Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position    3

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income    5

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity    6

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows    7

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements    8

We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statement of Gravity Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the ”Group”), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the consolidated statements of comprehensive income, consolidated statements of changes in equity and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years then ended, and notes to the consolidated financial statements, including material accounting policy information.

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Group as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and its consolidated financial performance and its consolidated cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the Republic of Korea (Korean IFRS).

We conducted our audit in accordance with Korean Standards on Auditing. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements section of our report. We are independent of the Group in accordance with the ethical requirements of the Republic of Korea that are relevant to our audit of the consolidated financial statements and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with the ethical requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

Auditing standards and their application in practice vary among countries. The procedures and practices used in the Republic of Korea to audit such consolidated financial statements may differ from those generally accepted and applied in other countries.

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with Korean IFRS, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Group or to cease operations.

Those charged with governance are responsible for overseeing the Group’s financial reporting process.

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with Korean Standards on Auditing will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these consolidated financial statements.

∙Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.

∙Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group’s internal control.

∙Conclude on the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditors’ report to the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditors’ report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Group to cease to continue as a going concern.

∙Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the consolidated financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the consolidated financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.

∙Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the financial information of the entities or business activities within the Group to express an opinion on the consolidated financial statements. We are responsible for the direction, supervision and performance of the group audit. We remain solely responsible for our audit opinion.

    

(1) The Parent Company

GRAVITY CO., LTD. (“the Parent Company”) was incorporated on April 4, 2000, to engage in developing and publishing online and mobile games, and other related business. The Parent Company’s headquarter is located at 15F, 396 World Cup buk-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Korea. The Parent Company’s principal game product, “Ragnarok”, a massive multi-player online role-playing game, was commercially launched in August 2002, and currently operated internationally in 91 markets. The Parent Company also operates many other games.

On February 8, 2005, the Parent Company listed its shares on the Nasdaq Stock Market in the United States, and issued 1,400,000 shares of common stocks in the form of American Depositary shares (“ADSs”) under the symbol “GRVY”.

As of December 31, 2023, the Parent Company’s total paid-in capital amounts to 3,474,450 thousand. The Parent Company’s major shareholders and their respective percentage of ownership as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:

(2) Consolidated subsidiaries

Details of the consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

(*)Amounts before eliminating intercompany transactions.

(*) Amounts before eliminating intercompany transactions.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Korean International Financial Reporting Standards (“K-IFRS”), as prescribed in the Act on External Audits of Stock Companies, Etc. in the Republic of Korea. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been restructured and translated into English from the Korean language financial statements.

Certain information attached to the Korean language financial statements, but not required for a fair presentation of the Gravity Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the "Group") financial position, financial performance or cash flows, is not presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

These consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on March 7, 2024, and are expected to be submitted for approval at the shareholders’ meeting to be held on March 29, 2024.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis.

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with K-IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The Group sells virtual currency and items that can be used in mobile games to game users. For each game in each country, the Group estimates and applies the game user's life cycle in order to recognize revenue generated by micro-transactions. The game user's life cycle is estimated based on the average period from the game user's first payment date to the last access date for active paying game users. The Group considers a game user as an active user if the period between the time of the user’s most recent access of the game and the end of reporting period equals or is shorter than the estimated game users’ life cycle. For remaining amounts of virtual currency and items that active users own at period-end, the related revenue is deferred considering the items’ attributes. The Group estimates the user’s life cycle by analyzing game users’ activity patterns such as payment and access and it periodically reviews if there is any change of these estimates.

The Group has applied the following standards and amendments for the first time for the annual reporting period commencing on January 1, 2023.

(1)Amendment to K-IFRS No. 1001 ‘Presentation of Financial Statement’ – Disclosure of Accounting Policies

(2)Amendments to K-IFRS No. 1001 ‘Presentation of Financial Statement’ – Disclosure of gain or loss on valuation of financial liabilities subject to adjustment of exercise price

(3)Amendments to K-IFRS No. 1008 ‘Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimate and Errors’ – Definition of Accounting Estimates

(5) New standards : K-IFRS No.

