portfolio companies’ management teams independently of Brookfield. Moreover, any fees or other financial incentives paid to the relevant company will not offset or otherwise reduce the management fee or other compensation paid to Brookfield, will not otherwise be shared with our group or its shareholders and will not be subject to the Affiliate Service Rates.
However, there can be no assurance that the terms of any such transaction or other arrangement will be executed on an arm’s length basis, be as favorable to our group, the applicable Brookfield Account or portfolio company as otherwise would be the case if the counterparty were not related to Brookfield, be benchmarked in any particular manner, or be the same as those that other Brookfield Accounts’ or portfolio companies receive from the applicable counterparty. In some circumstances, our group, a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested and portfolio companies may receive better terms (including economic terms) than they would from an independent counterparty. In other cases, these terms may be worse.
While these agreements, transactions and/or arrangements raise potential conflicts of interest, Brookfield believes that our access to Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies, as well as to Brookfield related parties and companies in which Brookfield has an interest enhances our, Brookfield Accounts’ and portfolio companies’ capabilities, is an integral part of our operations and will provide benefits to our group, Brookfield Accounts and portfolio companies that would not exist but for our affiliation with Brookfield.
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•Transfers and Secondments. From time to time, Brookfield facilitates transfers and/or secondments of personnel to (or from) our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and/or their portfolio investments from (or to) Brookfield or another Brookfield Account (and/or its portfolio investments). A transfer refers to the termination of an employee’s employment with their employer company and their transfer to a new employer company. A secondment refers to the temporary assignment of an employee from their employer company to another company, typically for a period of two years or less.
Such movements are designed to fill roles at the companies to which individuals are transferred and/or seconded and provide value to personnel (via facilitation of individual career development objectives), the companies to which personnel are transferred / seconded (via filling of essential roles with suitable candidates), and the companies from which personnel are transferred / seconded (via optimization of the workforce).
Brookfield has adopted policies designed to ensure that such personnel movements are effected in accordance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements and that the conflicts considerations that arise in connection therewith are appropriately resolved. Among other things, for each transfer or secondment, Brookfield will seek to ensure that: (a) the company to which an individual is transferred or seconded has a legitimate business need for the position that the individual is to fill, (b) the individual is suitable for the position that they are to fill; and (c) if the transfer or secondment is to a client account: (I) the position does not involve an activity that Brookfield, as manager of the client account, is required to perform; and (II) the compensation to be paid for the position by the company to which the individual is being transferred / seconded is within the market compensation range for such position (up to, and including, the top end of such market compensation range).
In connection with each transfer or secondment, the company to which an individual is transferred or seconded will bear the compensation and overhead expenses relating to the employee (including salary, benefits, and long- and short-term incentive compensation, among other things). As noted, Brookfield generally will seek to ensure that the compensation proposed to be paid for the position by the company to which the individual is being transferred or seconded is within the market compensation range for such position. In determining the market compensation range for the position, Brookfield generally will take into account factors that it deems relevant, including (among others): the company’s industry and geography; compensation paid by the company (or one or more similar companies) to one or more employees filling comparable positions; compensation paid by the company (or one or more similar companies) to one or more employees recently hired to fill (or terminated from) comparable positions; independent compensation benchmarking data, such as a third-party market compensation study; and/or third-party (e.g., recruiter, compensation consultant or other adviser) guidance regarding the market compensation range for the position; and/or other objective and/or subjective factors deemed reasonable by Brookfield under the circumstances.
Where Brookfield takes into account independent compensation benchmarking data, such as a third-party market compensation study, Brookfield generally will rely on the most recent study that it is utilizing for recruitment and compensation benchmarking purposes in the relevant company’s industry and/or geography. However, such compensation benchmarking data will, in certain cases, be from a different year than the year in which the transfer or secondment is effected because Brookfield and/or the relevant portfolio investment are not generally expected to participate in (and purchase) market studies every year, as the market does not generally vary significantly from year to year.
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In interim periods between market studies, Brookfield expects to use information such as changes in consumer price index, insight from recruitment efforts and/or other factors to adjust (as necessary) compensation ranges.
Secondments will be on a full-time or part-time basis, as determined by Brookfield taking into account relevant facts-and-circumstances. Generally, part-time secondments will be based on the amount of time Brookfield estimates that the individual will spend between the two (or more) Brookfield Accounts (i.e., the “secondment split”). These estimates will be based on subjective determinations, which could be based on the estimated number of days per week that the individual will spend working for each Brookfield Account or another estimate deemed fair and reasonable under the then-existing facts-and-circumstances. The compensation expenses recovered from the company to which an employee is seconded will be appropriately pro-rated based on: (a) the length of the secondment period during the applicable calendar year and (b) in the case of a part-time secondment, the secondment split.
For clarity, pursuant to the foregoing, Brookfield expects to, among other things, transfer and/or second certain of its employees to companies held by our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. As noted, the companies to which such individuals are transferred and/or seconded to will bear the employees’ applicable compensation expenses. In certain cases, Brookfield will advance compensation to such employees and be subsequently reimbursed by our group or the applicable Brookfield Accounts (and/or their respective investments). Any such compensation expenses borne by our group, the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and/or their respective investments will not be credited against or otherwise reduce the management fee and incentive distributions that are payable to Brookfield. Additionally, the method for determining how (i) certain compensation arrangements are structured and valued (particularly with respect to the structure of various forms of incentive compensation that vest over time and whose value upon payment is based on estimates) and (ii) overhead expenses are allocated, in each case require certain judgments and assumptions, and as a result our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and their respective investments may bear higher costs than they would have had such expenses been valued, allocated or charged differently.
Brookfield could benefit from arrangements where Brookfield employees are hired or retained by, or seconded to, one or more investments or a Brookfield affiliate on behalf of an investment (for example, in the case where an investment makes a fixed payment to Brookfield to compensate Brookfield for a portion of an employee’s incentive compensation, but such employee does not ultimately collect such incentive compensation). Additionally, there could be a circumstance where an employee of Brookfield or a portfolio company of a Brookfield Account, Walled-Off Business or Walled-Off Business Account may become an employee or secondee of one or more of portfolio companies of our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests (or vice versa) and, in connection therewith, be entitled to retain unvested incentive compensation received from the company it is transferring or being seconded from. While such incentive compensation would be subject to forfeiture under other circumstances, given the prior employment by a Brookfield related company, such incentive compensation may continue to vest as if such employee continued to be an employee of the company from which it is transferring. The arrangements described herein will take place in accordance with parameters approved by our company’s independent directors in the Conflicts Protocols, but will not be subject to approval by the unitholders, and such amounts will not be considered fees received by Brookfield or its affiliates that offset or otherwise reduce the management fee.
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Brookfield may take its own interests into account in considering and making determinations regarding the matters outlined in this section as well as in “Transactions with Portfolio Companies” and “Affiliated Services and Transactions” above. Additionally, the aggregate economic benefit to Brookfield or its affiliates as a result of the transactions outlined herein and therein could influence investment allocation decisions made by Brookfield in certain circumstances (i.e., if the financial incentives as a result of such transactions are greater if the investment opportunity is allocated to one Brookfield Account rather than another). However, as noted elsewhere herein, Brookfield believes that our group’s and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests’ access to Brookfield’s broader asset management platform enhances our group’s, such Brookfield Accounts’ and portfolio investments’ capabilities, is an integral part of our group’s and such Brookfield Accounts’ operations and will provide benefits to our group, Brookfield Accounts in which we are invested and their respective portfolio investments that would not exist but for their respective affiliations with Brookfield.
•Protective Loans. Brookfield may loan capital to our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests in connection with an investment or potential investment if Brookfield determines in good faith that it is advisable to invest capital in an investment or potential investment and (x) for timing reasons it is not able to issue a capital call, (y) for Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, for any reason there are insufficient unfunded commitments that are able to be called for an existing investment or potential investment or (z) either the amount of such capital is immaterial or the time period during which such capital would be loaned by Brookfield is expected to be less than 30 days (“Protective Loans”). Any such Protective Loan will be made at a rate equal to that agreed to with the relevant Brookfield Account. In connection therewith, in the case of a Protective Loan pursuant to clauses (x) and (z) above, Brookfield will cause our group and/or the Brookfield Account in which our group invests to repay such Protective Loan or, in the case of any other Protective Loan, offer to investors in the relevant Brookfield Account (including our group) the opportunity to acquire an interest in such Protective Loan. Brookfield’s ability to make Protective Loans on the conditions noted above could give rise to conflicts of interest considerations. To the extent an investor does not have sufficient available capital to acquire an interest in such a Protective Loan, or chooses not to acquire such an interest, Brookfield will retain or syndicate such interest. Any Protective Loan may be repaid by the applicable investment in priority to any distributions to the relevant Brookfield Account, or be converted into an equity interest in such investment on a dollar-for-dollar basis using an appraisal or arm’s length valuation. Brookfield will have no obligation to provide a Protective Loan, including where doing so would be beneficial to our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, or an investment.
•Possible Future Activities. Brookfield expects to expand the range of services that it provides over time. Except as provided herein, Brookfield will not be restricted in the scope of its business or in the performance of any services (whether now offered or undertaken in the future) even if such activities could give rise to conflicts of interest, and whether or not such conflicts are described herein. Brookfield has, and will continue to develop, relationships with a significant number of companies, financial sponsors and their senior managers, including relationships with companies that hold or may have held investments similar to those that have been (or are intended to be) made by us and Brookfield Accounts that we are invested in as well as companies that compete with our direct and indirect investments. These companies may themselves represent appropriate investment opportunities for us or Brookfield Accounts in which we are invested or may compete with us for investment opportunities and other business activities.
•Advisors. Brookfield from time to time engages or retains strategic advisors, senior advisors, operating partners, executive advisors, consultants and/or other professionals who are not
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employees or affiliates of Brookfield, but which include former Brookfield employees as well as current and former officers of Brookfield portfolio companies (collectively, “Consultants”). Consultants generally have established industry expertise and are expected to advise on a range of investment-related activities, including by providing services that may be similar in nature to those provided by Brookfield’s investment teams, such as sourcing, consideration and pursuit of investment opportunities, strategies to achieve investment objectives, development and implementation of business plans, and recruiting for portfolio companies, and to serve on boards of portfolio companies. Additionally, Brookfield’s decision to initially perform certain services in-house for our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) at a particular point in time will not preclude a later decision to outsource such services, or any additional services, in whole or in part, to any Consultants, and Brookfield has no obligation to inform our group or any other Brookfield Account of such a change. Brookfield believes that these arrangements benefit its investment activities. However, they also give rise to certain conflicts of interest considerations.
Consultants are expected, from time to time, to receive payments from, or allocations of performance-based compensation with respect to, Brookfield, our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested and portfolio companies. In such circumstances, payments from, or allocations or performance-based compensation with respect to, our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested and/or portfolio companies generally will be treated as expenses of the applicable entity and will not, even if they have the effect of reducing retainers or minimum amounts otherwise payable by Brookfield, be subject to management fee offset provisions. Additionally, while Brookfield believes such compensation arrangements will be reasonable, a number of factors, including the particular relationship with a Consultant and the nature of its services (which could be specialized or customized to meet the needs of Brookfield and its funds and portfolio companies in ways that other providers may not offer), could result in such Consultant’s fees, costs and expenses not being comparable to those charged for such services by other third parties and, consequently, there could be limited or no cost savings from the retention of such Consultant. Brookfield retains its discretion to select the Consultant for any services to be provided to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which we are invested) after weighing all factors that Brookfield deems relevant, including price, quality of service and the ability of a Consultant to meet Brookfield’s specific requirements, and Brookfield will not have an obligation to evaluate alternative providers, to undertake a minimum amount of benchmarking, or to compare pricing for such Consultant’s services. In addition to any compensation arrangements, our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested may also generally bear its share of any travel costs or other out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Consultants in connection with the provision of their services. Accounting, network, communications, administration and other support benefits, including office space, may be provided by Brookfield, our group and/or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested to Consultants without charge, and any costs associated with such support may be borne by our group and/or such Brookfield Account.
Brookfield expects from time to time to offer Consultants the ability to co-invest alongside our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested, including in those investments in which they are involved (and for which they may be entitled to receive performance-based compensation, which will reduce our returns), or otherwise participate in equity plans for management of a portfolio company or invest directly in our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), or in a vehicle controlled by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), subject to reduced or waived management fees and/or carried interest distributions, including after the termination of their engagement (or other status) with Brookfield.
In certain cases, these persons are likely to have certain attributes of Brookfield “employees” (e.g., they have dedicated offices at Brookfield, receive access to Brookfield information, systems and meetings for Brookfield personnel, work on Brookfield matters as their primary or sole business activity, have Brookfield-related email addresses, business cards and titles, and/or participate in certain benefit arrangements typically reserved for Brookfield employees) even though they are not considered Brookfield employees, affiliates or personnel.
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In this scenario, a Consultant would be subject to Brookfield’s compliance policies and procedures. Where applicable, Brookfield allocates to our group, the Brookfield Accounts and/or portfolio companies the costs of such personnel or the fees paid to such personnel in connection with the applicable services, and such expenses or fees, to the extent allocated to a Brookfield Account, would generally be treated as expenses of such Brookfield Account. Payments or allocations to Consultants will not be subject to management fee offset provisions and can be expected to increase the overall costs and expenses borne indirectly by shareholders. There can be no assurance that any of the Consultants will continue to serve in such roles and/or continue their arrangements with Brookfield and/or any Brookfield Accounts or portfolio companies throughout the terms of the relevant Brookfield Accounts.
•Transaction and Other Fees. Brookfield and its employees may receive certain transaction fees, consulting fees, advisory fees, directors’ fees, monitoring fees, or similar fees, in connection with investments or prospective investments. 100% of our group’s or other Brookfield Account’s proportionate share of such fees, net of applicable expenses, will be credited against future payments of the management fee. Such fees will not be subject to the Affiliate Service Rates described in “Affiliated Services and Transactions” above. For the avoidance of doubt, (a) the allocable share of such fees attributable to any investor (including any Brookfield Account and any co-investor) that does not pay management fees is not expected to be credited to such investor (and will be retained by Brookfield and/or its employees) and (b) to the extent that multiple Brookfield Accounts (including co-investment vehicles) participate in an investment, any fees received by Brookfield in respect of one Brookfield Account will not offset the management fee received by Brookfield from any other Brookfield Account (regardless of whether or not any amount of such fees is credited to the investors in such Brookfield Accounts, by means of a management fee offset or otherwise) and if such fees are not subject to an offset, such fees will be retained by Brookfield and/or its employees. To the extent any significant investments are made alongside our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), meaningful portions of any such fees paid by any investment to Brookfield will not be allocated to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) and will not offset the management fee. As a result, Brookfield will be subject to potential conflicts of interest in determining which portion of an investment in the relevant portfolio company should be allocated to another Brookfield Account and may be more incentivized to charge any such fees where there is expected to be significant co-investment alongside our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests).
•Travel Expenses. Our group will reimburse Brookfield for out-of-pocket travel expenses, including air travel (generally business class), car services, meals and hotels (generally business or luxury class accommodations), incurred in identifying, evaluating, sourcing, researching, structuring, negotiating, acquiring, making, holding, developing, operating, managing, selling or potentially selling, restructuring or otherwise disposing of proposed or actual investments of our group and/or of Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested (including fees for attendance of industry conferences, the primary purpose of which is sourcing investments), in connection with the formation, marketing, offering and management of our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested. In addition, travel expenses incurred in the formation, marketing and offering of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests will generally be considered organizational expenses, including where such travel expenses relate to an existing or potential arrangement with any placement agent regarding the offering of interests in a Brookfield Account or the offering of a feeder fund of a Brookfield Account. Brookfield employees will generally be encouraged to utilize preferred travel and accommodation partners, including hotels, when incurring travel expenses. Such preferred partners will often be assets or portfolio companies of Brookfield Accounts and typically will not be the most economical option available.
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•Service Providers. In managing business activities, Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and portfolio companies utilize and rely on various independent service providers, including attorneys, accountants, fund administrators, consultants, financial and other advisors, deal sources, lenders, brokers and outside directors. Brookfield relies on these service providers’ independence from Brookfield for various purposes, including (among other things) audits of Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies as well as transaction related services, benchmarking analyses, fairness and similar opinions of value, and/or verification of arm’s length terms, in each case designed to facilitate resolution of conflicts of interest considerations relating to transactions between Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies with Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies.
Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies have various business relationships and engage in various activities with these service providers and/or their affiliates, which give rise to conflicts of interest considerations relating to the selection of the service providers. For example, service providers and/or their personnel could: (a) be investors in Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies, (b) provide services to multiple Brookfield business lines, Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies, (c) be engaged to provide various different types of services to Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and portfolio companies, (d) provide certain services, such as introductions to prospective investors and/or counterparties, to Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and portfolio companies at favorable rates or no additional cost, and (e) be counterparties to transactions with Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies. In addition, certain service providers (particularly large global service providers, such as law firms, accounting firms and financial institutions) employ family members of personnel of Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies. Moreover, in the regular course of business, personnel of Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies give (or receive) gifts and entertainment to (or from) personnel of service providers.
Notwithstanding these relationships and/or activities with service providers, Brookfield has policies and procedures designed to address these conflicts of interest considerations and to ensure that its personnel select service providers for Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and portfolio companies that they believe are appropriate for and in the best interests of Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies (as the case may be) in accordance with Brookfield’s legal and regulatory obligations, provided that (for the avoidance of doubt) Brookfield often will not seek out the lowest-cost option when engaging such service providers as other factors or considerations typically prevail over cost.
Brookfield Accounts (including our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, and other Brookfield Accounts) and their portfolio companies often engage common providers of goods and/or services. These common providers sometimes provide bulk discounts or other fee discount arrangements, which may be based on an expectation of a certain amount of aggregate engagements by Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and portfolio companies over a period of time. Brookfield generally extends these fee discount arrangements to Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies in a fair and equitable manner.
In certain cases, a service provider (e.g., a law firm) will provide all Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies a bulk discount on fees that is applicable only prospectively (within an annual period) once a certain aggregate spending threshold has been met during the relevant annual period. As a result, Brookfield Accounts and portfolio companies that engage the service provider after the aggregate spending threshold has been met will get the benefit of the discount and, as a result, pay lower rates than the rates paid by Brookfield Accounts and portfolio companies or parties that engaged the same provider prior to the discount being triggered.
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The engagement of common providers for Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies and the related fee discount arrangements give rise to conflicts of interest considerations. For example, as a result of these arrangements, Brookfield will face conflicts of interest in determining which providers to engage on behalf of Brookfield Accounts (including our group) and portfolio companies and when to engage such providers, including an incentive to engage certain providers for Brookfield Accounts (including our group) and portfolio companies because it will result in the maintenance or enhancement of a discounted fee arrangement that benefits Brookfield, other Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies. Notwithstanding these conflicts considerations, Brookfield makes these determinations in a manner that it believes is appropriate for and in the best interests of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their portfolio companies taking into account all applicable facts and circumstances.
In the normal course, common providers (e.g., law firms) will staff engagements based on the particular needs of the engagement and charge such staff’s then-applicable rates, subject to any negotiated discounts. While these rates will be the same as the rates such providers would charge Brookfield for the same engagement, Brookfield generally engages providers for different needs than Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their portfolio companies, and the total fees charged for different engagements are expected to vary.
In addition, as a result of the foregoing, the overall rates paid by our group, Brookfield Accounts in which we are invested and portfolio companies over a period of time to a common provider could be higher (or lower) than the overall rates paid to the same provider by Brookfield, other Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies.
These relationships, activities and discounts described herein are part of normal course business operations and are not considered additional fees received by Brookfield that would offset or otherwise reduce the fees (including management fees) owed by Brookfield Accounts and/or their portfolio companies to Brookfield.
•Investment Platforms. Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), alone or co-investing alongside other Brookfield Accounts or third parties, develop, organize and/or acquire assets that serve as a platform for investments in a particular sector, geographic area or other niche (such arrangements, “Investment Platforms”) including investments held in different proportions across various Brookfield Accounts. The management teams for such Investment Platforms (“Platform Management Teams”) are owned and controlled by our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group is invested) other Brookfield Accounts and/or third parties, and are established through recruitment, contract and/or the acquisition of one or more portfolio companies and/or assets. In certain cases, such as investments made by our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) alongside third parties, the executives, officers, directors, shareholders and other personnel of the relevant Platform Management Teams represent other financial investors with whom our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and Brookfield are not affiliated and whose interests could conflict with the interests of our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or have other interests that conflict with the interests of our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). In addition, Platform Management Teams are expected to provide services to, and facilitate investments by, other Brookfield Accounts, including
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investments in which our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) participates or an investment does not proceed. The costs and expenses of Platform Management Teams will include, among others, any overhead, personnel compensation, diligence and other operational costs and expenses incurred in connection with the development, organization, acquisition, support, and ongoing administration and management of the Platform Management Teams and related Investment Platforms. For the avoidance of doubt, compensation paid in respect of Platform Management Teams will include, among other components, incentive distributions, management promote, incentive fee and/or other performance-based compensation based on (or linked to) the profits of the relevant Investment Platforms, including profits realized in connection with the disposition of asset(s), and co-investments held alongside our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests).
Among other things, Platform Management Teams are expected to participate in and/or advise on a range of activities related to investments, potential investments and/or Investment Platforms given their strategic and/or operational expertise, including, among others, activities in connection with (or with respect to) the origination, identification, assessment, pursuit, coordination, execution and consummation of investment opportunities, such as project planning, engineering and other technical analysis, securing site control, preparing and managing approvals and permits, financial analysis and managing related-stakeholder matters. These services give rise to additional conflicts of interest considerations because they are similar to the services provided by Brookfield to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which we are invested). However, Brookfield deems these services to be appropriate for and value enhancing to the operations and/or management of investments and Investment Platforms and these services otherwise would be provided by third parties engaged to provide the services.
Our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which we are invested) bear their allocable share of Platform Management Teams’ costs and expenses (as determined by Brookfield, in its sole discretion, to be fair and reasonable) and such costs and expenses are treated as expenses of our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), investment-level expenses and/or broken deal expenses, as applicable. These costs and expenses are in addition to the compensation payable to Brookfield, are not shared with our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or our shareholders (or be offset against compensation payable to Brookfield), will increase the overall costs and expenses borne indirectly by our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), and are expected to be substantial.
From time to time, Platform Management Teams (or portions thereof) that are held by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) and/or their portfolio companies could be transferred to other Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield) for strategic, operational and/or other reasons, including reasons that relate solely to other Brookfield Accounts. Our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), its Investment Platforms, investments and/or shareholders, will not be compensated for any such transfer.
See additional detail regarding: the methodologies that Brookfield will utilize for determining Brookfield Accounts’ (including of our group (and of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and of Brookfield) allocable shares of such costs and expenses, and additional conflicts considerations regarding transactions with Brookfield related parties, in “Allocation of Costs and Expenses” and “Affiliated Services and Transactions.”
•Line of Credit Utilization. Use of leverage arrangements provides Brookfield with an incentive to fund investments or otherwise utilize borrowings in lieu of capital contributions. For example, calculations of net IRRs in respect of performance data with respect to our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests as reported to investors from time to time are
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based on the funding of capital contributions by and distributions to the investors. For example, in instances where a Brookfield Account in which our group invests utilizes borrowings under a subscription-based loan facility or asset-backed facility (or other facility, including a hybrid or net asset value facility), use of such facility will likely result in a higher reported net IRR than if the facility had not been utilized because such borrowings were used in lieu of capital contributions or in advance of related capital contributions that would only be made at a later date. From time to time, Brookfield makes distributions prior to the repayment of outstanding borrowings. In addition, in the event a Brookfield Account in which our group invests incurs such indebtedness, the preferred return accruing in respect of investors will be less than otherwise would have been the case in the absence of such indebtedness, and the applicable Brookfield Account will bear the costs of any expenses related to such indebtedness or any interest that accrues. As a result, Brookfield could be entitled (a) to receive incentive distributions earlier than it otherwise would have and (b) in certain circumstances, to receive more incentive distributions than it otherwise would have, in each case had the Brookfield Account in which our group invests not incurred such indebtedness and, instead, had required the investors to make additional capital contributions.
Subject to any limitations set forth in the governing documents of our group or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, Brookfield maintains substantial flexibility in choosing when and how our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests utilize borrowings under loan facilities. Brookfield may adopt from time to time policies or guidelines relating to the use of such loan facilities. Such policies could include using the loan facilities to systematically defer calling capital from investors. In addition to using such facilities to defer capital calls, Brookfield can, subject to the terms of the relevant Brookfield Account’s governing documents, elect to use long-term financing for Brookfield Accounts in certain circumstances, including: (i) to make certain investments that Brookfield determines to hold on the loan facility for an extended time, (ii) to make margin payments as necessary under currency hedging arrangements or other derivative transactions, (iii) to fund management fees and operating expenses otherwise payable by investors, (iv) to bridge a potential co-investment or a follow-on investment related to an existing co-investment, and (v) when Brookfield otherwise determines that it is in the best interests of our group or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests.
Certain investors may benefit from borrowing by Brookfield Accounts (including Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) even though such investors do not provide the same level of credit support for such borrowing as other investors. This occurs, for instance, where an investor is prohibited from pledging its commitments to a Brookfield Account to support a loan facility or where regulatory or tax considerations prohibit such a pledge or make it undesirable. In addition, lenders typically apply different “advance rates” to the commitments of different types of investors in a Brookfield Account, with the result that the commitments of certain investors are more useful to the applicable Brookfield Account as collateral for such Brookfield Account’s subscription-based loan facility than the commitments of other investors.
In addition, our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests may provide for the repayment of indebtedness and/or the satisfaction of guarantees on behalf of co-investment vehicles in connection with investments made by such vehicles. Certain Brookfield Accounts also use other Brookfield Accounts’ (including our) loan facilities to issue letters of credit in connection with investments that are expected to be, or have been allocated to co-investment vehicles, and the co-investors would be expected to bear their share of any expenses incurred in connection with such letters of credit. However, in each scenario above, certain investors in such vehicles will benefit from such provision for repayment of indebtedness and/or the satisfaction of guarantees even though those investors do not provide the same level of credit support as our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests.
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In the event any such co-investment vehicle does not satisfy its share of any payment in respect of any such borrowing, our group or the relevant Brookfield Account in which our group invests will be contractually obligated to satisfy its share even if our group or such Brookfield Account does not have recourse against such co-investment vehicle. In addition, our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests may provide a guarantee in connection with a potential or existing investment, and one Brookfield Account may replace our group or another Brookfield Account as the guarantor.
•Recourse to Our Group and Other Brookfield Accounts’ Assets. The assets of our group (and, in the case of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, of such Brookfield Accounts), including unused capital and investments, are available to satisfy all liabilities and other obligations of our group (and, in the case of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, of such Brookfield Accounts), for any proper purpose relating to the activities of our group (and, in the case of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, of such Brookfield Accounts), including, without limitation, with respect to investments, payment of expenses, indemnification obligations, and making of distributions. If our group (or, in the case of a Brookfield Account in which our group invests, such Brookfield Account) becomes subject to a liability, parties seeking to have the liability satisfied could have recourse to our group’s (or, in the case of a Brookfield Account in which our group invests, such Brookfield Account’s) assets generally and might not be limited to any particular asset, such as the asset comprising the investment giving rise to the liability. In such situations, in connection with our investments our group makes in other Brookfield Accounts, investors in such accounts (including our group) are often required to make additional capital contributions, including to recontribute funds previously distributed by such Brookfield Accounts, in each case subject to the specific limitations set forth in such Brookfield Account’s governing documents.
The financing arrangements of our group (and, in the case of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, of such Brookfield Accounts), including financing facilities, borrowings made thereunder, and guarantees and other credit support obligations in relation thereto, are often structured generally as part of a portfolio financing arrangement where all or certain investments provide security for such financing on a cross-collateralized basis and multiple investments are subject to the risk of loss in the event of a default. There likely will be circumstances in which investors have varying sharing percentages with respect to certain of the investments of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), including as a result of investments made on different dates, the exercise of excuse or exclusion rights or otherwise and, as a result, could have sharing percentages (including in the aggregate) in investments or otherwise with respect to investment proceeds generated by the investments of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) to which third parties have recourse in respect of such Brookfield Accounts’ liability that are higher or lower than such investors’ sharing percentages in the investment giving rise to the liability. As a result of the potential recourse obligations described above, liabilities relating to investments in which an investor has, for example, a small sharing percentage, could adversely impact investments in which such investor holds a greater sharing percentage. In addition, where co-investors or other third-party investors participate in an investment, our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests will at times (where Brookfield deems appropriate and subject to the governing documents of our group or the relevant Brookfield Account) guarantee an amount in excess of its proportionate interest in the investment, including amounts in respect of the interests of co-investors or other third parties, which could remain outstanding on a temporary or ongoing basis over the term of the investment. In these circumstances, our group and/or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests will bear a disproportionate amount of the liabilities and costs associated with the relevant guarantee or other credit support, and such Brookfield Account’s assets, as applicable, including the relevant investment as well as the Brookfield Account’s assets generally (including unused capital) would be available to satisfy such liabilities and costs.
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•Other Activities of Brookfield and its Personnel. Brookfield employees that play key roles in managing our group and Brookfield Accounts that we invest in, as well as employees of portfolio companies that our group and other Brookfield Accounts invest in, will all spend a portion of their time on matters other than or only tangentially related to our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. Time will be spent on managing other Brookfield Accounts, including Brookfield proprietary accounts, and their investment activities. Such obligations of these individuals could conflict with their responsibilities to our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. These potential conflicts are exacerbated in situations where employees are entitled to greater incentive compensation or other remuneration in connection with their responsibilities to certain accounts relative to their responsibilities to our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, or where there are differences in proprietary investments in certain Brookfield Accounts relative to our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests.
•Use of Brookfield Arrangements. Our group (and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) may seek to use a swap, currency conversion, hedging arrangement, line of credit or other financing that Brookfield has in place for its own benefit or the benefit of other Brookfield Accounts. In this case, Brookfield will pass through the terms of such arrangement to our group (and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) as if our group (or the relevant Brookfield Accounts) had entered into the transaction itself. However, in such cases, our group (and/or the relevant Brookfield Accounts) will be exposed to Brookfield’s credit risk since our group will not have direct contractual privity with the counterparty. Further, it is possible that our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) would have been able to obtain more favorable terms for themselves if they had entered into the arrangement directly with the counterparty.
•Determinations of Value. Valuations of the investments (or of assets or property received in exchange for any investment, as applicable) will ultimately be calculated and/or determined by Brookfield in good faith in accordance with guidelines prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards or U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and reviewed by the independent accountants of our group and/or the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests. The valuation methodologies used by Brookfield to value any investment involve subjective determinations, judgments, projections and opinions, including about future events, which could turn out to be incorrect. As a result, valuations may not be accurate and/or third parties (including investors) could disagree with such valuations. Accordingly, the carrying value of an investment will not necessarily reflect the price at which the investment could be (or ultimately is) sold in the market, and the difference between carrying value and the ultimate sales price could be material. Ultimate realization of the value of an investment depends to a great extent on economic, market and other conditions beyond Brookfield’s control. Generally, there will be no retroactive adjustment in the valuation of any investment or the performance-based compensation or management fees paid to Brookfield to the extent any valuation proves to not accurately reflect the realizable value of an investment.
Additionally, under certain limited circumstances set forth in the governing documents of our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, distributions in kind of investments for which market quotations are not readily available could be made. The valuation of such investments will be determined by Brookfield in accordance with the governing documents of our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and as set forth above.
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Under the terms of the governing documents of our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, Brookfield will generally receive performance-based compensation based on such valuation.
Brookfield makes use of, and relies on, valuation information and data developed and provided by certain third parties. Such valuations sometimes vary from similar valuations performed by other independent third parties for similar types of securities or assets. In addition, our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests may rely on the valuations or valuation information provided by, or determined in consultation with, the partnership’s general partner, relevant general partner or their affiliates, as applicable.
The valuation of investments affects, under certain circumstances, Brookfield’s entitlement to incentive distributions from our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, the amount of management fees that Brookfield collects from our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, the decision of potential investors to subscribe for units in our group or interests in the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, and/or Brookfield’s marketing of and ability to raise future Brookfield Accounts in which our group will invest. As a result, and as noted herein, the valuation of investments involves conflicts and Brookfield is incentivized to determine valuations that are higher than the actual fair value of the investments.
•Transactions with Potential and Actual Investors. In light of the breadth of Brookfield’s operations and its significant institutional investor base, including investors that pursue investment programs and operations similar to Brookfield’s, Brookfield and Brookfield Accounts (including our group) from time to time engage in transactions with prospective and actual investors in our group and other Brookfield Accounts, that entail business benefits to such investors. Such transactions may be entered into prior to, in connection with or after an investor’s investment in our group or a Brookfield Account. The nature of such transactions can be diverse and may include benefits relating to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests), other Brookfield Accounts and their respective issuers or portfolio companies.
•Insurance. Brookfield has caused our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests to purchase and/or bear premiums, fees, costs and expenses (including the premiums, costs, expenses and/or fees of Brookfield affiliates and non-affiliates for insurance coverage and for placement and administration of insurance coverage) with respect to insurance coverage for the benefit of our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, Brookfield and its affiliates (as service providers to Brookfield Accounts), their employees, affiliates, agents and representatives, as well as limited partner advisory committee members and other indemnified parties with respect to matters (including directors and officers liability insurance, errors and omissions insurance and any other insurance which Brookfield determines to be required or market standard), or for the benefit of our group and the relevant Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, as well as to portfolio companies with respect to investment-related matters (including but not limited to terrorism, property, title, liability, marine, environmental, professional, cyber, transactional, fire insurance and/or extended or specialized coverage).
Brookfield, Brookfield Accounts (including our group and the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and their respective portfolio companies and other investments will utilize Brookfield affiliates for placement, administration and provision of insurance coverage in connection with all or part of their insurance coverage and our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) is expected to leverage the scale of Brookfield by participating in shared, blanket or umbrella, insurance policies as part of a broader group of entities affiliated with Brookfield (including Brookfield and other Brookfield Accounts).
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Any insurance policy purchased by or on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) (including policies covering our group, Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, Brookfield and other Brookfield Accounts) may provide coverage for situations where our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) would not provide indemnification, including situations involving culpable conduct by Brookfield. Nonetheless, the share of the premiums, costs, fees and expenses of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) in respect of insurance coverage will not be reduced to account for these types of situations. Where possible, our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) generally leverage Brookfield’s scale by participating in shared, or umbrella, insurance policies that cover a broad group of entities (including Brookfield, other Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies) under a single policy.
The total cost of any shared or umbrella insurance policy is allocated among all participants covered by the policy in a fair and equitable manner taking into consideration applicable facts and circumstances, including the value of each covered account’s asset value and/or the risk that the account poses to the insurance provider. While Brookfield takes into account certain objective criteria in determining how to allocate the cost of umbrella insurance coverage among covered accounts, the assessment of the risk that each account poses to the insurance provider is more subjective in nature. In addition, Brookfield’s participation in umbrella policies gives rise to conflicts in determining the proper allocation of the costs of such policies.
Brookfield insurance companies (each, a “Captive”) that provide insurance coverage for Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and assets held directly or indirectly by Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) generally will be utilized for all or a portion of insurance coverage needs (e.g., primary layer of insurance for certain assets, supplemental or umbrella coverage provided by third-party carriers, etc.). Captives are expected to provide benefits to Brookfield Accounts that may not be available from a third-party insurance provider. In determining whether to utilize a Captive as an insurance provider for our group, a Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and/or their investments, Brookfield will take into account such factors as it determines appropriate in its discretion under the then-existing facts-and-circumstances. It is expected that each Captive will charge premiums at the Affiliate Service Rate applicable to the insurance provided by such Captive. The determination of such rates will be based on third-party pricing data, pricing mandated by regulation, or an opinion of a third-party insurance adviser (including advisers that provide other insurance related services to Brookfield and the Brookfield Accounts). The engagement of a Captive will give rise to certain potential conflicts of interest, including in connection with the allocation of premiums and the evaluation and payment of claims. In order to mitigate potential conflicts of interest related thereto, an independent third-party insurance adjuster or attorney generally will be responsible for claims management and payment.
Captives could seek reinsurance for all or a portion of the coverage, which could result in Brookfield earning and retaining fees, commissions and/or a portion of the premiums associated with such insurance while not retaining all or a commensurate portion of the risk insured. Captives may also earn and retain fees, commissions, and/or a portion of the premiums associated with insurance covering types of damages for which a government entity and/or other third party may reimburse the captive (e.g., damage caused by certain terrorist events), which may result in the captives not retaining all or a commensurate portion of the risk of insuring against such types of damage. In addition, insurance policy premiums are generally paid in advance for the year of coverage.
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Should an asset held by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) be sold within a coverage year and its insurance coverage terminated, our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) generally will not be reimbursed for the premium related to the period of coverage post-sale.
To the extent an insurance policy or Captive insurance policy provides coverage with respect to matters relating to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or their investments, all or a portion of the fees and expenses (including premiums) of such insurance policy and its placement will be allocated to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or their investments. The amount of any such insurance-related fees and expenses allocated to our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) or their investments will be determined by Brookfield in its discretion taking into consideration facts and circumstances deemed relevant, including in umbrella policies the value of each covered account’s investments and capital commitments (if applicable) and/or risk that the accounts and/or its investments pose to the insurance provider. While Brookfield expects to consider certain objective criteria when determining how to allocate the cost of insurance coverage that applies to multiple accounts (including Brookfield and Brookfield Accounts), because of the uncertainty of whether claims will arise in the future and the timing and the amount that may be involved in any such claim, the determination of how to allocate such fees and expenses also requires Brookfield to take into consideration other facts and circumstances that are more subjective in nature. In addition, because Brookfield will bear a portion of such fees and expenses and has differing investment interests in the Brookfield Accounts it manages, conflicts exist in the determination of the proper allocation of such fees and expenses among Brookfield and such accounts. It is unlikely that Brookfield will be able to accurately allocate the fees and expenses of any such insurance based on the actual claims of a particular account, including our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests). Brookfield may, if it determines it to be necessary, consult with one or more third parties such as actuaries to ensure that the allocation of such fees and expenses is done in a fair and reasonable manner and consistent with industry standards.
While shared insurance policies (including those issued by Captives) may be cost effective, claims made by any entities affiliated with Brookfield could result in increased costs to our group and Brookfield Accounts that our group invests in, and such policies will have an overall cap on coverage. To the extent insurable event(s) result in claims in excess of such cap, our group (and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) may not receive as much in insurance proceeds as it would have received if separate insurance policies had been purchased for each party and Brookfield could face a conflict of interest in properly allocating insurance proceeds across all claimants, which could result in our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) receiving less in insurance proceeds than if separate insurance policies had been purchased for each insured party individually. In these cases, Brookfield will seek to allocate the proceeds from claims in respect of insurance policies and resolve any conflicts of interests, as applicable, in a manner it determines to be fair and reasonable. In that regard, Brookfield may, if it determines it to be necessary, consult with one or more third parties to ensure that the allocation of such proceeds is done in a fair and reasonable manner. Similarly, insurable events may occur sequentially in time while subject to a single overall cap. In this case, Brookfield expects to process claims on a first-come-first-serve basis or in any other manner deemed appropriate by Brookfield. To the extent insurance proceeds for one such event are applied towards a cap and our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) experiences an insurable loss after such event, our group’s (or Brookfield Account’s) receipts from such insurance policy could be diminished and/or our group (or Brookfield Account) may not receive any insurance proceeds. A shared insurance policy could also make it less likely that Brookfield will make a claim against such policy on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests).
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Brookfield on behalf of our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group invests) may need to determine whether or not to initiate litigation (including potentially litigation adverse to Brookfield where it is the broker or provider of such insurance) in order to collect from an insurance provider, which may be lengthy and expensive and which ultimately may not result in a financial award. The potential for Brookfield to be a counterparty in any litigation or other proceedings regarding insurance claims creates a further potential conflict of interest. Furthermore, in providing such insurance, Brookfield may seek reinsurance for all or a portion of the coverage, which could result in Brookfield earning and retaining fees and/or a portion of the premiums associated with such insurance while not retaining all or a commensurate portion of the risk insured.
Brookfield will seek to allocate the costs of such insurance and proceeds from claims in respect of such insurance policies and resolve any conflicts of interest, as applicable, in a manner it determines to be fair. In that regard, Brookfield may, if it determines it to be necessary, consult with one or more third parties in allocating such costs and proceeds and resolving such conflicts.
•Diverse Interests. In certain circumstances, the various types of investors in Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), including Brookfield in its capacity as an investor in Brookfield Accounts, will have conflicting investment, tax and other interests with respect to (a) their interests across Brookfield Accounts and (b) the interests of other investors in such accounts, including Brookfield Accounts that participate in the same investments. The conflicting interests of particular investors could relate to or arise from, among other things, the nature of investments made by Brookfield Accounts, the residency or domicile of the investors, the entities through which such investors make their investments, the structuring of the acquisition (including the utilization of a REIT subsidiary), ownership and disposition of investments, the timing of disposition of investments, the transfer or disposition by an investor of its investment and specific tax considerations, including the manner in which current earnings and disposition transactions in connection with one or more investments are reported for tax purposes and the timing of distributions or deemed distributions thereof. To the extent that one or more investors (including Brookfield) request that Brookfield delay certain distributions to them (for tax or other similar reasons) Brookfield may (but is not obligated to) agree to do so (while continuing to make the scheduled distribution to other investors). In such cases, Brookfield would deem a distribution to have occurred to such investors at the time the distribution was made to the other investors, for purposes of the calculation of incentive distributions and management fees. As a consequence, in certain circumstances, conflicts of interest will arise in connection with Brookfield decisions regarding these matters, including with respect to tax matters or the nature, structuring, or reporting of such investments, which may be adverse to investors in our group generally (or to our group in connection with its investments in Brookfield Accounts), or may be more beneficial to certain investors (including Brookfield) over others, including with respect to investors’ particular tax situations.
In selecting and structuring potential investments appropriate for Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), Brookfield will consider the investment and tax objectives of the relevant Brookfield Accounts and their investors as a whole, not the investment, tax or other objectives of any investor individually. However, conflicts could arise if certain investors have objectives that conflict with those of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). In addition, Brookfield may face certain tax risks based on positions taken by our group or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests, including as a withholding agent.
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In connection therewith, Brookfield could take certain actions, including withholding amounts to cover actual or potential tax liabilities, that it may not have taken in the absence of such tax risks.
Further, in connection with the investment activities of Brookfield Accounts (including our group’s and those of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), we or the Brookfield Account (or portfolio companies) may make political donations or other contributions to support ballot initiatives, lobbyist efforts, memberships in certain political organizations, referendums or other legal, regulatory, tax or policy changes that Brookfield believes will ultimately benefit our group or the Brookfield Account. However, there is no guarantee that any particular unitholder (or investor in a Brookfield Account) will agree with any such action or would independently choose to financially support such an endeavor. Further, any such changes may have long-term benefits to Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts (in some cases, such benefits may be greater than the benefits to our group or the Brookfield Account in which we are invested), even though Brookfield or such Brookfield Accounts did not contribute to such initiative or reimburse our group or the relevant Brookfield Account or portfolio company for the contributions.
•Conflicts with Issuers of Investments. As part of Brookfield’s management and oversight of investments, Brookfield appoints its personnel as directors and officers of portfolio companies of Brookfield Accounts (including of our group and of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and, in that capacity, is required to make decisions that consider the best interests of such portfolio investments and their respective shareholders or other stakeholders. In certain circumstances, for example in situations involving bankruptcy or near insolvency of a portfolio company, decisions and actions that may be in the best interest of the portfolio company may not be in the best interests of Brookfield Accounts individually (including our group and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), and vice versa. Accordingly, in these situations, there will be conflicts of interest between such individuals’ duties as an officer or employee of Brookfield and such individuals’ duties as a director or officer of the portfolio company. Similar conflicts considerations will arise in connection with Brookfield employees that are transferred and/or seconded to provide services to portfolio companies in the normal course.
•Listing and Distribution of Brookfield. Brookfield Asset Management Inc. changed its name to Brookfield Corporation on December 9, 2022, pursuant to a corporate restructuring (the “Transaction”), as a result of which, its asset management business (“Asset Management Business”) is held 100% by the Asset Management Company. Pursuant to a corporate restructuring completed on February 4, 2025, BN transferred its approximate 73% interest in the Asset Management Company to BAM in exchange for newly issued class A limited voting shares of BAM on a one-for-one basis such that the Asset Management Company is now wholly-owned, directly and indirectly, by BAM and BN owns approximately 73% of the class A limited voting shares of BAM. BN is listed on the NYSE and TSX under the ticker “BN” and BAM is listed on both stock exchanges under the ticker “BAM”.