1117 ‘Insurance Contract’ The amendments provide a temporary relief from the accounting for deferred taxes arising from legislation enacted to implement the Pillar Two model rules, which aim to reform international corporate taxation for multinational enterprises, and require disclosure of related current tax effects, etc. The Group applies the

exception to recognizing and disclosing information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes. Since the Pillar Two legislation is scheduled to be effective from January 1, 2024, the Group has no current tax expense related to Pillar Two. The impact of the Pillar Two income taxes is described in Note 19.

The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the K-IFRS are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all years presented, except if mentioned otherwise in Note 3.

(1) Consolidation

The Group has prepared the consolidated financial statements in accordance with K-IFRS No. 1110 Consolidated Financial Statements.

Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which control is obtained by the Group. They are deconsolidated from the date on which control ceases.

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business combinations by the Group. The consideration transferred is measured at the fair values of the assets transferred, and identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The Group recognizes any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

The excess of consideration transferred, amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity and acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquired entity over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If those amounts are less than the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the business acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the profit as a bargain purchase.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between consolidated companies are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

(2) Segment reporting

Information of each operating segment is reported in a manner consistent with the internal business segment reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker (Note 24). The chief operating decision-maker is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments.

(3) Cash and Cash equivalents

(4) Financial Assets

At initial recognition, the Group classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:

measured at fair value through profit or loss;

measured at fair value through other comprehensive income; and

measured at amortized cost.

The classification depends on the Group’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.

For financial assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in debt instruments, this will depend on the business model in which the investment is held. The Group reclassifies debt investments when, and only when its business model for managing those assets changes.

For investments in equity instruments that are not held for trading, this will depend on whether the Group has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income. Changes in fair value of equity instruments not elected as equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income will be recognized in profit or loss.

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, for financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss.

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Group’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. The Group classifies its debt instruments into one of the following three measurement categories:

Amortized cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortized cost. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at amortized cost and is not part of a hedging

(i) Debt instruments, Continued

relationship is recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized or impaired. Interest income from these financial assets is included in ‘finance income’ using the effective interest rate method.

Fair value through other comprehensive income: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the assets’ cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. Movements in the carrying amount are taken through other comprehensive income, except for the recognition of impairment loss (reversal of impairment loss), interest income and foreign exchange gains and losses which are recognized in profit or loss. When the financial asset is derecognized, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss. Interest income from these financial assets is included in ‘finance income’ using the effective interest rate method. Foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in ‘finance income or costs’ and impairment losses are presented in ‘other non-operating expenses’.

Fair value through profit or loss: Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortized cost or fair value through other comprehensive income are measured at fair value through profit or loss. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognized in profit or loss and presented net in the statement of profit or loss within ‘finance income or costs’ in the year in which it arises.

The Group subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value. Where the Group’s management has elected to present fair value gains and losses on equity investments, which are held for long-term investment or strategic purpose, in other comprehensive income. There is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss following the derecognition of the investment.

Changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognized in ‘other non-operating income or expenses’ in the statement of profit or loss as applicable. Impairment loss (reversal of impairment loss) on equity investments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income are not reported separately from other changes in fair value.

The Group recognizes loss allowances for expected credit losses(“ECLs”) on:

financial assets measured at amortized cost;

debt investments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income; and

contract assets under K-IFRS No. 1115.

The Group measures loss allowances at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs, except for the following, which are measured at 12-month ECLs:

debt securities that are determined to have low credit risk at the reporting date; and

other debt securities and bank balances for which credit risk (i.e. the risk of default occurring over the expected life of the financial instrument) has not increased significantly since initial recognition.

When determining whether the credit risk of a financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition and when estimating ECLs, the Group considers reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort. This includes both quantitative and qualitative information and analysis, based on the Group’s historical experience and informed credit assessment, that includes forward-looking information.

The Group considers a financial asset to be in default when:

the debtor is unlikely to pay its obligations to the Group in full, without recourse by the Group to actions such as realizing security (if any is held); or

the financial asset is more than 90 days past due.

The maximum period considered when estimating ECLs is the maximum contractual period over which the Group is exposed to credit risk.

ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured as the present value of all cash shortfalls (i.e. the difference between the cash flows due to the entity in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive).

ECLs are discounted at the effective interest rate of the financial asset.

At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether financial assets carried at amortized cost and debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income are credit-impaired. A financial asset is ‘credit-impaired’ when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred.

Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized or derecognized on trade-date, the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership.

If a transfer does not result in derecognition because the Group has retained substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred asset, the Group continues to recognize the transferred asset in its entirety and recognizes a financial liability for the consideration received.

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the consolidated statements of financial position where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the assets and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Group or the counterparty.

(5) Account receivables

Account receivables are recognized initially at the amount of consideration that is unconditional, unless they contain significant financing components in which case they are recognized at fair value. Account receivables are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less loss allowance.

(6) Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are initially measured at cost. The cost of property and equipment includes expenditures arising directly from the construction or acquisition of the asset, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management, and the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

(6) Property and Equipment, Continued

Property and equipment, subsequently, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

Subsequent costs are recognized in the carrying amount of property and equipment at cost or, if appropriate, as a separate item if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be reliably measured.

(*) The Group depreciates Right-of-use asset and the Leasehold improvements from the commencement date and the available date to the earlier date between the end of the lease term and the expiration date of Right-of-use asset’s useful life using the straight-line method.

(7) Intangible Assets

The Group amortizes intangible assets with a limited useful life using the straight-line method over the following periods:

Expenditure on research activities is recognized in profit or loss as incurred. Development expenditure is capitalized only if the expenditure can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable and the Group intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset.

Other development expenditure is recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

(7) Intangible Assets, Continued

The Group entered into a game licensing agreement with a number of third parties to gain exclusive rights to the games developed by those companies. The license fee payments are recognized as other intangible assets and amortized over the term of the contract using the straight-line method.

(8) Impairment of Non-financial Assets

At each reporting date, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets (other than contract assets, incremental costs of obtaining a contract, costs to fulfil a contract, employee benefit related assets and deferred tax assets) to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. Goodwill and intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives or that are not yet available for use, irrespective of whether there is any indication of impairment, are tested for impairment annually by comparing their recoverable amounts to their carrying amounts.

(9) Leases

At inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Group uses the definition of a lease in K-IFRS No. 1116.

At commencement or on modification of a contract that contains a lease component, the Group allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of its relative stand-alone prices. However, the Group has elected not to separate non-lease components and account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component by class of underlying asset.

The Group determines the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together with both (a) periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and (b) periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

When the lessee and the lessor each has the right to terminate the lease without permission from the other party, the Group should consider a termination penalty in determining the period for which the contract is enforceable.

The Group recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term, unless the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the Group by the end of the lease term or the cost of the right-of-use asset reflects that the Group will exercise a purchase option. In that case the right-of-use asset will be depreciated over the useful life of the underlying asset, which is determined on the same basis as those of property and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain re-measurements of the lease liability.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Group uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rates.

The Group determines its incremental borrowing rate by obtaining interest rates from various external financing sources and makes certain adjustments to reflect the terms of the lease and type of the asset leased.

•fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments;

•variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;

•amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee; and

•the exercise price under a purchase option that the Group is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewal period if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, and penalties for early termination of a lease unless the Group is reasonably certain not to terminate early.

The lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. It is re-measured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Group’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, if the Group changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option or if there is a revised in-substance fixed lease payment.

When the lease liability is re-measured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

The Group presents right-of-use assets that do not meet the definition of investment property in ‘Property and equipment’ and lease liabilities in ‘Other current liabilities’ and ‘Other non-current liabilities’ in the consolidated statement of financial position.