Since completion of the Transaction, certain employees, including senior level executives previously employed by Brookfield Asset Management Inc. (now BN) have become employees of the Asset Management Business, and in such capacity provide services to all the entities conducting the Asset Management Business activities. While employees, senior level management and boards of directors of each of BN and the Asset Management Business are expected to be separate and distinct from one another (other than Bruce Flatt, who is the CEO of BN and of the Asset Management Business), BN will have senior management involvement/participation in the Asset Management Business, including by being a part of investment committees and being available to propose and discuss various investment opportunities. In addition, BN will receive certain transition services from the Asset Management Business and the Asset Management Business will receive transition services from BN for a period of time, with the intended result of ensuring continuity of operations.
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The Transaction did not result in a change of control of Brookfield Asset Management Inc. (now BN) or require the consent of the investors of any Brookfield Account.
While the foregoing describes the current process for the corporate structure and delineation of roles since completion of the Transaction, such process and structure are subject to change. In addition, while it is not anticipated to be the case, it is possible that the Transaction will create unintended and unanticipated risks or conflicts that are material to investors in Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). There can be no guarantee that the foregoing changes in corporate structure since the Transaction will have no impact on the management of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). While it is intended that the asset management employees and senior level executives formerly employed by BN who were transferred to the Asset Management Business will continue existing asset management practices following such transfer, it is expected that the Asset Management Business will, in the normal course, enact policies and procedures that differ from those formerly in place at BN. In addition, while the Transaction was not intended to have adverse consequences on any investor in any Brookfield Account (including our group and any Brookfield Account in which our group invests), the Transaction provides existing and new public shareholders access to a new class of securities linked to the standalone asset management business of BAM.
OTHER CONFLICTS
•Internal Audit. BN, BAM and certain of their affiliates are publicly traded companies subject to requirements to maintain an internal audit function and to complete internal audit reviews of their investments and related operations. In certain instances, our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and portfolio companies of our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) are expected to perform internal audit reviews of their operations and related activities, either in connection with their own regulatory requirements, because they are consolidated into Brookfield or one of its listed affiliates, or otherwise for corporate governance purposes, as determined by Brookfield in its capacity as manager of the Brookfield Accounts. Such portfolio company internal audit work is expected to be carried out by the employees of such portfolio companies, by Brookfield employees and/or by third-party advisors, and the expenses related to such work by all such persons are generally expected to be charged to the portfolio company. While the product of such portfolio company internal audit work is expected to be relied on and utilized, where applicable, in meeting Brookfield’s and its listed affiliates’ internal audit obligations, Brookfield and its listed affiliates generally will not share in the expenses of such portfolio company internal audits (except in their capacity as indirect equity owners of the portfolio company). Further to the disclosure above in “Allocation of Costs and Expenses”, it is expected that internal audit costs will be allocated to our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) based on a blended rate of the personnel involved in providing such services, such that the amount charged to our group, the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and their respective portfolio companies may be greater or lesser than the actual cost of the specific personnel performing the services for our group, the Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests and/or their respective portfolio companies.
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•Performance-Based Compensation. Brookfield’s entitlement to performance-based compensation from our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests could incentivize Brookfield to make investments on behalf of our group and such Brookfield Accounts that are riskier or more speculative than it would otherwise make in the absence of such performance-based compensation. In addition, Brookfield is generally taxed at preferable tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains on its performance-based compensation with respect to investments that have been held by our group (or a Brookfield Account in which our group is invested) for more than three years. The required holding period and/or other laws (including non-U.S. tax laws) applicable to carried interest could create an incentive for Brookfield to make different decisions regarding the timing and manner of the realization of investments than would be made in the absence of such laws, including if long-term capital gain from the sale or disposition of capital assets (as it relates to Brookfield’s receipt of carried interest) did not require a three-year holding period.
•Calculation Errors, True-Ups and/or Repayments. The calculation of amounts due to Brookfield and/or Brookfield Accounts in respect of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and/or their portfolio investments (including amounts owed in respect of performance-based compensation, Affiliated Services, protective loans, cost allocations, and other matters) is complex and at times based on estimates and/or subject to periodic (post-transaction) reconciliations. Brookfield may make errors in calculating such amounts, and/or recognize over- or under-estimates of such amounts in performing routine reconciliations and/or other internal reviews. When such an error or under- or over-estimate that disadvantaged our group or a Brookfield Account in which our group invested is discovered, Brookfield will make our group (or the Brookfield Account) whole for such amount based on the particular situation, which may involve a return of distributions or fees or a waiver of future distributions or fees, in each case in an amount necessary to reimburse our group (or the Brookfield Account) for such over-payment. As a general matter, Brookfield does not expect to pay interest on such amounts. Likewise, when an error or under- or over-estimate that advantaged a Brookfield Account is discovered, Brookfield will make itself whole for such amount, as applicable, and generally will not charge interest in connection with any such make-whole payment.
MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS
•Brookfield Conflicts Management and Resolution Process. Brookfield is a global alternative asset manager with significant assets under management and a long history of owning, managing and operating assets, businesses and investment vehicles across various industries, sectors, geographies and strategies through and on behalf of Brookfield Accounts (including proprietary accounts). In addition, Brookfield’s business activities continuously grow and evolve over time. As noted throughout this annual report on Form 20-F, a key element of the strategy of our group (and of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) is to leverage Brookfield’s experience, expertise, broad reach, relationships and position in the market for investment opportunities and deal flow, financial resources, access to capital markets and operating needs. Brookfield believes that this is in the best interest of our group (and of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and their investments. However, being part of this broader (and evolving) platform, as well as activities of and other considerations relating to Brookfield Accounts, gives rise to conflicts of interest situations. Dealing with conflicts of interest is difficult and complex, and it is not possible to predict all of the types of conflicts that will arise over the course of the life of our group (and of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), particularly as a result of the potential growth and evolution of Brookfield’s business activities. Brookfield will monitor conflicts of interest and manage such conflicts of interest as set out in this annual report on Form 20-F, in accordance with its fiduciary duty to our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) and other Brookfield Accounts; however, conflicts will not necessarily be resolved
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in a manner that is favorable to our group (and/or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests).
In managing conflicts of interest situations that arise from time to time, Brookfield generally will be guided by its internal policies and procedures and applicable regulatory requirements, including its fiduciary obligations as set out in Brookfield Accounts’ offering documents. Among other things, Brookfield has formed a Conflicts Committee, which is comprised of senior Brookfield executives, to oversee the management and resolution of conflicts of interest considerations that arise in the management of Brookfield’s business activities, including the management of Brookfield Accounts (including our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests). The Conflicts Committee seeks to ensure that conflicts considerations are addressed in accordance with Brookfield’s internal policies and procedures and applicable regulatory requirements, including its fiduciary duties to Brookfield Accounts as set out in such accounts’ offering documents. In carrying out its responsibilities, the Conflicts Committee may, as it deems appropriate, review and approve specific matters presented to it and/or review and approve frameworks (and related parameters) for execution of particular types of transactions. In connection with the latter, the Conflicts Committee will (as it deems appropriate) appoint one or more individuals, pursuant to delegated authority, to oversee implementation of the frameworks and is deemed to approve transactions that are executed in accordance with pre-approved frameworks.
There can be no assurance that all conflicts of interest matters will be presented to the Conflicts Committee. In addition, the Conflicts Committee is comprised of senior executives of Brookfield that are not independent of Brookfield. As such, the Conflicts Committee itself is subject to conflicts of interest considerations. The Conflicts Committee will seek to act in good faith and to manage or resolve conflicts of interest considerations in a manner that it deems is fair and balanced, taking into account the facts and circumstances known to it at the time, and in accordance with Brookfield’s policies and procedures and applicable regulatory requirements. However, there is no guarantee that the Conflicts Committee will make a decision that is most beneficial or favorable to our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) or our unitholders in connection with any particular conflict situation, or that it would not have reached a different decision if additional information were available to it.
As noted elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F, Brookfield is not required to and generally does not expect to seek approval from our board of directors or the partnership’s general partner or from our shareholders or the unitholders to manage the conflicts of interest situations that will arise from time to time (including conflicts of interest situations that were not contemplated in this annual report on Form 20-F) unless required by applicable law or as otherwise set out in this annual report on Form 20-F or the governing documents. By acquiring units in the partnership or shares in our company (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), each shareholder will be deemed to have acknowledged and agreed to our group (and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) being part of Brookfield’s broader platform, the strategy of our group (and of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) leveraging Brookfield’s broader platform, conflicts of interest situations (including situations not contemplated in this annual report on Form 20-F) arising in the course of the life of our group (and of Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests), Brookfield’s resolution of such conflicts situations as set out in this annual report on Form 20-F, and to have waived any and all claims with respect to the existence of any such conflicts of interest and any actions taken or proposed to be taken in respect thereof as set out herein.
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The foregoing list of potential and actual conflicts of interest does not purport to be a complete enumeration or explanation of the conflicts attendant to an investment in our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests).Additional conflicts may exist, that are not presently known to our company’s board of directors, Brookfield or are deemed immaterial. In addition, as the Brookfield activities and the investment program of our group and Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests change over time, an investment in our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) may be subject to additional and different actual and potential conflicts of interest. Additional information about potential conflicts of interest regarding Brookfield is set forth in Brookfield’s Form ADV, which prospective investors should review prior to purchasing units. Prospective investors should consult with their own advisers regarding the possible implications on their investment in our group (or Brookfield Accounts in which our group invests) of the conflicts of interest described herein.
In certain circumstances, these transactions are likely to be related party transactions for the purposes of and subject to certain requirements of Canadian Multilateral Instrument 61-101-Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions (“MI 61-101”). MI 61-101 provides a number of circumstances in which a transaction between an issuer and a related party may be subject to valuation and minority approval requirements. An exemption from such requirements is available when the fair market value of the transaction is not more than 25% of the market capitalization of the issuer. The partnership has been granted exemptive relief from the requirements of MI 61-101 that, subject to certain conditions, permits it to be exempt from the minority approval and valuation requirements for transactions that would have a value of less than 25% of the partnership’s market capitalization if the outstanding Redeemable Partnership Units, exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares are included in the calculation of the partnership’s market capitalization. As a result, the 25% threshold above which the minority approval and valuation requirements would apply is increased to include, as of March 20, 2025, the approximately 24.3% indirect interest in the partnership in the form of Redeemable Partnership Units held by Brookfield, the approximately 15.2% indirect interest in the partnership in the form of exchangeable shares of BIPC held by the public, and approximately 1.7% indirect interest in the partnership in the form of class A.2 exchangeable shares of BIHC held by Brookfield.
RELATIONSHIP WITH BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE
Each exchangeable share is structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events), including identical dividends on a per share basis as are paid on each unit, and is exchangeable at the option of the holder for one unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our group). See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares — Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.” We therefore expect that the market price of our exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole. Brookfield Infrastructure holds a 75% voting interest in our company through its holding of our class B shares and which also entitle Brookfield Infrastructure to all of the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares. Brookfield Infrastructure’s ownership of the class B shares entitle it to receive dividends as and when declared by the board, subject to the holders of exchangeable shares receiving the dividends to which they are entitled, but it is not expected that meaningful dividends will be paid on the class B shares in the ordinary course.
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Our company owns all of the class A.1 exchangeable shares and 331/3% of the BIHC class B shares, collectively representing a 50% voting interest in BIHC. Brookfield Infrastructure holds 662/3% of the issued and outstanding BIHC class B shares, which represent a 50% voting interest, and all of the issued and outstanding class C shares, which entitle Brookfield Infrastructure to all of the residual value in BIHC after payment in full of the amount due to holders of class A.1 exchangeable shares, class A.2 exchangeable shares, BIHC class B shares and subject to the prior rights of holders of preferred shares. BIHC acquired its business from Brookfield Infrastructure in connection with the special distribution. In addition, the following agreements and arrangements exist between our company, BIHC and Brookfield Infrastructure.
Pairing Agreement
BIPC, BIHC and the partnership entered into a pairing agreement (the “Paring Agreement”) pursuant to which the parties agreed that BIPC will at all times hold such number of class A.1 exchangeable shares equal to the number of exchangeable shares that are outstanding in order to support the duties and obligations of BIPC to holders of exchangeable shares. In connection therewith, the pairing agreement provides, amongst other things, and unless otherwise agreed at such time, that, (i) if and to the extent BIPC raises funds from time to time by way of issuance of exchangeable shares for cash, BIPC will utilize such funds to subscribe for an equivalent number of class A.1 exchangeable shares; (ii) if and to the extent BIPC from time to time repurchases any exchangeable shares, BIHC shall redeem (or otherwise repurchase from BIPC) an equivalent number of class A.1 exchangeable shares; (iii) BIHC will not, unless substantially concurrent with the redemption of exchangeable shares by BIPC, redeem any class A.1 exchangeable shares held by BIPC; (iv) if and to the extent any holders of exchangeable shares from time to time exercise their exchange right in respect of such exchangeable shares, and in connection therewith the partnership does not exercise its overriding call right to acquire such exchangeable shares, BIPC will, in connection therewith, exercise the exchange right in respect of an equivalent number of class A.1 exchangeable shares held by BIPC; (v) BIPC will not exercise the exchange right in respect of any class A.1 exchangeable shares held by BIPC except as contemplated in (iv) above; and (vi) if and to the extent a holder of class A.2 exchangeable shares exchanges its class A.2 exchangeable shares for exchangeable shares, BIHC will, upon receipt of such class A.2 exchangeable shares, exercise its right to convert such class A.2 exchangeable shares into class A.1 exchangeable shares.
Option Agreement
Our company entered into an option agreement with Canada Holdco pursuant to which our company has the option to purchase all or any portion of the BIHC class B shares or class C shares held by Canada Holdco. The purchase price payable by our Company to Canada Holdco in respect of any BIHC class B share or class C share purchased by our Company will be the fair market value of such BIHC class B share or class C share , as applicable. Our company will satisfy the purchase price payable to Canada Holdco by issuing such number of class B shares to Canada Holdco with an aggregate fair market value equal to the purchase price.
NTS Voting Agreement
BIHC and Brookfield Infrastructure have determined that it is desirable for BIHC to have control over certain of the entities through which our group holds its interest in NTS (the “NTS entities”). Accordingly, BIHC has entered into a voting agreement (the “NTS Voting Agreement”) to provide BIHC with voting rights over the NTS entities.
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Pursuant to the NTS Voting Agreement, voting rights with respect to any of the NTS entities will be voted in accordance with the direction of BIHC with respect to certain matters, including: (i) the election of directors; (ii) any sale of all or substantially all of its assets; (iii) any merger, amalgamation, consolidation, business combination or other material corporate transaction, except in connection with any internal reorganization that does not result in a change of control; (iv) any plan or proposal for a complete or partial liquidation or dissolution, or any reorganization or any case, proceeding or action seeking relief under any existing laws or future laws relating to bankruptcy or insolvency; (v) any amendment to its governing documents; or (vi) any commitment or agreement to do any of the foregoing.
Credit Support
Canada Subco, a wholly-owned subsidiary of BIHC, has guaranteed (i) any unsecured debt securities issued by the Co-Issuers, in each case as to payment of principal, premium (if any) and interest when and as the same will become due and payable under or in respect of the trust indenture under which such securities are issued, (ii) certain of the partnership’s preferred units, as to payment of distributions when due, the payment of amounts due on redemption and the payment of amounts due on the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership, (iii) the obligations of Brookfield Infrastructure under its bilateral credit facilities, (iv) any subordinated debt securities issued by Alberta Finco or Bermuda Holdco, on a subordinated basis, as to payment of principal, premium (if any) and interest when and as the same will become due and payable under or in respect of the trust indenture under which such securities are issued, and (v) the obligations of Canada Holdco under its commercial paper program.
Subscription Agreements
BIHC has entered or will enter into subscription agreements with the partnership from time to time, pursuant to which BIHC has or will subscribe for such number of units necessary to satisfy its obligations under the Pairing Agreement in respect of requests for exchange made by exchangeable shareholders, as and when they arise, or a redemption of our exchangeable shares by our company, in each case at a price per unit equal to the NYSE closing price of one unit on the date that the applicable request for exchange is received by our transfer agent (or if not a trading day, the trading day thereafter) or the NYSE closing price of one unit on the trading day immediately preceding the announcement of a redemption, as the case may be.
Credit Facilities
A subsidiary of BIHC entered into two credit agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure, one as borrower and one as lender, each providing for a ten-year revolving $1 billion credit facility to facilitate the movement of cash within our group. Our credit facility permits BIHC to borrow up to $1 billion from Brookfield Infrastructure and the other constitutes an operating credit facility that permits Brookfield Infrastructure to borrow up to $1 billion from BIHC. Such credit agreements terminate on March 31, 2030. As of the date hereof, no amounts have been drawn under these credit facilities. In addition, each such credit facility contemplates potential deposit arrangements pursuant to which the lender thereunder would, with the consent of a borrower, deposit funds on a demand basis to such borrower’s account at a reduced rate of interest.
In connection with the Arrangement, our company, as borrower, entered into a credit agreement with Canada Holdco, as lender, pursuant to which Canada Holdco established a revolving credit facility in the aggregate principal amount of $150,000,000 in favor of our company. The credit agreement has a ten-year term, subject to automatic one-year extensions occurring annually unless terminated by the lender.
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The credit facilities are available in U.S. or Canadian dollars, and advances will be made by way of SOFR, base rate, CORRA or prime rate loans. Each of the credit facilities bears interest at the benchmark rate plus an applicable spread, in each case subject to adjustment from time to time as the parties may agree.
Deposit Agreements
Our company entered into two deposit agreements with Canada Holdco, one as depositor/lender and one as depositee/borrower. Each deposit agreement contemplates potential deposit arrangements pursuant to which the parties thereunder would mutually agree to deposit funds thereunder from time to time on a demand basis at a specified rate of interest.
Promissory Notes and Demand Deposits
As partial consideration for the transfer of our business to our company in connection with the special distribution, our company issued to Brookfield Infrastructure loans payable of approximately $1,042 million in the aggregate pursuant to an interest bearing promissory note issued by BUUK Bermuda Holdco Limited in favor of BIP (Barbados) Holdings II Limited and an interest bearing promissory note issued by our company in favor of Holding LP. These promissory notes were subsequently assigned to another subsidiary of the partnership.
As partial consideration for exchangeable shares issued during the year ended December 31, 2021, our company established a loan receivable of approximately $1,114 million with Brookfield Infrastructure pursuant to a demand deposit with Canada Holdco in favor of our company.
Our company and Brookfield Infrastructure agreed to settle the loan payable balance outstanding in 2021 under the interest bearing promissory note issued by BUUK Bermuda Holdco Limited in favor of BIP (Barbados) Holdings II Limited of $260 million in exchange for an equivalent demand loan payable issued by BIPC Bermuda Holdco Limited in favor of BIP Bermuda Holdings X Limited.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, our company agreed to partially settle the loan receivable outstanding from Brookfield Infrastructure for $401 million in exchange for dividends and a return of capital on the class C shares held by Brookfield Infrastructure.
Our company may, from time to time, enter into additional lending or borrowing arrangements with Brookfield Infrastructure. As a result, our company may become party to promissory notes and other agreements related to such financing arrangements with Brookfield Infrastructure.
Equity Commitment
Brookfield Infrastructure has provided to BIHC an equity commitment in the amount of $1 billion. The equity commitment may be called by BIHC in exchange for the issuance of a number of class C shares or preferred shares (as defined below), as the case may be, to Brookfield Infrastructure, corresponding to the amount of the equity commitment called divided (i) in the case of a subscription for class C shares, by the fair market value of a class C share, and (ii) in the case of a subscription for preferred shares, $25.00. The equity commitment is available in minimum amounts of $10 million and the amount available under the equity commitment will be reduced permanently by the amount so called. Before funds may be called on the equity commitment, a number of conditions precedent must be met, including that Brookfield Infrastructure continues to control BIHC and has the ability to elect a majority of its board of directors.
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Conflicts of Interest
In order to effect the special distribution, our company acquired its business from Brookfield Infrastructure. In addition, as described above, a number of agreements and arrangements were entered into between our company and Brookfield Infrastructure to create our company, while keeping it as a part of our group. Given our ownership structure and the ownership structure of BIHC, the rationale for our formation and the formation of BIHC, and because each exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to one unit, we expect that the interests of our company, BIHC and Brookfield Infrastructure will typically be aligned.
However, conflicts of interest might arise between our company, on the one hand, and Brookfield Infrastructure, on the other hand, including with respect to our shared voting control of BIHC. In order to assist our company in addressing such conflicts, our board includes a non-overlapping director. John Mullen is currently serving as the non-overlapping member of our board of directors. Mr. Mullen served on the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership since May 6, 2021 and resigned from such board of directors on August 2, 2022. As with conflicts between our group and Brookfield, potential conflicts will be approached in a manner that (i) is fair and balanced taking into account the facts and circumstances known at the time, (ii) complies with applicable law, including, for example, independent approvals and advice or validation, if required in the circumstances and (iii) supports and reinforces ours and BIHC’s ownership structure, the rationale for our formation and the formation of BIHC and the economic equivalence between the exchangeable shares and units. Our group will not generally consider it a conflict for our company, BIHC and Brookfield Infrastructure to form part of our group, including participating in acquisitions together, or to complete transactions contemplated by the agreements entered into prior to closing.
Our company and the partnership have been granted exemptive relief from the minority approval and formal valuation requirements in MI 61-101 for (i) related party transactions (as defined in MI 61-101) of the partnership with our company or our company’s subsidiary entities (as defined in MI 61-101) and (ii) related party transactions of our company with the partnership or the partnership’s subsidiary entities, in each case subject to certain conditions.
The partnership and our company have also been granted relief from the minority approval and formal valuation requirements of MI 61-101 for any related party transactions of our company with persons other than the partnership or subsidiary entities of the partnership, provided that, amongst other conditions, the partnership complies with the minority approval and formal valuation requirements of MI 61-101 for each such related party transaction of our company as though the partnership entered into such other related party transaction directly.
7.C INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL
Not applicable.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
8.A CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION
See Item 5 “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Item 18 “Financial Statements” for additional information required to be disclosed under this Item.
8.B SIGNIFICANT CHANGES
See Item 3 “Key Information”, Item 4 “Information on the Company” and, Item 5 “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation” for additional information.
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
9.A OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS
Our exchangeable shares are listed on the NYSE and TSX under the symbol “BIPC”.
9.B PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
Not applicable.
9.C MARKETS
See Item 9.A “Offer and Listing Details”.
9.D SELLING SHAREHOLDERS
Not applicable.
9.E DILUTION
Not applicable.
9.F EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE
Not applicable.
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
10.A SHARE CAPITAL
Not applicable.
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10.B MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
DESCRIPTION OF OUR SHARE CAPITAL
Our authorized share capital consists of (i) an unlimited number of exchangeable shares; and (ii) an unlimited number of class B shares.
As of March 20, 2025, 119,022,666 exchangeable shares and 31,909 class B shares are issued and outstanding. Additionally, there were 13,012,789 class A.2 exchangeable shares issued and outstanding. Brookfield Infrastructure holds the class B shares, having a 75% voting interest in our company, and which entitle the partnership to the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares. In addition, Brookfield directly and indirectly holds all of the issued and outstanding class A.2 exchangeable shares (being 13,012,789 class A.2 exchangeable shares) which are exchangeable on a one-for-one basis for exchangeable shares (subject to an ownership cap that limits the exchange by Brookfield of class A.2 exchangeable shares such that exchanges by Brookfield may not result in Brookfield owning 9.5% or more of the aggregate fair market value of all issued and outstanding shares of our company) or units. Accordingly, Brookfield beneficially holds, directly or indirectly, shares exchangeable into exchangeable shares representing approximately 9.9% of the exchangeable shares on an as-exchanged basis (provided however that exchanges of such shares are subject to the ownership cap described above).
Exchangeable Shares
The following description of exchangeable shares sets forth certain general terms and provisions of exchangeable shares. This description is in all respects subject to and qualified in its entirety by applicable law and the provisions of our company’s articles. Each exchangeable share is intended to provide its holder with an economic return that is equivalent to that of a unit because of the ability to exchange into a unit or its cash equivalent and the identical distributions that are expected to be paid on each exchangeable share. Consequently, we expect that the market price of our exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole.
Voting
Except as otherwise expressly provided in the articles or as required by law, each holder of exchangeable shares is entitled to receive notice of, and to attend and vote at, all meetings of our shareholders. Each holder of exchangeable shares is entitled to cast one vote for each exchangeable share held at the record date for determination of shareholders entitled to vote on any matter. Except as otherwise expressly provided in the articles or as required by law, the holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares will vote together and not as separate classes.
Holders of exchangeable shares hold an aggregate 25% voting interest in our company.
Dividends
The holders of exchangeable shares are entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by our board subject to the special rights of any other shares ranking senior to the exchangeable shares with respect to priority in payment of dividends. Each exchangeable share will receive identical dividends to the distributions paid on each unit.
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Each exchangeable share entitles its holder to cumulative dividends per share in a cash amount equal in value to (i) the amount of any distribution made on a unit multiplied by (ii) the conversion factor (which is currently one, subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership) determined in accordance with our articles and in effect on the record date of such dividend, which we refer to as the exchangeable dividend (see below “— Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”). The record and payment dates for the dividends on the exchangeable shares, to the extent not prohibited by applicable law, shall be the same as the record and payment dates for the distributions upon the units.
If the full amount of an exchangeable dividend is not declared and paid concurrently with a distribution on the units, or is declared but is not paid on the payment date, then the undeclared or unpaid amount of such exchangeable dividend shall accrue and accumulate (without interest), whether or not our company has earnings, whether or not there are funds legally available for the payment thereof and whether or not such exchangeable dividend has been earned, declared or authorized. Any exchangeable dividend payment made shall first be credited against the earliest accumulated but unpaid exchangeable dividends due which remain payable, which we refer to as unpaid dividends. The holders of exchangeable shares are not entitled to any dividends from our company other than the exchangeable dividends.
Exchange by Holder
Holders of exchangeable shares have the right to exchange all or a portion of their exchangeable shares for one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described below in “— Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the date that the request for exchange is received by our transfer agent (or if not a trading day, the next trading day thereafter) plus all unpaid dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the sole discretion of our group). In the event the partnership ceases to be a publicly listed entity, the value of a unit will be determined by (i) the last available bid price from an independent source such as an over-the-counter market or an independent investment banking firm; or (ii) if (i) is not applicable, then the amount that a holder of a unit would receive upon the liquidation of the partnership and sale of its assets in accordance with the terms of its partnership agreement. If you hold exchangeable shares through a broker, please contact your broker to request an exchange on your behalf. If you are a registered holder of exchangeable shares, please contact the transfer agent and follow the process described below.
Each holder of exchangeable shares who wishes to exchange one or more of his or her exchangeable shares for units or its cash equivalent is required to complete and deliver a notice of exchange in the form available from our transfer agent. Upon receipt of a notice of exchange, our company shall, within ten (10) business days after the date that the notice of exchange is received by our transfer agent, deliver to the tendering holder of exchangeable shares, in accordance with instructions set forth in the notice of exchange, one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustments in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described below in “— Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the date that the request for exchange is received by our transfer agent (or if not a trading day, the next trading day thereafter) plus all unpaid dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the sole election of our company). Upon completion of the exchange of any exchangeable shares as described herein, the holder of exchangeable shares who has exchanged their exchangeable shares will have no further right, with respect to any exchangeable shares so exchanged, to receive any dividends on exchangeable shares with a record date on or after the date on which such exchangeable shares are exchanged.
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Notwithstanding the paragraph above, when a notice of exchange has been delivered to us by or on behalf of a tendering holder of exchangeable shares, we will promptly, and in any event, within one (1) business day after receipt thereof, deliver to each of Brookfield and the partnership a written notification of our receipt of such notice of exchange setting forth the identity of the holder of exchangeable shares who wishes to exchange such exchangeable shares and the number of exchangeable shares to be exchanged. The partnership may elect to satisfy our exchange obligation by acquiring all of the tendered exchangeable shares in exchange for one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustments in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described below in “— Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the date that the request for exchange is received by our transfer agent (or if not a trading day, the next trading day thereafter) plus all unpaid dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the sole election of the partnership). If the partnership elects to satisfy our exchange obligation, it shall, within three (3) business days from the receipt of the holder’s notice of exchange, provide written notice to our transfer agent of its intention to satisfy the exchange obligation and shall satisfy such obligation within ten (10) business days from the date that the notice of exchange is received by our transfer agent by delivering to such holder of exchangeable shares the units or its cash equivalent. Unitholders are not entitled to vote on the partnership’s exercise of the overriding call right described in the preceding sentences.
In the event that a tendering holder of exchangeable shares has not received the number of units or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined by us or the partnership in each of their sole discretion) in satisfaction of the tendered exchangeable shares, then such tendering holder of exchangeable shares will be entitled to receive the equivalent of such cash amount or units amount from Brookfield pursuant to the Rights Agreement until March 31, 2025. In this scenario, the tendered exchangeable shares will be delivered to the rights agent in exchange for the delivery of the equivalent of the cash amount or units amount from a collateral account of Brookfield administered by the rights agent. See Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Rights Agreement” for a further description of the Rights Agreement. Pursuant to the Rights Agreement, the partnership has agreed to indemnify Brookfield, in its capacity as selling security holder, for certain liabilities under applicable securities laws concerning selling security holders, in connection with any units delivered by Brookfield pursuant to the Rights Agreement.
No Fractional Units. No fractional units will be issued or delivered upon exchange of exchangeable shares. In lieu of any fractional units to which the tendering holder of exchangeable shares would otherwise be entitled at our group’s election, our group will pay an amount in cash equal to the unit value on the trading day immediately preceding the exchange date multiplied by such fraction of a unit.
Conversion of Tendered Exchangeable Shares. Brookfield Infrastructure is entitled at any time to have any or all exchangeable shares acquired by Brookfield Infrastructure converted into class B shares on a one-for-one basis.
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Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events. The conversion factor (which is currently one) is subject to adjustment in accordance with our company’s articles to reflect certain capital events, including (i) if the partnership or our company declares or pays a distribution to its unitholders consisting wholly or partly of units or a dividend to its shareholders consisting wholly or partly of exchangeable shares, as applicable, without a corresponding distribution or dividend, as applicable, being declared or paid by the other entity; (ii) if the partnership or our company splits, subdivides, reverse-splits or combines its outstanding units or exchangeable shares, as applicable, without a corresponding event occurring at the other entity; (iii) if the partnership or our company distributes any rights, options or warrants to all or substantially all holders of its units or exchangeable shares to convert into, exchange for or subscribe for or to purchase or to otherwise acquire units or exchangeable shares (or other securities or rights convertible into, exchangeable for or exercisable for units or exchangeable shares), as applicable, without a corresponding distribution of rights, options or warrants by the other entity; (iv) if the partnership distributes to all or substantially all holders of units evidences of its indebtedness or assets (including securities), or rights, options or warrants to convert into, exchange for or subscribe for or to purchase or to otherwise acquire such securities but excluding all distributions where a comparable distribution (or the cash equivalent) is made by our company; or (v) if the partnership or one of its subsidiaries makes a payment in respect of a tender or exchange offer for the units (but excluding for all purposes any exchange or tender offer to exchange units for exchangeable shares or any other security economically equivalent to units), to the extent that the cash and value of any other consideration included in the payment per unit exceeds certain thresholds.
Redemption by Issuer
Our board has the right upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice to holders of exchangeable shares to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares at any time and for any reason, in its sole discretion and subject to applicable law, including without limitation following the occurrence of any of the following redemption events: (i) the total number of exchangeable shares outstanding decreases by 50% or more over any twelve-month period; (ii) a person acquires 90% of the units in a take-over bid (as defined by applicable securities law); (iii) unitholders of the partnership approve an acquisition of the partnership by way of arrangement or amalgamation; (iv) unitholders of the partnership approve a restructuring or other reorganization of the partnership; (v) there is a sale of all or substantially all of the partnership assets; (vi) there is a change of law (whether by legislative, governmental or judicial action), administrative practice or interpretation, or a change in circumstances of our company and our shareholders, that may result in adverse tax consequences for our company or our shareholders; or (vii) our board, in its sole discretion, concludes that the unitholders of the partnership or holders of exchangeable shares are adversely impacted by a fact, change or other circumstance relating to our company. For greater certainty, unitholders do not have the ability to vote on such redemption and the board’s decision to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares will be final. In addition, the holder of class B shares may deliver a notice to our company specifying a redemption date upon which our company shall redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares, and upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice from our company to holders of the exchangeable shares and without the consent of holders of exchangeable shares, our company shall be required to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares on such redemption date, subject to applicable law.
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Upon any such redemption event, the holders of exchangeable shares shall be entitled to receive pursuant to such redemption one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “— Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the trading day immediately preceding the announcement of such redemption plus all unpaid dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company).
Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon any redemption event, the partnership may elect to acquire all of the outstanding exchangeable shares in exchange for one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “— Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events” above) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the trading day immediately preceding the announcement of such redemption plus all unpaid dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the election of the partnership). Unitholders are not entitled to vote on the partnership’s exercise of the overriding call right described in the preceding sentences.
Liquidation
Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, and subject to the prior rights of holders of any other class of shares of our company ranking in priority or ratably with the exchangeable shares and after the payment in full to (i) any holder of exchangeable shares or class B shares that has submitted a notice of the exercise of the exchange rights described above at least ten (10) days prior to the date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up (or in the case of the class B shares, thirty (30) days prior to the date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up) and (ii) any unpaid dividends, the holders of exchangeable shares shall be entitled to one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “— Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the trading day immediately preceding announcement of such liquidation, dissolution or winding up (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company). If, upon any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the assets of our company are insufficient to make such payment in full, then the assets of our company will be distributed among the holders of exchangeable shares ratably in proportion to the full amounts to which they would otherwise be respectively entitled to receive.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, the partnership may elect to acquire all of the outstanding exchangeable shares for one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “— Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) plus all unpaid dividends, if any. The acquisition by the partnership of all the outstanding exchangeable shares will occur on the day prior to the effective date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company. Unitholders are not entitled to vote on the partnership’s exercise of the overriding call right described in the preceding sentences.
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Automatic Redemption upon Liquidation of the Partnership
Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership, including where substantially concurrent with a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares will be automatically redeemed by us on the day prior to the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership and immediately following the automatic redemption by BIHC of the class A.1 exchangeable shares and the class A.2 exchangeable shares (or the exercise by the partnership of any call rights in respect thereof). Each holder of exchangeable shares held shall be entitled to one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “— Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the trading day immediately preceding the announcement of such redemption plus all unpaid dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company).
Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon any such redemption, the partnership may elect to acquire all of the outstanding exchangeable shares in exchange for one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “— Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) plus all unpaid dividends, if any. The acquisition by the partnership of all the outstanding exchangeable shares will occur on the day prior to the effective date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership. Unitholders are not entitled to vote on the partnership’s exercise of the overriding call right described in the preceding sentences.
Book-Based System
The exchangeable shares may be uncertificated or represented in the form of one or more fully registered share certificates held by, or on behalf of, CDS Clearing and Depository Services Inc. (“CDS”) or DTC, as applicable, as custodian of such certificates for the participants of CDS or DTC, registered in the name of CDS or DTC or their respective nominee, and registration of ownership and transfers of the exchangeable shares may be effected through the book-based system administered CDS, or DTC, as applicable.
Treatment of Exchangeable Shares in Connection with a Takeover Bid, Issuer Bid or Tender Offer
The exchangeable shares are not units and will not be treated as units for purposes of the application of applicable Canadian or U.S. rules relating to takeover bids, issuer bids and tender offers. Units and exchangeable shares are not securities of the same class. As a result, holders of exchangeable shares will not be entitled to participate in an offer or bid made to acquire units, unless such offer is extended to holders of exchangeable shares and holders of units will not be entitled to participate in an offer or bid made to acquire exchangeable shares, unless such offer is extended to holders of units. In the event of a takeover bid for units, a holder of exchangeable shares who would like to participate would be required to tender his or her exchangeable shares for exchange, in order to receive a unit, or the cash equivalent, at the election of our group, pursuant to the exchange right. If an issuer tender offer or issuer bid is made for the units at a price in excess of the market price of the units and a comparable offer is not made for the exchangeable shares, then the conversion factor for the exchangeable shares may be adjusted. See “— Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events” above for more information on the circumstances in which adjustments may be made to the conversion factor.
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BIPC Exchangeable LP Units and the Support and Exchange Agreement
In connection with the acquisition of all of the outstanding common shares of Inter Pipeline by the partnership and its institutional partners in the third and fourth quarter of 2021, Canadian residents had the election to receive a BIPC Exchangeable LP Unit of BIPC Exchange LP, instead of cash, which allows for full or partial deferral of capital gains for Canadian federal income tax purposes. The BIPC Exchangeable LP Units provide holders with economic terms that are substantially equivalent to those of an exchangeable share and are exchangeable, on a one-for-one basis, for exchangeable shares. BIPC Exchangeable LP Units are not transferable, except upon the death of a holder.
Holders of BIPC Exchangeable LP Units are entitled at any time to require the partnership to purchase (directly or indirectly) any or all BIPC Exchangeable LP Units held by them and to receive in exchange one exchangeable share, plus the full amount of all declared and unpaid distributions on the BIPC Exchangeable LP Units and all distributions declared on one exchangeable share that have not yet been declared or paid on the BIPC Exchangeable LP Units (the “BIPC Distribution Amount”), if any.
The partnership has the right, commencing on the tenth anniversary of the date the BIPC Exchangeable LP Units were first issued, being August 20, 2021, to purchase all of the then outstanding BIPC Exchangeable LP Units in exchange for one exchangeable share for each outstanding BIPC Exchangeable LP Unit plus the BIPC Distribution Amount, if any. The final exchange date may be accelerated if certain conditions are met.
Under the support agreement between us, the partnership, BIPC Exchange LP and the other parties thereto (as amended, the “Support and Exchange Agreement”), the parties have covenanted that, so long as such BIPC Exchangeable LP Units not owned by the partnership or its subsidiaries are outstanding, among other things: (a) we will not declare or pay any distribution on exchangeable shares unless on the same day BIPC Exchange LP declares or pays, as the case may be, an equivalent distribution on the BIPC Exchangeable LP Units (b) the partnership will take all actions reasonably necessary to ensure that BIPC Exchange LP has sufficient money to pay such distribution; (c) we will take actions reasonably necessary to ensure that the declaration date, record date and payment date for distributions on the BIPC Exchangeable LP Units are the same as those for any corresponding distributions on the exchangeable shares; and (d) the partnership will take all actions reasonably necessary to ensure that the requisite number of our exchangeable shares are delivered to holders of BIPC Exchangeable LP Units in the event of an exchange request by a holder of BIPC Exchangeable LP Units, a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of BIPC Exchange LP or a final exchange of BIPC Exchangeable LP Units, as the case may be.
The Support and Exchange Agreement also provides that, without the prior approval of BIPC Exchange LP and the holders of BIPC Exchangeable LP Units, we will not distribute exchangeable shares or rights to subscribe for exchangeable shares or other property or assets to all or substantially all of holders of exchangeable shares, change any of the rights, privileges or other terms of the exchangeable shares, or change the then outstanding number of exchangeable shares into a lesser or greater number, unless the same or an equivalent distribution on, or change to, the BIPC Exchangeable LP Units is made simultaneously. In the event of any proposed cash offer, share exchange offer, issuer bid, take-over bid or similar transaction affecting the exchangeable shares, the partnership and BIPC Exchange LP will use reasonable best efforts to take all actions necessary or desirable to enable holders of BIPC Exchangeable LP Units to participate in such transaction to the same extent and on an economically equivalent basis as holders of exchangeable shares.
Class B Shares
The following description of class B shares sets forth certain general terms and provisions of class B shares. This description is in all respects subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to applicable law and the provisions of the articles.
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Voting
Except as otherwise expressly provided in our articles or as required by law, each holder of class B shares is entitled to receive notice of, and to attend and vote at, all meetings of our shareholders, except for meetings at which only holders of another specified class of shares are entitled to vote separately as a class. Except as otherwise expressly provided in the articles or as required by law, the holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares will vote together and not as separate classes. The holders of class B shares will be entitled to cast, in the aggregate, a number of votes equal to three times the number of votes attached to the exchangeable shares.
Dividends
The holders of class B shares will be entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by the board subject to the special rights of the holders of exchangeable shares and any other shares ranking senior to the class B shares with respect to priority in payment of dividends.
Subject to the rights of holders of exchangeable shares at the time outstanding having prior rights as to dividends and the payment to any holders of exchangeable shares who have delivered notices of exchange, each class B share will entitle its holder to dividends as and when declared by the board.
In the event a dividend is declared and paid on the exchangeable shares consisting of exchangeable shares, the board shall, subject to applicable law, contemporaneously declare and pay an equivalent dividend on the class B shares consisting of class B shares.
Liquidation
Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, after the payment in full of the amount due to the holders of exchangeable shares described under the section entitled “— Exchangeable Shares — Liquidation”, the remaining assets and property of our company will be distributed among the holders of the class B shares.
Redemption by Holder
Holders of class B shares have the right to tender all or a portion of their class B shares for cash for each class B share equal to the NYSE closing price of one unit (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “— Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) on the date of the request for redemption. Upon receipt of a request for redemption, we will have thirty (30) days to deliver the cash amount to the exchanging holder.
Restrictions on Transfer
The class B shares may only be transferred to affiliates of the partnership.
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COMPARISON OF RIGHTS OF HOLDERS OF OUR EXCHANGEABLE SHARES AND THE PARTNERSHIP’S UNITS
Our company is a corporation existing under British Columbia law. The partnership is an exempted limited partnership existing under Bermuda law. The rights of shareholders are governed by the BCBCA and our company’s articles. The rights of unitholders are governed by the partnership’s limited partnership agreement and certain provisions of Bermuda law.
The following comparison is a summary of certain material differences between the rights of shareholders and unitholders under the governing documents of our company and the partnership and the applicable laws noted above. The following summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the relevant provisions of (i) the BCBCA, (ii) the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883, the Bermuda Exempted Partnerships Act 1992 and the Bermuda Partnership Act 1902, (iii) our company’s articles, (iv) the partnership’s limited partnership agreement as amended from time to time and (v) the bye-laws of the partnership’s general partner.
This section does not include a complete description of all of the differences between the rights of shareholders and unitholders, nor does it include a complete description of the specific rights of such holders. Furthermore, the identification of some of the differences in the rights of such holders is not intended to indicate that other differences that may be equally important do not exist. You are urged to read carefully the partnership’s annual report on Form 20-F, the relevant provisions of British Columbia law and Bermuda law, as well as the governing documents of each of our company and the partnership, each as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, copies of which are available on EDGAR on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca.
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Our company is a corporation formed under the laws of the Province of British Columbia. The rights of shareholders are governed by the BCBCA and the company’s articles. |
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The partnership is a Bermuda-exempted limited partnership registered under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 and the Bermuda Exempted Partnerships Act 1992. The partnership’s limited partnership agreement provides for the management and control of the partnership by a general partner, the partnership’s general partner. |
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Our company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of: (i) exchangeable shares; and (ii) class B shares. All exchangeable shares and class B shares will be issued without par value. The number of authorized exchangeable shares can be changed in accordance with our articles or, if the articles are silent, by special resolution, in accordance with s. 54(3)(c) of the BCBCA.
Subject to our articles, including the terms of the shares then outstanding, our board has broad rights to issue additional shares (including new classes of shares and options, rights, warrants, and appreciation rights relating to such shares) for any purpose, at any time and on such terms and conditions as it may determine without the approval of any shareholders. Any additional shares may be issued in one or more classes, or one or more series of classes, with such designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties (which may be senior to existing classes and series of shares) as may be determined by our board in its sole discretion.
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The partnership’s interests consist of the general partner unit, which represents the general partnership interest, the units and the preferred units, representing limited partnership interests in the partnership, and any additional partnership interests representing limited partnership interests that it may issue in the future.
The partnership’s general partner has broad rights to cause the partnership to issue additional partnership interests and may cause the partnership to issue additional partnership interests (including new classes of partnership interests and options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to such interests) for any partnership purpose, at any time and on such terms and conditions as it may determine without the approval of any limited partners, subject to the terms of any preferred units then outstanding. Any additional partnership interests may be issued in one or more classes, or one or more series of classes, with such designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties (which may be senior to existing classes and series of partnership interests) as may be determined by the partnership’s general partner in its sole discretion, all without the approval of the partnership’s limited partners.
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Except as otherwise expressly provided in the articles or as required by law, the holders of exchangeable shares and class B shares, will vote together and not as separate classes. Each holder of an exchangeable share is entitled to cast one vote per exchangeable share on all matters submitted to a vote. On each such matter, the holders of class B shares are entitled to cast, in the aggregate, a number of votes equal to three times the number of votes attached to the exchangeable shares. As Brookfield Infrastructure holds all of the class B shares, it holds 75% of the votes eligible to be cast on all matters where the exchangeable shares and class B shares vote together.
At any time that no exchangeable shares are outstanding and for any vote held only in respect of the class B shares, the holder of the class B shares will be entitled to cast one vote per class B share. At any time that no exchangeable shares are outstanding, quorum will be at least one holder of class B shares.