The Group has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases of low-value assets and short-term leases. The Group recognizes the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

At inception or on modification of a contract that contains a lease component, the Group allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative stand-alone prices.

When the Group acts as a lessor, it determines at lease inception whether each lease is a finance lease or an operating lease.

To classify each lease, the Group makes an overall assessment of whether the lease transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the underlying asset. If this is the case, then the lease is a finance lease; if not, then it is an operating lease. As part of this assessment, the Group considers certain indicators such as whether the lease is for the major part of the economic life of the asset.

When the Group is an intermediate lessor, it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sub-lease separately. It assesses the lease classification of a sub-lease with reference to the right-of-use asset arising from the head lease, not with reference to the underlying asset. If a head lease is a short-term lease to which the Group applies the exemption described above, then it classifies the sub-lease as an operating lease.

If an arrangement contains lease and non-lease components, then the Group applies K-IFRS No. 1115 to allocate the consideration in the contract.

The Group applies the de-recognition and impairment requirements in K-IFRS No. 1109 to the net investment in the lease. The Group further regularly reviews estimated unguaranteed residual values used in calculating the gross investment in the lease.

The Group recognizes lease payments received under operating leases as income on a straight-line basis over the lease term as part of ‘non-operating income’.

(10) Financial Liabilities

The Group’s financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are financial instruments held for trading. A financial liability is held for trading if it is incurred principally for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. A derivative that is not a designated as hedging instruments and an embedded derivative that is separated are also classified as held for trading.

The Group classifies non-derivative financial liabilities, except for financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, financial guarantee contracts and financial liabilities that arise when a transfer of financial assets does not qualify for de-recognition, as financial liabilities carried at amortized cost and present as ‘accounts payable’, ‘other current liabilities’ and ‘other non-current liabilities’ in the consolidated statement of financial position.

(b) De-recognition

Financial liabilities are removed from the consolidated statement of financial position when it is extinguished; for example, when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expired or when the terms of an existing financial liability are substantially modified. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid (including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed) is recognized in profit or loss.

(11) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated.

(12) Foreign Currency Translation

Items included in the consolidated financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which each entity operates (the “functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in Korean won, which is the Parent Company’s functional and presentation currency.

(13) Statement of cash flows

The Group has elected to present cash flows from operating activities using the indirect method. Cash flows denominated in a foreign currency are reported using average exchange rate.

(14) Revenues from contracts with customers

The Group engages in game licensing, IP licensing and game publishing businesses.

Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sale of goods or rendering of services arising from the normal course of the business. Amounts recognized as revenue are net of value added taxes, returns, rebates and discounts.

The Group recognizes micro-transaction revenue of online and mobile games when the Group satisfies its performance obligations.

At the end of the reporting period, the Group defers the total amount of remaining virtual currency.

For consumable in-game virtual items, the related revenue is recognized when the in-game virtual item is consumed. The Group defers the revenue for remaining amounts of virtual items owned by active paying users within the estimated user life cycle at the end of the reporting period.

For periodic in-game virtual items, the related revenue is recognized ratably over the effective period. The Group defers the revenue for remaining effective period.

Mobile game users purchase virtual currency that can be used to purchase in-game items. The Group has no refund obligation after the game users purchase virtual currency.

At the end of the reporting period, the Group defers the revenue for the remaining virtual currency possessed by active paying users.

(ii) Mobile Games, Continued

For consumable in-game virtual items, revenue is recognized when the in-game virtual item is consumed. The Group defers the revenue for remaining virtual items possessed by active users within the estimated user life cycle at the end of the reporting period.

For periodic in-game virtual items with effective period, revenue is recognized ratably over the effective period. The Group defers the revenue for remaining effective period.

In connection with the Group’s online and mobile games, the Group enters into license agreement in connection with the right to access the intellectual property, such as game character images and stories. The Group believes that the agreement is a promise to provide a right to the customer to access the related IP because the Group will undertake activities that significantly affect the intellectual property to which the customer has rights, the rights granted by the license directly expose the customer to any positive or negative effects of the Group’s activities, and those activities do not result in the transfer of a good or a service to the customer as those activities occur. Therefore, the Group’s performance obligations in connection with these agreements are satisfied over time.