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Limited partners are not entitled to vote on matters relating to the partnership, although unitholders are entitled to consent to certain matters with respect to certain amendments to the partnership’s limited partnership agreement and certain matters with respect to the withdrawal of the partnership’s general partner. Each unit entitles the holder thereof to one vote for the purposes of any approvals of unitholders. In addition to their rights under the partnership’s limited partnership agreement, limited partners have consent rights with respect to certain fundamental matters and on any other matters that require their approval in accordance with applicable securities laws and stock exchange rules. |
226 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| Size of Board |
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Our company’s board is set at nine (9) directors. Our board may consist of between three (3) and eleven (11) directors or such other number of directors as may be determined from time to time by a resolution of our company’s shareholders and subject to its articles. Our board of directors mirrors the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership, except for one additional non-overlapping director to assist us with, among other things, resolving any conflicts of interest that may arise from our relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure. John Mullen is currently serving as the non-overlapping member of our board of directors. Mr. Mullen served on the board of directors of the general partner of the partnership since May 2021 and resigned from such board of directors in August 2022. At least three (3) directors and at least a majority of the directors holding office must be independent of our company, as determined by the full board using the standards for independence established by the NYSE. |
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The partnership’s general partner board is currently set at eight (8) directors. The board may consist of between three (3) and eleven (11) directors or such other number of directors as may be determined from time to time by a resolution of the shareholders of the partnership’s general partner and subject to its bye-laws. At least three (3) directors and at least a majority of the directors holding office must be independent of the partnership’s general partner and Brookfield, as determined by the full board of directors using the standards of independence established by NYSE. |
| Election and Removal of Directors |
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Our company’s board is elected by our shareholders and each of our current directors will serve until the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of our company or his or her death, resignation or removal from office, whichever occurs first. Vacancies on our board may be filled and additional directors may be added by a resolution of our company’s shareholders or a vote of the directors then in office. A director may be removed from office by a special resolution duly passed by our company’s shareholders. A director will be automatically removed from our board if he or she becomes bankrupt, insolvent or suspends payments to his or her creditors or becomes disqualified by law from acting as a director. |
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The partnership’s general partner’s board of directors was elected by its shareholder and each of its current directors will serve until the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of the partnership’s general partner or his or her death, resignation or removal from office, whichever occurs first. Vacancies on the partnership’s general partner’s board of directors may be filled and additional directors may be added by a resolution of the shareholders of the partnership’s general partner or a vote of the directors then in office. A director may be removed from office by a resolution duly passed by the shareholders of the partnership’s general partner or, if the director has been absent without leave from three consecutive meetings of the board of directors, by a written resolution requesting resignation signed by all other directors then holding office. A director will be automatically removed from the board of directors if he or she becomes bankrupt, insolvent or suspends payments to his or her creditors or becomes prohibited by law from acting as a director. |
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 227
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| Process to Amend the Governing Instruments |
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Our company may from time to time amend, modify or repeal any provision contained in the articles of our company in a manner authorized by the BCBCA.
Under the BCBCA, alteration of the notice of articles generally requires authorization by either court order, by a two-thirds (2/3rds) vote of all voting shares or by the methods specified in our company’s articles. Certain alterations to matters such as changes to company name or address or a change in directors will not require authorization by the above-mentioned methods. Specific alterations such as those of a nature affecting a particular class or series in a manner that would prejudice or interfere with the rights of such class or series, will entitle the affected class or series to consent by special resolution to the alteration, whether or not such class or series otherwise carries the right to vote.
Under the BCBCA, our company may resolve to alter its articles by the type of resolution specified in the BCBCA, if not specified in the BCBCA, by the type of resolution specified in our articles or if neither the BCBCA or our articles specify the type of resolution, by a two-thirds (2/3rds) vote of all voting shares; provided however, if such alteration would prejudice or interfere with the rights of a particular class or series, such class or series must consent by special resolution to the alteration, whether or not such class or series otherwise carries the right to vote.
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Amendments to the partnership’s limited partnership agreement may be proposed only by or with the consent of the partnership’s general partner. To adopt a proposed amendment, other than the amendments that do not require limited partner approval discussed below, the partnership’s general partner must seek approval of a majority of outstanding units required to approve the amendment, either by way of a meeting of the limited partners to consider and vote upon the proposed amendment or by written approval.
No amendment may be made that would: (i) enlarge the obligations of any limited partner without its consent, except any amendment that would have a material adverse effect on the rights or preferences of any class of partnership interests in relation to other classes of partnership interests may be approved by at least a majority of the type or class of partnership interests so affected; or (ii) enlarge the obligations of, restrict in any way any action by or rights of, or reduce in any way the amounts distributable, reimbursable or otherwise payable by the partnership to, the partnership’s general partner or any of its affiliates without the consent of the partnership’s general partner, which may be given or withheld in its sole discretion. The provision of the partnership’s limited partnership agreement preventing the amendments having the effects described in clauses (i) and (ii) above can be amended upon the approval of the holders of at least 90% of the outstanding units.
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228 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| Process to Amend the Governing Instruments, Continued |
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Subject to applicable law, the partnership’s general partner may generally make amendments to the partnership’s limited partnership agreement without the approval of any limited partner to reflect: (i) a change in the name of the partnership, the location of its registered office or its registered agent; (ii) the admission, substitution or withdrawal of partners in accordance with the partnership’s limited partnership agreement; (iii) a change that the partnership’s general partner determines is reasonable and necessary or appropriate for the partnership to qualify or to continue its qualification as an exempted limited partnership under the laws of Bermuda or a partnership in which the limited partners have limited liability under the laws of any jurisdiction or is necessary or advisable in the opinion of the partnership’s general partner to ensure that the partnership will not be treated as an association taxable as a corporation or otherwise taxed as an entity for tax purposes; (iv) an amendment that the partnership’s general partner determines to be necessary or appropriate to address certain changes in tax regulations, legislation or interpretation; (v) an amendment that is necessary, in the opinion of the partnership’s counsel, to prevent the partnership or the partnership’s general partner or its directors or officers, from in any manner being subjected to the provisions of the Investment Company Act, or similar legislation in other jurisdictions; (vi) subject to the terms of any preferred units then outstanding, an amendment that the partnership’s general partner determines in its sole discretion to be necessary or appropriate for the creation, authorization or issuance of any class or series of partnership interests or options, rights, warrants or appreciation rights relating to partnership securities; (vii) any amendment expressly permitted in the partnership’s limited partnership agreement to be made by the partnership’s general partner acting alone; (viii) an amendment effected, necessitated or contemplated by a merger or consolidation of the partnership with one or more persons in accordance with the provisions of the partnership’s limited partnership agreement; |
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 229
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| Process to Amend the Governing Instruments, Continued |
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(ix) any amendment that the partnership’s general partner determines in its sole discretion to be necessary or appropriate to reflect and account for the formation by the partnership of, or its investment in, any corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited liability company or other entity, as otherwise permitted by the partnership’s limited partnership agreement; (x) a change in the partnership’s fiscal year and related changes; or (xi) any other amendments substantially similar to any of the matters described in (i) through (x) above.
In addition, the partnership’s general partner may make amendments to the partnership’s limited partnership agreement without the approval of any limited partner if those amendments, in the discretion of the partnership’s general partner: (i) do not adversely affect the partnership’s limited partners considered as a whole (including any particular class of partnership interests as compared to other classes of partnership interests) in any material respect; (ii) are necessary or appropriate to satisfy any requirements, conditions or guidelines contained in any opinion, directive, order, ruling or regulation of any governmental agency or judicial authority; (iii) are necessary or appropriate to facilitate the trading of the units or to comply with any rule, regulation, guideline or requirement of any securities exchange on which the units are or will be listed for trading; (iv) are necessary or appropriate for any action taken by the partnership’s general partner relating to splits or combinations of units under the provisions of the partnership’s limited partnership agreement; or (v) are required to effect the intent of the provisions of the partnership’s limited partnership agreement or are otherwise contemplated by the partnership’s limited partnership agreement.
The partnership’s general partner will not be required to obtain an opinion of counsel that an amendment will not result in a loss of limited liability to the limited partners if one of the amendments described in the preceding two paragraphs should occur. No other amendments to the partnership’s limited partnership agreement will become effective without the approval of holders of at least 90% of the units, unless the partnership obtains an opinion of counsel to the effect that the amendment will not
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230 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| Process to Amend the Governing Instruments, Continued |
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(i) cause the partnership to be treated as an association taxable as a corporation or otherwise taxable as an entity for tax purposes (provided that for U.S. tax purposes the partnership’s general partner has not made the election described below under the section entitled “Qualification”), or (ii) affect the limited liability under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 of any of the partnership’s limited partners.
In addition to the above restrictions, any amendment that would have a material adverse effect on the rights or preferences of any type or class of partnership interests in relation to other classes of partnership interests will also require the approval of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding partnership interests of the class so affected.
In addition, any amendment that reduces the voting percentage required to take any action must be approved by the written consent or affirmative vote of limited partners whose aggregate outstanding voting units constitute not less than the voting requirement sought to be reduced. |
| Special Meetings of the Shareholders |
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A special meeting of the shareholders for any purpose or purposes may be called only by the company board on a date not less than twenty-one (21) days nor more than two (2) months after the sending of the notice of the meeting to each shareholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting. |
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The partnership’s general partner may call special meetings of the limited partners at a time and place outside of Canada determined by the partnership’s general partner on a date not less than ten (10) days nor more than sixty (60) days after the mailing of notice of the meeting. The limited partners do not have the ability to call a special meeting. Only holders of record on the date set by the partnership’s general partner (which may not be less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the meeting) are entitled to notice of any meeting. |
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 231
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| Written Consent in Lieu of Meeting |
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Under the BCBCA, generally, shareholder action without a meeting may only be taken by consent resolution of the shareholders entitled to vote on the resolution: with a written consent executed by shareholders holding two-thirds (2/3rds) of the shares that carry the right to vote at general meetings being effective to approve an action requiring an ordinary resolution; or with a written consent executed by all shareholders that carry the right to vote at general meetings or by all of the shareholders holding shares of the applicable class or series of shares, as the case may be, being effective to approve an action requiring a special resolution or an exceptional resolution. |
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Written consents may be solicited only by or on behalf of the partnership’s general partner. Any such consent solicitation may specify that any written consents must be returned to the partnership within the time period, which may not be less than twenty (20) days, specified by the partnership’s general partner.
For purposes of determining holders of partnership interests entitled to provide consents to any action described above, the partnership’s general partner may set a record date, which may be not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date by which record holders are requested in writing by the partnership’s general partner to provide such consents. Only those holders of partnership interests on the record date established by the partnership’s general partner will be entitled to provide consents with respect to matters as to which a consent right applies.
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232 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| Limitation of Liability and Indemnification of Directors and Officers |
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No director will be personally liable to our company or its shareholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty, except to the extent such exemption is not permitted under the BCBCA. Under the BCBCA, no provision in our company’s articles or other contract relieves a director or officer from (i) the duty to act in accordance with the BCBCA and the regulations, or (ii) liability that by virtue of any enactment or rule of law or equity would otherwise attach to that director or officer in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust of which the director or officer may be guilty in relation to our company.
To the fullest extent permitted by law, our company will indemnify any present or former director or officer of our company (or a person serving as a director, officer, trustee, employee or agent of another corporation), who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to, or is otherwise involved in, any threatened, pending or completed action while acting in such capacity, for all liability and loss suffered (including, without limitation, any judgments, fines, or penalties and amounts paid in settlement) and expenses (including attorneys’ fees and disbursements), actually and reasonably incurred. Our company may enter into agreements with any such person to provide such indemnification. The right to indemnification includes the right to be paid by our company the expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by such person in defending any such proceeding in advance of its final disposition, such that the advances are paid by our company within sixty (60) days after the receipt by our company of a statement or statements from the claimant requesting such advance or advances from time to time (and subject to filing a written request for indemnification pursuant to the articles). |
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Under the partnership’s limited partnership agreement, the partnership is required to indemnify to the fullest extent permitted by law the partnership’s general partner and any of its affiliates (and their respective officers, directors, agents, shareholders, partners, members and employees), any person who serves on a governing body of a holding entity or operating entity of the partnership and any other person designated by the partnership’s general partner as an indemnified person, in each case, against all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, costs or expenses (including legal fees and expenses), judgments, fines, penalties, interest, settlements and other amounts arising from any and all claims, demands, actions, suits or proceedings, incurred by an indemnified person in connection with the partnership’s investments and activities or by reason of their holding such positions, except to the extent that the claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the indemnified person’s bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful. In addition, under the partnership’s limited partnership agreement: (i) the liability of such persons has been limited to the fullest extent permitted by law, except to the extent that their conduct involves bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful; and (ii) any matter that is approved by the independent directors of the partnership’s general partner will not constitute a breach of the partnership’s limited partnership agreement or any duties stated or implied by law or equity, including fiduciary duties. The partnership’s limited partnership agreement requires the partnership to advance funds to pay the expenses of an indemnified person in connection with a matter in which indemnification may be sought until it is determined that the indemnified person is not entitled to indemnification.
The partnership’s general partner’s bye-laws provide that, as permitted by the laws of Bermuda, it will pay or reimburse an indemnified person’s expenses in advance of a final disposition of a proceeding for which indemnification is sought. |
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 233
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| Limitation of Liability and Indemnification of Directors and Officers, Continued |
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Our company will not indemnify any present or former director or officer of our company for acts of bad faith, fraud, willful misfeasance, gross negligence, knowing violation of law or reckless disregard of the director’s duties or for any act for which indemnification is specifically prohibited under the BCBCA.
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Under the partnership’s general partner’s bye-laws, the partnership’s general partner is required to indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by law, its affiliates, directors, officers, resident representatives, shareholders, employees or any of its subsidiaries and certain others against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, costs or expenses (including legal fees and expenses), judgments, fines, penalties, interest, settlements or other amounts arising from any and all claims, demands, actions, suits or proceedings, incurred by an indemnified person in connection with the partnership’s investments and activities or in respect of or arising from their holding such positions, except to the extent that the claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the indemnified person’s bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful. In addition, under the partnership’s general partner’s bye-laws: (i) the liability of such persons has been limited to the fullest extent permitted by law and except to the extent that their conduct involves bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful; and (ii) any matter that is approved by the independent directors will not constitute a breach of any duties stated or implied by law or equity, including fiduciary duties. The partnership’s general partner’s bye-laws require it to advance funds to pay the expenses of an indemnified person in connection with a matter in which indemnification may be sought until it is determined that the indemnified person is not entitled to indemnification. |
234 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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Dividends and Distributions |
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Pursuant to the articles and subject to the prior rights of holders of all classes at the time outstanding having prior rights as to dividends, each exchangeable share will entitle its holder to the exchangeable dividend, in a cash amount equal in value to (i) the amount of any distribution made on a unit multiplied by (ii) the conversion factor determined in accordance with the articles and in effect on the record date of such dividend (which conversion factor is initially one, subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership). See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares —Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.” The record and payment dates for the dividends upon the exchangeable shares, to the extent not prohibited by applicable law, shall be substantially the same as the record and payment dates for distributions on the units.
If the full amount of an exchangeable dividend is not declared and paid concurrent with a distribution on the units, then the undeclared or unpaid amount of such exchangeable dividend shall accrue and accumulate (without interest), whether or not our company has earnings, whether or not there are funds legally available for the payment thereof and whether or not such exchangeable dividend has been declared or authorized. Any exchangeable dividend payment made shall first be credited against the earliest accumulated but unpaid exchangeable dividends due which remain payable, which we refer to as unpaid dividends.
All exchangeable dividends shall be paid prior and in preference to any dividends or distributions on the class B shares. Share dividends, if any, paid on the exchangeable shares and class B shares will be declared contemporaneously and paid at the same time in equal numbers of additional shares of the same class and series such that share dividends will be paid in exchangeable shares to shareholders and in class B shares to holders of the class B shares.
The shareholders shall not be entitled to any dividends from our company other than the exchangeable dividends. |
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Distributions to partners of the partnership will be made only as determined by the general partner in its sole discretion. However, the general partner will not be permitted to cause the partnership to make a distribution if the partnership does not have sufficient cash on hand to make the distribution, the distribution would render the partnership insolvent, or if, in the opinion of the general partner, the distribution would leave the partnership with insufficient funds to meet any future or contingent obligations, or the distribution would contravene applicable laws.
Subject to the terms of any preferred units outstanding, the general partner has sole authority to determine whether the partnership will make distributions and the amount and timing of these distributions.
The partnership has a distribution reinvestment plan for holders of its units who are resident in Canada, the United States and Australia. Unitholders who are not resident in Canada, the United States or Australia may participate in the distribution reinvestment plan provided that there are not any laws or governmental regulations that may limit or prohibit them from doing so.
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Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 235
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| Exchange by Holder |
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Shareholders have the right to exchange all or a portion of their exchangeable shares for one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the date of the request for exchange (or if not a trading day, the next trading day thereafter) plus all unpaid dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company). See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares —Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.”
The partnership may elect to satisfy our company’s exchange obligation by acquiring all of the tendered exchangeable shares for one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the date that the request for exchange is received by our transfer agent (or if not a trading day, the next trading day thereafter) plus all unpaid dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the election of the partnership). See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares —Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.”
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N/A. |
236 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| Redemption by Issuer |
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Our board has the right upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice to shareholders to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares at any time and for any reason, in its sole discretion subject to applicable law, including without limitation following the occurrence of certain redemption events described in Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares — Redemption by Issuer”. In addition, the holder of class B shares may deliver a notice to our company specifying a redemption date upon which the company shall redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares, and upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice from our company to shareholders and without the consent of shareholders, our company shall be required to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares on such redemption date, subject to applicable law.
Upon any such redemption event, the shareholders shall be entitled to one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the trading day immediately preceding the announcement of such redemption plus all unpaid dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company). See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares — Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.”
Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon any redemption event, the partnership may elect to acquire all of the outstanding exchangeable shares in exchange for one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the trading day immediately preceding the announcement of such redemption, plus all unpaid dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the election of the partnership). See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares —Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.”
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N/A. |
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 237
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| Redemption by Issuer, Continued |
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Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership, including where substantially concurrent with a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares of our company will be automatically redeemed by our company on the day prior to the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership. Each holder of exchangeable shares shall be entitled to one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership) plus all unpaid dividends. See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares — Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.” |
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N/A. |
| Qualification |
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N/A. |
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If the partnership’s general partner determines in its sole discretion that it is no longer in the partnership’s best interests to continue as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the partnership’s general partner may elect to treat partnership as an association or as a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal (and applicable state) income tax purposes. |
238 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| Liquidation |
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Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, and subject to the prior rights of holders any class of shares of our company ranking in priority or ratably with the exchangeable shares and after the payment in full to (i) any holder of exchangeable shares or class B shares that has submitted a notice of the exercise of the exchange rights described above at least ten (10) days prior to the date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up (or in the case of the class B shares, thirty (30) days prior to the date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up) and (ii) any unpaid dividends, the shareholders shall be entitled to one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership described in this annual report on Form 20-F) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the trading day immediately preceding announcement of such liquidation, dissolution or winding up (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company). If, upon any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the assets of our company are insufficient to make such payment in full, then the assets of our company will be distributed among the shareholders ratably in proportion to the full amounts to which they would otherwise be respectively entitled to receive. |
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The partnership will terminate upon the earlier to occur of: (i) the date on which all of the partnership’s assets have been disposed of or otherwise realized by the partnership and the proceeds of such disposals or realizations have been distributed to partners; (ii) the service of notice by the partnership’s general partner, with the special approval of a majority of its independent directors, that in its opinion the coming into force of any law, regulation or binding authority renders illegal or impracticable the continuation of the partnership; and (iii) at the election of the partnership’s general partner, if the partnership, as determined by the partnership’s general partner, is required to register as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act or similar legislation in other jurisdictions.
The partnership will be dissolved upon the withdrawal of the partnership’s general partner as the general partner of the partnership (unless a successor entity becomes the general partner pursuant to the partnership’s limited partnership agreement) or the date on which any court of competent jurisdiction enters a decree of judicial dissolution of the partnership or an order to wind-up or liquidate the partnership’s general partner without the appointment of a successor in compliance with the partnership’s limited partnership agreement. The partnership will be reconstituted and continue without dissolution if within thirty (30) days of the date of dissolution (and provided a notice of dissolution has not been filed with the Bermuda Monetary Authority), a successor general partner executes a transfer deed pursuant to which the new general partner assumes the rights and undertakes the obligations of the general partner, but only if the partnership receives an opinion of counsel that the admission of the new general partner will not result in the loss of limited liability of any limited partner.
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Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 239
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| Liquidation, Continued |
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Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, the partnership may elect to acquire all of the outstanding exchangeable shares for one unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership) plus all unpaid dividends, if any. See Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — Exchangeable Shares — Exchange by Holder — Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events.” The acquisition by the partnership of all the outstanding exchangeable shares will occur on the day prior to the effective date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company. |
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Upon the partnership’s dissolution, unless the partnership is continued as a new limited partnership, the liquidator authorized to wind-up the partnership’s affairs will, acting with all of the powers of the partnership’s general partner that the liquidator deems necessary or appropriate in its judgment, liquidate the partnership’s assets and apply the proceeds of the liquidation first, to discharge the partnership’s liabilities as provided in its limited partnership agreement and by law, then to the preferred units up to the amount of the liquidation entitlement of the preferred units, and thereafter to the partners pro rata according to the percentages of their respective partnership interests as of a record date selected by the liquidator. The liquidator may defer liquidation of the partnership’s assets for a reasonable period of time or distribute assets to partners in kind if it determines that an immediate sale or distribution of all or some of the partnership’s assets would be impractical or would cause undue loss to the partners. |
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The partnership, or any of its controlled subsidiaries, is entitled to convert each held exchangeable share to a class B share on a one-for-one basis. |
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The directors of our company have three principal responsibilities under the BCBCA and our company’s articles, being (i) the duty to manage, (ii) the fiduciary duty, which is to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of our company, and (iii) the duty of care, which is to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent individual would exercise in comparable circumstances. |
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A general partner is required to act in good faith and in a manner which it reasonably believes to be in the best interests of a partnership. The partnership’s limited partnership agreement contains various express provisions that modify, waive and/or limit the fiduciary duties that might otherwise be owed to the partnership and the limited partners. These modifications inter alia restrict the remedies available for actions that might otherwise constitute a breach of fiduciary duty and permit the general partner of the partnership to take into account the interests of third parties, including Brookfield, when resolving conflicts of interest. |
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EXCHANGEABLE SHARES |
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UNITS |
| Protection of Shareholders |
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Under the BCBCA, pursuant to the oppression remedy, any holder of exchangeable shares may apply to court for an order where the affairs of our company are being or have been conducted, or that the powers of the directors are being or have been exercised, in a manner that is oppressive to one or more shareholders, or where there has been some act of our company that is unfairly prejudicial to one or more of the shareholders. Under the BCBCA, pursuant to the derivative action remedy, a shareholder (including a beneficial shareholder) may bring an action in the name of and on behalf of our company to enforce a right, duty or obligation owed to our company that could be enforced by our company itself or to obtain damages for any such breach of right, duty or obligation. |
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There is no oppression remedy or derivative action remedy available under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 and the Bermuda Exempted Partnerships Act 1992.
Furthermore, the partnership’s limited partnership agreement also stipulates that unless otherwise determined by the general partner of the partnership, a Person (as defined in the limited partnership agreement) shall not have pre-emptive, preferential or other similar rights in respect to the issuance of a unit.
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| Takeover Bids, Issuer Bids and Tender Offers |
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The exchangeable shares are not units and will not be treated as units for purposes of the application of applicable Canadian or U.S. rules relating to takeover bids, issuer bids and tender offers. As a result, shareholders will not be entitled to participate in an offer or bid made to acquire units unless such offer has been extended to shareholders. |
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The units are not exchangeable shares and will not be treated as exchangeable shares for purposes of the application of applicable Canadian or U.S. rules relating to takeover bids, issuer bids and tender offers. As a result, unitholders will not be entitled to participate in an offer or bid made to acquire the exchangeable shares unless such offer has been extended to unitholders. |
DESCRIPTION OF CLASS A.1 SHARES AND CLASS A.2 SHARES OF BIHC
Description of Class A.1 Exchangeable Shares
The class A.1 exchangeable shares have terms that are substantially the same as the exchangeable shares,
including with respect to the exchange mechanics, dividend rights, voting rights and rights on liquidation.
Holders of class A.1 exchangeable shares are entitled to one (1) vote per share. Each class A.1 exchangeable share has been structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to a unit and the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attached to each class A.1 exchangeable share are such that each class A.1 exchangeable share is, as nearly as practicable, functionally and economically, equivalent to an exchangeable share and a unit. In particular:
•each class A.1 exchangeable share is exchangeable at the option of a holder for one (1) unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of BIHC);
•the class A.1 exchangeable shares are redeemable by BIHC at any time (including following a notice requiring redemption having been given by the partnership) for one (1) unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of BIHC);
•upon a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of BIHC, holders of class A.1 exchangeable shares are entitled to receive one (1) unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of BIHC) and not any remaining property or assets of BIHC following such payment;
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•upon a liquidation of the partnership, including where substantially concurrent with a liquidation of BIHC, all of the class A.1 exchangeable shares will be automatically redeemed for units (or their cash equivalent, at BIHC’s election) on a one-for-one basis (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events); and
•subject to applicable law and in accordance with the articles of BIHC, each class A.1 exchangeable share entitles the holder to dividends from BIHC payable contemporaneously, and equivalent to, each distribution on a unit. The articles of BIHC also provide that if a distribution is declared on the units and an equivalent dividend is not declared and paid concurrently on the class A.1 exchangeable shares, then the undeclared or unpaid amount of such dividend accrues and accumulates and is to be paid upon the first to occur of any of the circumstances contemplated by the four preceding paragraphs, if not yet paid. In addition to such dividends, additional dividends may be declared and paid on the class A.1 exchangeable shares if, as and when declared by the Board.
Description of Class A.2 Exchangeable Shares
Each class A.2 exchangeable share is non-voting and structured with the intention of providing an economic return equivalent to a unit and the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attached to each class A.2 exchangeable share are such that each class A.2 exchangeable share is, as nearly as practicable, functionally and economically, equivalent to an exchangeable share and a unit. In particular:
•each class A.2 exchangeable share are exchangeable at the option of a holder for (a) one (1) exchangeable share (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of BIHC) or (b) one (1) unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of BIHC), provided that, after giving effect to any such exchange, Brookfield will not be permitted to receive a number of exchangeable shares that would result in Brookfield owning 9.5% or more of the aggregate fair market value of all issued and outstanding shares of BIPC;
•the class A.2 exchangeable shares are redeemable by BIHC at any time (including following a notice requiring redemption having been given by the partnership) for (a) one (1) exchangeable share (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of BIHC) or (b) one (1) unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of BIHC);
•upon a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of BIHC, holders of class A.2 exchangeable shares are entitled to receive one (1) unit (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events) or its cash equivalent (the form of payment to be determined at the election of BIHC) and not any remaining property or assets of BIHC following such payment;
•upon a liquidation of the partnership, including where substantially concurrent with a liquidation of BIHC, all of the class A.2 exchangeable shares will be automatically redeemed for units (or their cash equivalent, at BIHC’s election) on a one-for-one basis (subject to adjustment to reflect certain capital events); and
•subject to applicable law and in accordance with the amended articles of BIHC, each class A.2 exchangeable share entitles the holder to dividends from BIHC payable contemporaneously, and equivalent to, each distribution on a unit. The articles of BIHC also provide that if a distribution is declared on the units and an equivalent dividend is not declared and paid concurrently on the class A.2 exchangeable shares, then the undeclared or unpaid amount of such dividend accrues
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and accumulates and is to be paid upon the first to occur of any of the circumstances contemplated by the four preceding paragraphs, if not yet paid.
Each class A.2 exchangeable share held by the partnership or its subsidiaries is convertible into a class
A.1 exchangeable share or a class C share at the option of the holder.
Description of BIHC Class B Shares
The BIHC class B shares will continue to be structured to provide the holders with control of BIHC. In particular:
• holders of BIHC class B shares will be entitled to, in the aggregate, a number of votes equal to three (3) times the number of votes attached to the class A.1 exchangeable shares. As a result, holders of BIHC class B shares will have a 75% voting interest in BIHC and holders of class A.1 exchangeable shares will have a 25% voting interest in BIHC; and
• in the event that a share/stock dividend is declared and paid on the class A.1 exchangeable shares, a share/stock dividend will be paid to holders of BIHC class B shares in an equal number of BIHC class B shares as class A.1 exchangeable shares are paid to holders of class A.1 exchangeable shares.
Description of Class C Shares
The class C shares are structured to provide the holders thereof with all of the residual value in BIHC. In particular:
• subject to applicable law and in accordance with the terms of the class C shares, only holders of class C shares will be entitled to a residual right to participate, upon liquidation or winding-up of BIHC, in the assets of BIHC;
• subject to applicable law and in accordance with the term of the class C shares, subject to the prior rights of the holders of the class A.1 exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares and of any preferred shares then outstanding, the holders of class C shares will be entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by the board of BIHC; and
• share/stock dividends, if any, will be paid to holders of class C shares in an equal number of class C shares as class A.1 exchangeable shares are paid to holders of class A.1 exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares are paid to holder of class A.2 exchangeable shares.
10.C MATERIAL CONTRACTS
The following are the only material contracts, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, which (i) have been entered into by us since our formation or (ii) are otherwise material to our company:
1.Rights Agreement, dated December 24, 2024, between BN and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Rights Agreement”.
2.Registration Rights Agreement, dated December 24, 2024, between our company, the partnership and BN., as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Registration Rights Agreement”.
3.Amended and Restated Relationship Agreement, dated March 28, 2014, by and among BN, the partnership, Holding LP, and others, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Relationship Agreement”.
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4.Trademark Sublicense Agreement, effective as of May 21, 2007, between the partnership and Brookfield Global Asset Management Inc., as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — Licensing Agreement”.
5.Guarantee, dated as of March 30, 2020, by Canada Subco in favor of Computershare Trust Company of Canada, in respect of debt securities issued by the Brookfield Infrastructure Debt Issuers, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Support”.
6.Guarantee Indenture, dated as of March 30, 2020, among Canada Subco, the partnership and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, in respect of the partnership’s preferred units, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Support”.
7.Promissory note, dated as of March 30, 2020, issued by BUUK Bermuda Holdco Limited in favor of BIP (Barbados) Holdings II Limited and subsequently assigned to another subsidiary of the partnership, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Promissory Notes”.
8.Promissory note, dated as of March 30, 2020, issued by BIHC in favor of Holding LP and subsequently assigned to another subsidiary of the partnership, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Promissory Notes”.
9.Amended and Restated Equity Commitment Agreement, dated as of December 24, 2024, between BIHC and Canada Holdco, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Equity Commitment”.
10.Amended and Restated Voting Agreement, effective as of March 30, 2020, between BIHC and the NTS entities, described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — NTS Voting Agreement”.
11.Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement, dated February 29, 2024, as amended from time to time, by and among BN., the partnership, Holding LP, and others, as Master Services Agreement, as described under Item 6.A “Directors and Senior Management— Our Master Services Agreement”.
12.First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement dated December 24, 2024 between BN, Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P. and others, as Master Services Agreement, as described under Item 6.A “Directors and Senior Management— Our Master Services Agreement”.
13.Indenture dated May 24, 2021 between Alberta Finco, the partnership, Holding LP, Bermuda Holdco, Canada Holdco, Brookfield Infrastructure US Holdings I Corporation, Canada Subco, Computershare Trust Company of Canada and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as supplemented from time to time, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Support”.
14.First Supplemental Indenture dated May 24, 2021 between Alberta Finco, the partnership, Holding LP, Bermuda Holdco, Canada Holdco, Brookfield Infrastructure US Holdings I Corporation, Canada Subco, Computershare Trust Company of Canada and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Support”.
15.Second Supplemental Indenture dated May 31, 2024 by and among Alberta Finco, the partnership, Holding LP, Bermuda Holdco, Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc., Brookfield Infrastructure LLC, Canada Subco, Computershare Trust Company of Canada and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Support”.
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16.Third Supplemental Indenture dated November 29, 2024 by and among Alberta Finco, the partnership, Holding LP, Bermuda Holdco, Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc., Brookfield Infrastructure LLC, Canada Subco, Computershare Trust Company of Canada and Computershare Trust Company N.A., as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Support”.
17.Support Agreement, dated August 20, 2021, as amended from time to time, between BIHC, the partnership, BIPC Exchange LP, Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation Exchange GP Inc. and Canada Holdco, as described under Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — BIPC Exchangeable LP Units and the Support and Exchange Agreement”.
18.First Amendment to the Support Agreement dated December 24, 2024 between our company, the partnership, Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation Exchange GP Inc. and Canada Holdco, as described under described under Item 10.B “Memorandum and Articles of Association — Description of Our Share Capital — BIPC Exchangeable LP Units and the Support and Exchange Agreement”.
19.Indenture dated January 21, 2022 between Bermuda Holdco, the partnership, Holding LP, Alberta Finco, Canada Holdco, Brookfield Infrastructure US Holdings I Corporation, Canada Subco, Computershare Trust Company of Canada and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as supplemented from time to time, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Support”.
20.First Supplemental Indenture dated January 21, 2022 between Bermuda Holdco, the partnership, Holding LP, Alberta Finco, Canada Holdco, Brookfield Infrastructure US Holdings I Corporation, BIPC Holdings Inc, Computershare Trust Company of Canada and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Support”.
21.Amended and Restated Subordinate Credit Agreement, effective as of June 1, 2023, as amended from time to time, between Bermuda Holdco as borrower and BIPC Bermuda Holdco Limited as lender, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Facilities”.
22.First Amending Agreement dated June 1, 2024 to the Amended and Restated Subordinate Credit Agreement between BIPC Bermuda Holdco Limited as borrower and Bermuda Holdco as lender, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Facilities”.
23.Amended and Restated Subordinate Credit Agreement, effective as of June 1, 2023, as amended from time to time, between BIPC Bermuda Holdco Limited as borrower and Bermuda Holdco as lender, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Facilities”.
24.First Amending Agreement dated June 1, 2024 to the Amended and Restated Subordinate Credit Agreement between Bermuda Holdco as borrower and BIPC Bermuda Holdco Limited as lender, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Facilities”.
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25.Subordinate Credit Agreement dated December 24, 2024, between our company as Borrower and Canada Holdco as lender, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Credit Facilities”.
26.Arrangement Agreement, dated October 9, 2024, as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield — The Arrangement”.
27.Pairing Agreement dated December 24, 2024, among our company, BIHC and the partnership as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Pairing Agreement”.
28.Option Agreement dated December 24, 2024, between our company and Canada Holdco as described under Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions — Relationship with Brookfield Infrastructure — Option Agreement”.
Copies of the foregoing documents are available on EDGAR on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca.
10.D EXCHANGE CONTROLS
There are currently no governmental laws, decrees, regulations or other legislation of Canada or the United States which restrict the import or export of capital or the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to non-residents of Canada or the United States holding the company’s securities, except as otherwise described in this annual report on Form 20-F under Item 10.E “Taxation.”
10.E TAXATION
The following summary discusses certain material United States and Canadian tax considerations relating to the holding and disposition of exchangeable shares as of the date hereof. Shareholders are advised to consult their own tax advisors concerning the consequences under the tax laws of the country of which they are resident or in which they are otherwise subject to tax of making an investment in exchangeable shares.
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CERTAIN MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of exchangeable shares as of the date hereof. This summary is based on provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, on the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, and on published administrative rulings, judicial decisions, and other applicable authorities, all as in effect on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change at any time, possibly with retroactive effect. This summary should be read in conjunction with the discussion of the principal U.S. federal income tax considerations associated with the operations of the partnership and the purchase, ownership, and disposition of units set forth in Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” and Item 3.D “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Taxation” in the partnership’s most recent annual report. The following discussion is limited as described in Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in the partnership’s most recent annual report and as described herein. This summary is necessarily general and may not apply to all categories of investors, some of whom may be subject to special rules, including, without limitation, persons that own (directly, indirectly or constructively, applying certain attribution rules) 10% or more of the equity interests (by vote or value) of our company, dealers in securities or currencies, financial institutions or financial services entities, mutual funds, life insurance companies, persons that hold exchangeable shares as part of a straddle, hedge, constructive sale or conversion transaction with other investments, U.S. Holders whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, persons who have elected mark-to-market accounting, persons who hold exchangeable shares through a partnership or other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, persons for whom the exchangeable shares are not a capital asset, persons who are liable for the alternative minimum tax, certain U.S. expatriates or former long-term residents of the United States, and persons who are subject to special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. This summary does not address the consequences to U.S. Holders who receive distributions on exchangeable shares other than in U.S. dollars. Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, this summary does not address any tax consequences to holders of units of the partnership. The actual tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of exchangeable shares will vary depending on your individual circumstances.
For purposes of this summary, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of exchangeable shares that is for U.S. federal tax purposes: (i) an individual citizen or resident of the United States; (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or (iv) a trust (a) that is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and all substantial decisions of which one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control or (b) that has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.
A “Non-U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of exchangeable shares, other than a U.S. Holder or an entity or arrangement classified as a partnership or other fiscally transparent entity for U.S. federal tax purposes.
If a partnership (or other entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds exchangeable shares, the tax treatment of a partner of such partnership generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partners of partnerships that hold exchangeable shares should consult their own tax advisers.
This discussion does not constitute tax advice and is not intended to be a substitute for tax planning. You should consult your own tax adviser concerning the U.S. federal, state and local income tax consequences particular to your ownership and disposition of exchangeable shares, as well as any tax consequences under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.
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Partnership Status of the Partnership and Holding LP
Each of the partnership and Holding LP has made a protective election to be classified as a partnership for U.S. federal tax purposes. An entity that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal tax purposes generally incurs no U.S. federal income tax liability. Instead, each partner is generally required to take into account its allocable share of items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit of the partnership in computing its U.S. federal income tax liability, regardless of whether cash distributions are made. Distributions of cash by a partnership to a partner generally are not taxable unless the amount of cash distributed to a partner is in excess of the partner’s adjusted basis in its partnership interest.
An entity that would otherwise be classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes may nonetheless be taxable as a corporation if it is a “publicly traded partnership”, unless an exception applies. The units of the partnership are publicly traded. However, an exception, referred to as the “Qualifying Income Exception”, exists with respect to a publicly traded partnership if (i) at least 90% of such partnership’s gross income for every taxable year consists of “qualifying income” and (ii) the partnership would not be required to register under the Investment Company Act if it were a U.S. corporation. Qualifying income includes certain interest income, dividends, real property rents, gains from the sale or other disposition of real property, and any gain from the sale or disposition of a capital asset or other property held for the production of income that otherwise constitutes qualifying income.
We understand that the general partner of the partnership intends to manage the affairs of the partnership and Holding LP so that the partnership will meet the Qualifying Income Exception in each taxable year. Accordingly, we understand that the general partner of the partnership believes that the partnership will be treated as a partnership and not as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
The remainder of this summary assumes that the partnership and Holding LP will be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Characterization of the Exchangeable Shares
The U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the ownership and disposition of exchangeable shares depend, in part, on whether the exchangeable shares are, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, treated as stock of our company and not as interests in the partnership. We intend to take the position and believe that the exchangeable shares are properly characterized as stock of our company for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, the treatment of the exchangeable shares as stock of our company is not free from doubt, as there is no direct authority regarding the proper U.S. federal income tax treatment of securities similar to the exchangeable shares. If the exchangeable shares are not treated as stock of our company and are instead treated as units of the partnership, then a holder of exchangeable shares generally would be expected to be taxed in the same manner as a holder of units of the partnership. The remainder of this summary assumes that the exchangeable shares will be treated as stock of our company for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Consequences to U.S. Holders
Ownership and Disposition of Exchangeable Shares
Taxation of Distributions. Subject to the discussion below under the heading “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations”, the gross amount of a distribution paid to a U.S. Holder with respect to exchangeable shares (including amounts withheld to pay Canadian withholding taxes) will be included in such holder’s gross income as a dividend to the extent paid out of our company’s current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). To the extent that the amount of a distribution exceeds our company’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, it will be treated first as a tax-free return of a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in its exchangeable shares, and to the extent the amount of the distribution exceeds such U.S. Holder’s tax basis, the excess will be taxed as capital gain.
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Dividends received by individuals and other non-corporate U.S. Holders of exchangeable shares readily tradable on the NYSE generally will be subject to tax at preferential rates applicable to long-term capital gains, provided that such holders meet certain holding period and other requirements and our company is not treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or for the preceding taxable year. Dividends on exchangeable shares generally will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the application of the relevant rules to their particular circumstances.
Dividends paid by our company generally will constitute foreign-source income for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. A U.S. Holder may be entitled to deduct or credit any Canadian withholding taxes on dividends in determining its U.S. income tax liability, subject to certain limitations (including that the election to deduct or credit foreign taxes applies to all of such U.S. Holder’s foreign taxes for a particular tax year). The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. Dividends distributed by our company with respect to exchangeable shares generally will constitute “passive category income.” The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.
Sale, Redemption, Exchange, or Other Taxable Disposition of Exchangeable Shares. Subject to the discussion below under the headings “—Exercise of the Partnership Call Right” and “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations”, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss upon a sale, redemption, exchange at the request of the holder (other than a redemption or exchange that is treated as a distribution, as discussed below), or other taxable disposition of exchangeable shares equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and such holder’s adjusted tax basis in the exchangeable shares so disposed. The amount realized will equal the amount of cash, if any, plus the fair market value of any property (such as units) received. Any such capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if such holder’s holding period for the exchangeable shares exceeds one year at the time of disposition. Gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder generally will be treated as U.S.-source gain or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders generally are taxed at preferential rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.
The U.S. federal income tax consequences described in the preceding paragraph should also apply to a U.S. Holder (i) whose exchange request is satisfied by the delivery of cash or units by Brookfield pursuant to the Rights Agreement, or (ii) whose exchange request is satisfied by the delivery of cash by the partnership pursuant to the exercise of the partnership call right. For the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder whose exchange request is satisfied by the delivery of units pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right, see the discussion below under the heading “— Exercise of the Partnership Call Right”. The U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder whose exchange request is satisfied by the delivery of cash or units by our company are described in the following paragraph.
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A redemption or exchange of exchangeable shares satisfied by our company will be treated as a sale or exchange as described above if such redemption or exchange is (i) in “complete redemption” of the U.S. Holder’s equity interest in our company (within the meaning of Section 302(b)(3) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code), (ii) a “substantially disproportionate” redemption of stock (within the meaning of Section 302(b)(2) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code), or (iii) “not essentially equivalent to a dividend” (within the meaning of Section 302(b)(1) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code). In determining whether any of these tests has been met with respect to the redemption or exchange of the exchangeable shares, you may be required to take into account not only the exchangeable shares and other equity interests in our company that you actually own but also other equity interests in our company that you constructively own within the meaning of Section 318 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. If you own (actually or constructively) only an insubstantial percentage of the total equity interests in our company and exercise no control over our company’s corporate affairs, you may be entitled to sale or exchange treatment on a redemption or exchange of the exchangeable shares if you experience a reduction in your equity interest in our company (taking into account any constructively owned equity interests) as a result of the redemption or exchange. If you meet none of the alternative tests of Section 302(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, the redemption or exchange will be treated as a distribution subject to the rules described above under “—Taxation of Distributions”. Because the determination as to whether any of the alternative tests of Section 302(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code is satisfied with respect to any particular U.S. Holder of exchangeable shares will depend upon the facts and circumstances as of the time the determination is made, each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax adviser regarding the tax treatment of a redemption or exchange.
In the event that a redemption or exchange is properly treated as a distribution, the amount of the distribution will be equal to the amount of cash and the fair market value of property received (such as units) without any offset for a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the exchangeable shares. In such case, any tax basis in the redeemed or exchanged exchangeable shares would be transferred to a U.S. Holder’s remaining exchangeable shares.
Exercise of the Partnership Call Right. The partnership has the right to acquire exchangeable shares directly from a shareholder under certain circumstances in exchange for units or cash (the “partnership call right”). For the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder of the exchange of exchangeable shares for cash pursuant to the exercise of the partnership call right, see the discussion above under “— Sale, Redemption, Exchange, or Other Taxable Disposition of Exchangeable Shares”.
The U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder of the exchange of exchangeable shares for units pursuant to the exercise of the partnership call right will depend in part on whether the exchange qualifies as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. For the exchange to so qualify, the partnership (i) must be classified as a partnership and not as an association or publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and (ii) must not be treated as an investment company for purposes of Section 721(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. With respect to the classification of the partnership as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, see the discussion above under “— Partnership Status of the Partnership and Holding LP”.
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Section 721(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code provides that Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code will not apply to gain realized on a transfer of property to a partnership that would be treated as an investment company (within the meaning of Section 351 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code) if the partnership were incorporated. Under Section 351 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury Regulations thereunder, a transfer of property will be considered a transfer to an investment company only if (i) the transfer results, directly or indirectly, in “diversification” of the transferor’s interests, and (ii) the transferee is a regulated investment company, a real estate investment trust, or a corporation more than 80% of the value of whose assets are held for investment and (subject to certain exclusions) are stock or securities, as defined in Section 351(e) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. For purposes of this determination, the stock and securities of a corporate subsidiary are disregarded and the parent corporation is treated as owning its ratable share of the subsidiary’s assets if the parent corporation owns 50% or more of the subsidiary corporation’s stock by voting power or value. The Treasury Regulations also provide that whether an entity is an investment company ordinarily will be determined by reference to the circumstances in existence immediately after the transfer in question. However, where circumstances change thereafter pursuant to a plan in existence at the time of the transfer, this determination will be made by reference to the later circumstances.
Based on the shareholders’ rights in the event of the liquidation or dissolution of our company (or the partnership) and the terms of the exchangeable shares, which are intended to provide an economic return equivalent to the economic return on the units (including identical distributions), and taking into account the expected relative values of the partnership’s assets and its ratable share of the assets of its subsidiaries for the foreseeable future, we understand that the general partner of the partnership currently does not expect a U.S. Holder’s transfer of exchangeable shares in exchange for units pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right to be treated as a transfer of property to an investment company within the meaning of Section 721(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Thus, we understand that the general partner of the partnership currently expects such exchange to qualify as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. However, no definitive determination can be made as to whether any such future exchange will qualify as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, as this will depend on the facts and circumstances at the time of the exchange. Many of these facts and circumstances are not within the control of the partnership, and no assurance can be provided as to the position, if any, taken by the general partner of the partnership with regard to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of any such exchange. Nor can any assurance be given that the IRS will not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any future position taken by the partnership. If the partnership were an investment company immediately following the exchange of exchangeable shares for units by a U.S. Holder pursuant to the exercise of the partnership call right, and such exchange were to result in diversification of interests with respect to such U.S. Holder, then Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code would not apply with respect to such holder, and such holder would be treated as if such holder had sold its exchangeable shares to the partnership in a taxable transaction for cash in an amount equal to the value of the units received.
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Even if a U.S. Holder’s transfer of exchangeable shares in exchange for units pursuant to the partnership’s exercise of the partnership call right qualifies as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, we understand that the general partner of the partnership currently expects for the partnership and Holding LP to immediately undertake subsequent transfers of such exchangeable shares that would result in the allocation to such U.S. Holder of any gain realized under Section 704(c)(1) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Under this provision, if appreciated property is contributed to a partnership, the contributing partner must recognize any gain that was realized but not recognized for U.S. federal income tax purposes with respect to the property at the time of the contribution (referred to as “built-in gain”) if the partnership sells such property (or otherwise transfers such property in a taxable exchange) at any time thereafter or distributes such property to another partner within seven years of the contribution in a transaction that does not otherwise result in the recognition of “built-in gain” by the partnership. If Section 704(c)(1) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code applies with respect to a U.S. Holder, and such holder fails to disclose to the partnership its basis in exchangeable shares exchanged for units pursuant to the exercise of the partnership call right, then, solely for the purpose of allocating items of income, gain, loss, or deduction under Section 704(c) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, we understand that the general partner of the partnership intends to use a reasonable method to estimate such holder’s basis in the exchangeable shares exchanged for units pursuant to the exercise of the partnership call right. To ensure compliance with Section 704(c) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, such estimated basis could be lower than a U.S. Holder’s actual basis in its exchangeable shares. As a result, the amount of gain reported by the partnership to the IRS with respect to such U.S. Holder in connection with such subsequent transfers could be greater than the correct amount.
If, contrary to the current expectations of the general partner of the partnership, Section 704(c)(1) does not apply as a result of any such subsequent transfers by the partnership or Holding LP of exchangeable shares transferred by a U.S. Holder for units in an exchange qualifying as tax-free under Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, then such U.S. Holder could, nonetheless, be required to recognize part or all of the built-in gain in its exchangeable shares deferred as a result of such exchange under other provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Under Section 737 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, such U.S. Holder could be required to recognize built-in gain if the partnership were to distribute any property of the partnership other than money (or, in certain circumstances, exchangeable shares) to such former holder of exchangeable shares within seven years of exercise of the partnership call right. Under Section 707(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, such U.S. Holder could be required to recognize built-in gain if the partnership were to make distributions (other than “operating cash flow distributions”, unless another exception were to apply) to such U.S. Holder within two years of exercise of the partnership call right.
If Section 721(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code applies to a U.S. Holder’s exchange of exchangeable shares for units pursuant to the exercise of the partnership call right by the partnership and, contrary to the current expectations of the general partner of the partnership, none of the special provisions (including Section 704(c)(1) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code) described in the two preceding paragraphs applies, then such U.S. Holder generally should not recognize gain or loss with respect to exchangeable shares treated as contributed to the partnership in exchange for units, except as described below under the heading “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations”. The aggregate tax basis of the units received by such U.S. Holder pursuant to the partnership call right would be the same as the aggregate tax basis of the exchangeable shares (or single undivided portion thereof) exchanged therefor, increased by such holder’s share of the partnership’s liabilities, if any. The holding period of the units received in exchange for exchangeable shares would include the holding period of the exchangeable shares surrendered in exchange therefor. A U.S. Holder who acquired different blocks of exchangeable shares at different times or different prices should consult its own tax adviser regarding the manner in which gain or loss should be determined in such holder’s particular circumstances and such holder’s holding period in units received in exchange for exchangeable shares.
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For a general discussion of the tax consequences to a U.S. Holder of owning and disposing of units received in exchange for exchangeable shares, see the discussion in Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in the partnership’s most recent annual report. The U.S. federal income tax consequences of exchanging exchangeable shares for units are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax adviser regarding such consequences in light of such holder’s particular circumstances.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations. Certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to a U.S. Holder if our company is treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which the U.S. Holder holds exchangeable shares. A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year in which, after applying certain look-through rules, either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income, and net foreign currency gains.
Based on its current and expected income, assets, and activities, our company does not expect to be classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year, nor does it expect to become a PFIC in the foreseeable future. However, the determination of whether our company is or will be a PFIC for any taxable year is based on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules that are subject to differing interpretations. Because the PFIC determination depends upon the composition of our company’s income and assets and the nature of its activities from time to time and must be made annually as of the close of each taxable year, there can be no assurance that our company will not be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year, or that the IRS or a court will agree with our company’s determination as to its PFIC status.
Subject to certain elections described below, if our company were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder held exchangeable shares, then gain recognized by such U.S. Holder upon the sale or other taxable disposition of the exchangeable shares would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the exchangeable shares. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other taxable disposition and to any year before our company became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that taxable year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the tax on such amount. Further, to the extent that any distribution received by a U.S. Holder on its exchangeable shares were to exceed 125% of the average of the annual distributions on the exchangeable shares received during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, that distribution would be subject to taxation in the same manner as gain, described immediately above. Similar rules would apply with respect to any lower-tier PFICs treated as owned indirectly by a U.S. Holder through such holder’s ownership of exchangeable shares.
Certain elections may be available to U.S. Holders to mitigate some of the adverse tax consequences resulting from PFIC treatment. If you were to make an election to treat your interest in our company as a “qualified electing fund” (“QEF election”) for the first year you were treated as holding such interest, then in lieu of the tax consequences described in the paragraph immediately above, you would be required to include in income each year a portion of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of our company, even if not distributed to you. A QEF election must be made by you on an entity-by-entity basis. To make a QEF election, you must, among other things, (i) obtain a PFIC annual information statement from our company and (ii) prepare and submit IRS Form 8621 with your annual income tax return. To the extent reasonably practicable, we intend to make available information related to the PFIC status of our company and any other subsidiary of our company that we are able to identify as a PFIC with respect to U.S. Holders, including information necessary to make a QEF election with respect to each such entity.
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In the case of a PFIC that is a publicly traded foreign company, and in lieu of making a QEF election, an election may be made to “mark to market” the stock of such publicly traded foreign company on an annual basis (a “mark-to-market election”). Pursuant to such an election, you would include in each year as ordinary income the excess, if any, of the fair market value of such stock over its adjusted basis at the end of the taxable year. No assurance can be provided that our company or any of its subsidiaries will qualify as PFICs that are publicly traded or that a mark-to-market election will be available for any such entity.
Subject to certain exceptions, a U.S. person who directly or indirectly owns an interest in a PFIC generally is required to file an annual report with the IRS, and the failure to file such report could result in the extension of the statute of limitations with respect to federal income tax returns filed by such U.S. person. The application of the PFIC rules to U.S. Holders is uncertain in certain respects. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax adviser regarding the application of the PFIC rules, including the foregoing filing requirements and the advisability of making any available election under the PFIC rules, with regard to such holder’s ownership and disposition of exchangeable shares.
Additional Tax on Net Investment Income. Certain U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts are subject to a 3.8% tax on all or a portion of their “net investment income”, which may include all or a portion of their dividend income and net gains from the disposition of exchangeable shares. Each U.S. Holder that is an individual, estate or trust should consult its own tax advisers regarding the applicability of this tax to its income and gains in respect of exchangeable shares.
Foreign Financial Asset Reporting. Certain U.S. Holders are required to report information relating to an interest in the exchangeable shares, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for shares held in accounts maintained by certain financial institutions) by filing IRS Form 8938 (Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets) with their U.S. federal income tax returns. Significant penalties may apply for the failure to satisfy these reporting obligations. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisers regarding the information reporting obligations, if any, with respect to their ownership and disposition of exchangeable shares.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding. Distributions on exchangeable shares made to a U.S. Holder and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of exchangeable shares may, under certain circumstances, be subject to information reporting and backup withholding, unless the holder provides proof of an applicable exemption or, in the case of backup withholding, furnishes its taxpayer identification number and otherwise complies with all applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and generally will be allowed as a refund or credit against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.
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Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders
Ownership and Disposition of Exchangeable Shares
Distributions on exchangeable shares made to Non-U.S. Holders and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of exchangeable shares generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, except that U.S. withholding tax may apply to any portion of a distribution made on exchangeable shares that is treated as a deemed dividend under Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Specifically, a 30% withholding tax generally applies to deemed dividend amounts (“dividend equivalents”) with respect to certain contractual arrangements held by non-U.S. persons which reference any interest in an entity if that interest could give rise to a U.S.-source dividend. Under Treasury Regulations, a Section 871(m) transaction is treated as directly referencing the assets of a partnership that holds significant investments in certain securities (such as stock of a U.S. corporation). The partnership indirectly holds stock of a U.S. corporation through Holding LP, and the exchangeable shares are intended to be structured so that distributions are identical to distributions on units. Accordingly, the contractual arrangements relating to the exchangeable shares could be subject to Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, as discussed below.
Whether U.S. withholding tax applies with respect to a Section 871(m) transaction depends, in part, on whether it is classified for purposes of Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code as a “simple” contract or “complex” contract. No direct authority addresses whether the contractual arrangements relating to the exchangeable shares constitute a simple contract or a complex contract. Our company intends to take the position and believes that such contractual arrangements do not constitute a simple contract. In such case, under Treasury Regulations, as modified by an IRS Notice, such contractual arrangements should not be subject to Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code before January 1, 2027, and no portion of a distribution made on exchangeable shares before such date should be subject to U.S. withholding tax by reason of treatment as a dividend equivalent under Section 871(m). For distributions made on exchangeable shares on or after January 1, 2027, Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code will apply if the contractual arrangements relating to the exchangeable shares meet a “substantial equivalence” test. If this is the case, U.S. federal withholding tax (generally at a rate of 30%) is expected to apply to any portion of a distribution on exchangeable shares that is treated as a dividend equivalent and paid on or after January 1, 2027.
This 30% withholding tax may be reduced or eliminated under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code or an applicable income tax treaty, provided that the Non-U.S. Holder properly certifies its eligibility by providing an IRS Form W-8. If, notwithstanding the foregoing, our company is unable to accurately or timely determine the tax status of a Non-U.S. Holder for purposes of establishing whether reduced rates of withholding apply, then U.S. withholding tax at a rate of 30% may apply to any portion of a distribution on exchangeable shares that is treated as a dividend equivalent under Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. A dividend equivalent may also be subject to a 30% withholding tax under FATCA, unless a Non-U.S. Holder properly certifies its FATCA status on IRS Form W-8 or other applicable form and satisfies any additional requirements under FATCA.
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Notwithstanding the foregoing, our company’s position that the contractual arrangements relating to the exchangeable shares do not constitute a simple contract does not bind the IRS. The Treasury Regulations under Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code require complex determinations with respect to contractual arrangements linked to U.S. equities, and the application of these regulations to the exchangeable shares is uncertain. Accordingly, the IRS could challenge our company’s position and assert that the contractual arrangements relating to the exchangeable shares constitute a simple contract, in which case U.S. withholding tax currently would apply, generally at a rate of 30% (subject to reduction or elimination under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code or an applicable income tax treaty), to that portion, if any, of a distribution on exchangeable shares that is treated as referencing a U.S.-source dividend paid to the partnership or Holding LP. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the implications of Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and FATCA for their ownership of exchangeable shares with regard to their particular circumstances.
Special rules may apply to any Non-U.S. Holder (i) that has an office or fixed place of business in the United States; (ii) that is present in the United States for 183 days or more in a taxable year; or (iii) that is (a) a former citizen or long-term resident of the United States, (b) a foreign insurance company that is treated as holding an interest in our company in connection with its U.S. business, (c) a PFIC, (d) a “controlled foreign corporation” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or (e) a corporation that accumulates earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the application of these special rules.
THE FOREGOING DISCUSSION IS NOT INTENDED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CAREFUL TAX PLANNING. THE TAX MATTERS RELATING TO THE PARTNERSHIP, OUR COMPANY, AND HOLDERS OF EXCHANGEABLE SHARES ARE COMPLEX AND ARE SUBJECT TO VARYING INTERPRETATIONS. MOREOVER, THE EFFECT OF EXISTING INCOME TAX LAWS, THE MEANING AND IMPACT OF WHICH IS UNCERTAIN, AND OF PROPOSED CHANGES IN INCOME TAX LAWS WILL VARY WITH THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF EACH HOLDER OF EXCHANGEABLE SHARES, AND IN REVIEWING THIS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 20-F THESE MATTERS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. EACH HOLDER OF EXCHANGEABLE SHARES SHOULD CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISER WITH RESPECT TO THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF EXCHANGEABLE SHARES.
CERTAIN MATERIAL CANADIAN FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following describes certain material Canadian federal income tax consequences with respect to the receipt, holding and disposition of the exchangeable shares acquired by a holder who as beneficial owner, and who at all relevant times, for the purposes of the Tax Act, (i) deals at arm’s length and is not affiliated with BIPC and the partnership and (ii) holds the exchangeable shares as capital property (a “holder”). Generally, the exchangeable shares will be considered to be capital property to a holder provided the holder does not hold such shares in the course of carrying on a business of trading or dealing in securities and has not acquired them in one or more transactions considered to be an adventure or concern in the nature of trade.
This summary is based upon the current provisions of the Tax Act and the regulations thereunder, and BIPC’s understanding of the current administrative policies and assessing practices of the CRA published in writing prior to the date hereof. This summary does not otherwise take into account or anticipate any changes in law or administrative policy or assessing practice whether by legislative, administrative or judicial action or decision, nor does it take into account tax legislation or considerations of any province, territory or foreign jurisdiction, which may differ from those discussed herein. Holders should consult their own tax advisors.
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This summary assumes that at all relevant times (i) the exchangeable shares will be listed on a “designated stock exchange” in Canada for the purposes of the Tax Act (which currently includes the TSX), (ii) not more than 50% of the fair market value of an exchangeable share or a unit is attributable to one or more properties each of which is real property in Canada, a “Canadian resource property” or a “timber resource property”, and (iii) all or substantially all of the property of BIPC and the units of the partnership will not be “taxable Canadian property” (each as defined in the Tax Act). This summary also assumes that neither the partnership nor BIPC is a “tax shelter” or a “tax shelter investment”, each as defined in the Tax Act. However, no assurance can be given in this regard.
Management of BIPC believes that BIPC currently qualifies as a “mutual fund corporation” for the purposes of the Tax Act. BIPC intends to file the necessary election under the Tax Act so that it will be deemed to be a “public corporation” effective from the beginning of its first taxation year and therefore can qualify as a “mutual fund corporation” throughout its first taxation year. To maintain its “mutual fund corporation” status, BIPC is required to comply with specific restrictions under the Tax Act regarding its activities and the investments held by it. BIPC intends to continue to qualify as a “mutual fund corporation” throughout each taxation year in which the exchangeable shares are outstanding and this summary assumes that will be the case. If BIPC was to cease to qualify as a “mutual fund corporation”, material, adverse tax consequences to BIPC and the holders may arise.
This summary is not applicable to a holder: (i) an interest in which would be a “tax shelter investment” or who holds units or acquires exchangeable shares as a “tax shelter investment”, (ii) that is a “financial institution” for purposes of the “mark-to-market property” rules, (iii) that reports its “Canadian tax results” in a currency other than Canadian currency, (iv) that has entered or will enter into a “derivative forward agreement” in respect of the units or the exchangeable shares (each as defined in the Tax Act), or (v) that is a corporation resident in Canada and is, or becomes (or does not deal at arm’s length for purposes of the Tax Act with a corporation that is or becomes) as part of a transaction or event or series of transactions or events that includes the acquisition of the exchangeable shares, controlled by a non-resident person or a group of non-resident persons not dealing with each other at arm’s length for purposes of section 212.3 of the Tax Act. Furthermore, this summary is not applicable to a holder that is a “controlling corporation” of BIPC (for purposes of subsection 191(1) of the Tax Act), a person with whom the controlling corporation does not deal at arm’s length or a partnership or trust of which the controlling corporation or person with whom the controlling corporation does not deal at arm’s length is a member or beneficiary for purposes of the Tax Act. Such holders should consult their own tax advisors. This summary does not address the deductibility of interest on money borrowed to acquire exchangeable shares.
This summary is of a general nature only and is not, and is not intended to be, nor should it be construed to be, legal or tax advice to any particular holder, and no representation concerning the tax consequences to any particular holder or prospective holder are made. This summary is not exhaustive of all Canadian federal income tax considerations. Accordingly, prospective holders should consult their own tax advisors with respect to an investment in the exchangeable shares having regard to their particular circumstances.
Generally, for purposes of the Tax Act, all amounts relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition or deemed disposition of an exchangeable share must be expressed in Canadian currency. Amounts denominated in another currency must be converted into Canadian currency using the applicable rate of exchange quoted by the Bank of Canada on the date such amounts arose, or such other rate of exchange as is acceptable to the CRA.
Taxation of Holders Resident in Canada
The following portion of the summary is applicable to a holder who, at all relevant times, is resident or deemed to be resident in Canada under the Tax Act (a “resident holder”).
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Certain resident holders may be entitled to make, or may have already made, the irrevocable election permitted by subsection 39(4) of the Tax Act the effect of which may be to deem any exchangeable shares (and all other “Canadian securities”, as defined in the Tax Act) owned by such resident holders to be capital property in the taxation year in which the election is made and in all subsequent taxation years. Resident holders whose exchangeable shares might not otherwise be considered to be capital property should consult their own tax advisors concerning this election.
Dividends on the Exchangeable Shares
Taxable dividends received on the exchangeable shares by a resident holder will be included in computing the resident holder’s income.
Dividends on the exchangeable shares received by a resident holder that is an individual will be included in computing the resident holder’s income subject to the gross-up and dividend tax credit rules normally applicable under the Tax Act to taxable dividends received from taxable Canadian corporations. Such dividends will be eligible for the enhanced gross-up and dividend tax credit if BIPC designates the dividends as “eligible dividends”. There may be limitations on BIPC’s ability to designate taxable dividends as eligible dividends.
Subject to the potential application of subsection 55(2) of the Tax Act, dividends on the exchangeable shares received by a resident holder that is a corporation (other than a “specified financial institution” for purposes of the Tax Act) will be included in the resident holder’s income and will generally be deductible by the resident holder in computing its taxable income. In certain circumstances, subsection 55(2) of the Tax Act will treat a taxable dividend received by a resident holder that is a corporation as proceeds of disposition or a capital gain. Resident holders that are corporations should consult their own tax advisors having regard to their own circumstances.
In the case of a resident holder that is a “specified financial institution”, taxable dividends received on the exchangeable shares will be deductible in computing its taxable income only if either:
a.the specified financial institution did not acquire the exchangeable shares in the ordinary course of its business; or
b.at the time of receipt of the taxable dividends by the specified financial institution,
(i)the exchangeable shares are listed on a “designated stock exchange” in Canada for the purposes of the Tax Act (which currently includes the TSX); and
(ii)dividends are received in respect of not more than 10% of the issued and outstanding exchangeable shares by
(A)the specified financial institution; or
(B)the specified financial institution and persons with whom it does not deal at arm’s length (within the meaning of the Tax Act).
Notwithstanding the discussion above, during the period while the Rights Agreement is in place, the exchangeable shares will be subject to the “guaranteed share” provisions of the Tax Act. In the case of a resident holder of exchangeable shares that is a corporation in respect of which dividends on the exchangeable shares will be included in the resident holder’s income as a taxable dividend, such taxable dividends received on the exchangeable shares during such period will be deductible in computing its taxable income only if, at the time of receipt of the taxable dividends by the corporation, (a) the exchangeable shares are listed on a “designated stock exchange” for purposes of the Tax Act (which currently includes the TSX and NYSE); and (b) dividends are received in respect of not more than 10% of the issued and outstanding exchangeable shares by (i) the particular corporation, (ii) persons with whom the particular corporation does not deal at arm’s length for purposes of the Tax Act, or (iii) partnerships or trusts of which the particular corporation or persons with whom it does not deal at arm’s length for purposes of the Tax Act, is a member or beneficiary.
Resident holders should be aware that exchanges at the request of holders of exchangeable shares may impact the percentage of exchangeable shares held by such resident holders.
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A resident holder of the exchangeable shares which is a corporation other than a “private corporation” or a “financial intermediary corporation” (each as defined in the Tax Act) will generally be subject to a 10% tax under Part IV.1 of the Tax Act in respect of any taxable dividends received by it on the exchangeable shares to the extent that such taxable dividends are deductible in computing its taxable income.
A resident holder which is a “private corporation” (as defined in the Tax Act) or any other corporation controlled directly or indirectly by or for the benefit of an individual (other than a trust) or a related group of individuals (other than trusts) may be liable to pay a refundable tax under Part IV of the Tax Act, generally imposed at the rate of 38 1/3%, on taxable dividends received on the exchangeable shares, to the extent that such dividends are deductible in computing its taxable income. Where Part IV.1 tax also applies to a taxable dividend received by a corporation, the rate of Part IV tax payable by the corporation is reduced by the rate of Part IV.1 tax.
The amount of any dividend that BIPC elects to pay from its “capital gains dividend account” as defined in the Tax Act (a “capital gains dividend”) and received by a resident holder of the exchangeable shares from BIPC will be considered to be a capital gain of such holder from the disposition of capital property in the taxation year of the resident holder in which the capital gains dividend is received.
Having regard to the dividend policy of BIPC, a resident holder acquiring exchangeable shares may become taxable on income or capital gains accrued or realized before such resident holder acquired such exchangeable shares.
Taxable dividends or capital gains dividends paid to a resident holder that is an individual (other than certain trusts) may give rise to a liability for alternative minimum tax.
Resident holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors as to the availability of a credit against their federal income tax liability or a deduction from income under the Tax Act in the event of any future U.S. federal withholding tax on dividends. For further information in this respect, see Item 10.E “Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders — Ownership and Disposition of Exchangeable Shares”.
Redemptions, Exchanges and Other Dispositions of the Exchangeable Shares
A resident holder who disposes of, or who is deemed to dispose of, an exchangeable share, including a disposition to BIPC (whether on a redemption by BIPC, an exchange at the request of the holder or otherwise), will realize a capital gain (or sustain a capital loss) equal to the amount by which the proceeds of disposition exceed (or are exceeded by) the aggregate of the resident holder’s adjusted cost base of such share and any reasonable costs of disposition. On an exchange of exchangeable shares for units, such resident holder’s proceeds of disposition will equal the fair market value of the exchangeable shares so exchanged.
In general, one-half of a capital gain realized by a resident holder in a taxation year must be included in income as a taxable capital gain and one-half of a capital loss realized by a resident holder in a taxation year generally must be deducted as an “allowable capital loss” against taxable capital gains realized in the year. Allowable capital losses in excess of taxable capital gains realized in a taxation year may be carried back and deducted in any of the three preceding taxation years or carried forward and deducted in any subsequent taxation year against net taxable capital gains realized in such years in accordance with the provisions of the Tax Act.
The amount of any capital loss realized by a resident holder that is a corporation on the disposition of an exchangeable share may be reduced by the amount of any deductible dividends received or deemed to be received by the resident holder on such exchangeable share to the extent and under the circumstances described in the Tax Act. Similar rules may apply where an exchangeable share is owned by a partnership or trust of which a corporation, partnership or trust is a member or beneficiary. Such resident holders should consult their own advisors.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 259
A taxable capital gain realized by a resident holder that is an individual (other than certain trusts) may give rise to a liability for alternative minimum tax.
The cost to a resident holder of a unit received on the exchange of an exchangeable share will equal the fair market value of the exchangeable share for which it was exchanged at the time of the exchange. The adjusted cost base to a resident holder of units at any time will be determined by averaging the cost of such units with the adjusted cost base of any other units owned by the resident holder as capital property at the time.
For a description of the Canadian federal income tax considerations of holding and disposing of units, please see Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations” of the partnership’s annual report on Form 20-F.
Additional Refundable Tax
A resident holder that is throughout its taxation year a “Canadian-controlled private corporation” (as defined in the Tax Act) or is at any time in the relevant taxation years a “substantive CCPC” (as defined in the Tax Act) will be liable to pay an additional tax (refundable in certain circumstances) on its “aggregate investment income”, which includes an amount in respect of net taxable capital gains. Resident holders are advised to consult their own tax advisors in this regard.
Eligibility for Investment
Based on the current provisions of the Tax Act, provided that the exchangeable shares are listed on a “designated stock exchange” as defined in the Tax Act (which currently includes the TSX and the NYSE), the exchangeable shares will be “qualified investments” under the Tax Act for a trust governed by a tax-free savings account (“TFSA”), first home savings account (“FHSA”), registered disability savings plan (“RDSP”), registered retirement savings plan (“RRSP”), registered retirement income fund (“RRIF”), registered education savings plan (“RESP”), or deferred profit sharing plan.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the holder of a TFSA, FHSA or RDSP, the annuitant under an RRSP or RRIF or the subscriber of an RESP, as the case may be, will be subject to a penalty tax if such exchangeable shares held in the TFSA, FHSA, RDSP, RRSP, RRIF or RESP are a “prohibited investment” (as defined in subsection 207.01(1) of the Tax Act) for the TFSA, FHSA, RDSP, RRSP, RRIF or RESP, as the case may be. Generally, the exchangeable shares will not be such a “prohibited investment” if the holder of the TFSA, FHSA or RDSP, the annuitant under the RRSP or RRIF or the subscriber of the RESP, as applicable, deals at arm’s length with BIPC for purposes of the Tax Act and does not have a “significant interest”, as defined for purposes of the “prohibited investment” rules in section 207.01 of the Tax Act, in BIPC. Any such holder, annuitant or subscriber should be aware that exchanges at the request of holders of exchangeable shares may impact the percentage of total exchangeable shares held by such holders, annuitants or subscribers.
Holders of TFSAs, FHSAs or RDSPs, annuitants under RRSPs or RRIFs and subscribers of RESPs should consult their own tax advisors as to whether such exchangeable shares will be such a “prohibited investment”, including with respect to whether the exchangeable shares would be “excluded property” for purposes of such rules in their particular circumstances.
Taxation of Holders Not Resident in Canada
The following portion of the summary is generally applicable to a holder who, at all relevant times, for the purposes of the Tax Act, is not, and is not deemed to be, resident in Canada and does not use or hold the exchangeable shares in a business carried on in Canada (a “non-resident holder”). Special rules, which are not discussed in this summary, may apply to a non-resident holder that is an insurer that carries on an insurance business in Canada and elsewhere.
260 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Dividends on the Exchangeable Shares
Dividends, other than capital gains dividends, paid or credited on the exchangeable shares or deemed to be paid or credited on the exchangeable shares to a non-resident holder will be subject to Canadian withholding tax at a rate of 25%, subject to any reduction in the rate of withholding to which the non-resident holder is entitled under any applicable income tax convention between Canada and the country in which the non-resident holder is resident.
The same Canadian withholding tax consequences apply to a capital gains dividend to the extent of the lesser of the amount of the dividend received by the non-resident holder and the non-resident holder’s portion (as determined under the Tax Act) of the “TCP gains balance” (as defined in the Tax Act) of BIPC, unless 5% or less of the dividend is received by or on behalf of shareholders each of whom is a non-resident person or is a partnership that is not a “Canadian partnership” for purposes of the Tax Act. In general, BIPC’s “TCP gains balance” is the amount of BIPC’s net capital gains from dispositions of “taxable Canadian property” (as defined in the Tax Act), minus an amount of certain dividends paid previously relating to such net capital gains. BIPC expects that it will not dispose of any “taxable Canadian property” in circumstances that would give rise to a “TCP gains balance”. Capital gains dividends are otherwise not subject to Canadian withholding tax and capital gains dividends received by a non-resident holder will be considered to be a capital gain of the non-resident holder from the disposition of capital property in the taxation year of the non-resident holder in which the capital gains dividend is received. The non-resident holder will not be subject to tax under the Tax Act in respect of such a capital gains dividend.
Redemptions, Exchanges and Other Dispositions of the Exchangeable Shares
A non-resident holder will not be subject to tax under the Tax Act on a disposition or deemed disposition of exchangeable shares unless the exchangeable shares are “taxable Canadian property” of the non-resident holder for purposes of the Tax Act at the time of the disposition or deemed disposition and the non-resident holder is not entitled to relief under an applicable income tax convention between Canada and the country in which the non-resident holder is resident.
Generally, the exchangeable shares will not constitute “taxable Canadian property” of a non-resident holder at a particular time provided that BIPC is a mutual fund corporation unless, at any particular time during the sixty (60)-month period that ends at that time, both of the following conditions are met concurrently: (a) 25% or more of the issued shares of any class of the capital stock of BIPC were owned by or belonged to one or any combination of (i) the non-resident holder, (ii) persons with whom the non-resident holder did not deal at arm’s length for purposes of the Tax Act, and (iii) partnerships in which the non-resident holder or a person described in (ii) holds a membership interest directly or indirectly through one or more partnerships; and (b) more than 50% of the fair market value of the exchangeable shares was derived, directly or indirectly, from one or any combination of: (i) real or immovable property situated in Canada, (ii) “Canadian resource properties” (as defined in the Tax Act), (iii) “timber resource properties” (as defined in the Tax Act), and (iv) options in respect of, or interests in, or for civil law rights in, property described in any of (b)(i) to (iii), whether or not the property exists.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, in certain circumstances set out in the Tax Act, the exchangeable shares may be deemed to be “taxable Canadian property.” Non-resident holders for whom exchangeable shares may constitute “taxable Canadian property” should consult their own tax advisors.
The cost to a non-resident holder of a unit received on the exchange of an exchangeable share will equal the fair market value of the exchangeable share for which it was exchanged at the time of the exchange. The adjusted cost base to a non-resident holder of units at any time will be determined by averaging the cost of such units with the adjusted cost base of any other units owned by the non-resident holder as capital property at the time.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 261
For a description of the Canadian federal income tax considerations of holding and disposing of units, please see Item 10.E “Taxation — Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations” of the partnership’s annual report on Form 20-F.
10.F DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS
Not applicable.
10.G STATEMENT BY EXPERTS
Not applicable.
10.H DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY
Our company is subject to the information filing requirements of the Exchange Act, and accordingly we are required to file periodic reports and other information with the SEC. As a foreign private issuer under the SEC’s regulations, we file annual reports on Form 20-F and other reports on Form 6-K. The information disclosed in our reports may be less extensive than that required to be disclosed in annual and quarterly reports on Forms 10-K and 10-Q required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. issuers.
Moreover, as a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to the proxy requirements under Section 14 of the Exchange Act, and our directors and principal shareholders are not subject to the insider short swing profit reporting and recovery rules under Section 16 of the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding us and other issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC internet site is www.sec.gov. Our website is at https://bip.brookfield.com/bipc.
In addition, our company is required to file documents required by Canadian securities laws electronically with Canadian securities regulatory authorities and these filings are available on our SEDAR+ profile at www.sedarplus.ca. Written requests for such documents should be directed to our Corporate Secretary at 250 Vesey Street, 15th floor, New York, NY, 10281.
10.I SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION
Not applicable.
10.J ANNUAL REPORT TO SECURITY HOLDERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
See the information contained in this annual report on Form 20-F under Item 5.B “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Other Market Risks”, Item 5.B “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Foreign Currency Hedging Strategy” and Item 18 “Financial Statements” (Note 6, “Fair Value of Financial Instruments”, Note 24, “Derivative Financial Instruments” and Note 25, “Financial Risk Management”).
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
Not applicable.
262 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
None.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
On December 24, 2024, the partnership, BIHC and BIPC completed the Arrangement pursuant to which (i) holders of BIHC’s exchangeable shares, other than Brookfield, received BIPC’s exchangeable shares in exchange for their exchangeable shares of BIHC on a one-for-one basis; (ii) Brookfield transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to BIPC in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (iii) the exchangeable shares of BIHC were delisted; and (iv) the exchangeable shares of BIPC were listed on the NYSE and the TSX. The exchangeable shares of BIPC provide the same economic benefits and governance of investing in BIHC prior to the Arrangement. The exchangeable shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “BIPC”.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2024, an evaluation of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us. Based upon that evaluation, the persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us have concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective: (i) to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and (ii) to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
It should be noted that while our management, including persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us, believe our disclosure controls and procedures provide a reasonable level of assurance that such controls and procedures are effective, they do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 263
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on evaluation under Internal Control—Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
Internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Deloitte LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, who have also audited the financial statements of our company, as stated in their reports which are included herein.
Changes in Internal Control
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 16. [RESERVED]
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our company’s board has determined that Daniel Muñiz Quintanilla possesses specific accounting and financial management expertise, that he is the audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC and that he is independent within the meaning of the rules of the NYSE. The board of directors of our company has also determined that other members of the audit committee have sufficient experience and ability in finance and compliance matters to enable them to adequately discharge their responsibilities.
264 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Our board has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, or the code, a copy of which is filed on our SEDAR+ profile at www.sedarplus.ca and EDGAR profile at www.sec.gov and is available on our website at www.bip.brookfield.com/BIPC/corporate-governance/governance-documents. The code provides guidelines to ensure that all employees, including our directors, respect our commitment to conducting business relationships with respect, openness and integrity. Management provides regular instructions and updates to the code to our employees, as appropriate, and has provided training and e-learning tools to support the understanding of the code throughout the organization. Employees may report activities which they feel are not consistent with the spirit and intent of the code through a hotline or through a designated ethics reporting website (in each case on an anonymous basis), or alternatively, to designated members of management. Monitoring of calls and of the ethics reporting website is managed by an independent third party called Navex. The audit committee is to be notified of any significant reports of activities that are not consistent with the code by Brookfield’s internal auditor. If the audit committee considers it appropriate, it will notify the nominating and governance committee and/or our board of such reports.
Our board promotes the highest ethical business conduct. Our board has taken measures to ensure directors exercise independent judgment in considering transactions and agreements in respect of which a director or our core senior management team has a material interest. Any director with a material interest in a transaction declares his or her interest and refrains from voting on such matter. Significant related party transactions, if any, are reviewed and approved by an independent committee made up of independent directors who may be advised by independent counsel and independent advisors.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 265
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Our company has retained Deloitte LLP (PCAOB ID No. 1208), to act as our company’s Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
The table below summarizes the fees for professional services rendered by Deloitte LLP:
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| |
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For the year ended December 31, |
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2024 |
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2023 |
| FEES |
|
USD (‘000) |
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% |
|
USD (‘000) |
|
% |
Audit fees(1) |
|
$ |
3,464 |
|
|
74 |
% |
|
$ |
3,722 |
|
|
97 |
% |
Audit-related fees(2) |
|
1,224 |
|
|
26 |
% |
|
125 |
|
|
3 |
% |
Tax fees(3) |
|
5 |
|
|
— |
% |
|
— |
|
|
— |
% |
| All other fees |
|
— |
|
|
— |
% |
|
— |
|
|
— |
% |
| Total |
|
$ |
4,693 |
|
|
100 |
% |
|
$ |
3,847 |
|
|
100 |
% |
(1)Audit fees relate to annual fees for the audits and interim reviews of our company, including its subsidiaries.
(2)Audit-related fees relate primarily to services pertaining to the filing of our company’s short form base shelf prospectuses and other securities-related matters.
(3)Tax fees relate to fees incurred for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning.
The audit committee of our company pre-approves all audit and audit-related services provided to our company by Deloitte LLP. None of the foregoing services were approved by the audit committee of our company pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(i)(C) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X.
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEE
None.
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASER
Our company may from time-to-time, subject to applicable law, purchase exchangeable shares for cancellation in the open market, provided that any necessary approval has been obtained.
In November 2024, we announced that the TSX accepted a notice filed by our company of its intention to renew its normal course issuer bid to repurchase outstanding exchangeable shares. A copy of the notice may be obtained free of charge by contacting our company. Our company believes that the renewed normal course issuer bid provides the flexibility to use available funds to purchase exchangeable shares, should they be trading in price ranges that do not fully reflect their value. Under the normal course issuer bid, the board of directors of our company authorized us to repurchase up to 10% of the total public float of exchangeable shares, or up to 11,889,600 exchangeable shares. At the close of business on November 19, 2024, there were 132,029,368 exchangeable shares issued and outstanding and 118,896,006 exchangeable shares in the public float. Under our normal course issuer bid, we may repurchase up to 46,896 exchangeable shares on the TSX during any trading day, which represents 25% of the average daily trading volume of 187,586 exchangeable shares on the TSX for the six months ended October 31, 2024, calculated in accordance with the rules of the TSX.
Repurchases under our normal course issuer bid were authorized to commence on December 2, 2024 and our normal course issuer bid will terminate on December 1, 2025, or earlier should we complete our repurchases prior to such date.
266 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
The price to be paid for our exchangeable shares under the normal course issuer bid will be the market price at the time of purchase. The actual number of exchangeable shares to be purchased and the timing of such purchases will be determined by our company, and all purchases will be made through the facilities of the TSX or the NYSE. Repurchases may occur subject to prevailing market conditions and will be funded from available cash. Repurchases will also be subject to compliance with applicable U.S. federal securities laws, including Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act, as well as applicable Canadian securities laws. All exchangeable shares acquired by our company under the normal course issuer bid will be cancelled. A copy of the Notice of Intention for each normal course issuer bid may be obtained without charge by contacting Investor Relations by phone at +1 416 956 5129 or by email at bip.enquiries@brookfield.com.
In the year ended December 31, 2024, we did not repurchase any of our exchangeable shares.
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
Not applicable.
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
We believe our corporate governance practices are not materially different from those required of corporations under the NYSE listing standards, except that we do not have a compensation committee and compensation decisions are made by the nominating and governance committee and/or the Service Providers, as applicable.
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES
We have adopted the insider trading policy of BN, which governs the purchase, sale and other dispositions of our securities by our directors, officers and other employees. This policy promotes compliance with applicable securities laws and regulations, including those that prohibit insider trading. A copy of Brookfield’s Personal Trading Policy is filed as an exhibit to this annual report on Form 20-F.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 267
ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY
Risk management and strategy
We have a cybersecurity program for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. This includes compliance with the Enterprise Information Security Policy (“EISP”) established by BN.
We believe our cybersecurity program is reasonably designed to materially protect the integrity and availability of our information and technology. This program addresses security governance, security awareness, employee training, relevant access and end-point security, vulnerability management, penetration testing, security monitoring and incident response. We use technologies to optimize our security risk detection and response capabilities, in addition to access controls and anti-malware protections. We believe our practices align with the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework in meeting and exceeding the industry average in cybersecurity practice.
In addition, all employees regularly undergo mandatory continuing cybersecurity and data protection training. Employees in higher-risk functions receive additional training and cybersecurity awareness education. We continue to focus on readying our assets by implementing a standard way to test the systems of our portfolio companies annually through cyber readiness drills. These drills consist of simulations of potential threats in which companies need to detect, protect against, and recover from an attack. Audits, cybersecurity simulations and employee testing results indicate that our program is effective in protecting our information. The policies, standards, and guidance are structured to help our company respond effectively to the dynamically changing environment of cybersecurity threats, cybersecurity risks, technologies, laws, and regulations. Our group modifies its policies, standards, and guidance as needed to adjust to this changing environment.
The effectiveness of these programs is evaluated regularly through both internal and third-party audits.
In 2023, we undertook the following initiatives: further enhanced our data protection and threat-intelligence capabilities; improved our processes for third-party risk management; continued mandatory cybersecurity education for all employees; and incorporated social engineering to our phishing simulations. When we engage third parties, we have policies and processes to govern their access and reduce the risks associated with their access. For example, all third-party access must be authorized and have a legitimate business need. Prior to authorization and granting access, the terms and conditions of such access must be agreed to as part of a formal agreement or contract. In addition, all authorized third-party access must be limited, monitored and controlled as appropriate.
Data privacy and cybersecurity are one element of our comprehensive approach to strong corporate governance and risk management practices, which also focuses on corporate governance ethics; our board of directors; ethical business conduct; supply chain and vendor management; and human rights and modern slavery.
Our systems face cybersecurity risks, and we have in the past experienced threats to our data and systems. However, to date, these incidents have not had a material impact on our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We can provide no assurance that we will not experience any material cybersecurity threats or incidents in the future. See “Item 3D. Risk Factors— Our business relies on the use of technology, and as a result, we may be exposed to cyber-security attacks”.
268 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Governance
Cybersecurity at our company is overseen by our board of directors, the Audit Committee and management, as well as by BN, through the EISP described above.
The Audit Committee of our board of directors is responsible for overseeing risk management strategies that are specific to our company, including reviewing management’s assessment of the current and emerging risks and related mitigation strategies across financial and non-financial risks, including cybersecurity risks. Regular reports and updates on cybersecurity risks are made to senior management of the Service Providers and the respective board of directors of our portfolio companies.
Pursuant to the EISP, BN’s executive management has appointed a Chief Information Security Officer (“the CISO”) who works closely with BN’s senior management, legal counsel and external counsel to develop and monitor BN’s data protection, privacy and cybersecurity program and policies, including such policies that apply to our company. The CISO provides periodic reports to the audit committee of BN, which subsequently reports to the board of directors of BN about data protection and cybersecurity risks and issues.
In addition, BN has established a Cybersecurity Committee, led by the CISO, and composed of representatives from BN’s operating businesses, including our group. The Cybersecurity Committee meets quarterly to discuss cybersecurity risks, emerging technologies and associated risks, and security initiatives at Brookfield and its operating businesses.
The CISO has over 20 years’ experience in cybersecurity oversight and the remaining Cybersecurity Committee members have an average of approximately 7 years of cybersecurity experience.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 269
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
See the financial statements and notes thereto beginning on page F-1 which are filed as part of this annual report on Form 20-F.
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
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Description |
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| 1.1 |
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| 2.1 |
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| 2.2 |
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| 2.3 |
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| 4.1 |
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| 4.2 |
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| 4.3 |
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| 4.4 |
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| 4.5 |
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| 4.6 |
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| 4.7 |
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| 4.8 |
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| 4.9 |
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| 4.10 |
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270 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| 4.11 |
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| 4.12 |
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| 4.13 |
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Indenture dated May 24, 2021, by and among Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC, Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P., Brookfield Infrastructure L.P., BIP Bermuda Holdings I Limited, Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc., Brookfield Infrastructure US Holdings I Corporation, BIPC Holdings Inc., Computershare Trust Company of Canada and Computershare Trust Company N.A.–incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our company’s Form 6 -K filed May 24, 2021. |
| 4.14 |
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First Supplemental Indenture dated May 24, 2021, by and among Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC, Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P., Brookfield Infrastructure L.P., BIP Bermuda Holdings I Limited, Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc., Brookfield Infrastructure US Holdings I Corporation, BIPC Holdings Inc., Computershare Trust Company of Canada and Computershare Trust Company N.A.–incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our company’s Form 6-K filed May 24, 2021. |
| 4.15 |
|
Second Supplemental Indenture dated May 31, 2024, by and among Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC, Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P., Brookfield Infrastructure L.P., BIP Bermuda Holdings I Limited, Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc., Brookfield Infrastructure LLC, BIPC Holdings Inc., Computershare Trust Company of Canada and Computershare Trust Company N.A.–incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to our company’s Form 6-K filed May 31, 2024.