Since the nature of the license promise is to provide customers with access to the intellectual property of the Group during the license period, the Group's performance obligation corresponds to the performance obligation satisfied over time, and revenue is recognized over the license period. The Group recognizes revenue for the license fee through the straight-line method during the contract period, and for the running royalty revenue, the revenue is recognized on an accrual basis at the time the revenue distribution is established in accordance with the terms of the contract. When the running royalty revenue based on the contractual royalty rate and the actual revenue of the licensee exceeds the ratably recognized minimum guarantee, the excess amount is then recognized as revenue and accounts receivable.

(c) Other revenue

Other revenue consists of revenue from sales of console games, game character merchandise, animation and other services, including website development and operation services for third parties. Revenues from development and operation services for third parties are recognized over time by measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation.

(d) Incremental costs of obtaining contract

The Group pays platform processing fees to operate mobile games on third party platforms. These fees are charged based on the game users’ purchases in cash and considered as incremental cost of obtaining contracts with customer and therefore capitalized. The Group presents these costs as prepaid expense and amortizes them to costs of revenue at the same time when the related revenue of the services provided to the game users are recognized.

(15) Current and Deferred Tax

Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. However, deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss.

The Group recognizes a deferred tax liability all taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates, and interests in joint arrangements, except to the extent that the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. In addition, the Group recognizes a deferred tax asset for all deductible temporary differences arising from such investments to the extent that it is probable the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilized.

(16) Employee Benefits

Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits that are due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render related services. When an employee has rendered a service to the Group during an accounting period, the Group recognizes the undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

(b) Post-employment benefits

The Group’s retirement pension plans are divided into defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans.

The Group has a defined contribution pension plan with the related contribution to the pension plan recorded as severance benefit expenses for the employees with service period over a year. The Group recognizes provision for severance benefits for the employees with service period less than a year.

A defined benefit plan is a pension plan that is not a defined contribution plan. Generally, post-employment benefits are payable after the completion of employment, and the benefit amount depended on the employee’s age, periods of service or salary levels. The liability recognized in the statement of financial position in respect of defined benefit pension plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using interest rates of high-quality corporate bonds that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid, and that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation. Re-measurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the period in which they occur, directly in other comprehensive income. Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognized immediately in profit or loss as past service costs.

(17) Standards issued but not yet effective

A number of new standards are effective for annual periods beginning after January 1, 2023 and earlier application is permitted; however, the Group has not early adopted the new or amended standards in preparing these consolidated financial statements.

The following new and amended standards and interpretations are not expected to have a significant impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

•Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current, Non-current Liabilities with Covenant (Amendment to K-IFRS No. 1001 ‘Presentation of Financial Statements’)

•Supplier finance arrangement (Amendment to K-IFRS No. 1007 ’Statement of Cash Flows’, K-IFRS No.1107 Financial Instruments: Disclosures’)

•Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback (Amendment to K-IFRS No. 1116 ‘Leases’)

•Disclosure of Cryptographic Assets (Amendment to K-IFRS No. 1001 ‘Presentation of Financial Statements)

(2) The Group does not have any restricted cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(*1) Other current financial assets consist of accrued income and deposits.

(*2) Other non-current financial assets consist of deposits.

(*) Annual leave allowance, bonus accruals, etc. that should be paid to employees are excluded.

•Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2: all inputs other than quoted prices included in level 1 that are observable (either directly that is, prices, or indirectly that is, derived from prices) for the asset or liability;

•Level 3: unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

For the other financial instruments, the Group applied other valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow, etc.

(2) Changes in the loss allowance of accounts and other receivables during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

(3) Expected credit losses (ECLs) and credit risk exposures for accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows, Continued:

(a) Accounts receivable

In assessing the recoverability of accounts and other receivables, the Group considers changes in the credit rating of accounts and other receivables from the commencement of the credit to the end of the reporting period.