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| 4.16 |
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Third Supplemental Indenture dated November 29, 2024, by and among Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC, Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P., Brookfield Infrastructure L.P., BIP Bermuda Holdings I Limited, Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc., Brookfield Infrastructure LLC, BIPC Holdings Inc., Computershare Trust Company of Canada and Computershare Trust Company N.A.–incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to our company’s Form 6-K filed November 29, 2024.
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| 4.17 |
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Indenture dated January 21, 2022, by and among BIP Bermuda Holdings I Limited, Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P., Brookfield Infrastructure L.P., Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc., Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC, Brookfield Infrastructure US Holdings I Corporation, BIPC Holdings Inc., Computershare Trust Company, N.A. and Computershare Trust Company of Canada–incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our company’s Form 6-K filed January 21, 2022. |
| 4.18 |
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First Supplemental Indenture dated January 21, 2022, by and among BIP Bermuda Holdings I Limited, Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P., Brookfield Infrastructure L.P., Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc., Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC, Brookfield Infrastructure US Holdings I Corporation, BIPC Holdings Inc., Computershare Trust Company, N.A. and Computershare Trust Company of Canada–incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our company’s Form 6-K filed January 21, 2022. |
| 4.19 |
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| 4.20 |
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Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 271
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| 4.21 |
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| 4.22 |
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| 4.23 |
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| 4.24 |
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| 4.25 |
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| 4.26 |
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| 4.27 |
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| 4.28 |
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| 4.29 |
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| 4.30 |
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| 8.1 |
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| 11.1 |
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| 11.2 |
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| 12.1 |
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| 12.2 |
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| 13.1 |
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| 13.2 |
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| 15.1 |
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| 15.2 |
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| 97.1 |
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272 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| 101.INS |
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Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document* |
| 101.SCH |
|
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document* |
| 101.CAL |
|
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document* |
| 101.DEF |
|
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document* |
| 101.LAB |
|
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document* |
| 101.PRE |
|
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document* |
| 104 |
|
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |
* Filed electronically herewith.
The registrant hereby agrees to furnish to the SEC at its request copies of long-term debt instruments defining the rights of holders of outstanding long-term debt that are not required to be filed herewith.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation 273
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing an annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
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| Dated: March 21, 2025 |
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BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
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By: |
/s/ MICHAEL RYAN |
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Name: |
Michael Ryan |
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Title: |
Corporate Secretary |
274 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
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INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
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Page |
| Audited Financial Statements of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation as of December 31, 2024 |
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| and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
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Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-1
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operating results, comprehensive (loss) income, equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and its financial performance and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 21, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
F-2 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Revaluation of Property, Plant and Equipment - Refer to Notes 3 and 9 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company has elected the revaluation method for all classes of property, plant and equipment, and accordingly measures certain classes of property, plant and equipment at fair value subsequent to initial recognition on the statement of financial position using a discounted cash flow approach.
While there are several assumptions that are required to determine the fair value of property, plant and equipment, the significant inputs with the highest degree of subjectivity and impact on fair value are the terminal value multiple and discount rate for those classes of property, plant and equipment where such inputs significantly impact the revaluation. Given the revaluation of property, plant and equipment requires management to make significant assumptions relating to the significant inputs of the terminal value multiple and discount rate for certain asset classes of property, plant and equipment, auditing these assumptions required a high degree of auditor judgment as the estimations made by management contain significant measurement uncertainty. This resulted in an increased extent of audit effort, including the need to involve fair value specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the terminal value multiple and discount rate for certain classes of property, plant and equipment included the following, among others:
•Evaluated the effectiveness of controls over revaluation, including those over the unobservable estimates, of the terminal value multiple and discount rate.
•With the assistance of fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the terminal value multiple and discount rate, by (1) testing the source information underlying the terminal value multiple and discount rate, and (2) developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the terminal value multiple and discount rate selected by management.
/s/ Deloitte LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
Licensed Public Accountants
Toronto, Canada
March 21, 2025
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-3
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company and our report dated March 21, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
F-4 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Deloitte LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
Licensed Public Accountants
Toronto, Canada
March 21, 2025
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-5
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BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION |
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| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Notes |
|
As of December 31, 2024 |
|
As of December 31, 2023 |
| Assets |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cash and cash equivalents |
|
6, 7 |
|
$ |
674 |
|
|
$ |
539 |
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| Financial assets |
|
6 |
|
68 |
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|
38 |
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| Accounts receivable and other |
|
6, 8 |
|
786 |
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|
939 |
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| Due from Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
6, 23 |
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1,278 |
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|
1,288 |
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| Assets held for sale |
|
4 |
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1,958 |
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|
— |
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| Current assets |
|
|
|
4,764 |
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|
2,804 |
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| Property, plant and equipment |
|
9 |
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12,572 |
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|
14,151 |
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| Intangible assets |
|
10 |
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2,892 |
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|
3,699 |
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|
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|
|
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| Goodwill |
|
12 |
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1,609 |
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|
1,726 |
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| Financial assets |
|
6 |
|
164 |
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|
65 |
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| Other assets |
|
8 |
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1,549 |
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1,424 |
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| Deferred income tax asset |
|
20 |
|
37 |
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|
40 |
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| Total assets |
|
|
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$ |
23,587 |
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$ |
23,909 |
|
| Liabilities and Equity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Liabilities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Accounts payable and other |
|
6, 13 |
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$ |
994 |
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$ |
1,099 |
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| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
6, 15 |
|
667 |
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|
1,021 |
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| Financial liabilities |
|
6, 14 |
|
32 |
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|
60 |
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| Loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
6, 23 |
|
102 |
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26 |
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
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| Shares classified as financial liability |
|
6, 14, 19 |
|
4,644 |
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4,153 |
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| Liabilities held for sale |
|
4 |
|
1,209 |
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|
— |
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| Current liabilities |
|
|
|
7,648 |
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6,359 |
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| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
6, 15 |
|
11,511 |
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|
11,007 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| Financial liabilities |
|
6, 14 |
|
1 |
|
|
15 |
|
| Other liabilities |
|
13 |
|
220 |
|
|
325 |
|
| Deferred income tax liability |
|
20 |
|
1,985 |
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|
2,135 |
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| Total liabilities |
|
|
|
21,365 |
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|
19,841 |
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| Equity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P (1) |
|
19 |
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(1,253) |
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(399) |
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| Non-controlling interests |
|
16 |
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3,475 |
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4,467 |
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| Total equity |
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|
2,222 |
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|
4,068 |
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| Total liabilities and equity |
|
|
|
$ |
23,587 |
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$ |
23,909 |
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(1)Common equity following the Arrangement is attributable to the partnership as a result of the partnership holding all of the class B shares issued by our company. Common equity prior to the Arrangement is attributable to the partnership as a result of the partnership holding all of the class C shares issued by BIHC. Please refer to Note 3(b), Material Accounting Policy Information, for further details.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the audited consolidated financial statements.
F-6 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATING RESULTS |
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| |
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For the year ended
December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Notes |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Revenues |
|
17 |
|
$ |
3,666 |
|
|
$ |
2,503 |
|
|
$ |
1,886 |
|
| Direct operating costs |
|
9, 10, 18 |
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(1,378) |
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(778) |
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(542) |
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| General and administrative expenses |
|
|
|
(75) |
|
|
(67) |
|
|
(69) |
|
|
|
|
|
2,213 |
|
|
1,658 |
|
|
1,275 |
|
| Interest expense |
|
15 |
|
(1,065) |
|
|
(697) |
|
|
(544) |
|
| Share of (losses) earnings from investments in associates |
|
11 |
|
— |
|
|
(20) |
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Remeasurement of shares classified as financial liability |
|
14 |
|
(477) |
|
|
34 |
|
|
1,058 |
|
| Mark-to-market and foreign currency revaluation |
|
|
|
(116) |
|
|
23 |
|
|
49 |
|
| Other (expense) income |
|
|
|
(118) |
|
|
(24) |
|
|
39 |
|
| Income before income tax |
|
|
|
437 |
|
|
974 |
|
|
1,881 |
|
| Income tax (expense) recovery |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current |
|
20 |
|
(356) |
|
|
(348) |
|
|
(341) |
|
Deferred |
|
20 |
|
(9) |
|
|
(20) |
|
|
79 |
|
| Net income |
|
|
|
$ |
72 |
|
|
$ |
606 |
|
|
$ |
1,619 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Attributable to: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P.(1) |
|
|
|
$ |
(608) |
|
|
$ |
111 |
|
|
$ |
1,094 |
|
Non-controlling interests |
|
|
|
680 |
|
|
495 |
|
|
525 |
|
(1)Net income following the Arrangement is attributable to the partnership as a result of the partnership holding all of the class B shares issued by our company. Net income prior to the Arrangement is attributable to the partnership as a result of the partnership holding all of the class C shares issued by BIHC. Please refer to Note 3(b), Material Accounting Policy Information, for further details.
Earnings per share have not been presented in the financial statements, as the underlying shares do not constitute “ordinary shares” under IAS 33, Earnings per share. See Note 3(b), Material Accounting Policy Information, for further details.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the audited consolidated financial statements.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-7
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|
|
|
BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the year ended
December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Notes |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Net income |
|
|
|
$ |
72 |
|
|
$ |
606 |
|
|
$ |
1,619 |
|
| Other comprehensive income (loss): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Revaluation of property, plant and equipment |
|
9 |
|
119 |
|
|
142 |
|
|
100 |
|
Taxes on the above |
|
20 |
|
(30) |
|
|
(36) |
|
|
(25) |
|
|
|
|
|
89 |
|
|
106 |
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Foreign currency translation |
|
|
|
134 |
|
|
159 |
|
|
(163) |
|
Cash flow hedge |
|
6, 24 |
|
1 |
|
|
(24) |
|
|
(58) |
|
Taxes on the above items |
|
20 |
|
6 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
11 |
|
| Share of (losses) earnings from investments in associates |
|
11 |
|
— |
|
|
(27) |
|
|
27 |
|
|
|
|
|
141 |
|
|
110 |
|
|
(183) |
|
| Total other comprehensive income (loss) |
|
|
|
230 |
|
|
216 |
|
|
(108) |
|
| Comprehensive income |
|
|
|
$ |
302 |
|
|
$ |
822 |
|
|
$ |
1,511 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Attributable to: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P.(1) |
|
|
|
$ |
(500) |
|
|
$ |
278 |
|
|
$ |
1,008 |
|
Non-controlling interests |
|
|
|
802 |
|
|
544 |
|
|
503 |
|
(1)Comprehensive income following the Arrangement is attributable to the partnership as a result of the partnership holding all of the class B shares issued by our company. Comprehensive income prior to the Arrangement is attributable to the partnership as a result of the partnership holding all of the class C shares issued by BIHC. Please refer to Note 3(b), Material Accounting Policy Information, for further details.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the audited consolidated financial statements.
F-8 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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|
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|
BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
Share capital |
|
Retained earnings |
|
Ownership changes |
|
Accumulated other comprehensive income(1) |
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P |
|
Non-controlling interests |
|
Total equity |
| Balance as at January 1, 2024 |
$ |
392 |
|
|
$ |
1,115 |
|
|
$ |
(2,379) |
|
|
$ |
473 |
|
|
$ |
(399) |
|
|
$ |
4,467 |
|
|
$ |
4,068 |
|
| Net (loss) income |
— |
|
|
(608) |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(608) |
|
|
680 |
|
|
72 |
|
| Other comprehensive income |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
108 |
|
|
108 |
|
|
122 |
|
|
230 |
|
| Comprehensive (loss) income |
— |
|
|
(608) |
|
|
— |
|
|
108 |
|
|
(500) |
|
|
802 |
|
|
302 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Capital provided to non-controlling interests |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(1,058) |
|
|
(1,058) |
|
| Distributions to non-controlling interests |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(788) |
|
|
(788) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Arrangement/reorganization |
(391) |
|
|
— |
|
|
35 |
|
|
— |
|
|
(356) |
|
|
— |
|
|
(356) |
|
| Other items |
— |
|
|
2 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
2 |
|
|
52 |
|
|
54 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Balance as at December 31, 2024 |
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
509 |
|
|
$ |
(2,344) |
|
|
$ |
581 |
|
|
$ |
(1,253) |
|
|
$ |
3,475 |
|
|
$ |
2,222 |
|
(1)Refer to Note 21, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for an analysis of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by item.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Share capital |
|
Retained earnings |
|
Ownership changes |
|
Accumulated other comprehensive income(1) |
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P |
|
Non-controlling interests |
|
Total equity |
| Balance as at January 1, 2023 |
|
$ |
53 |
|
|
$ |
901 |
|
|
$ |
(2,379) |
|
|
$ |
306 |
|
|
$ |
(1,119) |
|
|
$ |
758 |
|
|
$ |
(361) |
|
| Net income |
|
— |
|
|
111 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
111 |
|
|
495 |
|
|
606 |
|
| Other comprehensive income |
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
167 |
|
|
167 |
|
|
49 |
|
|
216 |
|
| Comprehensive income |
|
— |
|
|
111 |
|
|
— |
|
|
167 |
|
|
278 |
|
|
544 |
|
|
822 |
|
| Share issuance |
|
339 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
339 |
|
|
— |
|
|
339 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distributions to non-controlling interests |
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(458) |
|
|
(458) |
|
Acquisition of subsidiaries(2) |
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
3,726 |
|
|
3,726 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other items |
|
— |
|
|
103 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
103 |
|
|
(103) |
|
|
— |
|
| Balance as at December 31, 2023 |
|
$ |
392 |
|
|
$ |
1,115 |
|
|
$ |
(2,379) |
|
|
$ |
473 |
|
|
$ |
(399) |
|
|
$ |
4,467 |
|
|
$ |
4,068 |
|
(1)Refer to Note 21, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for an analysis of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by item.
(2)Refer to Note 5, Acquisition of businesses, for further details.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
|
Share capital |
|
Retained earnings |
|
Ownership changes |
|
Accumulated other comprehensive income(1) |
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P |
|
Non-controlling interests |
|
Total equity |
| Balance as at January 1, 2022 |
|
|
$ |
53 |
|
|
$ |
(193) |
|
|
$ |
(2,379) |
|
|
$ |
392 |
|
|
$ |
(2,127) |
|
|
$ |
703 |
|
|
$ |
(1,424) |
|
| Net income |
|
|
— |
|
|
1,094 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
1,094 |
|
|
525 |
|
|
1,619 |
|
| Other comprehensive loss |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(86) |
|
|
(86) |
|
|
(22) |
|
|
(108) |
|
| Comprehensive income (loss) |
|
|
— |
|
|
1,094 |
|
|
— |
|
|
(86) |
|
|
1,008 |
|
|
503 |
|
|
1,511 |
|
| Distributions to non-controlling interests |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(448) |
|
|
(448) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Balance as at December 31, 2022 |
|
|
$ |
53 |
|
|
$ |
901 |
|
|
$ |
(2,379) |
|
|
$ |
306 |
|
|
$ |
(1,119) |
|
|
$ |
758 |
|
|
$ |
(361) |
|
(1)Refer to Note 21, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for an analysis of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by item.
F-10 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the year ended
December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Notes |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
Operating Activities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Net income |
|
|
|
$ |
72 |
|
|
$ |
606 |
|
|
$ |
1,619 |
|
| Adjusted for the following items: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Earnings from investments in associates, net of distributions received |
|
11 |
|
— |
|
|
23 |
|
|
29 |
|
| Depreciation and amortization expense |
|
9, 10, 18 |
|
775 |
|
|
365 |
|
|
211 |
|
| Mark-to-market and other |
|
6 |
|
323 |
|
|
73 |
|
|
(2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Remeasurement of shares classified as financial liability |
|
14 |
|
477 |
|
|
(34) |
|
|
(1,058) |
|
| Deferred income tax expense (recovery) |
|
20 |
|
9 |
|
|
20 |
|
|
(79) |
|
| Changes in non-cash working capital, net |
|
26 |
|
87 |
|
|
6 |
|
|
173 |
|
| Cash from operating activities |
|
|
|
1,743 |
|
|
1,059 |
|
|
893 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investing Activities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired |
|
5 |
|
— |
|
|
(3,086) |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Investment in associates |
|
11 |
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(455) |
|
| Disposal of investments in associates |
|
11 |
|
— |
|
|
435 |
|
|
— |
|
| Purchase of long-lived assets |
|
9, 10 |
|
(1,403) |
|
|
(594) |
|
|
(525) |
|
| Disposal of long-lived assets |
|
9, 10 |
|
315 |
|
|
75 |
|
|
4 |
|
| Purchase of financial assets |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
(57) |
|
|
(71) |
|
| Sale of financial assets |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
53 |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other investing activities |
|
|
|
(22) |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
| Cash used by investing activities |
|
|
|
(1,110) |
|
|
(3,174) |
|
|
(1,047) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Financing Activities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distributions to non-controlling interests |
|
|
|
(788) |
|
|
(458) |
|
|
(448) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Capital provided (to) by non-controlling interest |
|
|
|
(1,058) |
|
|
2,911 |
|
|
— |
|
| Proceeds from non-recourse borrowings |
|
15 |
|
7,763 |
|
|
1,313 |
|
|
2,143 |
|
| Repayment of non-recourse borrowings |
|
15 |
|
(5,628) |
|
|
(1,136) |
|
|
(1,060) |
|
| Loans and repayments from Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
23 |
|
115 |
|
|
1,057 |
|
|
605 |
|
| Loans and repayments to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
23 |
|
(781) |
|
|
(1,472) |
|
|
(138) |
|
| Issuance of class B Shares |
|
19 |
|
1 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
| Other financing activities |
|
|
|
(52) |
|
|
(32) |
|
|
— |
|
| Settlement of deferred consideration |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(1,106) |
|
| Cash (used by) from financing activities |
|
|
|
(428) |
|
|
2,183 |
|
|
(4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Change during the year |
|
|
|
205 |
|
|
68 |
|
|
(158) |
|
| Impact of foreign exchange on cash |
|
|
|
(70) |
|
|
26 |
|
|
134 |
|
| Balance, beginning of year |
|
|
|
539 |
|
|
445 |
|
|
469 |
|
| Balance, end of year |
|
|
|
$ |
674 |
|
|
$ |
539 |
|
|
$ |
445 |
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-11
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF OUR COMPANY
a)Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation (our “company”) and its subsidiaries, own regulated utility investments in Brazil and the United Kingdom as well as a global intermodal logistics operation (the “businesses”). Our company was formed as a corporation established under the Business Corporation Act (British Columbia) (the “BCBCA”) on October 3, 2024 and is a subsidiary of Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P. (the “partnership”), which we also refer to as the parent company and Brookfield Infrastructure. The partnership, our company, Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings Corporation (“BIHC”;
formerly Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation) and our respective subsidiaries, are referred to collectively as our group. Brookfield Corporation (“BN”) is our company’s ultimate parent. The class A exchangeable subordinate voting shares of our company (“exchangeable shares”) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “BIPC”. The registered head office of our company is 250 Vesey Street, New York, NY, United States. The exchangeable shares of our company are structured with the intention of being economically equivalent to the units of the partnership. Given the economic equivalence, we expect that the market price of the exchangeable shares will be significantly impacted by the market price of the partnership’s units and the combined business performance of our company and Brookfield Infrastructure as a whole.
b)The Arrangement
On December 24, 2024, the partnership, BIHC and our company completed a reorganization through a court approved plan of arrangement under the BCBCA (the “Arrangement”) pursuant to which (i) holders of the exchangeable shares of BIHC, other than BN and any subsidiary of BN, excluding our group and, unless the context requires otherwise, including Brookfield Asset Management Ltd. (collectively, “Brookfield”), received exchangeable shares of our company in exchange for their BIHC exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (ii) Brookfield transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to our company in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable non-voting shares in the capital of BIHC (the “class A.2 exchangeable shares”) on a one-for-one basis; (iii) the exchangeable shares of BIHC were delisted; and (iv) the exchangeable shares of our company were listed on the NYSE and TSX.
Class A.2 shares are exchangeable for exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis, subject to a restriction that limits the exchange by Brookfield and its subsidiaries of class A.2 exchangeable shares such that exchanges by Brookfield and its subsidiaries may not result in Brookfield and its subsidiaries owning 9.5% of more of the aggregate fair market value of all issued and outstanding shares of our company.
Holders of exchangeable shares hold an aggregate 25.0% voting interest in our company. A subsidiary of the partnership holds all of the issued and outstanding class B multiple voting shares, or class B shares, of our company, which represents a 75.0% voting interest in our company. The class B shares entitle the partnership to all of the residual value in our company after payment in full of the amount due to holders of exchangeable shares.
F-12 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
The following describes the agreements resulting from the Arrangement:
i)Exchangeable shares
At any time, holders of exchangeable shares have the right to exchange all or a portion of their exchangeable shares for one unit of the partnership per exchangeable share held or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the date that the request for exchange is received. Due to their exchangeable features, the exchangeable shares are classified as liabilities.
Our board has the right upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice to holders of exchangeable shares to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares at any time and for any reason, in its sole discretion and subject to applicable law, including without limitation following the occurrence of certain redemption events.
ii)Class B shares
At any time, holders of class B shares have the right to redeem for cash in an amount equal to the market price of a unit. Due to this cash redemption feature, class B shares are classified as financial liabilities. However, class B shares, the most subordinated class of all common shares, meet certain qualifying criteria and are presented as equity instruments given the narrow scope presentation exceptions existing in IAS 32, Financial Instruments: Presentation (“IAS 32”).
iii)Credit facilities
In connection with the Arrangement, our company, as borrower, entered into a credit agreement with Brookfield Infrastructure, as lender, pursuant to which Brookfield Infrastructure established a revolving credit facility in the aggregate principal amount of $150 million in favor of our company. The credit agreement has a ten-year term, subject to automatic one-year extensions occurring annually unless terminated by the lender.
Further details of the credit agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure are described in Note 23, Related Party Transactions.
iv)Other arrangements with Brookfield
Subsidiaries of BN provide management services to our company pursuant to the partnership’s existing Master Services Agreement. Please refer to Note 3(b), Material Accounting Policy Information, for further details. There will be no change in how the base management fee and incentive distribution fees are calculated, though our company is responsible for paying, or reimbursing the partnership for, our proportionate share of the total base management fee.
Further details of the Master Services Agreement are described in Note 23, Related Party Transactions.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-13
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
c)Special Distribution of BIHC
On March 31, 2020, the partnership completed a special distribution (the “special distribution”) whereby limited partnership unitholders of the partnership as of March 20, 2020 (the “Record Date”) received one class A exchangeable subordinate voting share of BIHC (“BIHC exchangeable shares”) for every nine limited partnership units (“units”) held.
Immediately prior to the special distribution, a subsidiary of the partnership, Brookfield Infrastructure L.P. (“Holding LP”), completed a distribution of the BIHC exchangeable shares to all the holders of its equity units (the “Holding LP Distribution”). As a result of the Holding LP Distribution, (i) BN and its subsidiaries (other than entities within our group) received approximately 20.6 million BIHC exchangeable shares, and (ii) the partnership received approximately 48.9 million BIHC exchangeable shares, which it subsequently distributed to unitholders pursuant to the special distribution. Immediately following the special distribution, (i) holders of units held approximately 70.4% of the issued and outstanding BIHC exchangeable shares, (ii) BN and its affiliates held approximately 29.6% of the issued and outstanding BIHC exchangeable shares, and (iii) a subsidiary of the partnership owned all of the issued and outstanding class B multiple voting shares, or BIHC class B shares, which represent a 75.0% voting interest in BIHC, and all of the issued and outstanding class C non-voting shares, or class C shares, of BIHC. The class C shares entitle the partnership to all of the residual value in BIHC after payment in full of the amount due to holders of BIHC exchangeable shares and BIHC class B shares.
Upon completion of the special distribution. holders of BIHC exchangeable shares held an aggregate 25.0% voting interest in BIHC. Immediately after the special distribution, BN, through its ownership of BIHC exchangeable shares, held an approximate 7.4% voting interest in BIHC. Holders of BIHC exchangeable shares, excluding BN, held an approximate 17.6% aggregate voting interest in BIHC. Together, BN and Brookfield Infrastructure held an approximate 82.4% voting interest in BIHC.
The following describes the agreements resulting from the special distribution:
i)BIHC exchangeable shares
At any time, holders of BIHC exchangeable shares had the right to exchange all or a portion of their exchangeable shares for one unit of the partnership per BIHC exchangeable share held or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one unit on the date that the request for exchange is received. Due to their exchangeable features, the BIHC exchangeable shares were classified as liabilities. These shares were eliminated upon consolidation into BIPC.
Our board had the right upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice to holders of BIHC exchangeable shares to redeem all of the then outstanding BIHC exchangeable shares at any time and for any reason, in its sole discretion and subject to applicable law, including without limitation following the occurrence of certain redemption events.
ii)BIHC class B shares and class C shares
At any time, holders of BIHC class B shares and class C shares will have the right to redeem for cash in an amount equal to the market price of a unit. Due to this cash redemption feature, both BIHC class B shares and class C shares are classified as financial liabilities.
F-14 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
iii)Credit facilities
Prior to the special distribution, BIHC entered into two credit agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure, one as borrower and one as lender, each providing for a ten-year revolving $1 billion credit facility to facilitate the movement of cash within our group. Our credit facility permits BIHC to borrow up to $1 billion from Brookfield Infrastructure and the other constitutes an operating credit facility that permits Brookfield Infrastructure to borrow up to $1 billion from BIHC. Each credit facility contemplates potential deposit arrangements pursuant to which the lender thereunder would, with the consent of the borrower, deposit funds on a demand basis to such borrower’s account at a reduced rate of interest.
Further details of the credit agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure are described in Note 23, Related Party Transactions.
iv)Equity Commitment
Prior to the completion of the special distribution, Brookfield Infrastructure provided BIHC an equity commitment in the amount of $1 billion. The equity commitment may be called by BIHC in exchange for the issuance of a number of class C shares or preferred shares, as the case may be, to Brookfield Infrastructure, corresponding to the amount of the equity commitment called divided (i) in the case of a subscription for class C shares, by the by the fair market value of a class C share, and (ii) in the case of a subscription for preferred shares, $25.00. The equity commitment will be reduced permanently by the amount so called.
The rationale for the equity commitment is to provide BIHC with access to equity capital on an as-needed basis and to maximize our operating and financing flexibility.
NOTE 2. SUBSIDIARIES
The following table presents details of non-wholly owned subsidiaries of our company as of December 31 for the years indicated:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
Country of
incorporation |
|
Effective Ownership Interest (%) |
|
Voting Interest (%) |
| Defined Name |
|
Name of entity |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| U.K. regulated distribution operation |
|
BUUK Infrastructure No 1 Limited |
|
U.K. |
|
80 |
|
80 |
|
80 |
|
80 |
|
80 |
|
80 |
| Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation |
|
Nova Transportadora do Sudeste S.A.(1) |
|
Brazil |
|
31 |
|
31 |
|
31 |
|
92 |
|
92 |
|
92 |
| Global intermodal logistics operation |
|
Triton International Limited(1),(2) |
|
U.S. |
|
27 |
|
28 |
|
— |
|
100 |
|
100 |
|
— |
(1)Our company has entered into voting arrangements to provide our company with the ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee. Our company controls this investee given that our company is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Our company exercises judgment to determine the level of variability that will achieve control over an investee, particularly in circumstances where our company’s voting interest differs from its ownership interest in an investee. The following were considered to determine whether our company controls this investee: the degree of power (if any) held by other investors, the degree of exposure to variability of each investor, the determination of whether any general partner removal rights are substantive and the purpose and design of the investee.
(2)Refer to Note 5, Acquisition of businesses, for further details.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-15
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 3. MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY INFORMATION
(a)Statement of Compliance
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS® Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS Accounting Standards”).
These consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors of our company on March 21, 2025.
(b)Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis.
For the periods prior to December 24, 2024, the financial statements represent those of BIHC, formerly Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation. During this period, all of the assets and liabilities presented were controlled by the partnership. Effective December 24, 2024, our company acquired an interest in BIHC and consolidated BIHC in its financial statements. The acquisition of interest in BIHC is a common control transaction where all transacting parties are subsidiaries of the partnership. As a result, the assets and liabilities of our company will be recorded at BIHC’s historical carrying values in our company’s consolidated financial statements. All intercompany balances, transactions, revenues and expenses within our company have been eliminated.
Our company incurs general corporate expenses according to the amended and restated master services agreement dated as of February 29, 2024, as amended from time to time, among the Service Recipients (as defined therein), BN, the Service Providers and others (the “Master Services Agreement”). The base management fee related to the services received under the Master Services Agreement has been recorded as part of general and administrative expenses in the consolidated financial statements.
(i)Subsidiaries
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our company and subsidiaries over which our company has control. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date of acquisition, being the date on which our company obtains control, and continue to be consolidated until the date when control is lost. Our company (investor) controls an investee when it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee.
Non-controlling interests may be initially measured either at fair value or at the non-controlling interests’ proportionate share of the fair value of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. The choice of measurement basis is made on an acquisition by acquisition basis. Subsequent to acquisition, the carrying amount of non-controlling interests is the amount of those interests at initial recognition plus the non-controlling interests’ share of subsequent changes in equity in addition to changes in ownership interests. Total comprehensive income is attributed to non-controlling interests, even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance.
All intercompany balances, transactions, revenues and expenses are eliminated in full.
F-16 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
(ii)Associates
Associates are entities over which our company has significant influence. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but does not constitute control. Our company accounts for investments over which it has significant influence using the equity method, and are recorded as Investments in associates on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
Interests in investments accounted for using the equity method are initially recorded at cost. If the cost of the associate is lower than the proportionate share of the investment’s underlying fair value, our company records a gain on the difference between the cost and the underlying fair values of the identifiable net assets of the associate. If the cost of the associate is greater than our company’s proportionate share of the underlying fair value, goodwill and other adjustments arising from the purchase price allocation relating to the associate is included in the carrying amount of the investment. Subsequent to initial recognition, the carrying value of our company’s interest in an investee is adjusted for our company’s share of comprehensive income or loss and distributions from the investee.
Profits or losses resulting from transactions with an associate are recognized in the consolidated financial statements based on the interests of unrelated investors in the associate.
c)Continuity of Interests
Our company was established on October 3, 2024 by the partnership. On December 24, 2024, the date of the Arrangement, our company acquired an interest in BIHC and consolidated BIHC in its financial statements. As a result of the Arrangement, (i) holders of the exchangeable shares of BIHC, other than Brookfield, received exchangeable shares of our company in exchange for their BIHC exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (ii) Brookfield transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to our company in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (iii) the exchangeable shares of BIHC were delisted; and (iv) the exchangeable shares of our company were listed on the NYSE and TSX. The partnership directly controlled BIHC prior to the Arrangement and continues to control our company subsequent to the Arrangement through ownership of the class B shares. As a result of this continuing common control, there is insufficient substance to justify a change in the measurement of our company. In accordance with our company’s and the partnership’s accounting policy, our company has reflected BIHC in its financial position and financial performance using BIHC’s carrying values prior to the Arrangement.
To reflect this continuity of interests, these consolidated financial statements provide comparative information of our company for the periods prior to December 24, 2024, as previously reported by BIHC. The economic and accounting impact of contractual relationships created or modified in conjunction with the acquisition of interest in BIHC by our company have been reflected prospectively from the date of the Arrangement and have not been reflected in the results of operations or financial position of our company prior to December 24, 2024, as such items were in fact not created or modified prior thereto. For the period after December 24, 2024, the results are based on the actual results of our company. As the partnership indirectly held all of the class C shares of BIHC prior to December 24, 2024, which was the only class of shares presented as equity, and the partnership indirectly holds all of the class B shares of our company after December 24, 2024, which is the only class of shares presented as equity, net income and equity attributable to common equity have been allocated to the partnership prior to and after December 24, 2024.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-17
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Prior to the Arrangement, class C shares were classified as financial liabilities due to their cash redemption feature. As discussed in Note 1(c)(ii), Organization and Description of our Company, the class C shares met certain qualifying criteria and were presented as equity. Following the Arrangement and upon consolidation of BIHC into our company, the class C shares are presented as financial liabilities at fair value. As a result, the share capital pertaining to the class C shares was removed, and the difference between the fair value and carrying value of the class C shares was reflected as “Arrangement/reorganization” as shown in the consolidated statements of changes in equity.
d)Foreign Currency Translation
The U.S. dollar is the functional and presentation currency of our company. Each of our company’s affiliates determines its own functional currency and items included in the financial statements of each affiliate are measured using that functional currency.
Assets and liabilities of foreign operations having a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and revenues and expenses at average rates during the period. Gains or losses on translation are included as a component of other comprehensive income. On disposal of a foreign operation resulting in the loss of control, the component of other comprehensive income due to accumulated foreign currency translation relating to that foreign operation is reclassified to net income. On partial disposal of a foreign operation in which control is retained, the proportionate share of the component of other comprehensive income or loss relating to that foreign operation is reclassified to non-controlling interests in that foreign operation.
Foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are translated using the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and non-monetary assets and liabilities measured at fair value are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing at the date when the fair value was determined. Revenues and expenses are measured at average rates during the period. Gains or losses on translation of these items are included in net income. Gains and losses on transactions which hedge these items are also included in net income or loss. Foreign currency denominated non-monetary assets and liabilities, measured at historic cost, are translated at the rate of exchange at the transaction date.
e)Business Combinations
Business acquisitions in which control is acquired are accounted for using the acquisition method, other than those between and among entities under common control. The consideration of each acquisition is measured at the aggregate of the fair values at the acquisition date of assets transferred by the acquirer, liabilities incurred or assumed, and equity instruments issued by our company in exchange for control of the acquiree. Acquisition related costs are recognized in the Statements of Operating Results as incurred and included in other expenses.
Where applicable, the consideration for the acquisition includes any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement, measured at its acquisition-date fair value. Subsequent changes in fair values are adjusted against the cost of the acquisition where they qualify as measurement period adjustments. All other subsequent changes in the fair value of contingent consideration classified as liabilities will be recognized in the Statements of Operating Results, whereas changes in the fair values of contingent consideration classified within share capital are not subsequently re-measured.
Where a business combination is achieved in stages, our company’s previously held interests in the acquired entity are remeasured to fair value at the acquisition date, that is, the date our company attains control and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is recognized in the Statements of Operating Results.
F-18 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Amounts arising from interests in the acquiree prior to the acquisition date that have previously been recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to the Statements of Operating Results, where such treatment would be appropriate if that interest were disposed of.
If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, our company reports provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. Those provisional amounts are adjusted during the measurement period, or additional assets or liabilities are recognized, to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the amounts recognized as of that date.
The measurement period is the period from the date of acquisition to the date our company obtains complete information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. The measurement period is subject to a maximum of one year subsequent to the acquisition date.
If, after reassessment, our company’s interest in the fair value of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets exceeds the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree and the fair value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree if any, the excess is recognized immediately in profit or loss as a bargain purchase gain.
Contingent liabilities acquired in a business combination are initially measured at fair value at the date of acquisition. At the end of subsequent reporting periods, such contingent liabilities are measured at the higher of the amount that would be recognized in accordance with IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and the amount initially recognized less the cumulative amount of income recognized in accordance with IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
f)Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
g)Accounts Receivable
Trade receivables are recognized initially at their transaction price and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any loss allowance for expected credit losses.
h)Property, Plant and Equipment
Our company uses the revaluation method of accounting for all classes of property, plant and equipment. Property, plant and equipment is initially measured at cost and subsequently carried at its revalued amount, being the fair value at the date of the revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Revaluations are made on at least an annual basis, and on a sufficient basis to ensure that the carrying amount does not differ significantly from fair value. Where the carrying amount of an asset is increased as a result of a revaluation, the increase is recognized in other comprehensive income or loss and accumulated in equity within the revaluation surplus reserve, unless the increase reverses a previously recognized impairment recorded through net income, in which case that portion of the increase is recognized in net income. Where the carrying amount of an asset is decreased, the decrease is recognized in other comprehensive income to the extent of any balance existing in revaluation surplus in respect of the asset, with the remainder of the decrease recognized in net income. Revaluation gains are included in other comprehensive income but are not subsequently recycled into profit or loss.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-19
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising on disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in the Statements of Operating Results. However, any balance accumulated in revaluation surplus is subsequently recorded in retained earnings when an asset is derecognized and not transferred to profit or loss.
Depreciation of an asset commences when it is available for use. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated on a straight line or declining-balance basis over the estimated useful lives of each component of the assets as follows:
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| Buildings |
Up to 50 years |
| Machinery and equipment |
Up to 20 years |
| Leasehold improvements |
Up to 25 years |
| Network systems |
Up to 60 years |
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is calculated on a straight-line or declining-balance basis so as to depreciate the net cost of each asset over its expected useful life to its estimated residual value. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation methods are reviewed at the end of each annual reporting period, with the effect of any changes recognized on a prospective basis.
i)Asset Impairment
At each reporting date, our company assesses whether for assets, other than those measured at fair value with changes in values recorded in profit or loss, there is any indication that such assets are impaired. This assessment includes a review of internal and external factors which includes, but is not limited to, changes in the technological, political, economic or legal environment in which the entity operates in, structural changes in the industry, changes in the level of demand, physical damage and obsolescence due to technological changes. An impairment is recognized if the recoverable amount, determined as the higher of the estimated fair value less costs of disposal or the discounted future cash flows generated from use and eventual disposal from an asset or cash generating unit is less than its carrying value. The projections of future cash flows take into account the relevant operating plans and management’s best estimate of the most probable set of conditions anticipated to prevail. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset or cash generating unit is increased to the lesser of the revised estimate of recoverable amount and the carrying amount that would have been recorded had no impairment loss been recognized previously.
j)Intangible Assets
Intangible assets acquired in a business combination and recognized separately from goodwill are initially recognized at their fair value at the acquisition date. Our company’s intangible assets are comprised primarily of service concession arrangements, customer relationships, brand, developed technology and customer order backlogs.
Subsequent to initial recognition, intangible assets acquired in a business combination are reported at cost less accumulated amortization unless indefinite-lived and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets acquired separately.
F-20 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Public service concessions that provide our company the right to charge users for a service in which the service and fee is regulated by the grantor are accounted for as an intangible asset under IFRIC 12, Service Concession Arrangements.
Concession arrangements were acquired as part of the acquisition of the Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation and were initially recognized at their fair values. The intangible assets at the Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation relate to pipeline concession contracts, amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the underlying infrastructure with approximately 28 years remaining, on average.
The customer relationships, brand, and developed technology were acquired as part of the acquisition of the global intermodal logistics operation and were initially recognized at their fair values. The customer relationships represent the on-going economic benefit from our leasing contracts with customers.
The customer order backlog was acquired as part of the acquisition of the U.K. regulated distribution operation and was initially recorded at its fair value. The customer order backlog represents the present value of future earnings derived from the build out of contracted connections at the acquisition date of the U.K. regulated distribution operation. The customer order backlog is amortized over its estimated useful life of 15 years.
Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized.
k)Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the price paid for the acquisition of an entity over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired. Goodwill is allocated to the cash generating unit or units to which it relates. Our company identifies cash generating units as identifiable groups of assets that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets.
Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually or more often if events or circumstances indicate there may be impairment. Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing if the carrying value of a cash generating unit or group of cash generating units, including the allocated goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount determined as the greater of the estimated fair value less costs of disposal or the value in use. Impairment losses recognized in respect of a cash generating unit are first allocated to the carrying value of goodwill and any excess is allocated to the carrying amount of assets in the cash generating unit. Any goodwill impairment is recognized in period in which the impairment is identified. Impairment losses on goodwill are not subsequently reversed.
On disposal of an affiliate, the attributable amount of goodwill is included in the determination of the gain or loss on disposal of the operation.
l)Revenue Recognition
Our company recognizes revenue when it transfers control of a product or service to a customer.
Revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in a contract with a customer and excludes amounts collected on behalf of third parties.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-21
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Our company recognizes revenue when the specific criteria set out below have been met. Cash received by our company from customers is recorded as deferred revenue until the revenue recognition criteria set out below are met.
Revenue from our businesses is derived from the transmission of natural gas, the distribution of energy and logistics services revenue. Distribution, transmission and logistics revenue each contain a single performance obligation that is recognized over time when services are rendered, based primarily on usage or volume during the period. The connection revenue relating to our company’s regulated distribution operation contains a distinct performance obligation that is recognized over the period that the connection is constructed, based on an input method of progress recognition on the basis that this methodology is most reflective of the underlying transfer of control. The payment terms for all of our revenue streams require payment upon completion, except for connections income whereby payment is typically collected up-front prior to the completion of any services.
m)Financial Instruments and Hedge Accounting
a)Financial Instrument Classification
Our company classifies cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable and other as amortized cost. Derivative assets are classified as fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”), except for derivatives in certain hedging relationships. Other financial assets are classified as either amortized cost or fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”).
Financial assets classified as FVTPL or FVTOCI are subsequently measured at fair value at each reporting date. For financial assets classified as FVTPL, the change in fair value is recorded through profit or loss. For financial assets classified as FVTOCI, the change in fair value is recorded in other comprehensive income. The cumulative gains or losses related to FVTOCI equity instruments are not reclassified to profit or loss on disposal, whereas the cumulative gains or losses on all other FVTOCI assets are reclassified to profit or loss on disposal. For financial instruments at amortized cost or debt instruments at FVTOCI, our company assesses if there have been significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition to determine whether lifetime or 12-month expected credit losses should be recognized. Any related loss allowances are recorded through profit or loss.
Non-recourse borrowings and accounts payable and other, are classified as amortized cost, except for derivatives embedded in related financial instruments. Embedded derivatives and any other derivative liabilities are classified as FVTPL and are subsequently measured at fair value, except for derivatives in certain hedging relationships. Other financial liabilities are classified as either FVTPL or amortized cost.
F-22 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
b)Hedge Accounting
Our company selectively utilizes derivative financial instruments primarily to manage financial risks, including interest rate and foreign exchange risks. Derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value. Hedge accounting is applied when the derivative is designated as a hedge of a specific exposure and that the hedging relationship meets all of the hedge effectiveness requirements. Hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively when the derivative no longer qualifies as a hedge or the hedging relationship is terminated. Once discontinued, the cumulative change in fair value of a derivative that was previously recorded in other comprehensive income by the application of hedge accounting is recognized in profit or loss over the remaining term of the original hedging relationship as amounts related to the hedged item are recognized in profit or loss. The assets or liabilities relating to unrealized mark-to-market gains and losses on derivative financial instruments are recorded in financial assets and financial liabilities, respectively.
Unrealized gains and losses on interest rate contracts designated as hedges of future variable interest payments are included in equity as a cash flow hedge when the interest rate risk relates to an anticipated variable interest payment. The periodic exchanges of payments on interest rate swap contracts designated as hedges of debt are recorded on an accrual basis as an adjustment to interest expense.
n)Income Taxes
Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax accrued in the period and deferred income tax.
a)Current income tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be paid to tax authorities, net of recoveries based on the tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in share capital are also recognized directly in share capital and other comprehensive income.
b)Deferred income tax
Deferred income tax liabilities are provided for using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases used in the computation of taxable income and carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred income tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that deductions, tax credits and tax losses can be utilized. Such deferred income tax assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from goodwill or from the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable income nor the accounting income, other than in a business combination. The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent it is no longer probable that the income tax asset will be recovered.
Deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences associated with investments in affiliates, except where our company is able to control the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred income tax assets arising from deductible temporary differences associated with such investments and interests are only recognized to the extent that it is probable that there will be sufficient taxable income against which to utilize the benefits of the temporary differences and they are expected to reverse in the foreseeable future.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-23
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realized, based on tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. The measurement of deferred income tax liabilities and assets reflect the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which our company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority within a single taxable entity or our company intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis in the case where there exist different taxable entities in the same taxation authority and when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities.
o)Assets Held for Sale
Non-current assets and disposal groups are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. This condition is regarded as met only when the sale is highly probable and the non-current asset or disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition. Management must be committed to the sale, which should be expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year from the date of classification subject to limited exceptions.
When our company is committed to a sale plan involving loss of control of a subsidiary, all of the assets and liabilities of that subsidiary are classified as held for sale when the criteria described above are met, regardless of whether our company will retain a non-controlling interest in its former subsidiary after the sale.
Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their previous carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell.
Non-current assets classified as held for sale and the assets of a disposal group are presented separately from other assets in the Statements of Financial Position and are classified as current. The liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale are presented separately from other liabilities in the Statements of Financial Position.
Once classified as held for sale, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are not depreciated or amortized, respectively.
p)Provisions
Provisions are recognized when our company has a present obligation, either legal or constructive, as a result of a past event, it is probable that our company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. Where a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows.
F-24 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a third party, the receivable is recognized as an asset if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received and the amount of the receivable can be measured reliably.
q)Earnings per Share
Our company’s basic and diluted earnings per share have not been presented in the consolidated financial statements. As outlined in Note 14, Financial Liabilities, and Note 19, Equity, exchangeable and class B shares are classified as financial liabilities, but class B shares are presented as equity instruments given the narrow scope presentation exceptions existing in IAS 32. As each share classification represents a financial liability, they do not constitute ordinary shares. Refer to the aforementioned notes for further details.
r)Operating Segments
IFRS 8, Operating Segments, requires operating segments to be determined based on information that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker for the purpose of allocating resources to the segment and to assess its performance. Our company has one reportable and operating segment.
s)Significant Accounting Judgments and Key Sources of Estimation Uncertainty
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make significant judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources, during the reporting period. These estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.
Significant judgments and estimates made by management and utilized in the normal course of preparing our company’s consolidated financial statements are outlined below.
a)Common control transactions
IFRS 3 (2008), Business Combinations does not include specific measurement guidance for transfers of businesses or subsidiaries between entities under common control. Accordingly, our company has developed a policy to account for such transactions taking into consideration other guidance in the IFRS Accounting Standards framework and pronouncements of other standard-setting bodies. Our company’s policy is to record assets and liabilities recognized as a result of transactions between entities under common control at the carrying value on the transferor’s financial statements, and to have the consolidated statements of financial position, operating results, changes in equity and cash flows reflect the results of combining entities for all periods presented for which the entities were under the transferor’s common control, irrespective of when the combination takes place.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-25
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
b)Financial instruments
Our company’s accounting policies relating to derivative financial instruments are described in Note 3(m), Financial Instruments and Hedge Accounting. The significant judgments inherent in these policies relate to applying the criteria to the assessment of the effectiveness of hedging relationships. Estimates and assumptions used in determining the fair value of financial instruments are equity and commodity prices; future interest rates; the credit worthiness of our company relative to its counterparties; the credit risk of our company and counterparty; estimated future cash flows; and discount rates.
c)Revaluation of property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment is revalued on a regular basis. The significant estimates and assumptions underlying the valuation of property, plant and equipment are set out in Note 9, Property Plant and Equipment.
d)Fair values in business combinations
Our company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. This method requires the application of fair values for both the consideration given and the assets and liabilities acquired. The calculation of fair values is often predicated on estimates and judgments including future cash flows discounted at an appropriate rate to reflect the risk inherent in the acquired assets and liabilities. The determination of the fair values may remain provisional for up to 12 months from the date of acquisition due to the time required to obtain independent valuations of individual assets and to complete assessments of provisions. When the accounting for a business combination has not been completed as at the reporting date, this is disclosed in the financial statements, including observations on the estimates and judgments made as of the reporting date.
e)Impairment of goodwill, intangibles with indefinite lives
The impairment assessment of goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives requires estimation of the value-in-use or fair value less costs of disposal of the cash-generating units or groups of cash generating units to which goodwill or the intangible asset has been allocated. Our company uses the following significant assumptions and estimates: the circumstances that gave rise to the goodwill, timing and amount of future cash flows expected from the cash-generating units; discount rates; terminal capitalization rates; terminal valuation dates and useful lives.
Other estimates utilized in the preparation of our company’s financial statements are: depreciation and amortization rates and useful lives; recoverable amount of goodwill and intangible assets; ability to utilize tax losses and other tax measurements.
Other judgments utilized in the preparation of our company’s financial statements include the methodologies for calculating amortization and determination of control.
F-26 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Recently adopted accounting standards
Our company applied new and revised standards issued by the IASB which are applicable to our company beginning on or after January 1, 2024. The impact of these amendments on our company’s accounting policies are as follows:
International Tax Reform – Pillar Two Model Rules (Amendments to IAS 12)
Our company operates in countries, including Canada, which have enacted new legislation to implement the global minimum top-up tax, effective from January 1, 2024. Our company has applied a temporary mandatory relief from recognizing and disclosing deferred taxes in connection with the global minimum top-up tax and will account for it as a current tax when it is incurred. There is no material current tax impact for year ended December 31, 2024. The global minimum top-up tax is not anticipated to have a significant impact on the financial position of our company.
Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current (Amendments to IAS 1)
The amendments to IAS 1 clarify how to classify debt and other liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments are applied retrospectively for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024, and has been adopted as of this date. The amendment did not have a material impact on the financial position of our company.
Future accounting policies
The following are accounting policies issued that our company expects to adopt in the future:
IAS 18 - Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements (“IFRS 18”)
In April 2024, the IASB issued IFRS 18, Presentation and Disclosure of Financial Statements. IFRS 18 is effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2027, with early adoption permitted. IFRS 18 is expected to improve the quality of financial reporting by requiring defined subtotals in the statement of profit or loss, requiring disclosure about management-defined performance measures, and adding new principles for aggregation and disaggregation of information. Our company is in the process of determining the impact of the amendments on its consolidated financial statements.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-27
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| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 4. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES CLASSIFIED AS HELD FOR SALE
In December 2024, our company agreed to the sale of its 33% interest in a subsidiary of our global intermodal logistics operation, which owns and leases stabilized intermodal container assets to customers, for net proceeds of approximately $430 million ($116 million to our company). Our global intermodal logistics operation will retain a 67% interest as an investment in associate and continue to manage the subsidiary under a management agreement. As a result, the assets and liabilities of the subsidiary were classified as held for sale as at December 31, 2024.
The major classes of assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
| Assets |
|
|
|
|
|
| Accounts receivable and other current assets |
|
$ |
42 |
|
| Current assets |
|
42 |
|
| Property, plant and equipment |
|
1,775 |
|
|
|
|
| Intangible assets |
|
105 |
|
| Other non-current assets |
|
36 |
|
| Total assets classified as held for sale |
|
$ |
1,958 |
|
|
|
|
| Liabilities |
|
|
| Accounts payable and other liabilities |
|
$ |
12 |
|
|
|
|
| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
1,197 |
|
| Total liabilities associated with assets held for sale |
|
1,209 |
|
| Net assets classified as held for sale |
|
$ |
749 |
|
F-28 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 5. ACQUISITION OF BUSINESSES
Acquisitions Completed in 2023
a) Acquisition of a Global Intermodal Logistics Operation
On September 28, 2023, our company, alongside institutional partners (the “Triton consortium”) completed the acquisition of Triton International Limited (“Triton”), the world’s largest owner and lessor of intermodal shipping containers, for consideration of $1.2 billion (Triton consortium - $4.5 billion). Our company has an effective 28% interest in Triton. Concurrently, our company entered into a voting agreement with an affiliate of BN, providing our company the right to direct the relevant activities of the entity, thereby providing our company with control. Accordingly, our company consolidated the entity effective September 28, 2023. Acquisition costs of approximately $49 million were recorded as other (expense) income within the Consolidated Statement of Operating Results for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Consideration Transferred:
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
| Cash |
$ |
350 |
|
| BIPC exchangeable shares |
751 |
|
| Pre-existing interest in the business |
55 |
|
| Total consideration |
$ |
1,156 |
|
Fair value of assets and liabilities acquired:
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents |
$ |
491 |
|
Accounts receivable and other(1) |
1,871 |
|
| Property, plant and equipment |
8,811 |
|
| Intangible assets |
710 |
|
| Goodwill |
1,163 |
|
| Accounts payable and other liabilities |
(408) |
|
| Non-recourse borrowings |
(7,041) |
|
| Deferred income tax liabilities |
(444) |
|
| Net assets acquired before non-controlling interest |
5,153 |
|
Non-controlling interest(2) |
(3,997) |
|
| Net assets acquired |
$ |
1,156 |
|
(1)Accounts receivable and other primarily comprised of finance lease receivables, trade receivables, and other financial assets.
(2)Non-controlling interest includes $641 million of preferred equity instruments transferred as part of the acquisition, remaining balance represents the interest not acquired by our company, measured at fair value at the acquisition dates.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-29
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Our company acquired intangible assets of $0.7 billion, comprising of customer relationships, brand and technology. The customer relationships acquired in the transaction were valued using a discounted cash flow model and have estimated useful lives of 50 years. The acquired customer relationship assets were valued with key inputs of revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, and a discount rate determined using a capital asset pricing model. The brand and technology acquired were valued using a discounted cash flow model and have estimated useful lives ranging between 10 to 50 years with the key inputs being technology migration factors, revenue growth rates, after-tax royalty rates and a discount rate determined using a capital asset pricing model.
The goodwill recorded on acquisition is largely reflective of Triton’s potential to achieve fleet growth over time, supported by underlying global economic growth and expansion of the services we provide and markets we operate in. The goodwill recognized is not deductible for income tax purposes.
NOTE 6. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair values are determined by reference to quoted bid or ask prices, as appropriate. Where bid and ask prices are unavailable, the closing price of the most recent transaction of that instrument is used. In the absence of an active market, fair values are determined based on prevailing market rates such as bid and ask prices, as appropriate for instruments with similar characteristics and risk profiles or internal or external valuation models, such as option pricing models and discounted cash flow analyses, using observable market inputs.
Fair values determined using valuation models require the use of assumptions concerning the amount and timing of estimated future cash flows and discount rates. In determining those assumptions, our company looks primarily to external readily observable market inputs such as interest rate yield curves, currency rates, and price and rate volatilities as applicable. The fair value of interest rate swap contracts which form part of financing arrangements is calculated by way of discounted cash flows using market interest rates and applicable credit spreads.
Classification of Financial Instruments
Financial instruments classified as fair value through profit or loss are carried at fair value on the Statements of Financial Position. Changes in the fair values of financial instruments classified as fair value through profit or loss are recognized in profit or loss. Mark-to-market adjustments on hedging items for those in an effective hedging relationship and changes in the fair value of securities designated as fair value through other comprehensive income are recognized in other comprehensive income.
F-30 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Carrying Value and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table provides the allocation of financial instruments and their associated financial instrument classifications as at December 31, 2024:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
US$ MILLIONS
Financial Instrument Classification |
| MEASUREMENT BASIS |
|
Fair value through profit or loss |
|
Amortized Cost |
|
Total |
| Financial assets |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cash and cash equivalents |
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
674 |
|
|
$ |
674 |
|
| Accounts receivable and other (current and non-current) |
|
— |
|
|
2,268 |
|
|
2,268 |
|
Financial assets (current and non-current)(1) |
|
232 |
|
|
— |
|
|
232 |
|
| Due from Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
— |
|
|
1,278 |
|
|
1,278 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
232 |
|
|
$ |
4,220 |
|
|
$ |
4,452 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Financial liabilities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Accounts payable and other (current and non-current) |
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
722 |
|
|
$ |
722 |
|
| Non-recourse borrowings (current and non-current) |
|
— |
|
|
12,178 |
|
|
12,178 |
|
Shares classified as financial liability(2) |
|
— |
|
|
4,644 |
|
|
4,644 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Financial liabilities (current and non-current)(1) |
|
33 |
|
|
— |
|
|
33 |
|
| Loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
— |
|
|
102 |
|
|
102 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
33 |
|
|
$ |
17,646 |
|
|
$ |
17,679 |
|
(1)Derivative instruments which are elected for hedge accounting totaling $232 million are included in financial assets and $33 million are included in financial liabilities.
(2)Class B shares are also classified as financial liabilities due to their cash redemption feature. As discussed in Note 1(b)(ii), Organization and Description of our Company, the class B shares meet certain qualifying criteria and are presented as equity. See Note 19, Equity.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-31
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
The following table provides the allocation of financial instruments and their associated financial instrument classifications as at December 31, 2023:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
US$ MILLIONS
Financial Instrument Classification
|
| MEASUREMENT BASIS |
|
Fair value through profit or loss |
|
|
|
Amortized Cost |
|
Total |
| Financial assets |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cash and cash equivalents |
|
$ |
— |
|
|
|
|
$ |
539 |
|
|
$ |
539 |
|
| Accounts receivable and other (current and non-current) |
|
— |
|
|
|
|
2,218 |
|
|
2,218 |
|
Financial assets (current and non-current)(1) |
|
103 |
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
103 |
|
| Due from Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
— |
|
|
|
|
1,288 |
|
|
1,288 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
103 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
4,045 |
|
|
$ |
4,148 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Financial liabilities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Accounts payable and other (current and non-current) |
|
$ |
— |
|
|
|
|
$ |
837 |
|
|
$ |
837 |
|
| Non-recourse borrowings (current and non-current) |
|
— |
|
|
|
|
12,028 |
|
|
12,028 |
|
Shares classified as financial liability(2) |
|
— |
|
|
|
|
4,153 |
|
|
4,153 |
|
Financial liabilities (current and non-current)(1) |
|
75 |
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
75 |
|
| Loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
— |
|
|
|
|
26 |
|
|
26 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
75 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
17,044 |
|
|
$ |
17,119 |
|
(1)Derivative instruments which are elected for hedge accounting totaling $103 million are included in financial assets and $75 million are included in financial liabilities.
(2)Class C shares are also classified as financial liabilities due to their cash redemption feature. As discussed in Note 1(c)(ii), Organization and Description of our Company, the class C shares meet certain qualifying criteria and are presented as equity. See Note 19, Equity.
F-32 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
The following table provides the carrying values and fair values of financial instruments as at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Carrying Value |
|
Fair Value |
|
Carrying Value |
|
Fair Value |
| Financial assets |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cash and cash equivalents |
|
$ |
674 |
|
|
$ |
674 |
|
|
$ |
539 |
|
|
$ |
539 |
|
| Accounts receivable and other (current and non-current) |
|
2,268 |
|
|
2,268 |
|
|
2,218 |
|
|
2,218 |
|
| Financial assets (current and non-current) |
|
232 |
|
|
232 |
|
|
103 |
|
|
103 |
|
| Due from Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
1,278 |
|
|
1,278 |
|
|
1,288 |
|
|
1,288 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
4,452 |
|
|
$ |
4,452 |
|
|
$ |
4,148 |
|
|
$ |
4,148 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Carrying Value |
|
Fair Value |
|
Carrying Value |
|
Fair Value |
| Financial liabilities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Accounts payable and other (current and non-current) |
|
$ |
722 |
|
|
$ |
722 |
|
|
$ |
837 |
|
|
$ |
837 |
|
Non-recourse borrowings (current and non-current)(1) |
|
12,178 |
|
|
11,919 |
|
|
12,028 |
|
|
11,836 |
|
Shares classified as financial liability(2) |
|
4,644 |
|
|
4,644 |
|
|
4,153 |
|
|
4,153 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Financial liabilities (current and non-current) |
|
33 |
|
|
33 |
|
|
75 |
|
|
75 |
|
| Loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
102 |
|
|
102 |
|
|
26 |
|
|
26 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
17,679 |
|
|
$ |
17,420 |
|
|
$ |
17,119 |
|
|
$ |
16,927 |
|
(1)Non-recourse borrowings are classified under level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, with the exception of certain borrowings at our global intermodal logistics operation, which are classified under level 1. For level 2 fair values, future cash flows are estimated based on observable forward interest rates at the end of the reporting period.
(2)Class B and C shares are also classified as financial liabilities due to their cash redemption feature. As discussed in Note 1(b)(ii) and Note 1(c)(ii), Organization and Description of our Company, the class B and C shares meet certain qualifying criteria and are presented as equity.
Hedging Activities
Our company uses derivatives and non-derivative financial instruments to manage or maintain exposures to interest and currency risks. For certain derivatives which are used to manage exposures, our company determines whether hedge accounting can be applied. When hedge accounting can be applied, a hedge relationship can be designated as a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge or a hedge of foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation with a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar. To qualify for hedge accounting, the derivative must be designated as a hedge of a specific exposure and the hedging relationship must meet all of the hedge effectiveness requirements in accomplishing the objective of offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk both at inception and over the life of the hedge. If it is determined that the hedging relationship does not meet all of the hedge effectiveness requirements, hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-33
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Cash Flow Hedges
Our company uses interest rate swaps to hedge the variability in cash flows related to a variable rate asset or liability and highly probable forecasted issuances of debt. The settlement dates coincide with the dates on which the interest is payable on the underlying debt, and the amount accumulated in equity is reclassified to profit or loss over the period that the floating rate interest payments on debt affect profit or loss. For the year ended December 31, 2024, pre-tax net unrealized gains of $1 million (2023: losses of $24 million, 2022: losses of $58 million) were recorded in other comprehensive income for the effective portion of the cash flow hedges. As at December 31, 2024, there was a net derivative asset balance of $199 million relating to derivative contracts designated as cash flow hedges (2023: $28 million).
Fair Value Hierarchical Levels—Financial Instruments
Fair value hierarchical levels are directly determined by the amount of subjectivity associated with the valuation inputs of these assets and liabilities, and are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Level 1 |
|
— |
|
Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date. |
|
|
|
|
|
| Level 2 |
|
— |
|
Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life. Fair valued assets and liabilities that are included in this category are primarily certain derivative contracts and other financial assets carried at fair value in an inactive market. |
|
|
|
|
|
| Level 3 |
|
— |
|
Inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to determining the estimate. Fair valued assets and liabilities that are included in this category are interest rate swap contracts, derivative contracts, certain equity securities carried at fair value which are not traded in an active market and the non-controlling interest’s share of net assets of limited life funds. |
The fair value of our company’s financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The following table summarizes the valuation techniques and significant inputs for our company’s financial assets and financial liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Fair value hierarchy |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Interest rate swaps & other |
|
Level 2(1) |
|
|
|
|
| Financial assets |
|
|
|
$ |
232 |
|
|
$ |
103 |
|
| Financial liabilities |
|
|
|
33 |
|
|
75 |
|
(1)Valuation technique: Discounted cash flow. Future cash flows are estimated based on forward exchange rates (from observable forward exchange rates at the end of the reporting period) and contract forward rates, discounted at a rate that reflects our credit risk and the credit risk of various counterparties.
During the year, no transfers were made between level 1 and 2 or level 2 and 3.
F-34 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 7. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
| Cash |
|
$ |
68 |
|
|
$ |
111 |
|
Cash equivalents(1) |
|
606 |
|
|
428 |
|
| Total cash and cash equivalents |
|
$ |
674 |
|
|
$ |
539 |
|
(1)Short-term, highly liquid investments with maturities of less than 90 days at acquisition that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
NOTE 8. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND OTHER
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
| Current: |
|
|
|
|
Accounts receivable(1) |
|
$ |
648 |
|
|
$ |
797 |
|
| Finance lease receivables |
|
108 |
|
|
91 |
|
| Prepayments & other assets |
|
30 |
|
|
51 |
|
| Total current |
|
$ |
786 |
|
|
$ |
939 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-current: |
|
|
|
|
| Finance lease receivables |
|
$ |
1,315 |
|
|
$ |
1,239 |
|
Restricted cash(2) |
|
79 |
|
|
91 |
|
| Other assets |
|
155 |
|
|
94 |
|
| Total non-current |
|
$ |
1,549 |
|
|
$ |
1,424 |
|
(1)Includes $200 million (2023: $291 million) receivable from one customer. Please refer to Note 17 for revenues attributable to this customer.
(2)Restricted cash primarily relates to our company’s financing arrangements, including debt service accounts. Cash that becomes unrestricted within one year of the reporting date is classified as cash and cash equivalents.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-35
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 9. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
Gross carrying amount |
|
Accumulated depreciation |
|
Accumulated fair value adjustments |
|
Total |
| Balance at January 1, 2023 |
$ |
3,947 |
|
|
$ |
(707) |
|
|
$ |
1,478 |
|
|
$ |
4,718 |
|
| Additions, net of disposals |
468 |
|
|
15 |
|
|
— |
|
|
483 |
|
Acquisitions through business combinations(1) |
8,811 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
8,811 |
|
| Non-cash additions |
(11) |
|
|
(5) |
|
|
— |
|
|
(16) |
|
| Depreciation expense |
— |
|
|
(252) |
|
|
— |
|
|
(252) |
|
| Fair value adjustments |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
142 |
|
|
142 |
|
| Net foreign currency exchange differences |
223 |
|
|
(41) |
|
|
83 |
|
|
265 |
|
| Balance at December 31, 2023 |
$ |
13,438 |
|
|
$ |
(990) |
|
|
$ |
1,703 |
|
|
$ |
14,151 |
|
| Additions, net of disposals |
1,035 |
|
|
23 |
|
|
— |
|
|
1,058 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-cash additions |
(224) |
|
|
(6) |
|
|
— |
|
|
(230) |
|
| Depreciation expense |
— |
|
|
(650) |
|
|
— |
|
|
(650) |
|
Assets reclassified as held for sale(2) |
(1,866) |
|
|
91 |
|
|
— |
|
|
(1,775) |
|
| Fair value adjustments |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
119 |
|
|
119 |
|
| Net foreign currency exchange differences |
(86) |
|
|
17 |
|
|
(32) |
|
|
(101) |
|
| Balance at December 31, 2024 |
$ |
12,297 |
|
|
$ |
(1,515) |
|
|
$ |
1,790 |
|
|
$ |
12,572 |
|
(1)See Note 5, Acquisition of Businesses, for additional information.
(2)See Note 4, Assets and Liabilities classified as Held for Sale, for additional information.
Our company’s property, plant, and equipment is measured at fair value on a recurring basis with an effective date of revaluation for all asset classes of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Our company determined fair value under the income method. Assets under development were revalued where fair value could be reliably measured.
The following table summarizes the valuation techniques and significant inputs for our company’s property, plant and equipment assets.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Valuation
Technique |
|
Discount
Rate |
|
Terminal
Value
Multiple |
|
Investment
Horizon |
|
Valuation
Technique |
|
Discount
Rate |
|
Terminal
Value
Multiple |
|
Investment
Horizon |
| Discounted cash flow model |
|
8% |
|
16x |
|
10 yrs |
|
Discounted cash flow model |
|
8% |
|
15x |
|
10 yrs |
An increase in the discount rate would lead to a decrease in the fair value of property, plant and equipment. Conversely, an increase to the terminal value multiple would increase the fair value of property, plant and equipment. Our company has classified all property, plant and equipment under level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
F-36 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
At December 31, 2024, our company carried out an assessment of the fair value of its property, plant and equipment, resulting in a gain from revaluation of $119 million (2023: $142 million) which was recognized in revaluation surplus in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Our valuation of property, plant and equipment is underpinned by stable cash flows as we earn a regulated return on an asset base for making the infrastructure available to users with minimal volume and price risk. Key drivers behind the revaluation gain recorded include growth in underlying cash flows at our U.K. regulated distribution business associated with new connections added during the year and increased tariffs.
Had the assets been carried under the cost model, the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment would have been $11,061 million as at December 31, 2024 (2023: $12,700 million).
NOTE 10. INTANGIBLE ASSETS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Cost |
|
$ |
3,762 |
|
|
$ |
4,657 |
|
| Accumulated amortization |
|
(870) |
|
|
(958) |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
2,892 |
|
|
$ |
3,699 |
|
Intangible assets are allocated to the following cash generating units:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation |
|
$ |
2,299 |
|
|
$ |
2,970 |
|
Global intermodal logistics operation(1) |
|
576 |
|
|
704 |
|
| U.K. regulated distribution operation |
|
17 |
|
|
25 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
2,892 |
|
|
$ |
3,699 |
|
(1)See Note 5, Acquisition of Businesses, for additional information.
The intangible assets at our Brazilian regulated transmission operation relate to concession arrangements with the local energy regulator, Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (“ANP”). Total capacity is fully contracted under long-term “ship-or-pay” gas transportation agreements (“GTA”) and therefore, the business is exposed to no volume risk, with predefined tariffs annually adjusted by inflation. On April 8, 2021, new legislation was passed in Brazil which provides our Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation the right to operate the gas pipelines perpetually. The intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the underlying infrastructure.
The intangible asset at our global intermodal logistics operations primarily relate to customer relationships, which represent the on-going economic benefit from our leasing contracts with customers, in addition to brand, and developed technology. The intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-37
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
The intangible assets at our U.K. regulated distribution operation relate to customer order backlogs, which represents the present value of future earnings derived from the build out of contracted connections at the acquisition date of the U.K. regulated distribution operation.
Our intangible assets are evaluated for impairment annually or more often if events or circumstances indicate there may be impairment. Despite recent volatility observed in commodity and foreign exchange markets and the interruption to global supply chains, our intangible assets remain largely unaffected, with no impairment required during the year ended December 31, 2024. Our intangible assets represent long-term critical infrastructure supported by regulated or highly contracted revenues which help protect value over the long term.
The following table presents the change in the cost balance of intangible assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the year ended |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Cost at beginning of the year |
|
$ |
4,657 |
|
|
$ |
3,629 |
|
Acquisitions through business combinations(1) |
|
— |
|
|
710 |
|
| Additions, net of disposals |
|
30 |
|
|
36 |
|
| Non cash additions |
|
35 |
|
|
— |
|
Assets reclassified as held for sale(2) |
|
(110) |
|
|
— |
|
| Foreign currency translation |
|
(850) |
|
|
282 |
|
| Cost at end of year |
|
$ |
3,762 |
|
|
$ |
4,657 |
|
(1)See Note 5, Acquisition of Businesses, for additional information.
(2)See Note 4, Assets and Liabilities classified as Held for Sale, for additional information.
The following table presents the accumulated amortization for our company’s intangible assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the year ended |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Accumulated amortization at beginning of year |
|
$ |
(958) |
|
|
$ |
(782) |
|
| Amortization |
|
(125) |
|
|
(113) |
|
Assets reclassified as held for sale(1) |
|
5 |
|
|
— |
|
| Foreign currency translation |
|
208 |
|
|
(63) |
|
| Accumulated amortization at end of year |
|
$ |
(870) |
|
|
$ |
(958) |
|
(3)See Note 4, Assets and Liabilities classified as Held for Sale, for additional information.
F-38 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 11. INVESTMENTS IN ASSOCIATES
The following table represents the change in balance of investments in associates:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the year ended |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
|
| Balance at the beginning of the period |
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
428 |
|
|
|
| Acquisitions |
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
| Share of (losses) earnings for the year |
|
— |
|
|
(20) |
|
|
|
| Foreign currency translation & other |
|
— |
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
| Share of other comprehensive (loss) income |
|
— |
|
|
(27) |
|
|
|
| Distributions |
|
— |
|
|
(3) |
|
|
|
| Disposition of interest |
|
— |
|
|
(403) |
|
|
|
| Ending Balance |
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In February 2022, our company acquired a 7.9% interest in an Australian regulated utility, AusNet Services Ltd (“AusNet”) for $455 million. Based on our ownership interest and governance rights retained, our company equity accounted for the entity. On August 31, 2023, our company sold its interest for net proceeds of approximately $435 million. On disposition, our company recognized a gain of $32 million in the consolidated statement of operating results and accumulated currency translation losses of $28 million were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to the consolidated statement of operating results.
As at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our company did not hold any investments in associates.
The following tables present the gross amounts of revenue, net income, other comprehensive income from our company’s investments in associates for the year ended December 31, 2023:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31, 2023 |
|
|
Total |
|
Net income attributable to the Partnership(1) |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Revenue |
|
Net
Income |
|
OCI |
|
Total Comprehensive Income |
|
| Australian regulated utility |
|
$ |
1,008 |
|
|
$ |
99 |
|
|
$ |
(375) |
|
|
$ |
(276) |
|
|
$ |
(20) |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
1,008 |
|
|
$ |
99 |
|
|
$ |
(375) |
|
|
$ |
(276) |
|
|
$ |
(20) |
|
(1)Our company’s share of net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes $28 million of accumulated currency translation losses which were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to the consolidated statement of operating results on disposition of our company’s interest in AusNet.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-39
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
The following tables present the cash flow activities of our company’s investments in associates for the year ended December 31, 2023:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31, 2023 |
|
|
Total |
|
Attributable to |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Operating |
|
Investing |
|
Financing |
|
Total Cash Flows |
|
Other
Ownership
Interests |
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Partners LP |
| Australian regulated utility |
|
$ |
380 |
|
|
$ |
(395) |
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
(14) |
|
|
$ |
(13) |
|
|
$ |
(1) |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
380 |
|
|
$ |
(395) |
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
(14) |
|
|
$ |
(13) |
|
|
$ |
(1) |
|
NOTE 12. GOODWILL
The following table presents the carrying amount for our company’s goodwill:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Balance at beginning of the year |
|
$ |
1,726 |
|
|
$ |
518 |
|
Acquisitions through business combinations(1) |
|
— |
|
|
1,163 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Foreign currency translation and other |
|
(117) |
|
|
45 |
|
| Balance at end of the year |
|
$ |
1,609 |
|
|
$ |
1,726 |
|
(1)See Note 5, Acquisition of Businesses, for additional information.
Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually or more often if events or circumstances indicate there may be impairment. Impairment is determined by assessing if the carrying value of cash generating units or a group of cash generating units, including the allocated goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount determined as the greater of the estimated fair value less costs of disposal or the value in use. During 2024, the recoverable amount exceeded the carrying amount of each cash generating unit.
Goodwill is allocated to the following cash generating units or group of cash generating units:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Global intermodal logistics operation(1) |
|
$ |
1,163 |
|
|
$ |
1,163 |
|
Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation |
|
411 |
|
|
526 |
|
U.K. regulated distribution operation |
|
35 |
|
|
37 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
1,609 |
|
|
$ |
1,726 |
|
(1)See Note 5, Acquisition of Businesses, for additional information.
The recoverable amount of the goodwill has been determined using a discounted cash flow model whereby the fair value measurement is classified under level 3 on the fair value hierarchy. The key inputs in determining the fair value of each cash generating unit under the discounted cash flow model are the utilization of discount rates ranging from 11% to 17%, terminal value multiples of 5x to 15x and discrete cash flow periods from 10 to 18 years (2023: 11% to 17%, 10x to 15x, and 9 to 18 years, respectively).
F-40 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 13. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND OTHER
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Current: |
|
|
|
|
| Accounts payable |
|
$ |
67 |
|
|
$ |
85 |
|
| Accrued & other liabilities |
|
653 |
|
|
759 |
|
Deferred revenue(1) |
|
274 |
|
|
255 |
|
| Total current |
|
$ |
994 |
|
|
$ |
1,099 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-current: |
|
|
|
|
Deferred revenue(1) |
|
$ |
165 |
|
|
$ |
264 |
|
| Provisions & other liabilities |
|
55 |
|
|
61 |
|
| Total non-current |
|
$ |
220 |
|
|
$ |
325 |
|
(1)Deferred revenue relates primarily to cash contributions from third parties to build future natural gas and electricity connections at our company’s U.K. regulated distribution operation and advance customer payments for container leases at our global intermodal logistics operation. The deferred revenue is recorded on receipt of cash payments and recognized as revenue as services are rendered over the life of the connections arrangement. Of the deferred revenue outstanding at December 31, 2024, 62% is estimated to be realized during 2025, 20% during 2026, 4% during 2027, and 14% will be realized in more than 3 years.
Our company’s exposure to currency and liquidity risk related to trade and other payables is disclosed in Note 25, Financial Risk Management.
NOTE 14. FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
|
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Current: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Interest rate swaps |
|
|
|
$ |
32 |
|
|
$ |
60 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total current financial liabilities |
|
|
|
$ |
32 |
|
|
$ |
60 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-current: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Interest rate swaps |
|
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total non-current financial liabilities |
|
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
15 |
|
Exchangeable shares, class B shares and class C shares
The BIHC exchangeable and BIHC class B shares were classified as liabilities due to their exchangeable and cash redemption features. Upon issuance, these shares were recognized at their fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, these shares were recognized at amortized cost and remeasured to reflect changes in the contractual cash flows associated with the shares. These contractual cash flows were based on the price of one unit of the partnership.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-41
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
On December 24, 2024, our company completed the Arrangement. As a result, (i) holders of the BIHC exchangeable shares, other than Brookfield, received our company’s exchangeable shares in exchange for their BIHC exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (ii) Brookfield transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to our company in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis. The exchangeable shares, class A.2 exchangeable shares and class C shares, upon consolidation into our company, are classified as liabilities due to their exchangeable and cash redemption features. Upon issuance, these shares were recognized at their fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, these shares were recognized at amortized cost and remeasured to reflect changes in the contractual cash flows associated with the shares. These contractual cash flows were based on the price of one unit of the partnership.
In September 2023, our company issued approximately 21.1 million exchangeable shares in connection with the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation. In addition, our company issued approximately 9 million class C shares to Brookfield Infrastructure to partially finance the acquisition.
In August 2021, the partnership acquired a controlling interest in Inter Pipeline Ltd. (“IPL”) for consideration comprised of cash, exchangeable shares and class B exchangeable limited partnership units (“BIPC Exchangeable LP Units”) of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation Exchange Limited Partnership (“BIPC Exchange LP”). BIPC Exchange LP is a subsidiary of the partnership and holders of BIPC Exchangeable LP Units have the right to require the partnership to purchase BIPC Exchangeable LP Units and deliver one exchangeable share for each BIPC Exchangeable LP Unit purchased. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our company issued 199,066 exchangeable shares in connection with exchange requests from BIPC Exchange LP unitholders. Upon issuance, the exchangeable shares were recognized at their fair value.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, our shareholders exchanged 19,223 exchangeable shares for an equal number of partnership units. As at December 31, 2024, the exchangeable and class B shares were remeasured to reflect the NYSE closing price of one unit, $31.79 per share. Remeasurement gains or losses associated with these shares are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operating Results. Our company declared and paid dividends of $213 million on its exchangeable shares outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2024 (2023: $178 million, 2022: $158 million). Dividends paid on exchangeable shares are presented as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operating Results.
The following table provides a continuity schedule of outstanding exchangeable shares, class A.2 shares, class B shares, and class C shares along with our corresponding liability and remeasurement gains and losses. Exchangeable shares prior to the Arrangement refer to the exchangeable shares of BIHC, whereas exchangeable shares post the Arrangement refer to the exchangeable shares of our company.
F-42 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exchangeable shares outstanding
(Shares) |
|
Class A.2 shares outstanding (Shares) |
|
BIHC Class B shares outstanding
(Shares) |
|
Class C shares outstanding (Shares)(1) |
|
Shares classified as financial liability
(US$ Millions) |
| Balance at January 1, 2023 |
110,567,671 |
|
|
— |
|
|
2 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
3,426 |
|
Share issuance(2) |
21,094,441 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
751 |
|
| Share issuance - BIPC Exchangeable LP Unit exchanges |
220,956 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
10 |
|
| Shares exchanged to units |
(11,002) |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
| Remeasurement of liability |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(34) |
|
| Balance at December 31, 2023 |
131,872,066 |
|
|
— |
|
|
2 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
4,153 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Share issuance - BIPC Exchangeable LP Unit exchanges |
199,066 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
6 |
|
| Shares exchanged to units |
(19,223) |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
Arrangement/reorganization(3) |
(13,012,789) |
|
|
13,012,789 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
11,117,660 |
|
|
8 |
|
| Remeasurement of liability |
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
477 |
|
| Balance at December 31, 2024 |
119,039,120 |
|
|
13,012,789 |
|
|
3 |
|
|
11,117,660 |
|
|
$ |
4,644 |
|
(1) Prior to the Arrangement, class C share were classified as financial liabilities due to their cash redemption feature. As discussed in Note 1(c)(ii), Organization and Description of our Company, the class C shares met certain qualifying criteria and were presented as equity. See Note 19, Equity. Following the Arrangement and upon consolidation of BIHC into our company, the class C shares are presented as financial liabilities.
(2) Refer to Note 5, Acquisition of Businesses, for further details
(3) The class C shares were remeasured to reflect the NYSE closing price of one unit, $32.00 per share, as of the Arrangement. Following the Arrangement, a $348 million return of capital was issued to the class C shareholders.
Similar to exchangeable shares, class B shares are classified as liabilities due to their cash redemption feature. However, class B shares, the most subordinated class of all common shares, meet certain qualifying criteria and are presented as equity instruments given the narrow scope presentation exceptions existing in IAS 32. Refer to Note 19, Equity, for further details related to class B shares.
NOTE 15. BORROWINGS
(a)Non-Recourse Borrowings
The current and non-current balances of non-recourse borrowings are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Current |
|
$ |
667 |
|
|
$ |
1,021 |
|
| Non-current |
|
11,511 |
|
|
11,007 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
12,178 |
|
|
$ |
12,028 |
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-43
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Non-recourse borrowings increased as compared to December 31, 2023 due to incremental net borrowings of $2.1 billion, partially offset by $1.2 billion of non-recourse borrowings reclassified to held for sale at our global intermodal logistics operation and the impact of foreign exchange of $0.8 billion primarily driven by the weakening of the Brazilian real relative to the U.S. dollar.
Principal repayments on non-recourse borrowings due over the next five years and thereafter are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Total |
| 2025 |
|
$ |
781 |
|
| 2026 |
|
1,321 |
|
| 2027 |
|
698 |
|
| 2028 |
|
846 |
|
| 2029 |
|
3,175 |
|
| Thereafter |
|
5,814 |
|
| Total principal repayments |
|
12,635 |
|
|
|
|
| Deferred financing costs and other |
|
(457) |
|
| Total - Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
$ |
12,178 |
|
| Total - Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
$ |
12,028 |
|
The weighted average interest rates of non-recourse borrowings are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, |
|
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
| Weighted average interest rates |
|
6 |
% |
|
5 |
% |
Principal repayments on non-recourse borrowings in their local currency are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS, except as noted |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Local Currency |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
Local Currency |
| U.S. dollars |
|
$ |
6,989 |
|
|
USD |
|
$ |
6,989 |
|
|
$ |
8,517 |
|
|
USD |
|
$ |
8,517 |
|
| British pounds |
|
2,860 |
|
|
GBP |
|
2,285 |
|
|
2,744 |
|
|
GBP |
|
2,155 |
|
| Brazilian real |
|
2,786 |
|
|
BRL |
|
17,250 |
|
|
1,543 |
|
|
BRL |
|
7,467 |
|
F-44 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
(b)Supplemental Information
Details of the “Changes in liabilities from financing activities”, including both changes arising from cash flows and non-cash changes are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Cash Flows |
|
Held for sale(1) |
|
Foreign Exchange Movement and Other |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
$ |
12,178 |
|
|
$ |
2,135 |
|
|
$ |
(1,197) |
|
|
$ |
(788) |
|
|
$ |
12,028 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
|
Cash Flows |
|
Acquisitions |
|
Foreign Exchange Movement and Other |
|
Dec. 31, 2022 |
| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
$ |
12,028 |
|
|
$ |
177 |
|
|
$ |
7,041 |
|
|
$ |
233 |
|
|
$ |
4,577 |
|
(1)See Note 4, Assets and Liabilities classified as Held for Sale, for additional information.
NOTE 16. NON-WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARIES
The following tables present summarized accounts for non-wholly owned subsidiaries on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
As of December 31, 2024 |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Current
Assets |
|
Non-Current
Assets |
|
Current
Liabilities |
|
Non-Current
Liabilities |
|
Non-Controlling
Interest |
|
Equity in Net Assets Attributable to the partnership |
Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation(1) |
|
$ |
871 |
|
|
$ |
2,936 |
|
|
$ |
745 |
|
|
$ |
3,779 |
|
|
$ |
(402) |
|
|
$ |
(315) |
|
U.K. regulated distribution operation |
|
265 |
|
|
5,882 |
|
|
561 |
|
|
3,725 |
|
|
365 |
|
|
1,496 |
|
| Global intermodal logistics operation |
|
2,346 |
|
|
10,005 |
|
|
1,565 |
|
|
6,213 |
|
|
3,512 |
|
|
1,061 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
3,482 |
|
|
$ |
18,823 |
|
|
$ |
2,871 |
|
|
$ |
13,717 |
|
|
$ |
3,475 |
|
|
$ |
2,242 |
|
(1)During the year ended December 31, 2024, our Brazilian regulated distribution operation completed a dividend recapitalization of $1.7 billion.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
As of December 31, 2023 |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Current
Assets |
|
Non-Current
Assets |
|
Current
Liabilities |
|
Non-Current
Liabilities |
|
Non-Controlling
Interest in
Affiliates |
|
Equity in Net Assets Attributable to the partnership |
Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation |
|
$ |
747 |
|
|
$ |
3,576 |
|
|
$ |
549 |
|
|
$ |
3,099 |
|
|
$ |
526 |
|
|
$ |
149 |
|
U.K. regulated distribution operation |
|
312 |
|
|
5,579 |
|
|
387 |
|
|
3,744 |
|
|
344 |
|
|
1,416 |
|
Global intermodal logistics operation(1) |
|
435 |
|
|
11,950 |
|
|
984 |
|
|
6,639 |
|
|
3,597 |
|
|
1,165 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
1,494 |
|
|
$ |
21,105 |
|
|
$ |
1,920 |
|
|
$ |
13,482 |
|
|
$ |
4,467 |
|
|
$ |
2,730 |
|
(1)See Note 5, Acquisition of Businesses, for additional information.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-45
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
The following tables present summarized accounts for non-wholly owned subsidiaries on the Consolidated Statements of Operating Results:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, 2024 |
| |
|
|
|
Attributable to non-controlling interest |
|
Attributable to
the partnership |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Revenue |
|
Net
Income |
|
Other
Comprehensive
Income (loss) |
|
Net
Income |
|
Other
Comprehensive
Income (loss) |
| Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation |
|
$ |
1,357 |
|
|
$ |
318 |
|
|
$ |
102 |
|
|
$ |
135 |
|
|
$ |
59 |
|
| U.K. regulated distribution operation |
|
741 |
|
|
20 |
|
|
11 |
|
|
78 |
|
|
45 |
|
| Global intermodal logistics operation |
|
1,568 |
|
|
342 |
|
|
9 |
|
|
108 |
|
|
4 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
3,666 |
|
|
$ |
680 |
|
|
$ |
122 |
|
|
$ |
321 |
|
|
$ |
108 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, 2023 |
| |
|
|
|
Attributable to non-controlling interest |
|
Attributable to
the partnership |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Revenue |
|
Net
Income |
|
Other
Comprehensive
Income (loss) |
|
Net
Income |
|
Other
Comprehensive
Income (loss) |
| Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation |
|
$ |
1,483 |
|
|
$ |
455 |
|
|
$ |
44 |
|
|
$ |
202 |
|
|
$ |
19 |
|
| U.K. regulated distribution operation |
|
635 |
|
|
19 |
|
|
38 |
|
|
78 |
|
|
154 |
|
Global intermodal logistics operation(1) |
|
385 |
|
|
56 |
|
|
(33) |
|
|
22 |
|
|
(13) |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
2,503 |
|
|
$ |
530 |
|
|
$ |
49 |
|
|
$ |
302 |
|
|
$ |
160 |
|
(1)See Note 5, Acquisition of Businesses, for additional information.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, 2022 |
| |
|
|
|
Attributable to non-controlling interest |
|
Attributable to
the partnership |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Revenue |
|
Net
Income |
|
Other
Comprehensive
Loss |
|
Net
Income |
|
Other
Comprehensive
Loss |
| Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation |
|
$ |
1,314 |
|
|
$ |
506 |
|
|
$ |
(2) |
|
|
$ |
225 |
|
|
$ |
(1) |
|
| U.K. regulated distribution operation |
|
572 |
|
|
19 |
|
|
(20) |
|
|
75 |
|
|
(78) |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
1,886 |
|
|
$ |
525 |
|
|
$ |
(22) |
|
|
$ |
300 |
|
|
$ |
(79) |
|
F-46 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
The following tables present summarized accounts for non-wholly owned subsidiaries on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Cash Flow Activities |
| |
|
Year ended December 31, 2024 |
|
Year ended December 31, 2023 |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Operating |
|
Investing |
|
Financing |
|
Operating |
|
Investing |
|
Financing |
| Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation |
|
$ |
585 |
|
|
$ |
(178) |
|
|
$ |
(158) |
|
|
$ |
739 |
|
|
$ |
(36) |
|
|
$ |
(742) |
|
| U.K. regulated distribution operation |
|
282 |
|
|
(439) |
|
|
113 |
|
|
226 |
|
|
(487) |
|
|
309 |
|
Global intermodal logistics operation(1) |
|
1,133 |
|
|
(600) |
|
|
(532) |
|
|
327 |
|
|
(3,048) |
|
|
2,828 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
2,000 |
|
|
$ |
(1,217) |
|
|
$ |
(577) |
|
|
$ |
1,292 |
|
|
$ |
(3,571) |
|
|
$ |
2,395 |
|
(1)See Note 5, Acquisition of Businesses, for additional information.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Cash Flow Activities |
| |
|
Year ended December 31, 2022 |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Operating |
|
Investing |
|
Financing |
Brazilian regulated gas transmission operation |
|
$ |
783 |
|
|
$ |
(80) |
|
|
$ |
(824) |
|
| U.K. regulated distribution operation |
|
293 |
|
|
(432) |
|
|
101 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
1,076 |
|
|
$ |
(512) |
|
|
$ |
(723) |
|
NOTE 17. REVENUES
a)Revenues by service line
Substantially all of these revenues are recognized over time as services are rendered. The following table disaggregates revenues by service line:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the year ended December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Gas Transmission |
|
$ |
1,357 |
|
|
$ |
1,483 |
|
|
$ |
1,314 |
|
| Distribution |
|
512 |
|
|
397 |
|
|
372 |
|
| Leasing |
|
1,568 |
|
|
385 |
|
|
— |
|
| Connections |
|
192 |
|
|
200 |
|
|
171 |
|
| Other |
|
37 |
|
|
38 |
|
|
29 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
3,666 |
|
|
$ |
2,503 |
|
|
$ |
1,886 |
|
During the year ended December 31, 2024, revenues benefited from the acquisition of our global intermodal logistics operation, along with inflationary tariff increases and capital commissioned into rate base.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-47
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
b)Revenues from external customers
The following table disaggregates revenues by geographical region:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the year ended December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Brazil |
|
$ |
1,359 |
|
|
$ |
1,483 |
|
|
$ |
1,314 |
|
| United Kingdom |
|
746 |
|
|
635 |
|
|
572 |
|
| United States |
|
41 |
|
|
12 |
|
|
— |
|
| France |
|
307 |
|
|
70 |
|
|
— |
|
| Switzerland |
|
311 |
|
|
71 |
|
|
— |
|
| Singapore |
|
318 |
|
|
54 |
|
|
— |
|
| China |
|
124 |
|
|
51 |
|
|
— |
|
| Denmark |
|
179 |
|
|
40 |
|
|
— |
|
| Hong Kong |
|
88 |
|
|
17 |
|
|
— |
|
| Germany |
|
46 |
|
|
12 |
|
|
— |
|
| Other |
|
147 |
|
|
58 |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
$ |
3,666 |
|
|
$ |
2,503 |
|
|
$ |
1,886 |
|
Our company’s customer base is comprised predominantly of investment grade companies, with only one customer that makes up greater than 10% of our company’s consolidated revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2024, revenue generated from this customer was $1,287 million (2023: $1,449 million, 2022: $1,314 million). Our company has completed a review of the credit risk of key counterparties. Based on their liquidity position, business performance, and aging of our accounts receivable, we do not have any significant changes in expected credit losses at this time.
c)Non-Current Assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| United Kingdom |
|
$ |
5,916 |
|
|
$ |
5,624 |
|
| Brazil |
|
2,950 |
|
|
3,596 |
|
| Switzerland |
|
1,897 |
|
|
2,197 |
|
| France |
|
1,881 |
|
|
2,170 |
|
| Singapore |
|
2,092 |
|
|
1,800 |
|
| China |
|
1,041 |
|
|
1,573 |
|
| Denmark |
|
1,097 |
|
|
1,232 |
|
| United States |
|
295 |
|
|
375 |
|
| Australia |
|
4 |
|
|
5 |
|
| Other Asia |
|
814 |
|
|
1,270 |
|
| Other Europe |
|
17 |
|
|
632 |
|
| Other |
|
819 |
|
|
631 |
|
|
|
$ |
18,823 |
|
|
$ |
21,105 |
|
F-48 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 18. DIRECT OPERATING COSTS
Direct operating costs are costs incurred to earn revenue and include all attributable expenses. The following table lists direct operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Depreciation and amortization |
|
$ |
775 |
|
|
$ |
365 |
|
|
$ |
211 |
|
| Transportation and distribution |
|
255 |
|
|
195 |
|
|
184 |
|
| Operations and maintenance |
|
140 |
|
|
94 |
|
|
56 |
|
| Compensation |
|
150 |
|
|
87 |
|
|
59 |
|
| Cost of inventory |
|
4 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
5 |
|
| Other |
|
54 |
|
|
35 |
|
|
27 |
|
| Total |
|
$ |
1,378 |
|
|
$ |
778 |
|
|
$ |
542 |
|
NOTE 19. EQUITY
Our company’s equity is comprised of the following shares:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class B Shares
(Shares) |
|
|
|
Class C Shares
(Shares) |
|
Share Capital
(US$ Millions) |
| Balance at January 1, 2023 |
— |
|
|
|
|
2,103,677 |
|
|
$ |
53 |
|
| Share issuance |
— |
|
|
|
|
9,013,983 |
|
|
339 |
|
| Balance at December 31, 2023 |
— |
|
|
|
|
11,117,660 |
|
|
$ |
392 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Arrangement/reorganization |
31,909 |
|
|
|
|
(11,117,660) |
|
|
(391) |
|
| Balance at December 31, 2024 |
31,909 |
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our company’s share capital is comprised of exchangeable shares and class B shares. Due to the exchange feature of the exchangeable shares and the cash redemption feature of the class B shares, the exchangeable shares and the class B shares are classified as financial liabilities. However, class B shares, the most subordinated of all common shares, meet certain qualifying criteria and are presented as equity instruments given the narrow scope presentation exceptions existing in IAS 32.
Prior to the Arrangement, although class C shares were classified as financial liabilities due to their cash redemption feature, the class C shares met certain qualifying criteria under IAS 32 and were presented as equity. Following the Arrangement and upon consolidation of BIHC into our company, the class C shares are presented as financial liabilities. As a result, the $392 million of share capital was removed.
As part of the Arrangement, our company issued 31,909 class B shares to Brookfield Infrastructure in exchange for $1 million.
In September 2023, our company issued 9 million class C shares to the partnership at $37.64 per share for a total value of $339 million.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-49
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 20. INCOME TAXES
Income taxes are recognized for the amount of taxes payable by our company and its corporate subsidiaries, and for the impact of deferred tax assets and liabilities related to such subsidiaries.
(a)Deferred Income Tax Balances
The sources of deferred income tax balances are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
As of December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
| Deferred income tax assets |
|
|
|
|
| Financial instruments and other |
|
$ |
20 |
|
|
$ |
18 |
|
| Tax losses carried forward |
|
35 |
|
|
38 |
|
|
|
$ |
55 |
|
|
$ |
56 |
|
| Deferred income tax liabilities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Long-lived assets |
|
$ |
(2,003) |
|
|
$ |
(2,151) |
|
| Net deferred income tax liabilities |
|
$ |
(1,948) |
|
|
$ |
(2,095) |
|
| Reflected in the statement of financial position as follows: |
|
|
|
|
| Deferred tax assets |
|
$ |
37 |
|
|
$ |
40 |
|
| Deferred tax liabilities |
|
(1,985) |
|
|
(2,135) |
|
| Net deferred tax liabilities |
|
$ |
(1,948) |
|
|
$ |
(2,095) |
|
The deferred tax asset related to losses available for carry forward includes $35 million (2023: $38 million) of tax benefits that have been recognized based on projections of future taxable profits.
The sources of deferred income tax balances and movements are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
Recognized in |
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Jan. 1, 2024 |
|
Net
Income |
|
Other
Comprehensive
Income |
|
Other(1) |
|
|
|
Dec. 31, 2024 |
Deferred tax assets related to non-capital losses and capital losses |
|
$ |
38 |
|
|
$ |
(2) |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
(1) |
|
|
|
|
$ |
35 |
|
Deferred tax liabilities related to differences in tax and book basis, net |
|
(2,133) |
|
|
(7) |
|
|
(24) |
|
|
181 |
|
|
|
|
(1,983) |
|
| Net deferred tax liabilities |
|
$ |
(2,095) |
|
|
$ |
(9) |
|
|
$ |
(24) |
|
|
$ |
180 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
(1,948) |
|
(1)Other items relate to foreign exchange as deferred income taxes are calculated based on the functional currency of each operating entity.
F-50 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
Recognized in |
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Jan. 1, 2023 |
|
Net
Income |
|
Other
Comprehensive
Income |
|
Other(1) |
|
Acquisitions/Dispositions |
|
Dec. 31, 2023 |
Deferred tax assets related to non-capital losses and capital losses |
|
$ |
37 |
|
|
$ |
(2) |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
2 |
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
38 |
|
Deferred tax liabilities related to differences in tax and book basis, net |
|
(1,532) |
|
|
(18) |
|
|
(34) |
|
|
(104) |
|
|
(445) |
|
|
(2,133) |
|
| Net deferred tax liabilities |
|
$ |
(1,495) |
|
|
$ |
(20) |
|
|
$ |
(34) |
|
|
$ |
(102) |
|
|
$ |
(444) |
|
|
$ |
(2,095) |
|
(1)Other items relate to foreign exchange as deferred income taxes are calculated based on the functional currency of each operating entity.
The amount of non-capital losses for which no deferred income tax assets have been recognized is approximately $55 million (2023: $41 million). Deferred tax assets not recognized relating to non-capital losses of $2 million (2023: $2 million) will be carried forward indefinitely and $53 million (2023: $39 million) will be carried forward for greater than five years from the reporting date.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-51
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
(b)Income Tax Recognized in Income or Loss
The major components of income tax expense include the following:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the year ended December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Tax expense comprises: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Current income tax expense |
|
$ |
356 |
|
|
$ |
348 |
|
|
$ |
341 |
|
| Deferred income tax expense |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Origination and reversal of temporary differences |
|
18 |
|
|
22 |
|
|
16 |
|
| Change in tax rates or the imposition of new taxes |
|
(8) |
|
|
4 |
|
|
— |
|
| Deferred tax assets recognized |
|
(1) |
|
|
(6) |
|
|
(95) |
|
| Total income tax expense |
|
$ |
365 |
|
|
$ |
368 |
|
|
$ |
262 |
|
Income tax on income before tax and non-controlling interests reconciles to tax expense as follows: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Net income before income tax and non-controlling interests |
|
$ |
437 |
|
|
$ |
974 |
|
|
$ |
1,881 |
|
Income tax expense calculated at the domestic rates applicable to profits in the country concerned |
|
120 |
|
|
328 |
|
|
576 |
|
| Change in tax rates and new legislation |
|
(8) |
|
|
4 |
|
|
— |
|
| International operations subject to different tax rates |
|
46 |
|
|
6 |
|
|
(1) |
|
| Taxable income attributable to non-controlling interests |
|
1 |
|
|
— |
|
|
(2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Deferred tax assets recognized |
|
(1) |
|
|
(6) |
|
|
(95) |
|
| Foreign exchange |
|
31 |
|
|
(6) |
|
|
12 |
|
| Non-deductible dividends on exchangeable shares |
|
56 |
|
|
47 |
|
|
42 |
|
| Non-deductible remeasurement adjustments on exchangeable and class B shares |
|
126 |
|
|
(9) |
|
|
(280) |
|
| Permanent differences and other |
|
(6) |
|
|
4 |
|
|
10 |
|
| Income tax expense recognized in profit or loss |
|
$ |
365 |
|
|
$ |
368 |
|
|
$ |
262 |
|
Our company has no temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries for which no deferred income taxes have been provided.
(c)Income Tax Recognized Directly in Other Comprehensive Income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the year ended December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Deferred tax arising on income and expenses recognized in other comprehensive income |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Revaluation of property, plant and equipment |
|
$ |
30 |
|
|
$ |
36 |
|
|
$ |
25 |
|
| Cash flow hedges |
|
(6) |
|
|
6 |
|
|
(19) |
|
| Other |
|
— |
|
|
(8) |
|
|
8 |
|
| Total income tax recognized directly in other comprehensive income |
|
$ |
24 |
|
|
$ |
34 |
|
|
$ |
14 |
|
F-52 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 21. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Attributable to Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Revaluation
Surplus |
|
Foreign
Currency
Translation |
|
Cash Flow
Hedges |
|
Equity accounted investments |
|
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income |
| Balance at December 31, 2022 |
|
$ |
1,005 |
|
|
$ |
(709) |
|
|
$ |
(17) |
|
|
$ |
27 |
|
|
$ |
306 |
|
| Other comprehensive income (loss) |
|
85 |
|
|
109 |
|
|
— |
|
|
(27) |
|
|
167 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Balance at December 31, 2023 |
|
$ |
1,090 |
|
|
$ |
(600) |
|
|
$ |
(17) |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
473 |
|
| Other comprehensive income |
|
71 |
|
|
35 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
— |
|
|
108 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Balance at December 31, 2024 |
|
$ |
1,161 |
|
|
$ |
(565) |
|
|
$ |
(15) |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
581 |
|
NOTE 22. CONTRACTUAL COMMITMENTS
In the normal course of business, our company will enter into contractual obligations which include commitments relating primarily to contracted project costs for various growth initiatives such as committed expenditures associated with gas and electricity sales contracts at our U.K. regulated distribution operation. As at December 31, 2024, our company had $560 million (2023: $695 million) of commitments outstanding, of which 21% mature in less than one year, 64% between two and five years, and 15% after five years.
In addition, pursuant to the Master Service Agreement, on a quarterly basis, we, together with Brookfield Infrastructure, pay a base management fee to certain service providers (the “Service Providers”), which are subsidiaries of BN, equal to 0.3125% per quarter (1.25% annually) of the combined market value of our group. Our company pays for, or reimburses the partnership for, our proportionate share of the management fee. The fee attributable to our company is recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Operating Results in general and administrative expenses. The amount attributable to our company is based on the weighted average number of exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares outstanding relative to units.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-53
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
NOTE 23. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
In the normal course of operations, our company entered into the transactions below with related parties. The ultimate parent of our company is Brookfield. Other related parties of our company represent BN’s subsidiary and operating entities.
Since inception, Brookfield Infrastructure has had a management agreement, the Master Services Agreement, with the Service Providers which are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Brookfield.
Pursuant to the Master Services Agreement, on a quarterly basis, we, together with Brookfield Infrastructure, pay a base management fee to the Service Providers equal to 0.3125% per quarter (1.25% annually) of the combined market value of our group. Our company pays for, or reimburses the partnership for, our proportionate share of the management fee. For purposes of calculating the base management fee, the market value of our group is equal to the aggregate value of all the outstanding units (assuming full conversion of BN’s limited partnership interests in Holding LP into units), preferred units and securities of the other Service Recipients (including the Exchangeable units and exchangeable shares, calculated on a fully-diluted basis assuming full conversion of any class A.2 exchangeable shares into exchangeable shares) that are not held by Brookfield Infrastructure, plus all outstanding third-party debt with recourse to a Service Recipient, less all cash held by such entities. The amount attributable to our company is based on the weighted average number of exchangeable shares and class A.2 exchangeable shares outstanding relative to units.
The base management fee attributable to our company was $67 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 (2023: $63 million, 2022: $63 million).
Our company’s affiliates provide connection services in the normal course of operations on market terms to affiliates and associates of Brookfield Property Partners L.P. For the year ended December 31, 2024, revenues of $1 million were generated (2023: less than $1 million, 2022: less than $1 million) and $nil expenses were incurred (2023: $nil, 2022: $nil).
A subsidiary of BIHC is party to two credit agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure, one as borrower and one as lender, each providing for a ten-year revolving $1 billion credit facility for purposes of providing BIHC and Brookfield Infrastructure with access to debt financing on an as-needed basis and to maximize our flexibility and facilitate the movement of cash within our group. Such credit agreements terminate on March 31, 2030. We intend to use the liquidity provided by the foregoing credit facilities for working capital purposes and to fund growth capital investments and acquisitions. The determination of which of these sources of funding we will access in any particular situation will be a matter of optimizing needs and opportunities at that time.
In addition, each such credit facility contemplates potential deposit arrangements pursuant to which the lender thereunder would, with the consent of a borrower, deposit funds on a demand basis to such borrower’s account at market interest rate. As at December 31, 2024, $nil (December 31, 2023: $nil) was drawn on the credit facilities under the credit agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure.
F-54 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
On December 24, 2024, the partnership, BIHC and our company completed the Arrangement pursuant to which (i) holders of the exchangeable shares of BIHC, other than Brookfield, received exchangeable shares of our company in exchange for their BIHC exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (ii) Brookfield transferred their exchangeable shares of BIHC to our company in exchange for class A.2 exchangeable shares on a one-for-one basis; (iii) the exchangeable shares of BIHC were delisted; and (iv) the exchangeable shares of our company were listed on the NYSE and TSX.
In connection with the Arrangement, our company entered into two deposit agreements with Canada Holdco, one as depositor/lender and one as depositee/borrower. Each deposit agreement contemplates potential deposit arrangements pursuant to which the parties thereunder would mutually agree to deposit funds thereunder from time to time on a demand basis at a specified rate of interest. Additionally, our company, as borrower, entered into a credit agreement with Canada Holdco, as lender, pursuant to which Canada Holdco established a revolving credit facility in the aggregate principal amount of $150 million in favor of our company. The credit agreement has a ten-year term, subject to automatic one-year extensions occurring annually unless terminated by the lender.
The credit facilities are available in U.S. or Canadian dollars, and advances will be made by way of SOFR, base rate, CORRA, or prime rate loans. Each of the credit facilities bears interest at the benchmark rate plus an applicable spread, in each case subject to adjustment from time to time as the parties may agree.
Brookfield Infrastructure provided BIHC an equity commitment in the amount of $1 billion. The equity commitment may be called by BIHC in exchange for the issuance of a number of class C shares or preferred shares, as the case may be, to Brookfield Infrastructure, corresponding to the amount of the equity commitment called divided (i) in the case of a subscription for class C shares, by the fair market value of a class C share, and (ii) in the case of a subscription for preferred shares, $25.00. The equity commitment will be reduced permanently by the amount so called. As at December 31, 2024, $nil (December 31, 2023: $nil) was called on the equity commitment.
BIPC Holdings Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of BIHC, fully and unconditionally guaranteed (i) any unsecured debt securities issued by Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC, Brookfield Infrastructure Finance LLC, Brookfield Infrastructure Finance Limited and Brookfield Infrastructure Finance Pty Ltd., which we refer to collectively as the “Co-Issuers”, in each case as to payment of principal, premium (if any) and interest when and as the same will become due and payable under or in respect of the trust indenture dated October 10, 2012 among the Co-Issuers and Computershare Trust Company of Canada under which such securities are issued, (ii) certain of the partnership’s preferred units, as to payment of distributions when due, the payment of amounts due on redemption and the payment of amounts due on the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership, and (iii) the obligations of Brookfield Infrastructure under its bilateral credit facilities. These arrangements do not have or are not reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors. In addition, BIPC Holdings Inc. guaranteed (i) subordinated debt securities issued by Brookfield Infrastructure Finance ULC or BIP Bermuda Holdings I Limited on a subordinated basis, as to payment of principal, premium (if any) and interest when and as the same will become due and payable under or in respect of the trust indenture under which such securities are issued, and (ii) the obligations of Brookfield Infrastructure Holdings (Canada) Inc. under its commercial paper program.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-55
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
On March 28, 2023, a subsidiary of our company entered into a loan agreement with an affiliate of Brookfield for total proceeds of $250 million, which accrued interest at SOFR plus 200 basis points per annum and matured on May 24, 2024. This loan was non-recourse to our company and was presented as non-recourse borrowings on the consolidated statements of financial position. Interest accrued during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $8 million (December 31, 2023: $14 million), respectively. Upon maturity, the loan was restructured and settled as a non-cash transaction with Brookfield Infrastructure through a combination of settling pre-existing loans and establishing new loan agreements.
On March 28, 2023, our company entered into a loan agreement (as lender) with Brookfield Infrastructure for $250 million. On May 24, 2024, the loan was partially settled as part of a non-cash transaction for $200 million and had a balance outstanding of $57 million as of December 31, 2024. The loan is presented as amounts due from Brookfield Infrastructure on the consolidated statements of financial position. The loan was extended to a maturity date of May 24, 2029 and accrues interest at SOFR plus 210 basis points per annum until May 24, 2026, and thereafter accrues interest at SOFR plus 475 basis points per annum until the maturity date. Interest accrued during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $10 million (December 31, 2023: $14 million).
On May 24, 2024, our company entered into an additional loan agreement (as lender) with Brookfield Infrastructure as part of a non-cash transaction for $24 million. The loan agreement was subsequently amended on December 27, 2024 to extend an additional $17 million to Brookfield Infrastructure. As of December 31, 2024, the balance outstanding on this loan was $43 million. The loan is presented as amounts due from Brookfield Infrastructure on the consolidated statements of financial position and accrues interest at SOFR plus 210 basis points per annum until May 24, 2026, and thereafter accrues interest at SOFR plus 475 basis points per annum until May 24, 2029, the maturity date. Interest accrued during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1 million.
As at December 31, 2024, the balance outstanding on our deposit with Brookfield Infrastructure was $1,178 million (December 31, 2023: $1,038 million). As at December 31, 2024, the demand deposit payable to Brookfield Infrastructure was $nil (December 31, 2023: $26 million) following a non-cash settlement of $26 million on May 24, 2024. The deposit arrangements accrue interest at 0.2% per annum. During the year ended December 31, 2024, interest accrued on the deposit with Brookfield Infrastructure was $3 million (December 31, 2023: less than $1 million). During the year ended December 31, 2024, interest accrued on the demand deposit payable to Brookfield Infrastructure was $nil (December 31, 2023: less than $1 million).
On May 24, 2024, our company entered into loan agreements with Brookfield Infrastructure as part of a non-cash transaction for total cumulative proceeds of $100 million. The loans are presented as loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure on the consolidated statements of financial position and accrue interest at SOFR plus 210 basis points per annum until May 24, 2026, and thereafter accrue interest at SOFR plus 475 basis points per annum until May 24, 2029, the maturity date. Interest accrued during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $4 million.
As at December 31, 2024, our company had accounts payable of $30 million (December 31, 2023: $10 million) to Brookfield and subsidiaries of Brookfield Infrastructure, and accounts receivable of $19 million (December 31, 2023: $19 million) from subsidiaries of Brookfield Infrastructure.
F-56 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
On August 31, 2023, our company sold its 7.9% effective interest in its Australian regulated utility operation to an affiliate of Brookfield for net proceeds of approximately $435 million. On disposition, our company recognized a gain of $32 million in the consolidated statement of operating results and accumulated currency translation losses of $28 million were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to the consolidated statement of operating results.
NOTE 24. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Our company’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks, including market risk (i.e. currency risk, interest rate risk, commodity risk and other price risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. Our company selectively uses derivative financial instruments principally to manage these risks.
The aggregate notional amount of our company’s derivative positions at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Note |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
| Interest rate swaps and other |
|
(a) |
|
$ |
2,556 |
|
|
$ |
2,946 |
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
2,556 |
|
|
$ |
2,946 |
|
The following table presents the change in fair values of our company’s derivative positions during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
Unrealized Gains
During 2024 |
|
Unrealized Losses
During 2024 |
|
Net Change During 2024 |
|
Net Change During 2023 |
| Interest rate swaps and other |
|
$ |
56 |
|
|
$ |
(7) |
|
|
$ |
49 |
|
|
$ |
(12) |
|
|
|
$ |
56 |
|
|
$ |
(7) |
|
|
$ |
49 |
|
|
$ |
(12) |
|
(a)Interest Rates
At December 31, 2024, our company held interest rate and cross currency interest rate swap contracts having an aggregate notional amount of $2,556 million (2023: $2,946 million).
Other Information Regarding Derivative Financial Instruments
The following table presents the notional amounts underlying our company’s derivative instruments by term to maturity as at December 31, 2024 and the comparative notional amounts at December 31, 2023. Our Company’s derivative instruments qualify for hedge accounting:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
< 1 year |
|
1 to 5 years |
|
> 5 years |
|
Total Notional
Amount |
|
Total Notional
Amount |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest rate swaps and other |
|
$ |
870 |
|
|
$ |
1,436 |
|
|
$ |
250 |
|
|
$ |
2,556 |
|
|
$ |
2,946 |
|
|
|
$ |
870 |
|
|
$ |
1,436 |
|
|
$ |
250 |
|
|
$ |
2,556 |
|
|
$ |
2,946 |
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-57
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
The following table classifies derivatives elected for hedge accounting during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as either cash flow hedges or net investment hedges. Changes in the fair value of the effective portion of the hedges are recorded in either other comprehensive income or net income, depending on the hedge classification, whereas changes in the fair value of the ineffective portion of the hedge are recorded in net income:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
| AS AT AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED (US$ MILLIONS) |
|
Notional |
|
Effective
Portion |
|
Ineffective
Portion |
|
Notional |
|
Effective
Portion |
|
Ineffective
Portion |
| Cash flow hedges |
|
$ |
2,556 |
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
2,946 |
|
|
$ |
(24) |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
Our company settles the difference between the contracted fixed and floating rates of its interest rate swaps on a net basis. All interest rate swap contracts exchanging floating rate interest amounts for fixed rate interest amounts are designated as cash flow hedges in order to reduce our company’s cash flow exposure resulting from variable interest rates on borrowings. The interest rate swaps and the interest payments on the borrowings occur simultaneously and the amount accumulated in equity is reclassified to profit or loss over the period that the floating rate interest payments on borrowings affect profit or loss.
NOTE 25. FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT
Our company is exposed to the following risks as a result of holding financial instruments: capital risk; liquidity risk; market risk (i.e. interest rate risk and foreign currency risk); and credit risk. The following is a description of these risks and how they are managed:
(a)Liquidity Risk Management
Our company manages its capital structure to be able to continue as a going concern while maximizing the return to stakeholders. Our company’s overall capital strategy is consistent with that of the partnership which remains unchanged from 2023.
The capital structure of our company consists of debt, offset by cash and cash equivalents, exchangeable and class B shares, loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure and share capital comprised of issued capital and accumulated gains.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
$ |
12,178 |
|
|
$ |
12,028 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents |
|
(674) |
|
|
(539) |
|
| Net debt |
|
11,504 |
|
|
11,489 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shares classified as financial liability |
|
4,644 |
|
|
4,153 |
|
| Loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
102 |
|
|
26 |
|
| Total equity |
|
2,222 |
|
|
4,068 |
|
| Total capital and net debt |
|
$ |
18,472 |
|
|
$ |
19,736 |
|
| Net debt to capitalization ratio |
|
62 |
% |
|
58 |
% |
F-58 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
The Board of Directors, along with senior management of the Service Providers, reviews our company’s capital structure and as part of this review, considers the cost of capital and the risk associated with each class of capital.
Our company manages its debt exposure by financing its operations on a non-recourse basis with prudent levels of debt, ensuring a diversity of funding sources as well as laddering its maturity profile to minimize refinance risk. Our company also borrows in the currency where the asset operates, where possible, in order to hedge its currency risk.
Our company’s financing plan is to fund its recurring growth capital expenditures with cash flow generated by its operations after maintenance capital expenditure, as well as debt financing that is sized to maintain its credit profile. To fund large scale development projects and acquisitions, our company will evaluate a variety of capital sources including funding from the partnership, proceeds from selling non-core assets, equity and debt financing. Our company will seek to raise additional equity if the company believes it can earn returns on these investments in excess of the cost of the incremental capital.
The following tables detail the contractual maturities for our company’s financial liabilities. The tables reflect the undiscounted cash flows of financial liabilities based on the earliest date on which our company can be required to pay. The tables include both interest and principal cash flows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than
1 year |
|
1-2 years |
|
2-5 years |
|
5+ years |
|
Total
contractual
cash flows |
| December 31, 2024 |
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
|
|
|
|
| Accounts payable and other liabilities |
|
$ |
697 |
|
|
$ |
5 |
|
|
$ |
13 |
|
|
$ |
7 |
|
|
$ |
722 |
|
| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
781 |
|
|
1,321 |
|
|
4,719 |
|
|
5,814 |
|
|
12,635 |
|
| Financial liabilities |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
33 |
|
| Shares classified as financial liability |
|
4,644 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
4,644 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
102 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
102 |
|
| Interest Expense: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
900 |
|
|
834 |
|
|
1,852 |
|
|
1,273 |
|
|
4,859 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than
1 year |
|
1-2 years |
|
2-5 years |
|
5+ years |
|
Total
contractual
cash flows |
| December 31, 2023 |
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
|
|
|
|
| Accounts payable and other liabilities |
|
$ |
821 |
|
|
$ |
5 |
|
|
$ |
4 |
|
|
$ |
7 |
|
|
$ |
837 |
|
| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
1,203 |
|
|
917 |
|
|
5,338 |
|
|
5,346 |
|
|
12,804 |
|
| Financial liabilities |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
75 |
|
| Exchangeable and class B shares |
|
4,153 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
4,153 |
|
| Loans payable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
26 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
26 |
|
| Interest Expense: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-recourse borrowings |
|
662 |
|
|
588 |
|
|
1,214 |
|
|
988 |
|
|
3,452 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(b)Market Risk
Market risk is defined for these purposes as the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument held by our company will fluctuate because of the change in market prices. Market risk includes the risk of changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity prices.
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-59
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Our company seeks to minimize the risks associated with foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates primarily through the use of derivative financial instruments to hedge these risk exposures. The use of financial derivatives is governed by the group’s Treasury Policy. Our company does not enter into, or trade financial instruments, including derivative financial instruments, for speculative purposes.
The Treasury Policy provides written principles on the use of financial derivatives. With respect to its treasury policy, the Service Providers performs the monitoring, review and approval role and report to our board on a regular basis.
Financial instruments held by our company that are subject to market risk include other financial assets, borrowings, derivative instruments, such as interest rate and foreign currency contracts.
Interest Rate Risk Management
Our company’s primary objectives with respect to interest rate risk management are to ensure that:
•Our company is not exposed to interest rate movements that could adversely impact its ability to meet financial obligations;
•Earnings and distributions are not adversely affected;
•Volatility of debt servicing costs is managed within acceptable parameters; and
•All borrowing covenants under various borrowing facilities, including interest coverage ratios, are complied with.
To achieve these objectives, in general terms, our company’s funding mix comprises both fixed and floating rate debt. Fixed rate debt is achieved either through fixed rate debt funding or through the use of financial derivative instruments. In addition, where possible, interest rate risk is minimized by matching the terms of interest rate swap contracts in regulated businesses to the term of the rate period, thus providing natural hedges.
The sensitivity analyses below reflect our company’s exposure to interest rates for both derivative and non-derivative instruments at the reporting date, assuming that a 50 basis point increase or decrease in rates takes place at the beginning of the financial year and is held constant throughout the reporting period. The sensitivity analyses assume a 50 basis point change to reflect the current methodology employed by our company in assessing interest rate risk. Such parallel shift in the yield curve by 50 basis points would have had the following impact, assuming all other variables were held constant:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2024 |
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
50 bp decrease |
|
50 bp increase |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income (loss) to the partnership(1) |
|
$ |
7 |
|
|
$ |
(7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other comprehensive income to the partnership(1) |
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1)Net income and other comprehensive income is attributable to the partnership subsequent to the Arrangement as a result of the partnership holding all of the class B shares issued by our company. Please refer to Note 3(b), Material Accounting Policy Information, for further details.
F-60 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
Foreign Currency Risk Management
Our company has exposure to foreign currency risk in respect of currency transactions, the value of our company’s net investment, cash flows and capital expenditures that are denominated outside of the U.S. Our company’s approach to foreign currency risk management is:
•Our company leverages any natural hedges that may exist within its operations;
•Our company utilizes local currency debt financing to the extent possible; and
•Our company may utilize derivative contracts to the extent that natural hedges are insufficient.
The tables below set out our company’s currency exposure at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2024 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
USD |
|
GBP |
|
BRL |
|
|
|
EUR & Others |
|
Total |
| Assets: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Current assets |
|
$ |
2,325 |
|
|
$ |
273 |
|
|
$ |
871 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
13 |
|
|
$ |
3,482 |
|
| Non-current assets |
|
10,002 |
|
|
5,882 |
|
|
2,936 |
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
18,823 |
|
|
|
$ |
12,327 |
|
|
$ |
6,155 |
|
|
$ |
3,807 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
16 |
|
|
$ |
22,305 |
|
| Liabilities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Current liabilities |
|
$ |
1,563 |
|
|
$ |
561 |
|
|
$ |
745 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
2 |
|
|
$ |
2,871 |
|
| Non-current liabilities |
|
6,213 |
|
|
3,725 |
|
|
3,779 |
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
13,717 |
|
|
|
$ |
7,776 |
|
|
$ |
4,286 |
|
|
$ |
4,524 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
2 |
|
|
$ |
16,588 |
|
Non-controlling interest |
|
3,496 |
|
|
372 |
|
|
(402) |
|
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
3,475 |
|
| Net investment attributable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
$ |
1,055 |
|
|
$ |
1,497 |
|
|
$ |
(315) |
|
|
|
|
$ |
5 |
|
|
$ |
2,242 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2023 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
USD |
|
GBP |
|
BRL |
|
EUR & Others |
|
|
|
Total |
| Assets: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Current assets |
|
$ |
419 |
|
|
$ |
318 |
|
|
$ |
747 |
|
|
$ |
10 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
1,494 |
|
| Non-current assets |
|
11,947 |
|
|
5,580 |
|
|
3,576 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
21,105 |
|
|
|
$ |
12,366 |
|
|
$ |
5,898 |
|
|
$ |
4,323 |
|
|
$ |
12 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
22,599 |
|
| Liabilities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Current liabilities |
|
$ |
982 |
|
|
$ |
387 |
|
|
$ |
549 |
|
|
$ |
2 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
1,920 |
|
| Non-current liabilities |
|
6,639 |
|
|
3,744 |
|
|
3,099 |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
13,482 |
|
|
|
$ |
7,621 |
|
|
$ |
4,131 |
|
|
$ |
3,648 |
|
|
$ |
2 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
15,402 |
|
Non-controlling interest |
|
3,586 |
|
|
348 |
|
|
526 |
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
|
4,467 |
|
| Net investment attributable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
$ |
1,159 |
|
|
$ |
1,419 |
|
|
$ |
149 |
|
|
$ |
3 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
2,730 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-61
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2022 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
GBP |
|
BRL |
|
AUD |
|
Total |
| Assets: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Current assets |
|
$ |
264 |
|
|
$ |
737 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
1,001 |
|
| Non-current assets |
|
4,821 |
|
|
3,362 |
|
|
428 |
|
|
8,611 |
|
|
|
$ |
5,085 |
|
|
$ |
4,099 |
|
|
$ |
428 |
|
|
$ |
9,612 |
|
| Liabilities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Current liabilities |
|
$ |
690 |
|
|
$ |
486 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
1,176 |
|
| Non-current liabilities |
|
2,864 |
|
|
3,034 |
|
|
— |
|
|
5,898 |
|
|
|
$ |
3,554 |
|
|
$ |
3,520 |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
7,074 |
|
| Non-controlling interest |
|
298 |
|
|
460 |
|
|
— |
|
|
758 |
|
| Net investment attributable to Brookfield Infrastructure |
|
$ |
1,233 |
|
|
$ |
119 |
|
|
$ |
428 |
|
|
$ |
1,780 |
|
The following tables detail our company’s sensitivity to a 10% increase and decrease in the U.S. dollar against the relevant foreign currencies, with all other variables held constant as at reporting date. 10% is the sensitivity rate used when reporting foreign currency risk internally. The sensitivity analysis is performed as follows:
•Outstanding foreign currency denominated monetary items (excluding foreign exchange derivative contracts) are adjusted at period end for a 10% change in foreign currency rates from the rate at which they are translated;
•Foreign currency derivative contracts are measured as the change in fair value of the derivative as a result of a 10% change in the spot currency rate; and
•The impact on net income results from performing a sensitivity of a 10% change in foreign exchange rates applied to the profit or loss contribution from foreign operations (after considering the impact of foreign exchange derivative contracts).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Impact on Net Income to the Partnership |
| |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
-10% |
|
10% |
|
-10% |
|
10% |
|
-10% |
|
10% |
| USD/GBP |
|
$ |
(8) |
|
|
$ |
8 |
|
|
$ |
(8) |
|
|
$ |
8 |
|
|
$ |
(8) |
|
|
$ |
8 |
|
| USD/BRL |
|
(14) |
|
|
14 |
|
|
(20) |
|
|
20 |
|
|
(23) |
|
|
23 |
|
| USD/AUD |
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
2 |
|
|
(2) |
|
|
(1) |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Impact on Parent Equity |
| |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
-10% |
|
10% |
|
-10% |
|
10% |
|
-10% |
|
10% |
| USD/GBP |
|
$ |
(150) |
|
|
$ |
150 |
|
|
$ |
(142) |
|
|
$ |
142 |
|
|
$ |
(123) |
|
|
$ |
123 |
|
| USD/BRL |
|
31 |
|
|
(31) |
|
|
(15) |
|
|
15 |
|
|
(12) |
|
|
12 |
|
| USD/EUR |
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(1) |
|
|
1 |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
| USD/AUD |
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
— |
|
|
(43) |
|
|
43 |
|
F-62 Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation
|
|
|
|
| BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION |
| NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 |
(c)Credit Risk Management
Credit risk is the risk of loss due to the failure of a borrower or counterparty to fulfill its contractual obligations.
From a treasury perspective, counterparty credit risk is managed through the establishment of authorized counterparty credit limits which are designed to ensure that our company only deals with credit worthy counterparties and that counterparty concentration is addressed and the risk of loss is mitigated. Credit limits are sufficiently low to restrict our company from having credit exposures concentrated with a single counterparty but rather encourages spreading such risks among several parties. The limits are set at levels that reflect our company’s scale of activity and allow it to manage its treasury business competitively.
Our company does not have any significant credit risk exposure to any single counterparty or any group of counterparties having similar characteristics other than those described in Note 17, Revenues. Based on our review of key counterparties, we do not have any significant changes in credit losses at this time. The credit risk on liquid funds and derivative financial instruments is limited because the counterparties are banks with high credit ratings assigned by international credit rating agencies. Exposure to credit risk is limited to the carrying amount of the assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
NOTE 26. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
For the year ended December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Interest paid |
|
$ |
954 |
|
|
$ |
678 |
|
|
$ |
554 |
|
| Income taxes paid |
|
417 |
|
|
318 |
|
|
292 |
|
Amounts paid and received for interest were reflected as operating cash flows in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Interest paid is net of debt related hedges.
Amounts paid for income taxes were reflected as either operating cash flows or investing cash flows in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows depending upon the nature of the underlying transaction.
Details of “Changes in non-cash working capital, net” on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
For the year ended December 31, |
| US$ MILLIONS |
|
2024 |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
| Accounts receivable |
|
$ |
140 |
|
|
$ |
(85) |
|
|
$ |
(61) |
|
| Accounts payable and other |
|
(53) |
|
|
91 |
|
|
234 |
|
| Changes in non-cash working capital, net |
|
$ |
87 |
|
|
$ |
6 |
|
|
$ |
173 |
|
Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation F-63
EX-2.1
2
bipc2024ex21.htm
EX-2.1
Document
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES
REGISTERED UNDER SECTION 12 OF THE EXCHANGE ACT
As of December 31, 2024, the class A exchangeable subordinate voting shares, no par value (“exchangeable shares”) of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation were registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and were listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker “BIPC.”
The following is a description of the material terms of our exchangeable shares, Class B Shares (as defined below) and our articles and is qualified in its entirety by reference to all of the provisions of our articles. Because this description is only a summary of the terms of our exchangeable shares, Class B Shares and our articles, it does not contain all of the information that you may find useful. For more complete information, you should read our articles, which are available electronically on the website of the SEC at www.sec.gov and on our SEDAR+ profile at www.sedarplus.ca and will be made available to our holders as described under Item 10.H “Documents on Display” in our most recent annual report on Form 20-F (as may be amended, the “Annual Report”). Terms used but not defined herein have the meanings given to them in the Annual Report. All references to “$” are to U.S. dollars and “C$” are to Canadian dollars.
Description of our Share Capital
Our authorized share capital consists of (i) an unlimited number of exchangeable shares; and (ii) an unlimited number of Class B Shares, no par value.
Exchangeable Shares
The following description of exchangeable shares sets forth certain general terms and provisions of exchangeable shares. This description is in all respects subject to and qualified in its entirety by applicable law and the provisions of our articles. Through the rights and governance structures described in the Annual Report, each exchangeable share is intended to provide its holder with an economic return that is equivalent to that of a limited partnership unit of the partnership (each a “partnership unit”). Consequently, we expect that the market price of our exchangeable shares will be impacted by the market price of the partnership units and the combined business performance of our group as a whole.
Voting
Except as otherwise expressly provided in our articles or as required by law, each holder of exchangeable shares is entitled to receive notice of, and to attend and vote at, all meetings of our shareholders. Each holder of exchangeable shares is entitled to cast one vote for each exchangeable share held at the record date for determination of shareholders entitled to vote on any matter. Except as otherwise expressly provided in our articles or as required by law, the holders of exchangeable shares and class B multiple voting shares of our company (the “Class B Shares”) will vote together and not as separate classes. See “—Class B Shares” below for a description of the Class B Shares.
Holders of exchangeable shares hold an aggregate 25% voting interest in our company.
Dividends
The holders of exchangeable shares are entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by our board subject to the special rights of the holders of any other class of shares ranking senior to the exchangeable shares with respect to priority in payment of dividends. Each exchangeable share will receive identical dividends to the distributions paid on each partnership unit.
Each exchangeable share entitles its holder to cumulative dividends per share in a cash amount equal in value to (i) the amount of any distribution made on a partnership unit multiplied by (ii) the conversion factor (which is currently one, subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership) determined in accordance with our articles and in effect on the record date of such dividend (the “Exchangeable Dividends”). See “Description of Exchangeable Shares—Exchange by Holder—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events” below. The record and payment dates for the dividends on the exchangeable shares, to the extent not prohibited by applicable law, shall be the same as the record and payment dates for the distributions upon the partnership units.
If the full amount of an Exchangeable Dividend is not declared and paid concurrently with a distribution on the partnership units, or is declared but is not paid on the payment date, then the undeclared or unpaid amount of such Exchangeable Dividend shall accrue and accumulate (without interest), whether or not our company has earnings, whether or not there are funds legally available for the payment thereof and whether or not such Exchangeable Dividend has been earned, declared or authorized. Any Exchangeable Dividend payment made shall first be credited against the earliest accumulated but unpaid Exchangeable Dividends due which remain payable (the “Unpaid Dividends”). All Exchangeable Dividends shall be paid prior and in preference to any dividends or distributions on the Class B Shares. The holders of exchangeable shares are not entitled to any dividends from our company other than the Exchangeable Dividends.
Exchange by Holder
Holders of exchangeable shares have the right to exchange all or a portion of their exchangeable shares for one partnership unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described below in “—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one partnership unit on the date that the request for exchange is received by our transfer agent (or if not a trading day, the next trading day thereafter) plus all Unpaid Dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the sole discretion of our group). In the event the partnership ceases to be a publicly listed entity, the value of a partnership unit will be determined by (i) the last available bid price from an independent source such as an over-the-counter market or an independent investment banking firm; or (ii) if (i) is not applicable, then the amount that a holder of a partnership unit would receive upon the liquidation of the partnership and sale of its assets in accordance with the terms of its partnership agreement. If you hold exchangeable shares through a broker, please contact your broker to request an exchange on your behalf. If you are a registered holder of exchangeable shares, please contact the transfer agent and follow the process described below.
Each holder of exchangeable shares who wishes to exchange one or more of his or her exchangeable shares for partnership units or its cash equivalent is required to complete and deliver a notice of exchange in the form available from our transfer agent. The transfer agent will promptly notify our company, the partnership and until such time as the Rights Agreement (as defined below) is terminated, BN of the receipt of a notice of exchange. Upon receipt of a notice of exchange, our company shall, within ten (10) business days after the date that the notice of exchange is received by our transfer agent, deliver to the tendering holder of exchangeable shares, in accordance with instructions set forth in the notice of exchange, one partnership unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described below in “—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one partnership unit on the date that the request for exchange is received by our transfer agent (or if not a trading day, the next trading day thereafter) plus all Unpaid Dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the sole election of our company). Upon completion of the exchange of any exchangeable shares as described herein, the holder of exchangeable shares who has exchanged their exchangeable shares will have no further right, with respect to any exchangeable shares so exchanged, to receive any dividends on exchangeable shares with a record date on or after the date on which such exchangeable shares are exchanged.
In lieu of our company delivering partnership units or paying cash as described in the preceding paragraph, the partnership, in its sole discretion, may elect to satisfy our exchange obligation by acquiring all of the tendered exchangeable shares in exchange for issuing directly to such tendering holder one partnership unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described below in “—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one partnership unit on the date that the request for exchange is received by our transfer agent (or if not a trading day, the next trading day thereafter) plus all Unpaid Dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the sole election of the partnership). If the partnership elects to satisfy our exchange obligation directly (in lieu of our company delivering partnership units or cash as described above), it shall, within three (3) business days from the receipt of the holder’s notice of exchange, provide written notice to our transfer agent of its intention to satisfy the exchange obligation and shall satisfy such obligation within ten (10) business days from the date that the notice of exchange is received by our transfer agent by delivering to such holder of exchangeable shares the partnership units or its cash equivalent. Unitholders are not entitled to vote on the partnership’s exercise of the overriding call right described in the preceding sentences.
In the event that a tendering holder of exchangeable shares has not received the number of partnership units or its cash equivalent in satisfaction of the tendered exchangeable shares, then such tendering holder of exchangeable shares will be entitled to receive the equivalent of such cash amount or partnership units amount from BN pursuant to the rights agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) between BN and Wilmington Trust, National Association (the “rights agent”) until March 31, 2025. In this scenario, the tendered exchangeable shares will be delivered to the rights agent in exchange for the delivery of the equivalent of the cash amount or partnership units amount from a collateral account of BN administered by the rights agent. The partnership has agreed to indemnify BN, in its capacity as selling securityholder, for certain liabilities under applicable securities laws concerning selling securityholders, in connection with any partnership units delivered by BN pursuant to the Rights Agreement. See Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions—Relationship with Brookfield—Rights Agreement” in the Annual Report for a further description of the Rights Agreement.
No Fractional Partnership Units. No fractional partnership units will be issued or delivered upon exchange of exchangeable shares. In lieu of any fractional partnership units to which the tendering holder of exchangeable shares would otherwise be entitled at our group’s election, our group will pay an amount in cash equal to the partnership unit value on the trading day immediately preceding the exchange date multiplied by such fraction of a partnership unit.
Conversion of Tendered Exchangeable Shares. Brookfield Infrastructure is entitled at any time to have any or all exchangeable shares acquired by Brookfield Infrastructure converted into Class B Shares on a one-for-one basis.
Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events. The conversion factor (which is currently one) is subject to adjustment in accordance with our articles to reflect certain capital events, including (i) if the partnership or our company declares or pays a distribution to its unitholders consisting wholly or partly of partnership units or a dividend to its shareholders consisting wholly or partly of exchangeable shares, as applicable, without a corresponding distribution or dividend, as applicable, being declared or paid by the other entity; (ii) if the partnership or our company splits, subdivides, reverse-splits or combines its outstanding partnership units or exchangeable shares, as applicable, without a corresponding event occurring at the other entity; (iii) if the partnership or our company distributes any rights, options or warrants to all or substantially all holders of its partnership units or exchangeable shares to convert into, exchange for or subscribe for or to purchase or to otherwise acquire partnership units or exchangeable shares (or other securities or rights convertible into, exchangeable for or exercisable for partnership units or exchangeable shares), as applicable, without a corresponding distribution of rights, options or warrants by the other entity; (iv) if the partnership distributes to all or substantially all holders of partnership units evidences of its indebtedness or assets (including securities), or rights, options or warrants to convert into, exchange for or subscribe for or to purchase or to otherwise acquire such securities, but excluding all distributions where a comparable distribution (or the cash equivalent) is made by our company; or (v) if the partnership or one of its subsidiaries makes a payment in respect of a tender or exchange offer for the partnership units (but excluding for all purposes any exchange or tender offer to exchange partnership units for exchangeable shares or any other security economically equivalent to partnership units), to the extent that the cash and value of any other consideration included in the payment per partnership unit exceeds certain thresholds.
Redemption by Issuer
Our board has the right upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice to holders of exchangeable shares to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares at any time and for any reason, in its sole discretion and subject to applicable law, including without limitation following the occurrence of any of the following redemption events (each a “Redemption Event”): (i) the total number of exchangeable shares outstanding decreases by 50% or more over any twelve-month period; (ii) a person acquires 90% of the partnership units in a take-over bid (as defined by applicable securities law); (iii) unitholders of the partnership approve an acquisition of the partnership by way of arrangement or amalgamation; (iv) unitholders of the partnership approve a restructuring or other reorganization of the partnership; (v) there is a sale of all or substantially all of the partnership’s assets; (vi) there is a change of law (whether by legislative, governmental or judicial action), administrative practice or interpretation, or a change in circumstances of our company and our shareholders, that may result in adverse tax consequences for our company or our shareholders; or (vii) our board, in its sole discretion, concludes that the unitholders of the partnership or holders of exchangeable shares are adversely impacted by a fact, change or other circumstance relating to our company. For greater certainty, unitholders of the partnership do not have the ability to vote on such redemption and our board’s decision to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares will be final. In addition, the holder of Class B Shares may deliver a notice to our company specifying a redemption date upon which our company shall redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares, and upon sixty (60) days’ prior written notice from our company to holders of the exchangeable shares and without the consent of holders of exchangeable shares, our company shall be required to redeem all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares on such redemption date, subject to applicable law.
Upon any such Redemption Event, the holders of exchangeable shares shall be entitled to receive pursuant to such redemption one partnership unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “—Exchange by Holder—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one partnership unit on the trading day immediately preceding the announcement of such redemption plus all Unpaid Dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company).
Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon any Redemption Event, the partnership may elect to acquire all of the outstanding exchangeable shares in exchange for one partnership unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “—Exchange by Holder—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one partnership unit on the trading day immediately preceding the announcement of such redemption plus all Unpaid Dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the election of the partnership). Unitholders are not entitled to vote on the partnership’s exercise of the overriding call right described in the preceding sentences.
Liquidation
Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, and subject to the prior rights of holders of any other class of shares of our company ranking in priority or ratably with the exchangeable shares and after the payment in full (i) to any holder of exchangeable shares or Class B Shares that has submitted a notice of the exercise of the exchange rights described above at least ten (10) days prior to the date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up (or in the case of the Class B Shares, thirty (30) days prior to the date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up) and (ii) of any Unpaid Dividends, the holders of exchangeable shares shall be entitled to one partnership unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “—Exchange by Holder— Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one partnership unit on the trading day immediately preceding announcement of such liquidation, dissolution or winding up (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company). If, upon any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the assets of our company are insufficient to make such payment in full, then the assets of our company will be distributed among the holders of exchangeable shares ratably in proportion to the full amounts to which they would otherwise be respectively entitled to receive.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, the partnership may elect to acquire all of the outstanding exchangeable shares for one partnership unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “—Exchange by Holder—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) plus, in each case, a cash amount for each exchangeable share equal to any Unpaid Dividends per exchangeable share. The acquisition by the partnership of all the outstanding exchangeable shares will occur on the day prior to the effective date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company. Unitholders are not entitled to vote on the partnership’s exercise of the overriding call right described in the preceding sentences.
Automatic Redemption upon Liquidation of the Partnership
Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership, including where substantially concurrent with a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, all of the then outstanding exchangeable shares will be automatically redeemed by us on the day prior to the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership and immediately following the automatic redemption by BIHC of the Class A.1 Shares and Class A.2 Shares (or the exercise by the partnership of any call rights in respect thereof). Each holder of exchangeable shares shall be entitled to one partnership unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “—Exchange by Holder—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) or its cash equivalent based on the NYSE closing price of one partnership unit on the trading day immediately preceding the announcement of such redemption plus all Unpaid Dividends, if any (the form of payment to be determined at the election of our company).
Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon any such redemption, the partnership may elect to acquire all of the outstanding exchangeable shares in exchange for one partnership unit per exchangeable share held (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “—Exchange by Holder—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) plus, in each case, a cash amount for each exchangeable share equal to any Unpaid Dividends per exchangeable share. The acquisition by the partnership of all the outstanding exchangeable shares will occur on the day prior to the effective date of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership. Unitholders are not entitled to vote on the partnership’s exercise of the overriding call right described in the preceding sentences.
Conversion to Class B Shares
The partnership, or any of its controlled subsidiaries, is entitled to convert each held exchangeable share to a Class B Share on a one-for-one basis.
Book-Based System
The exchangeable shares may be uncertificated or represented in the form of one or more fully registered share certificates held by, or on behalf of, CDS Clearing and Depository Services Inc. (“CDS”) or the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), as applicable, as custodian of such certificates for the participants of CDS or DTC, registered in the name of CDS or DTC or their respective nominee, and registration of ownership and transfers of the exchangeable shares may be effected through the book-based system administered by CDS or DTC, as applicable.
Treatment of Exchangeable Shares in Connection with a Takeover Bid, Issuer Bid or Tender Offer
The exchangeable shares are not partnership units and will not be treated as partnership units for purposes of the application of applicable Canadian or U.S. rules relating to takeover bids, issuer bids and tender offers. partnership units and exchangeable shares are not securities of the same class. As a result, holders of exchangeable shares will not be entitled to participate in an offer or bid made to acquire partnership units, unless such offer is extended to holders of exchangeable shares and holders of partnership units will not be entitled to participate in an offer or bid made to acquire exchangeable shares, unless such offer is extended to holders of partnership units. In the event of a takeover bid for partnership units, a holder of exchangeable shares who would like to participate would be required to tender his or her exchangeable shares for exchange, in order to receive a partnership unit, or the cash equivalent, at the election of our group, pursuant to the exchange right. If an issuer tender offer or issuer bid is made for the partnership units at a price in excess of the market price of the partnership units and a comparable offer is not made for the exchangeable shares, then the conversion factor for the exchangeable shares may be adjusted. See “—Exchange by Holder—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events” above for more information on the circumstances in which adjustments may be made to the conversion factor.
Class B Shares
Voting
Except as otherwise expressly provided in our articles or as required by law, each holder of Class B Shares is entitled to receive notice of, and to attend and vote at, all meetings of our shareholders. Except as otherwise expressly provided in the articles or as required by law, the holders of exchangeable shares and Class B Shares will vote together and not as separate classes. The holders of the Class B Shares are entitled to cast, in the aggregate, a number of votes equal to three times the number of votes attached to the exchangeable shares.
Dividends
The holders of Class B Shares are entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by our company’s board of directors subject to the special rights of the holders of exchangeable shares and any other shares ranking senior to the Class B Shares with respect to priority in payment of dividends.
Subject to the rights of holders of exchangeable shares at the time outstanding having prior rights as to dividends and the payment to any holders of exchangeable shares who have delivered notices of exchange, each Class B Share entitles its holder to dividends as and when declared by our company’s board of directors.
In the event a dividend is declared and paid on the exchangeable shares consisting of exchangeable shares, our company’s board of directors will, subject to applicable law, contemporaneously declare and pay an equivalent dividend on the Class B Shares consisting of Class B Shares.
Liquidation
Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, after the payment in full of the amount due to the holders of exchangeable shares described above in “—Liquidation”, the remaining assets and property of our company will be distributed among the holders of the Class B Shares.
Redemption by Holder
Holders of Class B Shares have the right to tender all or a portion of their Class B Shares for cash for each Class B Share equal to the NYSE closing price of one unit (subject to adjustment in the event of certain dilutive or other capital events by our company or the partnership as described above in “—Exchange by Holder—Adjustments to Reflect Certain Capital Events”) on the date of the request for redemption. Upon receipt of a request for redemption, we will have thirty (30) days to deliver the cash amount to the exchanging holder.
Restrictions on Transfer
The Class B Shares may only be transferred to affiliates of the partnership.
EX-4.12
3
bipc2024ex412.htm
EX-4.12
Document
Exhibit 4.12
Execution Version
BIF III NORONHA AIV LLC
- and -
BIP NORONHA AIV LLC
- and -
NORONHA CO-INVEST LLC
- and -
BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE HOLDINGS CORPORATION
AMENDED & RESTATED VOTING AGREEMENT
Effective March 30, 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ARTICLE 1 INTERPRETATION |
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1.1 |
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Definitions |
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1.2 |
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Headings and Table of Contents |
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1.3 |
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Interpretation |
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1.4 |
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Invalidity of Provisions |
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1.5 |
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Entire Agreement |
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1.6 |
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Waiver Amendment |
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1.7 |
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Governing Law |
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ARTICLE 2 VOTING |
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2.1 |
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Voting at the Direction of BIHC |
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2.2 |
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General Guidelines |
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2.3 |
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Standard of Care |
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| ARTICLE 3 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES |
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3.1 |
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Representations and Warranties of each party |
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ARTICLE 4 TERMINATION |
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4.1 |
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Term |
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4.2 |
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Termination |
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ARTICLE 5 GENERAL PROVISIONS |
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5.1 |
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Assignment |
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5.2 |
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Enurement |
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5.3 |
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Notices |
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5.4 |
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Further Assurances |
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5.5 |
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Counterparts |
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- i -
VOTING AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT made effective as of the 30th day of March, 2020.
AMONG:
BIF III NORONHA AIV LLC
(“BIF III AIV”)
- and -
BIP NORONHA AIV LLC
(“BIP AIV”)
- and -
NORONHA CO-INVEST LLC (“Noronha Co-Invest”)
- and -
BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE HOLDINGS CORPORATION
(formerly named Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation) (“BIHC”)
RECITALS:
A. WHEREAS, BIF III AIV and BIP AIV own approximately 69.29% and 30.71%, respectively, of the limited partnership interests (the “ValveCo Interests”) of ValveCo (BIII) (Canada) L.P., which holds 100% of the limited partnership interests of ValveCo (BIII) DE LP (“ValveCo”);
B. AND WHEREAS, Noronha Co-Invest owns 100% of the limited partnership interests of GasCo (S) DE LP;
C. AND WHEREAS, ValveCo has entered into the Master Governance Agreement with each of PipeCo (B) DE LP (“PipeCo”), GasCo (S) DE LP (“GasCo”) and LineCo (C) DE LP (“LineCo”) (together with ValveCo, collectively, the “Companies”), which governs, among other things, certain voting arrangements relating thereto;
D. AND WHEREAS, pursuant to the Master Governance Agreement, the Companies will appoint a joint Board of Directors (“Joint Board”) comprised of the same Directors, alternates and observers and each Member Group can appoint one Director to the Joint Board of the Companies for each 8% Percentage Interest block held;
E. AND WHEREAS, the Brookfield Member Group (comprising PipeCo HoldCo (B) LLC, BIP AIV, BIF III AIV and Noronha Co-Invest) holds, as at the Effective Date, a Percentage Interest of approximately 57.5% and can appoint a majority of the Joint Board under the Master Governance Agreement;
F. AND WHEREAS, pursuant to the Master Governance Agreement, Directors on the Joint Board can vote interests equal to the Percentage Interest of their appointing Member Group, and therefore the Brookfield Member Group can carry resolutions of the Joint Board (other than with respect to Reserved Matters and FIP and Above Specific Matters (in each case as defined under the Master Governance Agreement)) as at the Effective Date;
G. AND WHEREAS, that certain voting agreement by and among Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P. (“BIP”), BIF III AIV and BIP AIV, dated April 4, 2017 is being terminated effective as of the Effective Date upon BIP ceasing to own, directly or indirectly, through wholly-owned Affiliates of BIP or Brookfield Infrastructure L.P., any interest in ValveCo pursuant to Section 4.2 thereof;
H. AND WHEREAS, BIF III AIV, BIP AIV and Noronha Co-Invest have each determined that it is necessary and advisable to grant to BIHC or BIHC’s designated Affiliates certain control over the voting of the ValveCo Interests and the voting interests of the Companies;
I. AND WHEREAS, BIF III AIV, BIP AIV and BIHC entered into a Voting Agreement effective as of March 30, 2020 (“Existing Voting Agreement”) to govern their relationship with respect to the voting of the ValveCo Interests and voting interests of the Companies;
J. AND WHEREAS, the parties wish to enter into this Agreement to amend and restate the Existing Voting Agreement, which will govern their relationship with respect to the voting of the ValveCo Interests and voting interests of the Companies effective as of the Effective Date;
K. AND WHEREAS, pursuant to BIHC’s indirect limited partnership interest in PipeCo and the rights granted to BIHC with respect to the voting of the ValveCo Interests and voting interests of the Companies under this Agreement (including, without limitation, BIHC’s rights to approve or reject the election of a majority of directors of the Joint Board), BIHC has certain control rights with respect to appointment and governance of the Joint Board, and in turn has certain control rights in respect of LineCo; and NOW THEREFORE, effective as of the Effective Date, in consideration of the mutual covenants set forth herein and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties covenant and agree, with the other, as follows: In this Agreement, except where the context otherwise requires, the following terms will have the following meanings:
ARTICLE 1
INTERPRETATION
1.1 Definitions
(a)“Affiliate” means with respect to a Person, any other Person that, directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, Controls or is Controlled by such Person, or is under common Control of a third Person;
(b) “Agreement” means this Voting Agreement;
(c)“BIF III Funds” has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.3.
(d)“BIF III GP” has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.3.
(e)“Business Day” means every day except a Saturday or Sunday, or a day which is a statutory or civic holiday in the State of Delaware;
(f)“Control” means the control by one Person of another Person in accordance with the following: a Person (“A”) controls another Person (“B”) where A has the power to determine the management and policies of B by contract or status (for example, the status of A being the general partner or the manager of B) or by virtue of the beneficial ownership of or control over a majority of the voting interests in B; and, for greater certainty and without limitation, if A owns or has control over shares or other securities to which are attached more than 50% of the votes permitted to be cast in the election of directors to the Governing Body of B or A is the general partner of B, a limited partnership, then in each case A Controls B for this purpose; and the term “Controlled” has the corresponding meaning;
(g)“Effective Date” means March 30, 2020;
(h)“Governing Body” means: (i) with respect to a corporation or limited company, the board of directors of such corporation or limited company; (ii) with respect to a limited liability company, the manager(s), director(s) or managing partner(s) of such limited liability company; (iii) with respect to a partnership, the board, committee or other body of each general partner or managing partner of such partnership that serves a similar function (or if any such general partner or managing partner is itself a partnership, the board, committee or other body of such general or managing partner’s general or managing partner that serves a similar function); and (iv) with respect to any other Person, the body of such Person that serves a similar function, and in the case of each of (i) through (iv) includes any committee or other subdivision of such body and any Person to whom such body has delegated any power or authority, including any officer or managing director;
(i)“Master Governance Agreement” means that certain Master Governance Agreement, dated as of April 4, 2017, among the Companies and other parties thereto from time to time, as the same may be amended or modified from time to time;
(j)“Person” means any natural person, partnership, limited partnership, limited liability partnership, joint venture, syndicate, sole proprietorship, company or corporation (with or without share capital), limited liability corporation, unlimited liability company, joint stock company, unincorporated association, trust, trustee, executor, administrator or other legal personal representative, regulatory body or agency, government or governmental agency, authority or entity however designated or constituted, and pronouns have a similarly extended meaning; and
(k)“Term” has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 4.1.
1.2 Headings and Table of Contents
The inclusion of headings and a table of contents in this Agreement are for convenience of reference only and will not affect the construction or interpretation hereof.
1.3 Interpretation
In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a)words importing the singular shall include the plural and vice versa, words importing gender shall include all genders or the neuter, and words importing the neuter shall include all genders;
(b)the words “include”, “includes”, “including”, or any variations thereof, when following any general term or statement, are not to be construed as limiting the general term or statement to the specific items or matters set forth or to similar items or matters, but rather as referring to all other items or matters that could reasonably fall within the broadest possible scope of the general term or statement;
(c)references to any Person include such Person’s successors and permitted assigns;
(d)except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, any reference in this Agreement to a statute, regulation, policy, rule or instrument shall include, and shall be deemed to be a reference also to, all rules and regulations made under such statute, in the case of a statute, all amendments made to such statute, regulation, policy, rule or instrument, and any statute, regulation, policy, rule or instrument that may be passed which has the effect of supplementing or superseding the statute, regulation, policy, rule or instrument so referred to;
(e)any reference to this Agreement or any other agreement, document or instrument shall be construed as a reference to this Agreement or, as the case may be, such other agreement, document or instrument as the same may have been, or may from time to time be, amended, varied, replaced, amended and restated, supplemented or otherwise modified;
(f)in the event that any day on which any amount is to be determined or any action is required to be taken hereunder is not a Business Day, then such amount shall be determined or such action shall be required to be taken at or before the requisite time on the next succeeding day that is a Business Day; and
(g)except where otherwise expressly provided, all amounts in this Agreement are stated and shall be paid in U.S. currency.
1.4 Invalidity of Provisions
Each provision contained in this Agreement is distinct and severable and a declaration of invalidity or unenforceability of any such provision or part thereof by a court of competent jurisdiction will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision hereof. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the parties waive any provision of law which renders any provision of this Agreement invalid or unenforceable in any respect. The parties will engage in good faith negotiations to replace any provision which is declared invalid or unenforceable with a valid and enforceable provision, the economic effect of which comes as close as possible to that of the invalid or unenforceable provision which it replaces.
1.5 Entire Agreement
This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties pertaining to the subject matter of this Agreement. There are no warranties, conditions, or representations (including any that may be implied by statute) and there are no agreements in connection with such subject matter except as specifically set forth or referred to in this Agreement. No reliance is placed on any warranty, representation, opinion, advice or assertion of fact made either prior to, contemporaneous with, or after entering into this Agreement, or any amendment or supplement hereto, by any party to this Agreement or its directors, officers, employees or agents, to any other party to this Agreement or its directors, officers, employees or agents, except to the extent that the same has been reduced to writing and included as a term of this Agreement, and none of the parties to this Agreement has been induced to enter into this Agreement or any amendment or supplement by reason of any such warranty, representation, opinion, advice or assertion of fact. Accordingly, there will be no liability, either in tort or in contract, assessed in relation to any such warranty, representation, opinion, advice or assertion of fact, except to the extent contemplated above.
1.6 Waiver Amendment
Except as expressly provided in this Agreement, no amendment or waiver of this Agreement will be binding unless executed in writing by the party to be bound thereby. No waiver of any provision of this Agreement will constitute a waiver of any other provision nor will any waiver of any provision of this Agreement constitute a continuing waiver unless otherwise expressly provided. A party’s failure or delay in exercising any right under this Agreement will not operate as a waiver of that right. A single or partial exercise of any right will not preclude a party from any other or further exercise of that right or the exercise of any other right.
1.7 Governing Law
This Agreement, all questions concerning the construction, interpretation and validity of this Agreement, the rights and obligations of the parties hereto, all claims or causes of action that may be based upon, arise out of or related to this Agreement and the negotiation, execution or performance of this Agreement (including any claim or cause of action based upon or arising out of or related to any representation or warranty made in or in connection with this Agreement or as an inducement to enter this Agreement) shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to any choice or conflict of law provision or rule (whether in New York or any other jurisdiction) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdiction other than New York. Each party irrevocably attorns and submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts situated in the City of New York in the Borough of Manhattan and waives objection to the venue of any proceeding in such court or any argument that such court provides an inconvenient forum.
ARTICLE 2
VOTING
2.1 Voting at the Direction of BIHC
Each of BIF III AIV, BIP AIV and Noronha Co-Invest agrees that it will vote (and it will cause any other entity that it Controls to vote) or otherwise exercise rights with respect to the ValveCo Interests and the voting interests of the other Companies (being PipeCo, GasCo and LineCo) in accordance with the direction of BIHC (or its designated Affiliates) with respect to the approval or rejection of the following matters relating to ValveCo and the other Companies and their subsidiaries and assets (including, as at the Effective Date, Nova Transportadora do Sudeste S.A.) (as applicable):
(a)in favor of the election of a majority of directors (or their equivalent, if any) approved by BIHC (or its designated Affiliates);
(b)any sale of all or substantially all of its assets;
(c)any merger, amalgamation, consolidation, business combination or other material corporate transaction, except in connection with any internal reorganization that does not result in a change of control;
(d)any plan or proposal for a complete or partial liquidation or dissolution, or any reorganization or any case, proceeding or action seeking relief under any existing laws or future laws relating to bankruptcy or insolvency;
(e)any amendment to the limited partnership agreement or other similar constating documents (as applicable) of ValveCo or the other Companies (being PipeCo, GasCo and LineCo) or the Master Governance Agreement; and
(f)any commitment or agreement to do any of the foregoing.
2.2 General Guidelines
For purposes of Section 2.1, BIHC (or its designated Affiliates) may provide written direction to BIF III AIV, BIP AIV and Noronha Co-Invest with respect to the approval or rejection of any matter in the form of general guidelines, policies, procedures, delegation or similar practices in which case no approval or direction will be required by BIF III AIV, BIP AIV or Noronha Co- Invest. Any such general guidelines, policies, procedures, delegations or similar practices may be modified by BIHC or its designated Affiliates in its discretion, as applicable, in accordance with the terms hereof.
2.3 Standard of Care
BIHC agrees that it (or its designated Affiliates) will exercise its powers and discharge its rights under this Agreement having regard to the standard of care applicable to Brookfield Infrastructure Fund III GP LLC (“BIF III GP”) in its capacity as general partner of the entities that comprise the Brookfield Infrastructure Fund III family of funds (“BIF III Funds”), taking into account the fiduciary duties owed by BIF III GP to the investors of the BIF III Funds as a whole (as such fiduciaries duties may be modified by the BIF III Funds governing documents).
ARTICLE 3
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES
3.1 Representations and Warranties of each party
Each party hereby represents and warrants to each other party that:
(a)it is validly organized and existing under the relevant laws governing its formation and existence;
(b)it has the power, capacity and authority to enter into this Agreement and to perform its duties and obligations hereunder;
(c)it has taken all necessary action to authorize the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement;
(d)the execution and delivery of this Agreement by it and the performance by it of its obligations hereunder do not and will not contravene, breach or result in any default under its articles, by-laws, constituent documents or other organizational documents;
(e)no authorization, consent or approval, or filing with or notice to any Person is required in connection with the execution, delivery or performance by it of this Agreement; and
(f)this Agreement constitutes a valid and legally binding obligation of it enforceable against it in accordance with its terms, subject to: (i) applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, fraudulent conveyance, reorganization and other laws of general application limiting the enforcement of creditors’ rights and remedies generally; and (ii) general principles of equity, including standards of materiality, good faith, fair dealing and reasonableness, equitable defenses and limits as to the availability of equitable remedies, whether such principles are considered in a proceeding at law or in equity.
ARTICLE 4
TERMINATION
4.1 Term
The term of this Agreement (“Term”) will begin on the Effective Date and will continue in full force and effect until terminated in accordance with Section 4.2.
4.2 Termination
The rights and obligations of the parties to this Agreement will terminate and no longer be of any effect: (i) at such time that BIHC ceases to own, directly or indirectly, through its wholly- owned Affiliates, any interest in ValveCo; (ii) upon 30 days’ notice given by BIHC or its designated Affiliates; or (iii) at such time that any party provides notice that such party has reasonably determined that, as a result of applicable law, rule or regulation and through no fault of its own, continued participation in this Agreement would have a material adverse effect on such party.
ARTICLE 5 GENERAL
PROVISIONS
5.1 Assignment
(a)None of the rights or obligations hereunder shall be assignable or transferable by any party without the prior written consent of the other parties provided that BIHC may delegate its approval rights under Section 2.1 of this Agreement to any wholly- owned Affiliate of BIHC, without obtaining prior written consent of each of BIF III AIV, BIP AIV and Noronha Co-Invest.
(b)Any purported assignment of this Agreement in violation of this Section 5.1 shall be null and void.
5.2 Enurement
This Agreement will enure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns.
5.3 Notices
Any notice or other communication required or permitted to be given hereunder will be in writing and will be given by prepaid first-class mail, by facsimile or other means of electronic communication or by hand-delivery as hereinafter provided. Any such notice or other communication, if mailed by prepaid first-class mail at any time other than during a general discontinuance of postal service due to strike, lockout or otherwise, will be deemed to have been received on the fourth Business Day after the post-marked date thereof, or if sent by facsimile or other means of electronic communication, will be deemed to have been received on the Business Day following the sending, or if delivered by hand will be deemed to have been received at the time it is delivered to the applicable address noted below either to the individual designated below or to an individual at such address having apparent authority to accept deliveries on behalf of the addressee. Notice of change of address will also be governed by this section. In the event of a general discontinuance of postal service due to strike, lock-out or otherwise, notices or other communications will be delivered by hand or sent by facsimile or other means of electronic communication and will be deemed to have been received in accordance with this section. Notices and other communications will be addressed as follows:
(a) if to BIF III AIV, BIP AIV or Noronha Co-invest:
Brookfield Place
250 Vesey Street, 15th Floor
New York, New York 10281-1023
Attention: Fred Day
Facsimile: 212-417-7182
(b) if to BIHC:
5.4 Further Assurances
Each of the parties hereto will promptly do, make, execute or deliver, or cause to be done, made, executed or delivered, all such further acts, documents and things as the other party hereto may reasonably require from time to time for the purpose of giving effect to this Agreement and will use reasonable efforts and take all such steps as may be reasonably within its power to implement to their full extent the provisions of this Agreement.
5.5 Counterparts
This Agreement may be signed in counterparts and each of such counterparts will constitute an original document and such counterparts, taken together, will constitute one and the same instrument.
[Remainder of page was intentionally left blank Signature page follows.]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties have executed this Agreement as of the Effective
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BIF III NORONHA AIV LLC |
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/s/ Fred Day |
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Name: Fred Day
Title: Vice President
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BIP NORONHA AIV LLC |
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By: |
/s/ Fred Day |
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Name: Fred Day
Title: Vice President
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BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE HOLDINGS CORPORATION |
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/s/ Carl Ching |
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Name: Carl Ching
Title: Senior Vice President
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NORONHA CO-INVEST LLC, by its manager, BROOKFIELD ASSET MANAGEMENT PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL CAPITAL ADVISER (CANADA), L.P., by its general partner, BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE GP ULC |
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By: |
/s/ Carl Ching |
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Name: Carl Ching
Title: Senior Vice President
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(Signature Page to NTS Voting Agreement)
EX-12.1
4
bipc2024ex121.htm
EX-12.1
Document
Exhibit 12.1
CERTIFICATION
I, Samuel Pollock, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 20-F of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Dated: March 21, 2025
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Name: Samuel Pollock |
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Title: CEO, Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation |
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EX-12.2
5
bipc2024ex122.htm
EX-12.2
Document
Exhibit 12.2
CERTIFICATION
I, David Krant, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 20-F of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Dated: March 21, 2025
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Name: David Krant |
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Title: CFO, Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation |
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EX-13.1
6
bipc2024ex131.htm
EX-13.1
Document
Exhibit 13.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED
PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
The undersigned, who is the chief executive officer of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation (“BIPC”), hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to his knowledge, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof, (i) the annual report of BIPC on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (the “Annual Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and (ii) the information contained in the Annual Report fairly presents in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of BIPC.
Dated: March 21, 2025
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/s/ Samuel Pollock |
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Name: Samuel Pollock |
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Title: CEO, Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation |
EX-13.2
7
bipc2024ex132.htm
EX-13.2
Document
Exhibit 13.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED
PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
The undersigned, who is the chief financial officer of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation (“BIPC”), hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to his knowledge, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof, (i) the annual report of BIPC on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (the “Annual Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and (ii) the information contained in the Annual Report fairly presents in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of BIPC.
Dated: March 21, 2025
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/s/ David Krant |
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Name: David Krant |
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Title: CFO, Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation |
EX-15.1
8
bipc2024ex151.htm
EX-15.1
Document
Exhibit 15.1
BROOKFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION
AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARTER
December 2024
A committee of the board of directors (the “Board”) of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation (the “Corporation”), to be known as the Audit Committee (the “Committee”), shall have the following terms of reference:
MEMBERSHIP AND CHAIR
Annually the Board shall appoint three or more directors (the “Members” and each a “Member”) to serve on the Committee for the upcoming year or until the Member ceases to be a director, resigns or is replaced, whichever occurs first.
The Members will be selected by the Board on the recommendation of the Nominating and Governance Committee, but will be expected to be the same as the members of the Audit Committee of the general partner of Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P. Any Member may be removed, with or without cause, from office or replaced at any time by the Board. All Members will be Independent Directors (as defined below). Members must disclose any form of association they have with a current or former external or internal auditors of the Corporation, any other member of the Brookfield Group or any member of the BIP Group to the Nominating and Governance Committee for a determination as to whether this association affects the Member’s status as an Independent Director. In addition, every Member will be Financially Literate (as defined below) and at least one Member will be an Audit Committee Financial Expert (as defined below). Members may not serve on more than two other public company audit committees, except with the prior approval of the Board.
The Board shall appoint one Member as the chairperson of the Committee (the “Chair”). If the Board fails to appoint a Chair, the Members of the Committee shall elect a Chair by majority vote to serve at the pleasure of the majority. If the Chair is absent from a meeting, the Members shall select an acting Chair from those in attendance to act as Chair of the meeting.
RESPONSIBILITIES
The Committee shall:
(a)oversee the work of the Corporation’s independent auditor (the “Auditor”) engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an auditor’s report or performing other audit, review or attest services for the Corporation;
(b)review and evaluate the Auditor’s independence, experience, qualifications and performance and determine whether the Auditor should be appointed or re-appointed and nominate the Auditor for appointment or re-appointment by the Board;
(c)have the sole authority to retain, compensate, direct, oversee and recommend to the Board to terminate the Auditor and any counsel, other auditors and other advisors hired to assist the Committee, who shall ultimately be accountable to the Committee;
(d)when a change of auditor is proposed, review all issues related to the change, including the information to be included in the notice of change of auditor as required, and the orderly transition of such change;
(e)review and approve the terms of the Auditor’s engagement and the appropriateness and reasonableness of the proposed audit fees and recommend the compensation of the Auditor to the Board;
(f)at least annually, obtain and review a report by the Auditor describing:
(i)the Auditor’s internal quality-control procedures; and
(ii)any material issues raised by the most recent internal quality control review, or peer review, of the Auditor, or review by any independent oversight body, or inquiry or investigation by any governmental or professional authorities, within the preceding five years respecting one or more independent audits carried out by the Auditor, and the steps taken to deal with any issues raised in any such review;
(g)at least annually, confirm that the Auditor has submitted a formal written statement describing all of its relationships with the Corporation and any of its subsidiaries; discuss with the Auditor any disclosed relationships or services that may affect its objectivity and independence; obtain written confirmation from the Auditor that it is objective within the meaning of the applicable rules of professional conduct/code of ethics adopted by the order of chartered accountants to which it belongs and is an independent public accountant within the meaning of the applicable securities legislation, and is in compliance with any independence requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board; and, confirm that the Auditor has complied with applicable laws with respect to the rotation of certain members of the audit engagement team;
(h)review and evaluate the lead partner of the Auditor;
(i)ensure the regular rotation of the audit engagement team members as required by law, and periodically consider whether there should be regular rotation of the Auditor;
(j)meet privately with the Auditor as frequently as the Committee feels is appropriate to fulfill its responsibilities, which will not be less frequently than annually, to discuss any items of concern to the Committee or the Auditor, including:
(i)planning and staffing of the audit;
(ii)any material written communications between the Auditor and the Service Providers (as defined below) and between the Auditor and the Auditor’s national office;
(iii)whether or not the Auditor is satisfied with the quality and effectiveness of financial recording procedures and systems;
(iv)the extent to which the Auditor is satisfied with the nature and scope of its examination;
(v)whether or not the Auditor has received the full co-operation of the Service Providers pursuant to the Master Services Agreement (as defined below);
(vi)the Auditor’s opinion of the competence and performance of any key financial personnel of the Corporation;
(vii)the items required to be communicated to the Committee in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards;
(viii)all critical accounting policies and practices to be used by the Corporation, and all accounting adjustments that were noted or proposed by the Auditor but were “passed” (as immaterial or otherwise);
(ix)all alternative treatments of financial information within International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) that have been discussed with the Service Providers, ramifications of the use of such alternative disclosures and treatments, and the treatment preferred by the Auditor;
(x)any difficulties encountered in the course of the audit work, any restrictions imposed on the scope of activities or access to requested information, any significant disagreements with the Service Providers and the Service Providers’ response; and
(xi)any illegal act that may have occurred and the discovery of which is required to be disclosed to the Committee pursuant to the applicable securities legislation;
(k)establish and review, as necessary, the Audit and Non-Audit Services Policy (the “A&NA Services Policy”), which sets forth the parameters by which the Auditor can provide certain audit and non-audit services to the Corporation and its subsidiaries not prohibited by law and the process by which the Committee pre-approves such services. The Committee, or a Member(s) of the Committee duly delegated, will review and approve all Auditor requests to provide audit and non-audit services that are not pre-approved under the A&NA Services Policy, or are in excess of the aggregate fee threshold for the amount of services that can be provided by the Auditor. At each quarterly meeting of the Committee, the Committee will ratify all audit and non-audit services provided by the Auditor to the Corporation and its subsidiaries for the then-ended quarter;
(l)resolve any disagreements between the Service Providers and the Auditor regarding financial reporting;
(m)review, and, where appropriate, recommend for approval by the Board, the following:
(i)audited annual financial statements, in conjunction with the report of the Auditor;
(ii)interim financial statements;
(iii)annual and interim earnings press releases;
(iv)annual and interim management discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations;
(v)any reconciliations of the annual or interim financial statements, to the extent required under applicable rules and regulations; and
(vi)all other audited or unaudited financial information contained in public disclosure documents, as appropriate, including without limitation, any prospectus, or other offering or public disclosure documents and financial statements required by regulatory authorities;
(n)review and discuss with management prior to public dissemination earnings press releases and other press releases containing financial information (to ensure consistency of the disclosure to the financial statements), as well as financial information and earnings guidance provided to analysts and rating agencies including the use of “pro forma” or “adjusted” non-IFRS information in such press releases and financial information. Such review may consist of a general discussion of the types of information to be disclosed or the types of presentations to be made;
(o)review the effect of regulatory and accounting initiatives as well as off-balance sheet structures on the Corporation’s financial statements;
(p)review and monitor the effectiveness of and compliance with the Disclosure Policy of the Corporation;
(q)review disclosures made to the Committee by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Corporation during their certification process for applicable securities law filings about any significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Corporation’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information, and any fraud involving management or other employees;
(r)review the effectiveness of the Corporation’s policies and practices concerning financial reporting, any proposed changes in major accounting policies and the appointment and replacement of the person(s) responsible for financial reporting and the Corporation’s internal audit function (the “Internal Auditor”);
(s)review the adequacy of the internal controls that have been adopted by the Corporation to safeguard assets from loss and unauthorized use and to verify the accuracy of the financial records and any special audit steps adopted in light of material control deficiencies;
(t)meet privately with the Internal Auditor, which will be provided by the Service Providers, as frequently as the Committee feels appropriate to fulfill its responsibilities, which will not be less frequently than annually, to discuss any items of concern;
(u)review the mandate, budget, planned activities, staffing and organizational structure of the Internal Auditor (which will be provided by the Service Providers or outsourced to a firm other than the Auditor) to confirm that it is independent and has sufficient resources to carry out its mandate. The Committee will discuss this mandate with the Auditor; review the appointment and replacement of the person(s) in charge of the Internal Auditor and review the significant reports prepared by the Internal Auditor and the responses provided. As part of this process, the Committee will review and approve the governing charter of the Internal Auditor on an annual basis;
(v)review the controls and procedures that have been adopted to confirm that material information about the Corporation and its subsidiaries that is required to be disclosed under applicable law or stock exchange rules is disclosed and to review the public disclosure of financial information extracted or derived from the Corporation’s financial statements and periodically assess the adequacy of such controls and procedures;
(w)review periodically the Corporation’s policies with respect to risk assessment and management, particularly financial risk exposure, including the steps taken to monitor and control risks;
(x)review periodically the status of taxation matters of the Corporation;
(y)set clear policies for hiring partners and employees and former partners and employees of the Auditor;
(z)review, with legal counsel where required, such litigation, claims, tax assessments, transactions, material inquiries from regulators and governmental agencies or other contingencies which may have a material impact on financial results or which may otherwise adversely affect the financial well-being of the Corporation;
(aa)review periodically the Corporation’s susceptibility to fraud and oversee the Service Providers’ processes for identifying and managing the risks of fraud;
(ab)review periodically the Corporation’s cybersecurity program and practices; oversee the Service Providers’ processes for assessing, identifying, managing, mitigating and reporting cybersecurity risks, including assessing the likelihood, frequency and severity of cyber-attacks; and review management’s cybersecurity practices and receive and evaluate reports on cybersecurity from the Chief Financial Officer of the Corporation, Chief Risk Officer of the Service Providers and other members of senior management of the Service Providers on at least a quarterly basis or more frequently, as circumstances may require; and
(ac)consider other matters of a financial nature as directed by the Board.
REPORTING
The Committee will regularly report to the Board on:
(a)the Auditor’s qualifications and independence;
(b)the performance of the Auditor and the Committee’s recommendations regarding its reappointment or termination;
(c)the performance of the Internal Auditor;
(d)internal controls and disclosure controls;
(e)its recommendations regarding the annual and interim financial statements of the Corporation and, if applicable, any reconciliation of the Corporation’s financial statements, including any issues with respect to the quality or integrity of the financial statements;
(f)its review of any other public disclosures including the annual report and the annual and interim management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations;
(g)the Corporation’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, particularly those related to financial reporting; and
(h)all other significant matters it has addressed and with respect to such other matters that are within its responsibilities.
In addition, if and when required or appropriate from time to time, the Committee may also report to another committee of the Board.
COMPLAINTS PROCEDURE
The Corporation’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”) requires employees to report to their supervisor or internal legal counsel any suspected violations of the Code, including (i) fraud or deliberate errors in the preparation, maintenance, evaluation, review or audit of any financial statement or financial record; (ii) deficiencies in, or noncompliance with, internal accounting controls; (iii) misrepresentations or false statements in any public disclosure documents; and (iv) any deviations from full, true and plain reporting of the Corporation’s financial condition, as well as any other illegal or unethical behavior. Alternatively, employees may report such behavior anonymously through the Corporation’s reporting hotline which is established by Brookfield Corporation and managed by an independent third party. The Committee has primary Board oversight responsibility for the Corporation’s reporting hotline. The Code provides reporting channels for employees to report suspected wrongdoing without retaliation.
The Committee will oversee the procedure for the receipt, retention, treatment and follow-up of complaints received by the Corporation regarding the reporting hotline or otherwise regarding accounting, internal controls, disclosure controls or auditing matters and the procedure for the confidential, anonymous submission of concerns by the individuals engaged in the provision of services regarding such matters pursuant to the Master Services Agreement.
REVIEW AND DISCLOSURE
The Committee will review this Charter at least annually and submit it to the Nominating and Governance Committee together with any proposed amendments. The Nominating and Governance Committee will review this Charter and submit it to the Board for approval with such further amendments as it deems necessary and appropriate.
This Charter will be posted on the Corporation’s website and the annual report of the Corporation will state that this Charter is available on the website or is available in print to any shareholder who requests a copy.
ASSESSMENT
At least annually, the Nominating and Governance Committee will review the effectiveness of this Committee in fulfilling its responsibilities and duties as set out in this Charter.
ACCESS TO OUTSIDE ADVISORS AND MANAGEMENT
The Committee may retain any advisor, including legal counsel, at the expense of the Corporation, without the Board’s approval, at any time. The Committee has the authority to determine any such advisor’s fees.
The Corporation will provide for appropriate funding, for payment of compensation to any auditor engaged to prepare or issue an audit report or perform other audit, review or attest services, and ordinary administrative expenses of the Committee.
Members will meet privately with the Service Providers as frequently as they feel is appropriate to fulfill the Committee’s responsibilities, but not less than annually.
MEETINGS
Meetings of the Committee may be called by any Member or by the Secretary of the Corporation. Meetings will be held each quarter and at such additional times as is necessary for the Committee to fulfill its responsibilities. The Committee shall appoint a secretary (who may be the Secretary of the Corporation) to be the secretary of each meeting of the Committee and to maintain minutes of the meeting and deliberations of the Committee.
The powers of the Committee shall be exercisable at a meeting at which a quorum is present. A quorum shall be not less than a majority of the Members from time to time. Matters decided by the Committee shall be decided by majority vote.
Notice of each meeting shall be given to each Member, the Internal Auditor, the Auditor, and to the Chair of the Board. Notice of meeting may be given orally or by letter, electronic mail, telephone or other generally accepted means not less than 24 hours before the time fixed for the meeting. Members may waive notice of any meeting and attendance at a meeting is deemed waiver of notice. The notice need not state the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is being held.
The Committee may invite from time to time such persons as it may see fit to attend its meetings and to take part in discussion and consideration of the affairs of the Committee. The Committee may require the Auditors to attend any or all meetings.
In addition, the Committee shall meet at least annually with the Internal Auditor and the Auditor in separate executive sessions to provide the opportunity for full and frank discussion without members of the Service Providers present.
DEFINITIONS
Capitalized terms used in this Charter and not otherwise defined have the meaning attributed to them below:
“affiliate” of any person means any other person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by or is under common control with such person.
“Audit Committee Financial Expert” has the meaning based on the rules and guidelines of applicable stock exchanges and securities regulatory authorities.
“BIPC Group” means the Corporation and its direct and indirect subsidiaries.
“BIP Group” means Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P., Brookfield Infrastructure L.P. and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, other than the BIPC Group.
“Brookfield” means Brookfield Corporation.
“Brookfield Group” means Brookfield, Brookfield Asset Management Ltd., and any of their affiliates, other than any member of the BIP Group or the BIPC Group.
“Financially Literate” has the meaning based on the rules and guidelines of applicable stock exchanges and securities regulatory authorities.
“Independent Director” has the meaning based on the rules and guidelines of applicable stock exchanges and securities regulatory authorities.
“Master Services Agreement” means the amended and restated master services agreement among Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P., Brookfield Infrastructure L.P., the Service Providers and others, as amended from time to time.
“Service Providers” means the service providers appointed pursuant to the Master Services Agreement or any other service agreement or arrangement that is contemplated by the Master Services Agreement.
This Charter of the Committee was reviewed and approved by the Board on December 24, 2024.
EX-15.2
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bipc2024ex152.htm
EX-15.2
Document
Exhibit 15.2
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement No. 333-278738 on Form F-3 of our reports dated March 21, 2025 relating to the financial statements of Brookfield Infrastructure Corporation (the “Company”) and the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting appearing in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024.
/s/ Deloitte LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
Licensed Public Accountants
Toronto, Canada
March 21, 2025
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