The Group applies simplified approach for accounts and other receivables to measure the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses. To measure the expected credit losses, accounts and other receivables are grouped based on credit risk characteristics and the duration of past due balances. ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured as the present value of all cash shortfalls. The Group considers reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort. This includes the Group’s historical experience and informed credit assessment, that includes forward-looking information.

(*) The deprecation expenses recognized as the research and development included in selling, general and administrative expenses was 30,500 thousand and 141,035 thousand, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(4) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there are no property and equipment that are pledged as collateral for the Group’s debts.

(*) The Group recognized W1,531,081 thousand of impairment loss as carrying amount of the other intangible assets exceeded recoverable amount as of December 31, 2023.

(*) The Group recognized 293,239 thousand of impairment loss as carrying amount of the other intangible assets exceeded recoverable amount as of December 31, 2022.

(*) The amortization recognized as the research and development included in selling, general and administrative expenses was 356,841 thousand and 42,509 thousand, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The expenses recognized in relation to defined contribution plan for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are 2,413,403 thousand and 2,180,830 thousand, respectively. In addition, expenses related to defined benefit plans amounting to 47,481 thousand are included in other non-current liabilities as of December 31, 2023.

(1) The Group has entered into exclusive license agreements with foreign licensees, such as GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc., Innova Solution FZ-LLC, Shanghai BING KUAI Network Technology Co. Ltd., Relaternity(Hong Kong) Limited and etc. to provide exclusive license to distribute and sell online and mobile games and receives a certain portion of each licensee’s revenues (20-40%) as royalties.

(2) In July 2021 and in January 2023, the Group entered into development agreements with Shanghai TA REN Network Technology Co., Ltd. and Guangdong Xinghui Teamtop Interactive Entertainment Co., Ltd., respectively, to grant them the right to develop mobile games based on the contents of Ragnarok IP(ROIP) and distribute such games in China for 3 years from the agreement date. Under the terms of the agreement, the Group is entitled to receive from the licensee a royalty equal to a percentage of the applicable revenue generated.

(3) The Group has entered into license agreements with various third-party game developers to secure exclusive right to publish the games developed by the third-party developers. Upfront license fees paid are capitalized and recognized as other intangible assets and minimum guaranteed royalties are capitalized and recognized as other non-current assets. Purchase obligations for future payment related to above agreements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are 4,941,782thousand and 3,242,395 thousand, respectively.

(4) As of December 31, 2023, the Group benefited from payment guarantee of USD 658,500 from KB Kookmin Bank regarding overseas IP contracts.

(5) As of December 31, 2023, the Group has been provided with a payment guarantee amounting to 524,424 thousand from Seoul Guarantee Insurance Co., Ltd.

(2) Details of capital surplus as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

(3) Details of other components of equity as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

(4) Details of retained earnings as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

(5) According to the Parent Company's Articles of Incorporation, the Parent Company may issue 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock without voting rights, and there are no preferred shares issued as of December 31, 2023.

(2) Accounts receivables, incremental costs of obtaining a contract and contract liabilities related to contracts with customers as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

(3) The amount of revenue recognized from previous period’s contract liabilities satisfied during the years ended December 31, 2023 is 18,543,037 thousand (16,787,724 thousand in micro-transaction and subscription revenue, 70,596 thousand in royalties and license fees, and 1,684,717 thousand in website and application development).

The Group’s management expects to recognize 91.0% (18,089,771 thousand) of the transaction price allocated to contracts that have not been performed as of December 31, 2023 as revenue within 12 months. The remaining 9.0% (1,784,849) is expected to be recognized as revenue thereafter. The amounts disclosed above do not include variable consideration which is constrained.

Details of the selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

(2) The differences between the tax expense on the Group’s profit before tax and the amount that would arise using the statutory tax rates applicable to profits of the entities are as follows: