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________________________

FORM 10-K

________________________

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

________________________

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

________________________

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (877) 542-9253

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  o  No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  o  No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  x  No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  x  No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of the registrant's common shares held by non-affiliates, based on the closing sale price as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on December 29, 2023, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed fiscal quarter, was approximately $104.3 million.

Common shares beneficially owned by each executive officer, director and holder of more than 10% of common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates.

As of February 29, 2024, the registrant had 179,047,118 common shares outstanding.

None.

Certain statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may be considered “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21 of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and applicable Canadian securities laws.

Forward-looking statements may generally be identified by the use of words such as “believe”, “may”, “will”, “continue”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “expect”, “should”, “would”, “could”, “plan”, “potential”, “future”, “target” or other similar expressions that predict or indicate future events or trends or that are not statements of historical matters, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K include but are not limited to statements about: the expectation that Li-Cycle will recover critical battery-grade materials to create a domestic closed-loop battery supply chain for a clean energy future; the expectation that the steps taken under the Cash Preservation Plan will result in cash savings; Li-Cycle’s expectations regarding cash outflows; Li-Cycle’s expectations regarding the DOE Loan; Li-Cycle’s expectations that it will require significant funding before restarting the Rochester Hub project or that it will be able to restart the Rochester Hub project; Li-Cycle’s expectation that the phased approach may include the ability to produce intermediate battery metal products such as MHP; Li-Cycle’s expectations that it will be stopping or slowing operations at its operational Spokes in North America and re-evaluating its strategy for bringing on additional Spoke and Hub capacity in the near-term; Li-Cycle’s expectation to recognize revenue from the sale of critical battery materials; Li-Cycle’s expectation regarding other capital expenditures in 2024; Li-Cycle’s expectation that it will need to secure an alternative short or long-term financing in the near term or else it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents on hand or other resources to support current operations for the twelve months following the filing of this Annual Report; and expectations related to potential financing and other strategic alternatives. These statements are based on various assumptions, whether or not identified in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, made by Li-Cycle’s management, including but not limited to assumptions regarding the timing, scope and cost of Li-Cycle’s projects, including paused projects; the processing capacity and production of Li-Cycle’s facilities; Li-Cycle’s expectations regarding near-term significant workforce reductions; Li-Cycle's ability to source feedstock and manage supply chain risk; Li-Cycle’s ability to increase recycling capacity and efficiency; Li-Cycle’s ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms or execute any strategic transactions; the expected closing of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment; Li-Cycle’s ability to retain and hire key personnel and maintain relationships with customers, suppliers and other business partners; the success of the Cash Preservation Plan, the outcome of the review of the go-forward strategy of the Rochester Hub, Li-Cycle’s ability to attract new suppliers or expand its supply pipeline from existing suppliers; general economic conditions; currency exchange and interest rates; compensation costs; and inflation. There can be no assurance that such assumptions will prove to be correct and, as a result, actual results or events may differ materially from expectations expressed in or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond the control of Li-Cycle, and which may cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking information. The risk factors and cautionary language discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K provide examples of risks, uncertainties and events that may cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations described by us in such forward-looking statements, including among other things:

•Li-Cycle’s inability to economically and efficiently source, recover and recycle lithium-ion batteries and lithium-ion battery manufacturing scrap, as well as third party black mass, and to meet the market demand for an environmentally sound, closed-loop solution for manufacturing waste and end-of-life lithium-ion batteries;

•Li-Cycle’s inability to successfully implement its global growth strategy, on a timely basis or at all;

•Li-Cycle’s inability to manage future global growth effectively;

•Li-Cycle’s inability to develop the Rochester Hub as anticipated or at all, and other future projects including its Spoke network expansion projects in a timely manner or on budget or that those projects will not meet expectations with respect to their productivity or the specifications of their end products;

•Li-Cycle's history of losses and expected significant expenses for the foreseeable future as well as additional funds required to meet Li-Cycle’s liquidity needs and capital requirements in the future not being available to Li-Cycle on acceptable terms or at all when it needs them;

•risk and uncertainties related to Li-Cycle’s ability to continue as a going concern;

•uncertainty related to the success of Li-Cycle’s Cash Preservation Plan and related past and expected near-term further significant workforce reductions;

•Li-Cycle's inability to attract, train and retain top talent who possess specialized knowledge and technical skills;

•Li-Cycle’s failure to oversee and supervise strategic review of all or any of Li-Cycle’s operations and capital project and obtain financing and other strategic alternatives;

•Li-Cycle’s ability to service its debt and the restrictive nature of the terms of its debt;

•Li-Cycle's potential engagement in strategic transactions, including acquisitions, that could disrupt its business, cause dilution to its shareholders, reduce its financial resources, result in incurrence of debt, or prove not to be successful;

•one or more of Li-Cycle's current or future facilities becoming inoperative, capacity constrained or disrupted, or lacking sufficient feed streams to remain in operation;

•the potential impact of the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub on the authorizations and permits granted to Li-Cycle for the operation of the Rochester Hub and the Spokes on pause;

•the risk that the New York state and municipal authorities determine that the permits granted to Li-Cycle for the production of metal sulphates at the Rochester Hub will be impacted by the change to MHP and the reduction in scope for the project;

•Li-Cycle's failure to materially increase recycling capacity and efficiency;

•Li-Cycle expects to continue to incur significant expenses and may not achieve or sustain profitability;

•problems with the handling of lithium-ion battery cells that result in less usage of lithium-ion batteries or affect Li-Cycle’s operations;

•Li-Cycle’s inability to maintain and increase feedstock supply commitments as well as secure new customers and off-take agreements;

•a decline in the adoption rate of EVs, or a decline in the support by governments for “green” energy technologies;

•decreases in benchmark prices for the metals contained in Li-Cycle’s products;

•changes in the volume or composition of feedstock materials processed at Li-Cycle’s facilities;

•the development of an alternative chemical make-up of lithium-ion batteries or battery alternatives;

•Li-Cycle’s expected revenues for the Rochester Hub are expected to be derived significantly from a limited number of customers;

•uncertainty regarding the sublease agreement with Pike Conductor Dev 1, LLC related to the construction, financing and leasing of a warehouse and administrative building for the Rochester Hub;

•Li-Cycle’s insurance may not cover all liabilities and damages;

•Li-Cycle’s heavy reliance on the experience and expertise of its management;

•Li-Cycle’s reliance on third-party consultants for its regulatory compliance;

•Li-Cycle’s inability to complete its recycling processes as quickly as customers may require;

•Li-Cycle’s inability to compete successfully;

•increases in income tax rates, changes in income tax laws or disagreements with tax authorities;

•significant variance in Li-Cycle’s operating and financial results from period to period due to fluctuations in its operating costs and other factors;

•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates which could result in declines in reported sales and net earnings;

•unfavorable economic conditions, such as consequences of the global COVID-19 pandemic;

•natural disasters, unusually adverse weather, epidemic or pandemic outbreaks, cyber incidents, boycotts and geo-political events;

•failure to protect or enforce Li-Cycle’s intellectual property;

•Li-Cycle may be subject to intellectual property rights claims by third parties;

•Li-Cycle may be subject to cybersecurity attacks, including, but not limited to, ransomware;

•Li-Cycle’s failure to effectively remediate the material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting that it has identified or its failure to develop and maintain a proper and effective internal control over financial reporting;

•the potential for Li-Cycle’s directors and officers who hold Company common shares to have interests that may differ from, or be in conflict with, the interests of other shareholders; and

•risks related to adoption of Li-Cycle’s shareholder rights plan and amendment to the shareholder rights plan and the volatility of the price of Li-Cycle’s common shares.

These and other risks and uncertainties related to Li-Cycle’s business and the assumptions on which the forward-looking information is based are described in greater detail in the sections titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors”, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Factors Affecting Li-Cycle’s Performance” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Because of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, readers should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

Li-Cycle assumes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, except as required by applicable laws. These forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing Li-Cycle’s assessments as of any date subsequent to the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context otherwise requires or indicates otherwise, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Li-Cycle” or the “Company” refer to Li-Cycle Holdings Corp., an Ontario corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries.

In this document:

“A&R Glencore Convertible Notes” means amended and restated Glencore Convertible Notes, to be issued upon closing of the issuance of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note.

“Alabama Spoke” means Li-Cycle’s Spoke near Tuscaloosa, Alabama, which commenced operations on October 13, 2022.

“Amalgamation” means the amalgamation of Peridot Ontario and NewCo in accordance with the terms of the Arrangement.

“ancillary processing capacity” means, in relation to Li-Cycle’s Spokes, the capacity to process LIB through dry shredding, powder processing and baling.

“Arizona Spoke” means Li-Cycle’s Spoke in Gilbert, Arizona, which commenced operations on May 17, 2022.

“Arrangement” means the plan of arrangement (including the Business Combination) in substantially the form attached as Annex C to the proxy statement/prospectus forming a part of the registration statement on Form F-4, filed by the Company with the SEC on July 6, 2021.

“black mass” means a powder-like substance which contains a number of valuable metals, including nickel, cobalt and lithium.

“Black Mass & Equivalents” or “BM&E” means black mass and products analogous to black mass that have a similar metal content.

“Business Combination” means the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement.

“Business Combination Agreement” means the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of February 15, 2021, as amended, by and among Peridot, Li-Cycle Corp. and NewCo.

“Cash Preservation Plan” means the cash preservation plan initiated on November 1, 2023, which included reducing staffing in its corporate support functions, pausing production at its Ontario Spoke and implementing a plan to manage lower levels of Black Mass & Equivalents production and otherwise slow down operations at its remaining operating Spoke locations in order to reduce expenses and slow cash outflows as well as reviewing existing plans for bringing on additional Spoke capacity and taking other steps to preserve the Company’s available cash while pursuing funding alternatives for the Company and continuing to review the go-forward strategy for the Rochester Hub project.

“Closing Date” means the closing date of the Business Combination.

“common shares” means the common shares of the Company, without par value.

“Consolidated Financial Statements” means the annual consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

“Continuance” means the continuance of Peridot from the Cayman Islands under the Companies Act to the Province of Ontario, Canada as a corporation existing under the OBCA.

“DFS” means definitive feasibility study.

“EV” means electric vehicles.

“Germany Spoke” means Li-Cycle’s Spoke in Magdeburg, Germany, which commenced operations on August 1, 2023.

“Glencore” means Glencore plc and its subsidiaries.

“Glencore Convertible Note” means the unsecured convertible note in the principal amount of $200.0 million due May 31, 2027 issued to Glencore Ltd. pursuant to the Glencore Note Purchase Agreement on May 31, 2022, as such note may be amended from time to time.

“Glencore Convertible Notes” means the Glencore Convertible Note together with any PIK Notes issued in satisfaction of interest due and payable thereon.

“Glencore Note Purchase Agreement” means the note purchase agreement, dated as of May 5, 2022, between the Company and Glencore Ltd.

“Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note” means a senior secured convertible note in an aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million to be issued to an affiliate of Glencore plc pursuant to the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Purchase Agreement, as such note may be amended from time to time.

“Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Purchase Agreement” means the agreement dated March 11, 2024 by and between the Company, an affiliate of Glencore plc and the other parties named therein for the issuance of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note.

“Glencore Warrants” means warrants to be issued by Li-Cycle to the holder of the Glencore Convertible Note in connection with an optional redemption of the Glencore Convertible Note that entitle the holder to acquire, until the maturity date of the Glencore Convertible Note, a number of common shares equal to the principal amount of the Glencore Convertible Note being redeemed divided by the then applicable conversion price.

“Hub” means a centralized facility for large-scale production of specialty materials that achieves economies of scale in recycling.

“IP” means intellectual property.

“Investor Agreement” means the Investor and Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2021, by and among the Company, the Peridot Class B Holders and the Li-Cycle Holders.

“KSP Convertible Note” means the unsecured convertible note in the principal amount of $100.0 million due September 29, 2026 originally issued to Spring Creek Capital, LLC (an affiliate of Koch Strategic Platforms, LLC, being a company within the Koch Investments Group) pursuant to the KSP Note Purchase Agreement on September 29, 2021 and subsequently assigned on May 1, 2022, to one of its affiliates, Wood River Capital, LLC, as such note may be amended from time to time.

“KSP Convertible Notes” means the KSP Convertible Note together with any PIK Notes issued in satisfaction of interest due and payable thereon.

“KSP Note Purchase Agreement” means the Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2021, between the Company and Spring Creek Capital, LLC, and assigned on May 1, 2022, to Wood River Capital, LLC.

“LGC” means LG Chem, Ltd.

“LGES” means LG Energy Solution, Ltd.

“LIB” means lithium-ion batteries, including lithium-ion battery manufacturing scrap and end-of-life lithium-ion batteries.

“LIBOR” means the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate.

“Li-Cycle Holders” means the prior shareholders of Li-Cycle Corp. that entered into the Li-Cycle Transaction Support Agreements in connection with the Business Combination.

“Li-Cycle Shares” means the issued and outstanding common shares of Li-Cycle Corp. prior to the Business Combination.

“Li-Cycle Transaction Support Agreements” means the Transaction Support Agreements, each dated as of February 15, 2021, among Peridot and the Li-Cycle Holders, entered into in connection with the Business Combination Agreement.

“Long-Term Incentive Plan” means the Company’s 2021 Incentive Award Plan.

“main line processing capacity” means, in relation to Li-Cycle’s Spokes, the capacity to process materials using Li-Cycle’s patented submerged shredding process or “wet shredding” designed specifically for battery materials that contain electrolyte and have risk of thermal runaway.

“MHP” means mixed hydroxide precipitate, containing nickel, cobalt and manganese.

“MHP scope” means a scope for the Rochester Hub project that focuses only on those process areas needed to produce lithium carbonate and MHP.

“Moelis” means Moelis & Company LLC.

“NewCo” means Li-Cycle Holdings Corp. prior to the Amalgamation.

“New Ontario Spoke” means the planned, expanded Spoke and warehouse facility, the development of which has been postponed indefinitely.

“New York Spoke” means Li-Cycle’s operational Spoke in Rochester, New York, which commenced operations in late 2020.

“Norway Spoke” means Li-Cycle’s planned Spoke in Moss, Norway, the development of which is currently paused.

“NYSE” means the New York Stock Exchange.

“OBCA” means the Ontario Business Corporations Act.

“OEM” means an original equipment manufacturer.

“Ontario Spoke” means Li-Cycle’s Spoke in Kingston, Ontario, the operations of which are currently paused.

“Peridot Class B Holders” means the holders of Peridot Class B Shares immediately prior to the Business Combination.

“Peridot Class B Shares” means the Class B common shares of Peridot.

“Peridot” means, before the Continuance, Peridot Acquisition Corp., a Cayman Islands exempt company and, after the Continuance, Peridot Ontario.

“Peridot Ontario” means Peridot as continued under the OBCA following the Continuance.

“PIK Notes” means the additional unsecured convertible notes that may be issued by Li-Cycle from time to time in satisfaction of the interest due and payable on the KSP Convertible Notes or the Glencore Convertible Notes, as the case may be, as such notes may be amended from time to time.

“PIPE Financing” means the issuance and sale to the PIPE Investors, following the Amalgamation and prior to the closing date of the Business Combination, of an aggregate of 31,549,000 common shares for a purchase price of $10.00 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $315,490,000.

“PIPE Investors” means those certain investors, including an affiliate of Peridot’s Sponsor, who entered into Subscription Agreements to purchase common shares in the PIPE Financing.

“Planned Portovesme Hub” means the planned joint development project with Glencore to produce critical battery materials at a Hub facility in Portovesme, Italy, the definitive feasibility study for which is currently paused.

“private placement warrants” means 8,000,000 warrants to purchase common shares that were issued to the Sponsor in exchange for outstanding warrants of Peridot in connection with the Business Combination, which were exercised or surrendered for common shares or redeemed on January 26, 2022 pursuant to the notice of redemption dated December 27, 2021.

“public warrants” means 15,000,000 warrants to purchase common shares that were issued in exchange for outstanding warrants of Peridot that were issued in Peridot’s initial public offering, which were exercised or surrendered for common shares or redeemed on January 26, 2022 pursuant to the notice of redemption dated December 27, 2021.

“Rochester Hub” means Li-Cycle’s planned, first commercial-scale Hub, under development in Rochester, New York, the construction of which is currently paused.

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Securities Act” means the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

“SOFR” means the Secured Overnight Financing Rate.

“Special Committee” means the Special Committee comprised of independent directors that was established in connection with the comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy of the Rochester Hub project. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Recent Liquidity Developments.”

“Spoke” means a decentralized facility that mechanically processes batteries close to sources of supply and handles the preliminary processing of end-of-life batteries and battery manufacturing scrap.

“Sponsor” means Peridot Acquisition Sponsor, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

“Subscription Agreements” means the subscription agreements entered into with the PIPE Investors, in connection with the PIPE Financing.

“Traxys” means Traxys North America LLC.

“warrants” means the public warrants and the private placement warrants.

References to “dollar,” “USD,” “US$” and “$” are to U.S. dollars and references to “CA$” and “Cdn. $” are to Canadian dollars.

This annual report includes certain trademarks, service marks and trade names that we own or otherwise have the right to use, such as “Li-Cycle” and “Spoke & Hub Technologies” which are protected under applicable intellectual property laws and are our property. We have, or are in the process of obtaining, the exclusive right to use such trademarks, service marks and trade names in the countries in which we operate or may operate in the future. This annual report also contains additional trademarks, tradenames, and service marks belonging to other parties, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, our trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this annual report may appear without the ® or ™ symbol, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to these trademarks, service marks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other parties’ trademarks, tradenames, or service marks to imply, and such use or display should not be construed to imply, a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, these other parties.

Li-Cycle (NYSE: LICY) is a leading global lithium-ion battery (“LIB”) resource recovery company. Established in 2016, and with customers and partners around the world, Li-Cycle's mission is to recover critical battery-grade materials to create a domestic closed-loop battery supply chain for a clean energy future. The Company’s proprietary “Spoke & Hub” recycling and resource recovery process is designed (a) at its Spokes, or pre-processing facilities, to process battery manufacturing scrap and end-of-life batteries to produce “black mass”, a powder-like substance which contains a number of valuable metals, and other intermediate products, and (b) at its future Hubs, or post-processing facilities, to process black mass to produce critical materials for the lithium-ion battery supply chain, including lithium carbonate.

At its Spokes, in addition to producing black mass, the Company produces certain other intermediate products analogous to black mass that have a similar metal content, and, as a result, the Company tracks its production using a unit of measure called black mass and black mass equivalents (“Black Mass & Equivalents” or “BM&E”).

Li-Cycle pioneered what it believes to be an innovative and scalable metallurgical processing method with its Spoke & Hub network, with the goal of making a valuable contribution to the EV industry and the world’s transition to a circular economy by offering an environmentally-friendly recycling solution alternative to energy-intensive pyrometallurgical processing methods. By re-inserting critical materials back into the lithium-ion battery supply chain, we believe we will be able to effectively close the loop between the beginning and end-of-life manufacturing phases in both an environmentally and what we believe to be an economically sustainable manner.

Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly powering products and solutions in a range of industries, including consumer electronics, EVs and energy storage. An overview of the industries in which lithium-ion batteries are utilized is set forth below:

Li-Cycle is at the intersection of three broad and accelerating trends that it believes are key drivers for successful movement toward a zero-carbon economy: the EV revolution; sustainability with emphasis on a circular economy; and localized investments in battery production to establish and grow sustainable domestic supplies of strategic battery materials.

As battery manufacturers and automotive OEMs in the lithium-ion battery supply chain increasingly establish localized manufacturing operations in North America and Europe, the lithium-ion battery market continues to develop in terms of the growth and need for recycling various "form factors" (see bottom left chart) and "chemistries" (see bottom right chart).

•Form factor refers to a battery’s physical shape, size, configuration, and arrangement. Market forecasts call for increased quantities of EV battery manufacturing scrap and end-of-life batteries to become available for recycling in our key focus regions.

•Battery chemistries are diverse and include: (i) lithium nickel manganese cobalt (“NMC”), which is one of the most widely used cathode chemistries in lithium-ion batteries, known to have a high capacity, high operating voltage, and relatively slow reaction time with electrolytes; (ii) lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (“NCA”), which is similar to NMC and offers high specific energy and high durability; (iii) lithium-iron phosphate (“LFP”), which has a moderate specific energy and is widely used for residential storage systems; and (iv) lithium manganese oxide (“LMO”), which has a specific energy that makes it an attractive cathode material for lithium-ion batteries that are used mostly in power tools and electric powertrains.

We believe that a secure supply of critical materials is core to the success of the battery supply chain. As shown in the chart below, Li-Cycle’s expected operating model enables a circular loop in the EV battery value chain which we believe will make Li-Cycle well-placed to be a preferred supplier of domestic and recycled critical materials to key global battery supply chain participants. Many of Li-Cycle’s key commercial partners are cathode producers and battery OEMs.

In addition to Li-Cycle, other key players in the North American lithium-ion battery recycling market include Ascend Elements, Inc., Cirba Solutions, and Redwood Materials Inc.

Li-Cycle’s strategic goal is to be a preferred global recycler of lithium-ion batteries and battery manufacturing scrap to produce critical materials for the battery supply chain. Prior to the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub, the slowdown of operations at the North American Spokes, and the re-evaluation of the Company’s strategy for its current North American Spokes and bringing on additional Spoke and Hub capacity, the Company worked to position its network in multiple regions within the battery supply chain where there was growth of manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries in order to capture and process manufacturing scrap (“yield loss”) and end-of-life lithium-ion batteries available for recycling. The Company sought to develop a network of Spokes strategically located near customers and feedstock to reduce handling costs and operational risk. Additionally, the Spoke network was intended to produce a sustainable supply of black mass for processing at future centralized large-scale battery material refining facilities, or Hubs. These investments were supported in the near term with multi-year in-take and off-take commercial contracts, with a mid- to long-term objective of closing the supply chain loop – meaning matching up customer off-take with in-take arrangements.

On October 23, 2023, the Company announced that it was pausing construction work on its Rochester Hub project, pending completion of a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy for the project. The pause in construction was due to escalating costs and the expectation that aggregate costs to complete the existing scope of the project would exceed the previously disclosed budget of $560.0 million. Prior to the construction pause, commissioning of the Rochester Hub project had been expected to commence in late 2023. As part of the comprehensive review, the Company is examining the scope, expected capital cost, financing, timing of completion and go-forward construction strategy options for the Rochester Hub project. The Company has been conducting an internal technical and economic review of the Rochester Hub project to assess a possible change in the project development strategy. The Company has since focused its technical review on constructing, commissioning, and operating only those process areas needed to produce two key products: lithium carbonate and MHP (the “MHP scope”). The construction, commissioning and operating costs for process areas associated with production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate, as originally planned for the Rochester Hub, have not been included in the internal technical review. and there are no current plans that include production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate. However, the areas dedicated to the production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate would be left intact under the MHP scope, to allow for the potential construction, completion, and integration of these areas in the future, although no such plans are contemplated at this time. Taking into account total cash spend of $452.2 million as of December 31, 2023, the revised estimated project cost of the Rochester Hub project is approximately $960.2 million for the MHP scope. For more information, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations – Update on Business Outlook and Strategy.”

The Company will require significant funding before restarting the Rochester Hub project. Following the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub project, the Company has slowed operations at its North American Spokes by pausing operations at the Ontario Spoke and slowing down production at its New York, Arizona and Alabama Spokes as it reviews the timing and BM&E needs of the Rochester Hub and may continue to pause or slow down operations at its operational Spokes in North America in the near term.

The Company is also re-evaluating its strategy for bringing on additional Spoke and Hub capacity in the near-term. For additional details, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Update on Business Outlook and Strategy.”

An overview of Li-Cycle’s current and planned Spoke and Hub operations, relative to centers of demand for recycling of lithium-ion battery manufacturing scrap, is set forth in the chart below.

Under the Company’s two-part Spoke & Hub process, end-of-life batteries and battery-related scrap are first shipped to Spoke locations, where the materials are mechanically processed into several intermediate products, including black mass. When one or more Hub locations become operational, we expect that black mass from several Spoke locations will be received at a Hub location and processed through a hydrometallurgical (or “wet chemistry”) process to produce critical battery materials which can be sold back into the battery supply chain and used in the manufacturing of new lithium-ion batteries.

As at December 31, 2023, Li-Cycle had four operational Spokes in North America and Europe, which were located in Rochester, New York (the “New York Spoke”), Gilbert, Arizona (the “Arizona Spoke”), Tuscaloosa, Alabama (the “Alabama Spoke”), and Magdeburg, Germany (the “Germany Spoke”). Production at the Spoke in Ontario, Canada (the “Ontario Spoke”) and the construction of the Rochester Hub project continue to be paused and operations have been slowed down at the New York, Arizona and Alabama Spokes, pending completion of a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy for the Rochester Hub project, and subject to the availability of required funding. Further pauses or slowdowns of North American Spokes are expected in the near-term. In May 2023, the Company announced it had signed a letter of intent with Glencore International AG, a wholly owned subsidiary of Glencore plc (“Glencore”), to jointly study the feasibility of, and later, develop a Hub facility in Portovesme, Italy (the “Planned Portovesme Hub”) to produce critical battery materials. The Planned Portovesme Hub would repurpose part of the existing Glencore metallurgical complex, which would enable what we expect would be an expedited and cost-efficient development plan. Work on the definitive feasibility study (“DFS”) for the Planned Portovesme Hub project has been paused and the project is currently under review by the Company and Glencore.

Batteries for recycling are broken down at our Spokes through a mechanical size reduction process known as shredding and separated into black mass, shredded metals and mixed plastics. Black mass is a powder-like substance, which contains a number of valuable metals, including nickel, cobalt and lithium. Black mass is an intermediate product which is significantly easier and safer to transport than lithium-ion batteries and we intend to further process black mass produced at our Spokes at our future Hub facilities. At our Spokes, we also produce certain products analogous to black mass that have a similar metal content, and, as a result, we track our production using a unit of measure called Black Mass & Equivalents or BM&E.

Li-Cycle has developed its Spoke processing technology over three generations of design. The Company’s first Spoke (the “Generation 1” Ontario Spoke in 2020, now paused) was a stick build format with a single shredder design. The Company’s next Spoke facility (the “Generation 2” New York Spoke) was a modular build with multiple shredder design and increased recovery rates. The latest Spoke design (the “Generation 3” Arizona Spoke, Alabama Spoke and Germany Spoke design) is based on a modular build, multi-stage shredding design with capabilities to shred full-pack EV batteries without dismantling, and further, increased recovery rates.

With each subsequent Spoke generation rollout, the Company has also incorporated capacity and processing upgrades to flex with our current and potential customers’ growing volumes and mix of battery material form factors. Total processing capacity of the Spokes is composed of “main line processing capacity” and “ancillary processing capacity”. Main line processing capacity refers to the capacity to process materials using its patented submerged shredding process, or “wet shredding”, designed specifically for battery materials that contain electrolyte and have risk of thermal runaway. Ancillary processing capacity refers to the capacity to process LIB through: (1) Dry Shredding, which processes materials that do not contain electrolyte and therefore are at less risk of thermal runaway; (2) Powder Processing, which processes electrode powders to minimize dusting in downstream processes; and (3) Baling, which processes electrode foils into formed cubes for optimizing logistics and downstream processing.

Li-Cycle’s Spokes, are battery and form factor agnostic, with the capability to process entire EV and energy storage battery packs with no disassembly. This has become increasingly important as EV battery packs have continued to become larger and automakers are implementing cell-to-pack architecture with minimal ability to dismantle.

Our sources of recycling feed are derived primarily from three key sources: 1) battery manufacturing scrap; 2) end-of-life lithium-ion batteries; and 3) damaged, defective, or recalled lithium-ion batteries. The below charts show the Company’s battery supply in-take by form factor and by chemistry.

We anticipate that at our future Hub facilities, the black mass from our Spokes would be further refined through the hydrometallurgical circuit to produce critical materials needed for battery production. Our hydrometallurgical process provides an efficient and environmentally-friendly alternative to traditional pyrometallurgical processes, which involve volatizing or burning materials at high temperatures. We expect that the hydrometallurgical process will become the preferred approach to lithium-ion battery recycling among manufacturers that are focused on product stewardship and environmental sustainability.

As part of its examination of the scope, expected capital cost, financing, timing of completion and go-forward construction strategy for the Rochester Hub project, the Company has been conducting an internal technical and economic review of the Rochester Hub project in order to assess a possible change in the project development strategy.

The technical review has focused on constructing, commissioning and operating only those process areas needed to produce two key products: lithium carbonate and MHP. The construction, commissioning and operating costs for process areas associated with production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate, as originally planned for the Rochester Hub, have not been included in the internal technical review, and there are no current plans that include production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate. However, the areas dedicated to the production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate would be left intact under the MHP scope, to allow for the potential construction, completion, and integration of these areas in the future, although no such plans are contemplated at this time. For additional details, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Update on Business Outlook and Strategy.”

The image below depicts a phased approach to project development. In the initial scope, black mass could be processed to produce lithium carbonate and MHP. In the future, additional circuits could be added to allow for the production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate. Both approaches would maintain the production of lithium carbonate and would produce materials suitable for supplying the battery pre-cursor industry.

We have a portfolio of multi-year commercial contracts with leading global customers in the EV and lithium-ion battery ecosystem, including consumer electronics, manufacturing scrap, energy storage, and automotive OEMs/transportation companies.

Li-Cycle procures all types of lithium-ion battery materials in the supply chain, including battery manufacturing scrap, battery recalls, and end-of-life batteries and contracts with numerous suppliers of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries and battery manufacturing scrap. In order to preserve cash, however, following the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub and the implementation of the Cash Preservation Plan, the Company has reduced its in-take of recycling feed, while pausing production at its Ontario Spoke, and slowing down operations at its New York, Alabama and Arizona Spokes. For details regarding the Cash Preservation Plan, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Liquidity Developments.”

Li-Cycle has entered into a strategic marketing relationship with Traxys, a company that provides financial and logistics solutions to the metals, mining and energy industries. As part of this relationship, Li-Cycle has entered into a Black Mass Marketing, Logistics and Working Capital Agreement with Traxys, covering 100% of its production of black mass from its North American Spokes, until such time as this material is integrated by Li-Cycle into the supply chain for Li-Cycle’s Hubs. Traxys earns marketing fees under the agreement, based on the final sales price of the black mass sold by Traxys to its third-party customers, as well as interest on provisional payments made from Traxys to Li-Cycle.

Prices are based on index pricing for the nickel and cobalt contained in the black mass.

Li-Cycle has also entered into a Refined Products Marketing, Logistics and Working Capital Agreement with Traxys, covering 100% of its production of certain end products from the Rochester Hub, consisting of lithium carbonate, nickel sulphate, cobalt sulphate, manganese carbonate and graphite concentrate. The Hub products agreement extends for a term expiring seven years after the achievement of certain commercial production milestones at the Rochester Hub. Traxys earns marketing fees under the agreement, based on the final sales price of the end products sold by Traxys to its third-party customers, as well as interest on provisional payments made from Traxys to Li-Cycle. Prices are based on index pricing for the relevant end products, adjusted for the product form (e.g., for nickel sulphate product, prices are adjusted relative to index pricing for nickel metal). Commercial terms between Traxys and its third-party customers are arranged in advance, transparent to Li-Cycle and based on the commodity prices for the metals contained in the Li-Cycle products.

Should the Company resume construction on the Rochester Hub and the Rochester Hub is successfully developed with an expected end product mix to produce MHP, then Li-Cycle expects that it would continue to sell lithium carbonate and graphite concentrate under the Refined Products Marketing, Logistics and Working Capital Agreement with Traxys, while it expects that MHP would be subject to the By-Products Off-take Agreement with Glencore (described below), which provides that Li-Cycle and Glencore will discuss and seek to mutually define the applicable commercial terms for the purchase and sale of such product.

Upon the closing date of the issuance of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, Li-Cycle and certain of its affiliates, Traxys and Glencore will enter into a North American Black Mass and Refined Products Allocation Agreement (the “Allocation Agreement”). Under the terms of the Allocation Agreement, Traxys shall waive its rights over 50% of the volume of black mass and refined products that would otherwise have been sold to Traxys under the Company’s existing commercial agreements with Traxys, and such material shall be deemed to be Glencore-committed material under the terms of the Company’s commercial agreements with Glencore (described below), provided that Traxys and Glencore shall each be entitled to the respective marketing fees which would otherwise have applied under their respective commercial agreements. The term of the Allocation Agreement will begin on the closing date of the issuance of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note and continue for the duration of the Traxys commercial agreements, unless earlier terminated by mutual agreement of the parties.

On June 1, 2022, the Company announced the entry into commercial agreements (collectively, the “Glencore Commercial Agreements”) with Glencore, including the Master Commercial Agreement, the Amended & Restated Global Feed Sourcing Agreement, the Black Mass Sourcing Agreement, the Sulfuric Acid Supply Agreement, the Black Mass Off-Take Agreement, the End Products Off-Take Agreement and the By-Products Off-Take Agreement.

Subject to existing commitments of the Company and other exceptions (including materials required for the Company’s operations), under the terms of the Glencore Commercial Agreements, Glencore will source and supply lithium-ion battery manufacturing scrap and other lithium-ion battery materials to the Company for use at the Company’s Spokes; Glencore will source and supply black mass to the Company for use at the Company’s Hubs; Glencore will supply sulfuric acid for use at the Company’s Hubs; and Glencore will purchase, for its internal consumption or on-sale to third party end customers, black mass, battery-grade end products and certain by-products produced at the Company’s Spokes and Hubs. Pursuant to the Glencore Commercial Agreements, Glencore will earn (i) sourcing fees on all feed flowing into the Company’s Spokes; (ii) sourcing fees on all third party black mass flowing into the Company’s Hubs; (iii) marketing fees on all black mass flowing out of the Company’s Spokes and not flowing into the Company’s Hubs; and (iv) end products marketing fees on all end products flowing out of the Company’s Hubs or any third party processing sites that the Company may utilize. Should the Company resume construction on the Rochester Hub and the Rochester Hub is successfully developed with an expected end product mix to produce MHP, then Li-Cycle expects that such MHP would be subject to the By-Products Off-take Agreement with Glencore, which provides that Li-Cycle and Glencore will discuss and seek to mutually define the applicable commercial terms for the purchase and sale of such product.

The term of each Commercial Agreement will, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the termination provisions of the Master Commercial Agreement, continue until the later to occur of (i) ten years from the date on which the Company’s next Hub (after the completion of the Rochester Hub) achieves a specified level of commercial production, and (ii) the date by which such Hub has processed a minimum quantity of black mass.

The term of the Glencore Commercial Agreements will automatically renew on an evergreen basis for subsequent terms of five years after the expiry of the initial term, subject to the Company’s right to terminate all (but not less than all) of the Glencore Commercial Agreements upon 365 days’ prior notice to Glencore and payment of a termination fee based upon five times the aggregate value of the sourcing and marketing fees and certain other amounts invoiced in the preceding twelve months.

We provide sustainable and customer-centric solutions for each of our customers’ battery recycling needs. We provide the support necessary along each step of the process to ensure that our customers’ battery recycling experience is handled in a manner that is safe, professional, and economically viable. In particular:

•we work closely with a reliable network of logistics partners to support customers in transporting their batteries to our facilities;

•we offer our customers a home for the secure destruction of materials containing IP-sensitive design information, such as research and development batteries and battery materials. We have adopted procedures to protect the privacy and confidentiality of our customers’ trade secrets; and

•in addition to providing advice on packaging and support with procurement, we provide spare battery storage, manage comprehensive battery replacement campaigns and customize programs and services to individual customers’ needs.

While we strive to maintain the level of service we provided to our customers prior to the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub, our ability to do so has been strained following the reduction in workforce on November 1, 2023, which trend is likely to continue. Based on our go-forward strategic objectives and the Cash Preservation Plan, we expect to further right-size and right-shape our organization, including taking additional steps in the near-term to significantly reduce our workforce. For additional details, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Key Factors Affecting Li-Cycle’s Performance – Employee Matters and Growth Management.”

We have established proprietary technology that we believe sets us apart from competitors because our technology has the ability to adapt to changes in inputs to the battery recycling process, including different form factors and battery chemistries. Our process will produce the fundamental building blocks of lithium-ion batteries—cathode precursor input chemicals, cathode input chemicals and raw materials that can be reused in batteries or the broader economy. By contrast, competitive emerging technologies such as cathode-to-cathode recycling produce end-products that have a higher risk of obsolescence due to continuous cathode technology advancement.

Past and expected future significant near-term workforce reductions based on our go-forward strategic objectives and the Cash Preservation Plan have and will continue to reduce our ability to engage in research and development (“R&D”) efforts to expand the scope of our processing capacities and drive other process improvements. However, we continue to engage in various improvement activities led by our operations team.

Our hydrometallurgical process produces minimal solid waste streams, zero wastewater discharge, and relatively low air emissions. By contrast, other hydrometallurgical technologies often have significant wastewater emissions and solid waste streams, while smelting or thermal processing typically involves the burning of lithium-ion batteries that produces toxic emissions in the off-gas. We believe that Li-Cycle’s hydrometallurgical process leaves a comparatively smaller environmental footprint and provides a competitive advantage in terms of conforming to the requirements for municipal, state, and federal permitting processes associated with the development of our Spokes and our Rochester Hub, as well as meeting our customers’ demand for quality and sustainability.

In 2023, Li-Cycle was a recipient of the Bloomberg New Energy Finance Pioneers Award which recognizes our contribution in building a more sustainable battery materials supply chain and accelerating decarbonization. Li-Cycle was also named to Corporate Knight’s “Future 50” list for the second year in a row as one of Canada’s fastest-growing sustainable companies.

In June of 2023, Li-Cycle became a signatory to the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), reinforcing our commitment to the 10 Principles which advance the broader development goals of the United Nations to help create a more inclusive, ethical, and sustainable world.

The Company’s customer portfolio includes leading global battery supply chain players, including battery, EV and Energy OEMs. These customers supply LIB materials for recycling at the Spokes. Additionally, the Company has entered into strategic offtake arrangements for black mass and end products from its future Hubs. See “—Diversified In-Take and Off-Take Commercial Contracts—Off-Take Commercial Contracts for Black Mass and Battery Grade Materials”, above. As a validation of our business model, some of these commercial arrangements have resulted in a total combined total investment of $350.0 million in Li-Cycle. See “Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities—Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.” On March 11, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement to issue a senior secured convertible note in an aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million to an affiliate of Glencore plc (the “Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note”). The issuance and sale of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note is subject to customary closing conditions and the expiration of the ten-day period for required notice to shareholders informing them of the Company’s reliance on the NYSE financial viability exception to the NYSE’s shareholder approval policy, and is expected to close on or about March 25, 2024.

Li-Cycle continues to see favorable tailwinds from a number of new public policy programs in the North America and Europe aimed at providing financial support to facilitate domestic expansion of the battery supply infrastructure, essentially deeming this to be a critical strategic industry.

In the United States, the enactment of the Inflation Reduction Act (the “IRA”), in 2022 has provided meaningful benefits to the EV battery recycling industry. The IRA comes off the heels of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and the Presidential Determination investments to support critical materials for battery production, with total potential grants and loans under these programs of more than $325.0 billion, as illustrated below:

These government funding opportunities provide Li-Cycle with two key opportunities: 1) the opportunity to directly explore these government funding opportunities to potentially benefit our Spoke & Hub network growth; and 2) the ability to potentially assist automakers in achieving the Clean Vehicle Tax Credit conditions by meeting their production requirements for domestic content via recycled material.

The European Union also provides direct funding to companies across the continent, through various funds, the most important being the Innovation Fund. The Innovation Fund, financed by revenues from the EU Emissions Trading System, has a total budget of €40 billion for the period 2020-2030. It focuses on highly innovative clean technologies, having the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in selected industries. Battery recycling continues to be a major sector of focus with critical raw material supply being a priority under the European Green Deal.

The European Union has identified public funding as essential for localizing the battery supply chain, in line with the 2023 Critical Raw Materials Act. In September 2023, Li-Cycle cosigned a letter asking the European Commission to ensure sufficient and dedicated EU-level funding for developing the domestic supply in raw materials necessary for the energy transition. This called for an expansion of the existing Innovation Fund to include production-based support, and to make it more accessible. The letter signed by 17 companies, two industry associations and one NGO, also asked for the establishment of a European Critical Minerals Fund in the longer-term. Li-Cycle continues to engage with this coalition to advance its advocacy efforts.

In addition to grants and subsidies, the European Union is also considering additional funding through favorable loans managed by the European Investment Bank (“EIB”). In February 2024, the EIB initiated an internal task-force dedicated to critical minerals for the clean transition with the objective to mobilize financing for projects along the value chain through coordinating national and EU financing options.

On February 7, 2024, the Company announced that it had received approval from the State of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, for a grant of up to €6.4 million ($7.1 million) for the Germany Spoke, subject to certain funding conditions, as part of its “Improving the Regional Economic Structure Program”. For more information, see Note 27 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

As of December 31, 2023, Li-Cycle had a total of 78 pending utility patent applications and issued utility patents, grouped into ten patent families based on common priority details, which cover aspects of Li-Cycle’s innovative technologies and include issued patents or pending patent applications in Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, United States, Belgium, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Estonia, Finland, Croatia, Hungary, Norway, Poland and the World Intellectual Property Office. These applications and patents have filing dates between 2018 and 2022, and therefore will expire between 2038 and 2042.

All patents and patent applications are 100% owned by Li-Cycle.

Our vision is to lead the global supply of recycled critical lithium-ion battery materials for a clean energy future. Our mission is to recycle critical lithium-ion battery materials to create a sustainable closed-loop battery supply chain. 

By supporting the lithium-ion battery materials supply chain with an innovative recycling solution, we believe we are contributing to the global “green energy” transition and the movement toward a zero-carbon economy. We believe that environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) leadership is important to the success of our business model, and we are committed to developing corporate policies and business practices to support these values.

We have instituted an Integrated Management System (developed on the basis of International Standards Organization (“ISO”) standards) to guide our actions on health and safety, environmental and quality (“HSEQ”) practices.

Li-Cycle’s Integrated Management System (IMS) was developed in general conformance to ISO 9001 quality standards, ISO 14001 environmental standards, ISO 45001 occupational health & safety standards, and SERI’s Responsible Recycling Electronics Recycling Standard (Version 3), and is required to be implemented across all global operations. For fiscal 2023, our Ontario Spoke and our New York Spoke were certified to ISO 9001 quality standards, ISO 14001 environmental standards and ISO 45001 occupational health & safety standards, and the Responsible Recycling electronics recycling standard (Version 3) (expiry January 13, 2024). We are currently assessing our organizational strategy for registration of our Arizona Spoke, Alabama Spoke and Germany Spoke under ISO standards. 

We prioritize the safety of our employees, suppliers, contractors and visitors. We aim for a “zero-harm” workplace and ensure compliance with all applicable occupational health and safety laws, regulations and standards in the jurisdictions in which we operate. We provide training to our employees on quality, health and safety and environmental and quality requirements. We also ensure that our facilities (including lines, machinery and tools used) are equipped with safety instructions, allot the time to practice emergency procedures and expect our managers and employees to maintain safe, clean and well-organized facilities.

Our operating facilities are permitted and/or approved per applicable (and relevant) environmental, safety and building code requirements.

We measure our environmental and sustainability impacts through metrics recognized by global standards and industry best practices, including Sustainability Accounting Standards Board ("SASB") and Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD"). This includes the tracking of our energy usage, and Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. We also track Health, Safety, Security, and Environmental incidents and undertake correction actions, as required. In June 2023, Li-Cycle became signatory to the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), reinforcing our commitment to the UNGC Principles and Sustainable Development Goals. In March 2023, we published our 2022 Interim ESG Report. The full text of our 2022 Interim ESG Report does not constitute a part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference herein.

There continues to be increased activity in lithium-ion battery regulation globally in recent years, with a continued focus to create domestic supply chains.

The North American regulatory landscape is governed by laws and regulations to establish environmental standards that impact Li-Cycle’s operations, including, among other subjects, water use and air emissions, and the treatment, handling, transportation, and disposal of hazardous materials. Complying with federal, state, and local environmental regulations will be integral to Li-Cycle’s ability to operate in our communities.

Related to the treatment, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) is currently in the earlier stages of developing proposals for universal waste standards for lithium-ion batteries. This proposed universal waste standard will be separate from the existing general battery universal waste category. Their proposal is intended to create standards that are in line with current industry best practices and is meant to harmonize battery management across the industry to improve safety standards and reduce fires from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. Li-Cycle is monitoring the development of this proposal and plans to provide feedback on our experiences and best practices in order to develop safety standards that reduce risks while still promoting battery recycling in the United States.

We believe Li-Cycle is well-positioned to comply with heightened battery regulations across the globe. Li-Cycle holds all licenses currently required in connection with its technologies and operations. Li-Cycle has engaged a third-party consultant to provide support with permitting and regulatory compliance across all Li-Cycle products, and to update Li-Cycle regularly regarding legal and regulatory developments applicable to its business.

In North America, various industry groups are focused on working with federal, state and provincial governments to identify opportunities to support the domestic supply of critical materials through regulation and financial support mechanisms. In the United States, on August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the IRA, which provides over $300.0 billion in tax credits and other incentives designed to incentivize energy and climate projects aimed at reducing carbon emissions by 40% in 2030. We expect that the financing mechanisms included in this legislation will further accelerate clean energy manufacturing and investment in the United States.

Through the IRA, the Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") will provide a 10% production tax credit for the production of clean technologies through the 45X Advanced Manufacturing Production Tax Credit. This production tax credit includes the production of critical minerals, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, and is one of the main instruments the United States is using to bolster the domestic production of critical minerals. Recycling critical minerals is an eligible production activity for the credit. The 45X Advanced Manufacturing Production Tax Credit takes into account components sold on or after January 1, 2023. In December 2023, Treasury and the IRS released proposed guidance for the implementation of the tax credit. Li-Cycle plans to advocate for further refinements to the guidance to make the credit even more advantageous to recyclers.

Additionally, the IRA’s 30D Clean Vehicle Tax Credit will provide indirect benefits to recyclers. The Clean Vehicle Tax Credit came into effect for new clean vehicles placed in service after April 2023. To be eligible for the full credit, at least 40% of the critical minerals from the vehicle’s battery must come from the U.S. or a U.S. free trade country – this percentage increases to 80% by 2027.

The use of recycled critical minerals from North America is one of the eligible methods to meet the sourcing requirements for the credit.

In December 2023, the DOE and Treasury released draft guidance on Foreign Entities of Concern (“FEOC”) related to the Clean Vehicle Tax Credit. FEOCs are entities owned by, controlled by or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a government of the covered nations China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea. Under the proposed guidance, a new clean vehicle placed into service after December 31, 2024 that contains critical minerals extracted, processed, or recycled by a FEOC will not be eligible for the credit. For recycling activities, the FEOC guidance is only concerned with the activities that occurs during the recycling process itself and does not consider where the battery being recycled is sourced from, even if the battery originated from a FEOC.

In 2023, important legislative developments took place in Europe to support faster growth of the cleantech industry and incentivize localization of battery supply chains.

The European Union's Battery Regulation entered into force in August 2023. It stands as a pioneer regulation covering the entire life cycle of batteries, including end-of-life. The regulation progressively introduces binding recycling targets, including minimum material recovery rates of 90% for both cobalt and nickel, and 50% for lithium by December 2027 (increasing to 95% and 80%, respectively, by December 2031). Moreover, the regulation stipulates recycled content requirements for new batteries (being 16% recycled cobalt, 6% recycled nickel, and 6% recycled lithium by August 2031; and 26%, 15%, and 12%, respectively, by August 2036). Additionally, the European Union recently passed the Critical Raw Materials Act, whereby at least 25% of the European Union’s consumption of strategic raw materials should come from domestic recycling by 2030. We believe this regulation will expedite permitting and facilitate access to public finance for selected battery recycling projects across the European Union. Local sourcing of raw materials, including through recycling, is seen as key to a more sovereign and sustainable use of resources. Continuous efforts are made to restrain the export of strategic raw materials, including battery waste containing lithium, nickel, and cobalt, outside of Europe. The European Union will update the classification of waste battery material in 2024 and prohibit black mass export to non-OECD countries. Finally, certain European member states have proposed a ban on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS”) in all products, which could, in the longer term, prevent batteries containing fluoropolymers from being placed on the European market.

Li-Cycle's core values reflect the principles that guide how we operate. At Li-Cycle, we are committed to supporting our employees through effective leadership, communication, management systems, training, and accountability. We believe in empowering high-performing employees to take ownership of their positions to build up the team around them and create a workplace culture of excellence. In 2023, we launched new values that better support the changing nature of our business:

•Safety. We put safety at the forefront of everything we do. Safety is a priority.

•Integrity. We operate honestly, embrace diversity, and respect our employees and stakeholders.

•Agility. We drive innovation and effectively respond to opportunities and challenges to deliver winning results.

•Sustainability. Sustainability is at the core of our business. We are committed to advancing our clean technologies.

We aspire to have a workplace where employees feel valued, respected, and empowered so that we can together cultivate an environment where employees thrive, contributing their talents to the success of Li-Cycle on a global scale.

We honor our differences in outlook, background, and expertise, empowering our employees to be authentic and transparent. In 2023 we formalized our Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion ("DEI") strategy to help us co-create an inclusive work environment.

Our Code of Business Conduct cites our company-wide commitment to DEI which allows us to benefit from a rich variety of perspectives and experiences that relate better to our diverse business partners, customers, and other stakeholders.

We believe that hiring diverse candidates strengthens our workforce and provides a competitive edge.

Learning and development is an important aspect of our talent management program. In 2023, we launched an induction program tailored to all new hires. Our commitment to continuous learning extends beyond onboarding, as we empower our people with access to various learning portals, fostering personal and professional growth in their current roles and preparing them for future opportunities. In 2023, our commitment to safety remained firm as we implemented a comprehensive and structured on-demand onboarding program for new Spoke operators. To fortify our safety initiatives, we conducted additional series of in-person and computer-based safety training, reinforcing secure practices across the organization.

In 2023, we enhanced the Performance Management Program with a quarterly review process to facilitate conversations on a more frequent basis. The foundation of a good review is dependent on the caliber of feedback which drove our focus on delivering effective feedback, having challenging conversations and introducing unconscious bias awareness.

Our programs and initiatives are grounded in our dedication to company values. Our Total Rewards construct enables the success of Li-Cycle by crafting and implementing global programs and initiatives with the aim of attracting and retaining top talent, motivating, and rewarding excellence in performance, positively impacting the overall employee experience while aligned to shareholder experience.

We recognize the importance of maintaining competitive compensation and benefits programs to be able to attract and retain the talent needed to meet the demands of our evolving business and to meet the needs of our employees.

Employee wellbeing is important to Li-Cycle’s business strategy and critical to our long-term success. Our wellness programs offer our employees and their dependents a broad range of benefits, including medical and dental care, mental health support, virtual employee assistance program, disability coverage, life and accident coverage, extended health care and retirement savings. Our wellness offerings support employee wellbeing which in turn has a positive impact on our business, productivity, employee engagement and retaining top talent.

We value the physical, mental, and emotional health of our employees and their families and continue to enhance on the successful support provided to our employees. The health and safety of our employees plays an important role in all decision-making aspects of our business. We will continue to make these support systems available while also addressing the physical safety of our workforce as safety is one of our key values and priorities.

We have established Environmental, Health and Safety management systems that are aligned with ISO Standards (14001, 45001 and 9001). Li-Cycle’s Integrated Business Policy ("IBP") encompasses all environmental, health and safety, and quality best practices. The IBP articulates our responsibility to operate in compliance, prevent pollution, continuously improve our processes, and to strive to be leaders in all aspects of the lithium-ion battery recycling industry. We engage our employees, suppliers, customers, and key stakeholders through these processes in identifying and mitigating risks to drive continual improvement in our safety, health, and environmental performance.

As of December 31, 2023, we had a combined workforce of 384 employees, including active and inactive employees, with inactive including those on furlough and leaves of absence. This employee count is post workforce reduction on November 1, 2023, implemented as part of the Cash Preservation Plan. We operate in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. The graph below, illustrates the geographical distribution of our workforce.

We file electronically with the SEC our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information that we file with the SEC electronically. We will make available on our investor relations website at http://investors.li-cycle.com, free of charge, copies of these reports and other information as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference herein.

The following summarizes some, but not all, of the risks provided below. Please carefully consider all of the information discussed in these “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a more thorough description of these and other risks:

•There is substantial doubt about Li-Cycle's ability to continue as a going concern and Li-Cycle's losses and significant expenses means there is no guarantee it will achieve or sustain profitability. The Cash Preservation Plan and the efforts to pursue financing options or strategic alternatives may not achieve any of their intended results.

•The development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spokes and other future projects is subject to risks, may not be completed on time or at the cost estimated and may not meet expectations with respect to productivity or the specifications of their respective end products.

•Li-Cycle may not be able to service its indebtedness or sustain its operations, the terms of its debt contain restrictive covenants and will be secured by a substantial portion of its assets.

•Li-Cycle may not be able to successfully or timely implement its global growth strategy and may be unable to manage future global growth effectively. Expanding internationally involves risks that could adversely affect Li-Cycle's business by delaying expansion plans and/or prohibit us from entering markets in certain jurisdictions.

•Li-Cycle may not be able to economically and efficiently source, recover and recycle lithium-ion battery materials, as well as third-party black mass, and to meet the market demand.

•Failure to materially increase recycling capacity and efficiency could materially adversely affect Li-Cycle. Li-Cycle is and will be dependent on the continuing operation and capacity of its recycling facilities, and sufficient feedstock to maintain operations efficiently or at all.

•Li-Cycle may engage in strategic transactions that could disrupt its business, dilute shareholders, reduce financial resources, result in additional debt or other liabilities, or prove not to be successful.

•Problems with the handling of lithium-ion battery cells that result in less usage of lithium-ion batteries or affect Li-Cycle’s operations, or the development of an alternative chemical make-up of lithium-ion batteries or battery alternatives could materially adversely affect Li-Cycle’s revenues and results of operations.

•Li-Cycle’s business is subject to operational and project development risks that could disrupt our business, some of which may not be insured or fully covered by insurance.

•Li-Cycle’s revenue depends on maintaining and increasing feedstock supply commitments as well as securing new sources of supply.

•Li-Cycle relies on a limited number of commercial partners to generate most of its current and expected revenue.

•A decline in the adoption rate of EVs, or a decline in the support by governments for “green” energy technologies, could materially harm Li-Cycle’s financial results and ability to grow its business.

•Decreases in demand and fluctuations in benchmark prices for the metals contained in Li-Cycle’s products could significantly impact Li-Cycle’s costs, revenues and results of operations. Changes in the volume and composition of lithium-ion battery feedstock materials processed at Li-Cycle’s facilities (including manufacturing scrap, spent batteries and third-party purchased black mass) could significantly impact Li-Cycle’s revenues and results of operations.

•Li-Cycle’s reliance on the experience and expertise of its senior management and key personnel may cause material adverse impacts on it if a senior management member or key employee departs.

•Li-Cycle relies on third-party consultants for its regulatory compliance and could be materially adversely impacted if the consultants do not correctly inform Li-Cycle of the legal changes. Further, Li-Cycle is subject to the risk of litigation, foreclosure or regulatory proceedings, which could materially adversely impact its financial results.

•Li-Cycle may not be able to complete its recycling processes as quickly as customers may require, which could cause it to lose supply contracts and could harm its reputation. Li-Cycle operates in an emerging, competitive industry and failure to compete successfully could materially adversely affect revenue and profitability

•Increases in income tax rates, changes in income tax laws or disagreements with tax authorities could materially adversely affect Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

•Li-Cycle’s operating and financial results may vary significantly from period to period due to fluctuations in its operating costs and other factors.

•Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could result in increases in Li-Cycle’s operating costs when translated to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes.

•Unfavorable economic or geopolitical conditions, including disruptions in the global supply chain and inflation, natural disasters, unusually adverse weather, epidemic or pandemic outbreaks, cyber incidents, boycotts and geo-political events could have a material adverse effect on Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

•Failure to protect or enforce Li-Cycle’s intellectual property could materially adversely affect its business, and Li-Cycle may be subject to intellectual property rights claims by third parties, which could be costly to defend, could require us to pay significant damages and could limit the Company’s ability to use certain technologies.

•Our by-laws could limit shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes.

•We may issue additional shares or other equity securities without shareholder approval, which would dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholders and may depress the market price of our common shares.

•The market price of our common shares has been and may be volatile. The NYSE may delist our common shares, which could limit investors’ ability to engage in transactions in our common shares and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

•Our shareholder rights plan could impede or discourage a takeover or change of control and our executive officers and directors may have interests different than yours.

•We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Failure to develop and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and trading price of our common shares. We will need to incur significant expense, time and resources to comply with the rules applicable to “U.S. domestic issuers”.

•The Company becoming a “passive foreign investment company” could also have material adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for U.S. Holders. We do not currently intend to pay dividends, which could affect your ability to achieve a return on your investment.

•The Company’s ability to meet expectations and projections in any analyst reports, or a lack of coverage by securities or industry analysts, could result in a depressed market price and limited liquidity for its shares.

•The Company’s substantial convertible debt may cause substantial dilution or, depending on certain future events, a change of control of the Company, affecting the trading price of our common shares and the shareholders’ interests.

•The Company may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on its financial condition, results of operations and share price.

As of December 31, 2023, Li-Cycle’s net loss and cash flows used in operating activities amounted to $138.0 million and $99.8 million, respectively. Li-Cycle has also incurred significant losses since inception, expects to incur net losses in the future and has a declining cash balance. Li-Cycle expects to continue to have a net cash outflow from operations for the foreseeable future as it continues its comprehensive review of the Rochester Hub and go-forward strategy in addition to funding existing and remaining capital commitments related to its Rochester Hub and general business operations. Certain contractors, subcontractors, consultants and suppliers (together, the “lienors”) have also filed purported mechanic’s liens against the Company’s interests in certain properties in New York State related to the Rochester Hub project, under New York Lien Law, given alleged delays in making payments to those lienors. See “—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business—The development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spoke network and other future projects is subject to risks, including with respect to financing, engineering, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that these projects will be resumed, completed in a timely manner or at all, that their costs will not be significantly higher than estimated, that financing will be sufficient to cover costs or escalated costs, or that the completed projects will meet expectations with respect to their productivity or the specifications of their respective end products, among others” and "Item 3. Legal Proceedings". In addition, there are inherent risks associated with the ability of the Company to execute its growth strategy and there can be no assurance that the Company will develop the manufacturing capabilities and processes, meet quality, engineering, design or production standards, or to meet the required production volumes to successfully grow into a viable, cash flow positive, business. Other circumstances such as a continued rise in inflation, commodity and labor prices and other challenging macroeconomic conditions may also arise, which could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s cash flow and anticipated cash needs, which in turn could result in significant additional funding needs. As a result, even if Li-Cycle is successful in closing the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment, if Li-Cycle is unable to source additional short or long-term financing in the near term, it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents on hand to support current operations for the twelve months following the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company will require a significant amount of financing in addition to the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note in order to meet its funding needs. This casts substantial doubt upon the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern without access to additional capital through financing transactions or otherwise. There are no assurances that Li-Cycle will be able to address its liquidity needs, including by raising sufficient capital when needed and may therefore need to significantly modify or terminate operations or dissolve and liquidate our assets under applicable bankruptcy laws or otherwise.

Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spoke network and other future projects are subject to development risks, including with respect to engineering, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction and labor costs, including as a result of unfavorable market conditions, and the potential for the scope of a project to change, it is relatively difficult to evaluate accurately the total funds that will be required to complete the Rochester Hub, Spoke network or other future projects. Further, Li-Cycle’s estimates of the amount of time and cost it will take to complete the Rochester Hub, Spoke network or other future projects are based on assumptions about the timing of engineering studies, financing and availability of financing, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up, all of which can vary significantly from the time an estimate is made to the time of completion.

On October 23, 2023, Li-Cycle announced that it was pausing construction work on its Rochester Hub, pending completion of a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy for the project. The pause in construction was due to escalating costs and the expectation that aggregate costs to complete the existing scope of the project would exceed the previously disclosed budget of $560.0 million. As at December 31, 2023, the Company has incurred total costs of $567.2 million on the project, comprised of total cash spend of $452.2 million and costs incurred but not yet paid of $115.0 million. Total costs incurred also includes the contribution for the construction of process buildings and warehouse of $96.7 million. In addition, in connection with the comprehensive review, Li-Cycle also paused or slowed down operations at its North American Spokes and is currently re-evaluating the Company’s strategy for its North American Spokes, which may include further pauses or slow downs. For additional details, see the section titled “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy”.

Certain contractors, subcontractors, consultants and suppliers (together, the “lienors”) have filed purported mechanic’s liens against the Company’s interests in certain properties in New York State related to the Rochester Hub project, under New York Lien Law, given alleged delays in making payments to those lienors. As at February 29, 2024, there were liens on the Company’s interests in the Rochester Hub property filed by contractors and suppliers to the Company of approximately $67.6 million and filed by subcontractors to the Company’s contractors of approximately $31.4 million, as well as liens on the Company’s interests in the warehouse and administrative building for the Rochester Hub filed by the Warehouse Landlord and contractors to the Company of approximately $5.6 million and filed by contractors to the Warehouse Landlord of approximately $8.6 million. Such liens may restrict the Company’s ability to dispose of its interest in such properties or pledge its interests in such properties as collateral for future financing arrangements while they remain in place. In addition, the lienors may enforce their liens by court action and courts may cause the Company’s interest in the applicable properties to be sold to satisfy such liens. There can be no assurances that any efforts by the Company to negotiate payment plans with the lienors will be successful, timely or on terms favorable to the Company. Further, the lienors could have priority over the Company’s shareholders in the event of bankruptcy or similar proceedings and, as a result, the amount of distributions our shareholders could receive in such bankruptcy or a similar proceeding could be reduced. For additional details, see the section titled “Item 3. Legal Proceedings”.

In addition, Li-Cycle North America Hub, Inc. (“HubCo”) received a purported notice of default, from Pike Conductor Dev 1, LLC (the “Warehouse Landlord”) the landlord of a warehouse and administrative building for the Rochester Hub (the “Hub Warehouse”), asserting that HubCo violated certain provisions of a sublease agreement related to the Hub Warehouse (the “Hub Warehouse Lease Agreement”). Subsequently, HubCo filed a Complaint in New York State Court in Monroe County against the Warehouse Landlord, seeking damages, a declaratory judgment and injunctive relief. Subsequently, HubCo filed a Complaint in New York State Court in Monroe County against the Warehouse Landlord, seeking damages, a declaratory judgment and injunctive relief. On January 29, 2024, the court issued an order temporarily restraining the Warehouse Landlord from terminating the Hub Warehouse Agreement or evicting HubCo from the Hub Warehouse until a hearing can be held on HubCo’s request for a permanent injunction. Following certain court-ordered settlement conferences, the parties have reached an agreement in principle that would include the restatement of the Hub Warehouse Agreement as a ground lease; however, the parties continue to negotiate final terms. There can be no assurances that any efforts by the Company to resolve the matter with the Warehouse Landlord will be successful, timely or on terms favorable to the Company. If the Company loses any of its interests in the leased properties related to the Rochester Hub project, as a result of a court-ordered sale, the termination of a lease agreement, eviction or otherwise, there can be no assurances that the Company will be able to restart the Rochester Hub project on a timely basis or at all. Any of the above could materially adversely affect the Company’s revenues, results of operations, cash flows as well as the Company’s Rochester Hub project. For additional details, see the section titled “Item 3. Legal Proceedings”.

As part of the comprehensive review, the Company is examining the scope, expected capital cost, financing, timing of completion and go-forward construction strategy options for the Rochester Hub project. The Company has been conducting an internal technical and economic review of the Rochester Hub project to assess a possible change in the project development strategy. The Company has since focused its technical review on constructing, commissioning and operating only those process areas needed to produce two key products: lithium carbonate and MHP (the "MHP scope"). The construction, commissioning and operating costs for process areas associated with production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate, as originally planned for the Rochester Hub, have not been included in the internal technical review, and there are no current plans that include production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate. However, the areas dedicated to the production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate would be left intact under the MHP scope, to allow for the potential construction, completion, and integration of these areas in the future, although no such plans are contemplated at this time.

Taking into account total cash spend of $452.2 million as of December 31, 2023, the revised estimated project cost of the Rochester Hub project is approximately $960.2 million for the MHP scope. This estimate is based solely upon the Company’s technical review, is subject to a number of assumptions and is likely to change as the Company continues to complete its comprehensive review work. For additional details, see the section titled “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy”.

As a result, the Company has determined that it will require significant funding before restarting the Rochester Hub project on the basis of the MHP scope or otherwise As previously announced, the Company entered into a conditional commitment with the DOE Loan Programs Office for a loan for gross proceeds of up to $375.0 million through the DOE’s Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing program. There can be no assurances that the pause and potential change in scope of the Rochester Hub will not affect the amount of the DOE conditional commitment for a loan, the amount of additional financing required by the Company to fund a required base equity commitment in order to draw down on the DOE Loan, the amount of deductions from any potential DOE Loan proceeds, such as capitalized interest and other items, the conditions to drawing on the DOE Loan, other potential terms of the DOE Loan or that the DOE Loan will close. There are no assurances that the DOE Loan will close, that it will not be significantly modified, or that it will yield the maximum amount of expected gross proceeds, or that any such financing would be sufficient to complete the Rochester Hub.

Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that the costs of the Rochester Hub, Spoke network or other future projects will not be higher than estimated, or that it will have sufficient capital to cover any increased costs, or that it will be able to complete the Rochester Hub, Spoke network or other future projects within expected timeframes. Any such cost increases or delays could negatively affect Li-Cycle’s results of operations and ability to continue to grow, particularly if the Rochester Hub, Spoke network or any other future project cannot be completed. Further, there can be no assurance that the Rochester Hub or the Spoke network will perform at the expected production rates or unit costs, or that their respective end products will meet the intended specifications.

Li-Cycle was until 2020 a development stage company with no commercial revenues. The Company incurred a net loss of $138.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a net income of $1.6 million for the two months ended December 31, 2022, and net losses of $50.3 million for the year ended October 31, 2022 and $70.5 million for the year ended October 31, 2021. Li-Cycle expects to incur net losses in the future and may never achieve sustained profitability. Net losses have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on working capital, total assets and shareholders’ equity. The Company has concluded that under ASC 205 – Presentation of financial statements, there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue to as a going concern.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to obtain the necessary financing to meet our obligations and repay our liabilities arising from the ordinary course of business operations when they become due. Li-Cycle expects to continue to have a net cash outflow from operations for the foreseeable future as it continues its comprehensive review of the Rochester Hub and go-forward strategy as well as its efforts to pursue a financing or alternative strategic transaction in addition to funding existing and remaining capital commitments related to its Rochester Hub and general business operations. In addition, certain contractors, subcontractors, consultants and suppliers (together, the “lienors”) have filed purported mechanic’s liens against the Company’s interests in certain properties in New York State related to the Rochester Hub project, under New York Lien Law, given alleged delays in making payments to those lienors. See “ – Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business—The development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spoke network and other future projects is subject to risks, including with respect to financing, engineering, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that these projects will be resumed, completed in a timely manner or at all, that their costs will not be significantly higher than estimated, that financing will be sufficient to cover costs or escalated costs, or that the completed projects will meet expectations with respect to their productivity or the specifications of their respective end products, among others”. As a result, the Company’s ability to satisfy claims of all its creditors in full as well as any other payment obligations is uncertain. There are also inherent risks associated with the ability of the Company to execute its growth strategy and there can be no assurance that the Company will develop the manufacturing capabilities and processes, secure reliable sources of component supply to meet quality, engineering, design or production standards, or to meet the required production volumes to successfully grow into a viable, cash flow positive, business. Other circumstances such as a continued rise in inflation, commodity and labor prices and other challenging macroeconomic conditions may also arise, which could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s cash flow and anticipated cash needs, which in turn could result in significant additional funding needs. In addition, the closed loop resource recovery, logistics management, secure destruction and add-on services of Li-Cycle’s lithium-ion battery recycling operations are capital-intensive.

While we have implemented the Cash Preservation Plan in order to reduce expenses and slow cash outflows and have been evaluating financing and strategic alternatives, the outcome of these initiatives cannot be predicted with any certainty at this time. There are no assurances that Li-Cycle will be able to address its liquidity needs, including by raising sufficient capital when needed and may therefore need to significantly modify or terminate our operations or dissolve and liquidate our assets under applicable bankruptcy laws or otherwise.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the current status of Li-Cycle’s business, even if Li-Cycle is able to address its liquidity needs, Li-Cycle is unable to predict if it will become profitable or maintain profitability. Li-Cycle’s inability to achieve, and then maintain, profitability would negatively impact its business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

On November 1, 2023, the Company initiated the implementation of the Cash Preservation Plan, including reducing staffing in its corporate support functions, pausing production at its Ontario Spoke and implementing a plan to manage lower levels of BM&E production or otherwise slow down operations at its remaining operating Spoke locations. The Cash Preservation Plan also involves reviewing existing plans for bringing on additional Spoke capacity and taking other steps to preserve the Company’s available cash while pursuing funding alternatives for the Company and continuing to review the go-forward strategy for the Rochester Hub project. There can be no assurances that the Cash Preservation Plan will be successful.

In light of our liquidity position and anticipated funding requirements, the Special Committee engaged Moelis to assist with exploring financing options and evaluate strategic alternatives. There can be no assurance that Li-Cycle will be successful in closing the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment or identifying and implementing any further financing option or strategic alternative. The Company will require a significant amount of financing in addition to the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note in order to meet its funding needs. The process of evaluating these options is costly, time-consuming and complex. Li-Cycle has incurred, and may in the future incur, significant costs related to this evaluation, as well as additional unanticipated expenses. A considerable portion of these costs have been and will continue to be incurred regardless of whether any such course of action is implemented, or any transaction is completed, including with respect to the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment. Any such costs will decrease the remaining cash available for use in Li-Cycle’s business. Any delays in this process will cause Li-Cycle’s cash balance to continue to deplete, which could make it less attractive as a counterparty.

The continued review of Li-Cycle’s options may also create continued uncertainty for its employees, including as a result of the past and future reductions in workforce, including additional steps that the Company expects to take in the near-term to significantly reduce the workforce based on our go-forward strategic objectives and the Cash Preservation Plan, and this uncertainty may adversely affect its ability to retain key employees necessary to maintain its ongoing operations or to execute any potential financing or a strategic transaction. In addition, a strategic alternative process can require a significant amount of management and other employee’s time and focus, which diverts attention from operating the business. If we fail to achieve some or all of the expected benefits of the financing options and strategic alternatives review, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s competitive position, business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Further, the market capitalization of Li-Cycle has sharply declined following the announcement of the construction pause on the Rochester Hub project on October 23, 2023. As a result, there is a risk that minimal or no value will be assessed on Li-Cycle’s assets by potential counterparties, and that Li-Cycle may not be able to complete any transaction before its cash position is reduced such that it will need to terminate operations or dissolve and liquidate its assets under applicable bankruptcy laws or otherwise.

The Cash Preservation Plan and any financing or other strategic transaction that Li-Cycle may consummate in the future could harm our business, operating results and financial condition and there can be no assurances that any financing or strategic transaction, including the closing of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment, will lead to increased shareholder value or achieve any of the anticipated results. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, such as the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, our existing shareholders could suffer significant further dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common shares. See “Risks Relating to the Ownership of Our Common Shares—The issuance of our common shares in connection with the conversion of the KSP Convertible Notes, the Glencore Convertible Notes and the Glencore A&R Convertible Notes and the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note would cause substantial dilution, and could materially affect the trading price of our common shares and your interests and any future financings may cause further dilution”.

Furthermore, any additional financing may be insufficient to provide sufficient liquidity for ongoing operations, fund the Company’s future growth or capital projects, including the Rochester Hub or otherwise satisfy any of the Company’s funding needs, and additional financing may have restrictive covenants that significantly limit the Company’s operating and financial flexibility or its ability to obtain future financing.

If Li-Cycle is successful in implementing the Cash Preservation Plan or completing any financing or other strategic alternative, it may still be subject to other operational and financial risks, including but not limited to, increased near-term and long-term expenditures; higher than expected financing or other strategic transaction costs; the incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities to fund future operations; write-downs of assets; impairment of relationships with key suppliers or customers due to changes in structure, management or ownership; the inability to retain key employees; and the possibility of future litigation.

As of December 31, 2023, we had total indebtedness of $344.6 million outstanding, including $119.3 million outstanding under the KSP Convertible Note and $225.3 million outstanding under the Glencore Convertible Notes. In addition, on March 11, 2024, the Company entered into the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Purchase Agreement to issue the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note in an aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million to an affiliate of Glencore plc and amend and restate the terms of the Glencore Convertible Notes through the A&R Glencore Convertible Notes. Our ability to make principal or interest payments when due on our indebtedness, including obligations under the KSP Convertible Notes, the Glencore Convertible Notes (as expected to be amended and restated through the A&R Glencore Convertible Notes) and when issued, the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, and to fund our ongoing operations, will depend on our future performance and ability to generate cash, which, to a certain extent, is subject to the success of our business strategy as well as general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, legal, regulatory and other factors, as well as other factors discussed in these “Item 1A. Risk Factors” many of which are beyond our control.

We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flows from operations, will achieve revenue growth, or that cost savings and operating improvements will be realized or that future debt and/or equity financing will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debts when due, including the KSP Convertible Notes, the Glencore Convertible Notes and the A&R Glencore Convertible Notes and the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, or to fund our other liquidity needs. See “—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business—Li-Cycle has a history of losses and expects to incur significant expenses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or sustain profitability” and “—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business—There can be no assurance that the Cash Preservation Plan or the efforts to pursue financing options or strategic alternatives will achieve any of the intended results.” In addition, the terms of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note and A&R Glencore Convertible Notes contain mandatory redemption provisions that are triggered upon the occurrence of certain events. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Obligations”. We may not have sufficient available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time of a mandatory redemption. Our failure to redeem the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note or A&R Glencore Convertible Notes when required by the terms of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note or A&R Glencore Convertible Notes, as applicable, will constitute a default under the terms of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note or A&R Glencore Convertible Notes, as applicable. Such a default could also lead to a default and cross-acceleration under agreements governing our other present or future indebtedness. If the payment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the interest on such indebtedness.

If our future cash flows from operations and other capital resources are insufficient to service our debt obligations and repay the same as they mature, or to fund our liquidity needs, we may be forced to:

•reduce or delay our business activities and capital expenditures;

•sell assets;

•obtain additional debt or equity capital; or

•restructure or refinance all or a portion of our debt, including the KSP Convertible Notes and the Glencore Convertible Notes, on or before maturity.

The type, timing and terms of any future financing, restructuring, asset sales or other capital raising transactions will depend on our cash needs and the prevailing conditions in the financial markets. We cannot assure you that we would be able to accomplish any of these alternatives on a timely basis or on satisfactory terms, if at all. In such an event, we may not have sufficient assets to repay all of our debt.

Any failure to make payments on our existing debt on a timely basis could result in a reduction of our credit rating, which could also harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business, financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that any assets that we could be required to dispose of could be sold or that, if sold, the timing of such sale and the amount of proceeds realized from such sale would be acceptable. If our business does not generate sufficient cash flows from operations and if we are unsuccessful in raising additional capital, we may not have sufficient cash to service our debts and repay the same when due, including the KSP Convertible Notes, the Glencore Convertible Notes and A&R Glencore Convertible Notes and the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, or to fund our other liquidity needs.

The Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note will contain covenants that will impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These agreements will limit our ability to, among other things:

•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness;

•make certain restricted payments and investments;

•merge, consolidate or transfer or sell assets;

•enter into transactions with affiliates;

•create or incur certain liens;

•make certain loans, investments or acquisitions; and

•create or incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us.

All of these restrictions will be subject only to limited exceptions and qualifications. In particular, we will have very limited ability to incur or guarantee additional debt, create or incur liens and make loans, investments or acquisitions. In addition, we will be required to redeem a portion of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note upon the occurrence of certain events. The covenants to which we will become subject pursuant to the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note could limit our ability to implement our business plan, to finance our future operations and capital needs and to pursue business opportunities and activities that may be in our interest.

The Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note will also contain a minimum liquidity covenant that will require us to maintain a minimum amount of liquidity to be set at $10.0 million, to be tested monthly. In addition, the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note will also contain a capital expenditure covenant that restricts our ability to make capital expenditures in excess of $2.0 million in any transaction or series of related transactions, subject to certain exceptions. Any uncured breach of the covenants contained in the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, including the minimum liquidity covenant, could result in the occurrence of an event of default under the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, which would enable the holder of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note to potentially accelerate the maturity of the principal amount due under the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note and foreclose on the collateral which secures the obligations under the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note.

The Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note will be secured by a first priority security interests (subject to customary exceptions and permitted liens) over the assets of the Company and certain subsidiaries of the Company that will guarantee the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, including intellectual property and a pledge of the equity interests of each guarantor. Within 60 days of closing of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment, certain additional subsidiaries of the Company that will guarantee the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note will grant first-priority security interests (subject to customary exceptions and permitted liens) in all intra-group receivables owing to them and over all bank accounts held by such entities in their respective jurisdictions of organization. Li-Cycle Europe AG will further pledge its equity interests in Li-Cycle Germany GmbH. Because a substantial portion of our assets will secure the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, we will not have substantial remaining assets available to secure other indebtedness, and the terms of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note significantly limits our ability to incur additional debt. Accordingly, to the extent we require additional capital, there would not be substantial remaining assets available for incurring additional secured debt, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business plans or its ability to obtain future financing.

Li-Cycle’s future global growth, results of operations and financial condition depend upon its ability to successfully implement its growth strategy, which, in turn, is dependent upon a number of factors, some of which are beyond Li-Cycle’s control, including its ability to:

•Economically recycle and recover LIB and meet customers’ business needs;

•Effectively introduce methods for higher recovery rates and solutions to recycling of LIB;

•Complete the construction of its future facilities, including the Rochester Hub, the Planned Portovesme Hub and the Spoke network, at a reasonable cost on a timely basis;

•Invest and keep pace in technology, research and development efforts, and the expansion and defense of its intellectual property portfolio;

•Secure and maintain required strategic supply arrangements;

•Secure and maintain leases for future Spoke & Hub facilities at competitive rates and in favorable locations;

•Apply for and obtain the permits necessary to operate Spoke & Hub facilities on a timely basis;

•Effectively compete in the markets in which it operates; and

•Attract and retain management or other employees who possess specialized knowledge and technical skills.

There can be no assurance that Li-Cycle can successfully achieve any or all of the above initiatives in the manner or time period that it expects. On October 23, 2023, Li-Cycle announced that it was pausing construction work on its Rochester Hub, pending completion of a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy for the project. In view of the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub project, the Company has slowed operations at its North American Spokes by pausing operations at the Ontario Spoke and slowing down production at its New York, Arizona and Alabama Spokes. The Company is also re-evaluating its strategy for bringing on additional Spoke and Hub capacity in the near-term and has paused the expansion of its Spoke network and the definitive feasibility study on the Planned Portovesme Hub Project. See the section titled “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy”. As a result, the Company’s global growth strategy is subject to significant change. Further, achieving growth strategy objectives will require investments that may result in both short-term and long-term costs without generating any current revenue and therefore may be dilutive to earnings.

Li-Cycle cannot provide any assurance that it will realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits it expects to generate from its growth strategy. Failure to realize those benefits could have a material adverse effect on Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our plans for future global growth are currently paused as we conduct a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy of our business. Even if we are subsequently able to successfully implement a global growth strategy, any failure to manage our growth effectively could materially and adversely affect Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition. Any such expansion would require us to hire and train new employees in different countries; accurately forecast supply and demand, production and revenue; source and maintain supplies of LIB and third-party black mass; control expenses and investments in anticipation of expanded operations; establish new or expand current design, production, and sales and service facilities; and implement and enhance administrative infrastructure, systems and processes. Future growth may also be tied to acquisitions, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that it will be able to effectively acquire other businesses or integrate businesses that it acquires.

Li-Cycle’s future business depends in large part on its ability to economically and efficiently source, recycle and recover lithium-ion battery materials (including end-of-life batteries and battery manufacturing scrap), as well as third-party black mass, and to meet the market demand for an environmentally sound, closed-loop solution for lithium-ion battery manufacturing scrap and end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. Although it currently recycles and recovers lithium-ion battery materials at Spoke facilities in New York State, Arizona, Alabama and Germany, Li-Cycle will need to scale its recycling capacity in order to successfully implement its global growth strategy, which included plans for building and developing additional Spoke & Hub facilities, including its first commercial Hub facility in Rochester, New York, the Planned Portovesme Hub and the Company’s potential European Spokes in Norway and France. In view of the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub project, the Company has slowed operations at its North American Spokes by pausing operations at the Ontario Spoke and slowing down production at its New York, Arizona and Alabama Spokes. The Company is also re-evaluating its strategy for bringing on additional Spoke and Hub capacity in the near-term and expects to continue to pause or slow down operations at its operational Spokes in North America and has paused the expansion of its Spoke network and the definitive feasibility study on the Planned Portovesme Hub Project. See the section titled “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy”. As a result, there can be no assurances that Li-Cycle can scale its recycling capacity on a timely basis or at all.

Although Li-Cycle has experience in recycling lithium-ion battery materials in its existing Spoke facilities, Li-Cycle has not yet developed or operated a Hub facility on a commercial scale to produce and sell battery grade materials. Li-Cycle does not know whether it will be able to develop efficient, automated, low-cost recycling capabilities and processes, or whether it will be able to secure reliable sources of supply, in each case that will enable it to meet the production standards, costs and volumes required to successfully recycle LIB and meet its business objectives and customer needs. Even if Li-Cycle is successful in high-volume recycling in its current and future facilities, it does not know whether it will be able to do so in a manner that avoids significant delays and cost overruns, including as a result of factors beyond its control, such as problems with suppliers, or in time to meet the commercialization schedules of future recycling needs or to satisfy the requirements of its customers. Li-Cycle’s ability to effectively reduce its cost structure over time is limited by the fixed nature of many of its planned expenses in the near-term, which are currently under review and subject to change, and its ability to reduce long-term expenses is constrained by its need to continue investment in its global growth strategy. Any failure to develop and scale such manufacturing processes and capabilities within Li-Cycle’s projected costs and timelines could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Although Li-Cycle’s operating Spokes in New York State, Arizona, Alabama and Germany currently have total main line processing capacity and ancillary processing capacity of over 50,000 tonnes of LIB per year, the future success of Li-Cycle’s business depends in part on its ability to significantly increase recycling capacity and efficiency at its facilities. Li-Cycle may be unable to expand its business, satisfy demand from its current and new customers, maintain its competitive position and achieve profitability if it is unable to build and operate future facilities. The construction of future facilities will require significant cash investments and management resources and may not meet Li-Cycle’s expectations with respect to increasing capacity, efficiency and satisfying additional demand.

For example, if there are delays in any future planned Hub, such as the Rochester Hub, construction of the Spoke network and/or the future construction of other Spoke & Hub facilities, or if its facilities do not meet expected performance standards or are not able to produce materials that meet the quality standards Li-Cycle expects, Li-Cycle may not meet its target for adding capacity, which would limit its ability to increase sales and result in lower than expected sales and higher than expected costs and expenses. In view of the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub project, the Company has slowed operations at its North American Spokes by pausing operations at the Ontario Spoke and slowing down production at its New York, Arizona and Alabama Spokes and expects to continue to pause or slow down operations at its operational Spokes in North America. The Company is also re-evaluating its strategy for bringing on additional Spoke and Hub capacity in the near-term and has paused the expansion of its Spoke network and the definitive feasibility study on the Planned Portovesme Hub Project. See the section titled “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy”. As a result, there can be no assurances that Li-Cycle can increase its recycling capacity on a timely basis or at all. Failure to drastically increase recycling and processing capacity or otherwise satisfy customers’ demands may result in a loss of market share to competitors, damage Li-Cycle’s relationships with its key customers, a loss of business opportunities or otherwise materially adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

From time to time, Li-Cycle may enter into transactions to acquire other businesses or technologies, to enter into joint ventures or to develop additional commercial relationships and its ability to do so successfully cannot be ensured. Li-Cycle and Glencore were, prior to the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub, jointly studying the development of a European Hub by repurposing Glencore's existing Planned Portovesme metallurgical complex in Sardinia, Italy. The definitive feasibility study for the Planned Portovesme Hub project has been paused and the project is currently under review by Glencore and the Company. Li-Cycle will be dependent on its strategic partners with respect to any joint ventures in the future. Conflicts or disagreements between Li-Cycle and its strategic partners, or failure of Li-Cycle’s strategic partners to commit sufficient resources to a joint venture may, among other things, delay or prevent the successful development or operation of any joint ventures, which could have a material adverse effect on Li-Cycle’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Li-Cycle’s acquisitions or other strategic transactions could include the payment of the purchase price in whole or in part using Li-Cycle’s common shares, which would have a dilutive impact on existing shareholders. Li-Cycle may also decide to incur debt in connection with an acquisition or any other strategic transaction. Even if Li-Cycle identifies suitable opportunities for acquisitions, joint ventures or other strategic transactions, Li-Cycle may not be able to make such transactions on favorable terms or at all. Any strategic transactions Li-Cycle makes may not strengthen its competitive position, and these transactions may be viewed negatively by customers, suppliers or investors. Li-Cycle could incur losses resulting from undiscovered liabilities of an acquired business that we failed to or were unable to discover or were unable to quantify in the course of performing due diligence and that are not covered by any indemnification Li-Cycle may obtain from the seller. In addition, Li-Cycle may not be able to successfully integrate the acquired personnel, technologies and operations into its existing business in an effective, timely and non-disruptive manner. Strategic transactions may also divert management attention from day-to-day responsibilities, increase Li-Cycle’s expenses and reduce Li-Cycle’s cash available for operations and other uses. In addition, Li-Cycle may not be able to fully recover the costs of such acquisitions, joint ventures or other strategic transitions or be successful in leveraging any of them into increased business, revenue or profitability. Li-Cycle also cannot predict the number, timing or size of any future transactions or the effect that any such transactions might have on its results of operations. Accordingly, although there can be no assurance that Li-Cycle will undertake or successfully complete any acquisitions, joint ventures or other strategic transactions, any transactions that Li-Cycle does complete may be subject to the foregoing or other risks and may have a material adverse effect on Li-Cycle’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

International operations are subject to certain risks inherent in doing business abroad, including:

•political, civil and economic instability;

•risks of war and other hostilities;

•corruption risks;

•trade, customs and tax risks;

•currency exchange rates and currency controls;

•limitations on the repatriation of funds;

•insufficient infrastructure;

•economic sanctions;

•restrictions on exports, imports and foreign investment;

•increases in working capital requirements related to long supply chains;

•changes in labor laws and regimes and disagreements with the labor force;

•difficulty in protecting intellectual property rights and complying with data privacy and protection laws and regulations; and

•different and less established legal systems.

Expanding our business in international markets, including the operation of the Germany Spoke and any construction of additional international Spokes was an important element of our strategy prior to the pause in the construction of the Rochester Hub, and it is currently on pause as we conduct a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy of our business. There is a risk that workforce reductions, including significant workforce reductions that we expect to complete in the near-term abroad could exacerbate our exposure to the risks described above if there is less oversight to address them. The likelihood of such occurrences and their potential effect on our business and results of operations will vary from country to country and are unpredictable, but could have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute our strategy and accordingly on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Li-Cycle’s revenue is and will be dependent on the continued operations of its existing Spoke facilities as well as its future facilities, including its planned Rochester Hub, and any other facilities it develops in the future. To the extent that Li-Cycle experiences any operational risk events including, among other things, fire and explosions, severe weather and natural disasters (such as floods, windstorms, wildfires and earthquakes), failures in water supply, major power failures, equipment failures (including any failure of its process equipment, information technology, air conditioning, and cooling and compressor systems), a cyber-attack or other incident, failures to comply with applicable regulations and standards, labor force and work stoppages, including those resulting from local or global pandemics or otherwise, or if its current or future facilities become capacity constrained, Li-Cycle may be required to make capital expenditures or make operational changes even though it may not have sufficient available resources at such time. Additionally, there is no guarantee that the proceeds available from any of Li-Cycle’s insurance policies will be sufficient to cover such capital expenditures or operational changes. Li-Cycle’s insurance coverage and available resources may prove to be inadequate for events that may cause significant disruption to its operations. Any disruption in Li-Cycle’s recycling processes could result in delivery delays, scheduling problems, increased costs or production interruption, which, in turn, may result in its customers deciding to send their end-of-life lithium-ion batteries and battery manufacturing scrap to Li-Cycle’s competitors. Li-Cycle is and will be dependent on its current and future facilities, which will in the future require a high degree of capital expenditures. If one or more of Li-Cycle’s current or future facilities become inoperative, capacity constrained or if operations are disrupted, its business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Lithium-ion battery cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials as well as other lithium-ion battery cells.

Negative public perceptions regarding the safety or suitability of lithium-ion battery cells for automotive applications, the social and environmental impacts of mining for critical minerals or incidents involving lithium-ion battery cells, such as a vehicle or warehouse fires, even if such incidents do not involve Li-Cycle directly, could have a negative impact on the market for lithium-ion batteries, reducing the number of batteries in the market and Li-Cycle’s revenue.

In addition, Li-Cycle is subject to risks associated with storage and handling of lithium-ion battery cells, which could cause disruption to the operation of Li-Cycle’s current or future facilities. Li-Cycle stores a significant number of lithium-ion battery cells at the warehouse facilities associated with its Spokes and Li-Cycle transports lithium-ion batteries from its customer facilities to its Spokes and, for inventory management purposes, between its Spokes. While Li-Cycle has implemented safety procedures related to the handling of these materials, fires or safety issues have in the past and could in the future disrupt Li-Cycle’s recycling operations. Any impact on revenue from the interruption of operations at Li-Cycle’s own facilities, or resulting from reduced demand for lithium-ion batteries from actual or perceived safety or security issues could materially adversely affect Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our operations (including any potential future operations such as our Rochester Hub, the Planned Portovesme Hub project and possible future additions to our Spoke network), notwithstanding the current pause on those projects and future expansion plans, are subject to risks inherent in the lithium-ion battery recycling industry and risks associated with the construction and development of new facilities, including potential liability which could result from, among other circumstances, personal injury, environmental claims or property damage, some of which may not be insured or fully covered at any time by insurance. The availability of, and the ability to collect on, insurance coverage is subject to various factors some of which are beyond our control and is not guaranteed to cover any or all of our losses in every circumstance. Li-Cycle’s insurance coverage at any time may also be inadequate to fully cover hazard risk exposures related to any such operational risks.

Li-Cycle has no control over changing conditions and pricing in the insurance marketplace and the cost or availability of various types of insurance may change dramatically in the future. Moreover, Li-Cycle may not be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates we consider reasonable and commercially justifiable, and insurance may not continue to be available on terms as favorable as our current arrangements. The occurrence of a significant uninsured loss, or a loss in excess of the insurance coverage limits maintained by Li-Cycle, could materially adversely affect Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

Li-Cycle is reliant on obtaining lithium-ion batteries and battery manufacturing scrap for recycling at its Spokes through its contracts with third-party suppliers. Li-Cycle also expects to procure black mass from third parties for processing at any future Hubs, to supplement its internal production. Li-Cycle’s cash flows are premised on the expectation that it will attract new suppliers by differentiating itself based on the sustainability of its process and the robustness of its technology, which in turn will enable Li-Cycle to offer competitive terms to suppliers. . However, it is difficult to predict whether and when Li-Cycle will secure such commitments due to the current state of its business, competition for suppliers and the lengthy process of negotiating supplier agreements, which may be affected by factors that Li-Cycle does not control, such as market and economic conditions, the level of competition for feedstock, Li-Cycle's ability to differentiate itself from its competitors to secure feedstock including on price and service delivery levels, financing arrangements, commodity prices, environmental issues and government approvals. Suppliers may change or delay supply under their contracts for any number of reasons, including force majeure or government approval factors that are unrelated to Li-Cycle.

There can be no assurance that Li-Cycle will attract new suppliers or expand its supply pipeline from existing suppliers or that its relationship, including payment terms, with current suppliers will not continue to be adversely affected as a result of the current status of its business, the continued slow down of production at the Company's North American Spokes, the Cash Preservation Plan or any other actions taken by the Company. Any decline in supply volume from existing suppliers, the discontinuation of any supplier relationships or an inability to source new supplier relationships could have a negative impact on Li-Cycle’s results of operations and financial condition. For additional details, see: “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy.”

Li-Cycle relies on a limited number of customers from whom we generate most of our revenue. Li-Cycle has entered into two off-take agreements with Traxys covering (i) 100% of its production of black mass, from Li-Cycle’s North American Spokes, other than such black mass as Li-Cycle has determined (in its sole discretion) is required for internal purposes at Li-Cycle’s Hubs, and (ii) 100% of its production of certain end products from Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, being lithium carbonate, nickel sulphate, cobalt sulphate, manganese carbonate and graphite concentrate. Li-Cycle has also entered into additional off-take agreements with Glencore, covering substantially all of our other Spoke and Hub products. If we or our off-take partners are unwilling or unable to fulfill their respective contractual obligations to us, if either party fails to perform under the relevant contract, or if these off-take partners otherwise terminate such agreements prior to their expiration, our business could suffer and we may not be able to find a other off-take partners on similar or more favorable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our commercial agreements with Glencore provide for the procurement of feedstock for our Spoke facilities, and procurement of black mass for our future Hub facilities, to supplement the volumes we are currently either independently sourcing or producing. Although these agreements are not exclusive for either party, they also do not commit either party to a specific performance threshold, and therefore a substantial reduction in Glencore’s supply of either product or an unwillingness or inability to fulfill its contractual obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As part of the comprehensive review, the Company is examining the scope, expected capital cost, financing, timing of completion and go-forward construction strategy options for the Rochester Hub project. The Company has been conducting an internal technical and economic review of the Rochester Hub project to assess a possible change in the project development strategy. The Company has since focused its technical review on constructing, commissioning and operating only those process areas needed to produce two key products: lithium carbonate and MHP (the "MHP scope"). The construction, commissioning and operating costs for process areas associated with production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate, as originally planned for the Rochester Hub, have not been included in the internal technical review, and there are no current plans that include production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate. However, the areas dedicated to the production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate would be left intact under the MHP scope, to allow for the potential construction, completion, and integration of these areas in the future, although no such plans are contemplated at this time. See the section titled “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy”.

Any change in product development strategy for the Rochester Hub could adversely affect our existing commercial agreements related to Hub products. For example, our commercial contracts with LG and LGES require the supply of at least 20,000 tonnes of nickel contained in nickel sulphate over the period from 2025 to 2032, including approximately 5,500 tonnes of nickel contained in nickel sulphate (being approximately 25,000 tonnes of nickel sulphate) in 2025, and any failure to satisfy such volume commitments could lead to indemnification obligations for us in favor of LG and LGES, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the Company has no firm off-take or commercial arrangements for MHP, which would be considered a by-product under the terms of the Company’s existing commercial arrangements with Glencore. For more information, see “Item 1. Business – Diversified In-Take and Off-Take Commercial Contracts – Off-Take Commercial Contracts for Black Mass and Battery Grade Materials - Glencore Strategic Global Commercial Arrangements”. There can be no assurances that the Company will be successful in entering into customer agreements for MHP on favorable terms or at all and any failure to secure or maintain customer relationships for the anticipated products of the Rochester Hub could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The demand for Li-Cycle’s recycling services and products is driven in part by projected increases in the demand for EVs (including automobiles, e-bikes, scooters, buses and trucks). A decline in the adoption rate of EVs or a decline in the support by governments for “green” energy technologies could reduce the demand for Li-Cycle’s recycling services and products, which could materially harm Li-Cycle’s financial results and ability to grow its business. A decline in volume under existing contracts or an inability to source new supplier relationships could also have a material adverse effect on Li-Cycle’s results of operations and cash flow.

The prices that Li-Cycle pays for battery feedstock for its Spokes, and the revenue that Li-Cycle recognizes from the sale of Black Mass & Equivalents and shredded metal produced at Li-Cycle’s Spokes, are impacted by the commodity prices for the metals contained in those battery feedstocks or products, notably nickel, cobalt, lithium and copper. If the Rochester Hub becomes operational, and Li-Cycle starts processing black mass internally, Li-Cycle expects to recognize revenue from the sale of critical battery materials, including lithium carbonate which it expects would be priced relative to reference prices for lithium, nickel and cobalt. The amount of revenue that Li-Cycle will recognize from the sale of these Hub products will also be impacted by the commodity prices for the metals contained in these Hub products, notably nickel, cobalt, lithium and copper. As a result, fluctuations in the prices of these commodities will affect Li-Cycle’s costs and revenues and declines in the prices of these commodities could have a material adverse impact on Li-Cycle’s revenues and result in fluctuations in its margins. Any significant decline in Li-Cycle’s revenues and margins will have a material impact on its results of operations and cash flow.

Li-Cycle’s revenues depend on processing high volumes of LIB at its facilities, and its revenues are directly impacted by the chemistry of the LIB processed, particularly as market chemistries shift. Certain feedstock chemistries such as those containing higher amounts of nickel and cobalt command higher prices than others. A decline in overall volume of feedstock processed, or a decline in volume of LIB chemistries with higher-priced content relative to other LIB chemistries, could result in a significant decline in Li-Cycle’s revenues, which in turn would have a material impact on its results of operations.

The development and adoption of alternative battery technologies could materially adversely affect Li-Cycle’s prospects and future revenues. Current and next generation high energy density lithium-ion batteries for use in products such as EVs use nickel and cobalt as significant inputs. Cobalt and nickel tend to be in lower supply and therefore command higher prices than certain other raw materials. Alternative chemical makeups for lithium-ion batteries or battery alternatives are being developed and some of these alternatives could be less reliant on cobalt and nickel or use other lower-priced raw materials such as lithium-iron phosphate chemistries, which contain neither cobalt nor nickel. A shift in production to batteries using lower-priced raw materials could affect the value of the end products produced by Li-Cycle, lowering its revenues and negatively impacting its results of operations.

Li-Cycle depends on key personnel for the success of its business. Li-Cycle’s business may be severely disrupted if it loses the services of its key executives and employees or fails to add new senior and middle managers to its management.

Li-Cycle’s future success is heavily dependent upon the continued service of its key executives. Li-Cycle also relies on a number of key technology and professional staff for its continued operation. Li-Cycle’s future success is also dependent upon its ability to attract and retain qualified senior and middle managers to its management team. If one or more of its current or future key executives or employees are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, Li-Cycle may not be able to easily replace them, and its business may be severely disrupted. In addition, if any of these key executives or employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, Li-Cycle could lose customers and suppliers and incur additional expenses to recruit and train personnel.

In addition, on October 31, 2023, the Board authorized a reduction in workforce plan across Li-Cycle and it is expected that additional steps will be taken in the near-term based on our go-forward strategic objectives and the Cash Preservation Plan to right-size and right-shape our organization, including taking additional steps to significantly reduce the workforce. Li-Cycle cannot provide any assurance that it will be able to retain adequate staffing levels among its remaining workforce or retain key employees who would not otherwise be subject to a workforce reduction. If employees who were not affected by any reduction in force seek alternative employment, this could require us to seek contractor support at unplanned additional expense or otherwise harm our productivity.

Furthermore, the inability to retain highly skilled employees could adversely affect its business.

Li-Cycle depends on third-party consultants to work with it across all of its projects to ensure correct permitting, regulatory compliance and keep Li-Cycle apprised of legal changes, as well as to assist with finance and accounting functions. This reliance on third-party consultants has grown following the workforce reduction on November 1, 2023 and may grow further following additional steps that the Company expects to take in the near-term to right-size and right-shape the organization based on its go-forward strategic objectives and the Cash Preservation Plan, including steps to significantly reduce the workforce. Li-Cycle may face non-compliance challenges if the third-party consultants do not inform Li-Cycle of the proper compliance measures or if Li-Cycle fails to maintain its engagement with third-party consultants, including the ability to pay them in a timely manner. If Li-Cycle is not in compliance with the current regulations, it could face litigation, sanctions and fees, which could materially adversely impact its business, results of operations and financial condition.

All industries, including the lithium-ion battery recycling industry, are subject to legal claims, with or without merit. From time to time, we are subject to various litigation and regulatory proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Due to the inherent uncertainty of the litigation process, we may not be able to predict with any reasonable degree of certainty the outcome of any litigation or the potential for future litigation. Regardless of the outcome, any legal or regulatory proceeding, including any legal proceeding related to purported mechanic’s liens against the Company’s interests in certain properties in New York State related to the Rochester Hub project (see “—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business—The development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spoke network and other future projects is subject to risks, including with respect to financing, engineering, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that these projects will be resumed, completed in a timely manner or at all, that their costs will not be significantly higher than estimated, that financing will be sufficient to cover costs or escalated costs, or that the completed projects will meet expectations with respect to their productivity or the specifications of their respective end products, among others” for additional details) could have a material adverse impact on Li-Cycle’s business, financial condition and results of operations due to defense costs, the diversion of management resources, potential reputational harm and other factors.

Three shareholder suits were launched following the Company’s announcement on October 23, 2023 that it would be pausing construction on the Rochester Hub project, being (i) Davis v. Li-Cycle Holdings Corp., et al., 1:23-cv-09894 (a putative U.S. federal securities class action filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York), (ii) Wyshynski v. Li-Cycle Holdings Corp. et al., Court File No. CV-23-00710373-00CP (a putative Ontario securities class action claim filed in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice), and (iii) Nieves v. Johnston, et. Al., Index No. E2023014542 (a shareholder derivative action filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, Monroe County). See also Note 23 in our Consolidated Financial Statements and the section titled “Item 3. Legal Proceedings.” Regardless of the outcome, these suits could result in substantial costs to the Company, divert management’s attention and resources and harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Li-Cycle may not be able to complete its recycling processes to meet the supply it receives from its customers. Operating delays and interruptions can occur for many reasons, including, but not limited to:

•equipment failures;

•personnel shortage;

•labor disputes; or

•transportation disruptions.

The recycling process for LIB, as well as black mass, is complex. If Li-Cycle fails to complete its recycling processes in a timely fashion, its reputation may be harmed. Any failure by Li-Cycle to complete its recycling processes in a timely fashion may also jeopardize existing orders and cause Li-Cycle to lose potential supply contracts and be forced to pay penalties.

The lithium-ion battery materials recycling market is competitive. As the industry evolves and the demand increases, Li-Cycle anticipates that competition will increase. Li-Cycle currently competes against companies that may have a substantial competitive advantage because of factors such as greater financial and workforce resources, more extensive recycling infrastructure, stronger existing customer relationships, greater name recognition or longer operating histories. National or global competitors could enter Li-Cycle’s traditional markets in North America and Europe. Competitors could focus their substantial resources on developing a more efficient recovery solution than Li-Cycle’s recovery solutions. Competition also places pressure on Li-Cycle’s contract prices and gross margins, which presents it with significant challenges in its ability to maintain strong growth rates and acceptable gross margins. If Li-Cycle is unable to meet these competitive challenges, it could lose market share to its competitors and experience a material adverse impact to its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Li-Cycle is subject to income taxes in the United States, Canada and in certain foreign jurisdictions in which it operates. Increases in income tax rates or other changes in income tax laws that apply to its business could reduce Li-Cycle’s after-tax income from such jurisdiction and could materially adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations. Li-Cycle’s operations outside the United States generate a significant portion of its revenue. In addition, the United States has recently made or is actively considering changes to existing tax laws. Additional changes in the U.S. tax regime, including changes in how existing tax laws are interpreted or enforced, could materially adversely affect Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

Li-Cycle is also subject to regular reviews, examinations and audits by the IRS and other taxing authorities with respect to income and non-income-based taxes. Economic and political pressures to increase tax revenues in jurisdictions in which it operates, or the adoption of new or reformed tax legislation or regulation, may make resolving tax disputes more difficult and the final resolution of tax audits and any related litigation could differ from its historical provisions and accruals, resulting in a material adverse impact on its business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, in connection with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project, companies are required to disclose more information to tax authorities on operations around the world, which may lead to greater audit scrutiny of profits earned in various countries.

Li-Cycle expects its period-to-period operating and financial results to vary based on a multitude of factors, some of which are outside of Li-Cycle’s control. Li-Cycle expects its period-to-period financial results to vary based on operating costs, which it anticipates will fluctuate with the pace at which it increases its operating capacity. As a result of these factors and others, Li-Cycle believes that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of its operating or financial results, especially in the short term, are not necessarily meaningful and that these comparisons cannot be relied upon as indicators of future performance. Moreover, Li-Cycle’s financial results may not meet expectations of equity research analysts, ratings agencies or investors, who may be focused only on quarterly financial results. If any of this occurs, the trading price of our common shares could fall substantially, either suddenly or over time.

Li-Cycle reports its financial results in U.S. dollars. Its sales are mainly made in U.S. dollars and its cash is mainly denominated in U.S.

dollars, but its operating costs and capital expenditure are also realized in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, including Canadian dollars, Euros, Swiss Francs and certain other currencies. If the value of any of the other currencies in which Li-Cycle’s operating costs and capital expenditure are realized appreciates relative to the U.S. dollar, Li-Cycle’s operating costs and capital expenditure will increase when translated to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly the U.S.-Canadian dollar exchange rate, could create discrepancies between Li-Cycle’s operating costs and capital expenditure in a given currency that could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition.

While Li-Cycle monitors its exposure to foreign-exchange rate fluctuations and may enter into hedging contracts from time to time, such contracts hedge foreign-currency denominated transactions and any change in the fair value of the contracts could be offset by changes in the underlying value of the transactions being hedged. Li-Cycle does not currently have foreign-exchange hedging contracts in place. As a result, there can be no assurance that Li-Cycle’s approach to managing its exposure to foreign-exchange rate fluctuations will be effective in the future or that Li-Cycle will be able to enter into foreign-exchange hedging contracts as deemed necessary on satisfactory terms.

Li-Cycle’s operations, costs and timelines may be affected by global economic or geopolitical conditions, including recessions, slow economic growth, economic and pricing instability, inflation levels, increase of interest rates and credit market volatility, all of which could impact demand in the worldwide transportation industries or otherwise have a material adverse effect on Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition. For example, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the war in the Middle East have and may continue to disrupt the global supply chain. Shortages, price increases and/or delays in shipments of supplies, equipment and raw materials have occurred and may continue to occur in the future which may result in increased operational or construction costs or operational or construction slowdowns. Inflation can also adversely affect us by increasing the costs of labor, materials, and other costs required to manage and grow our business. This may affect our capital projects, including the Rochester Hub project, which could increase our capital costs, and our Spoke operations, which could reduce our profit margins and returns. In addition, inflation is often accompanied by higher interest rates. The potential impact of high interest rates and uncertainty regarding future rate increases, may increase uncertainty and volatility in the global financial markets. In addition, the possibility of high inflation and an extended economic downturn could reduce our ability to incur debt or access capital and adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. If current global market and political conditions continue or worsen, Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The occurrence of one or more natural disasters, such as fires, hurricanes and earthquakes, unusually adverse weather, epidemic or pandemic outbreaks, cyber incidents such as ransomware attacks, boycotts and geo-political events, such as civil unrest and acts of terrorism (including cyber terrorism or other cyber incidents), or similar disruptions could materially adversely affect Li-Cycle’s business, power supply, results of operations and financial condition. These events could result in physical damage to property, an increase in energy prices, temporary or permanent closure of one or more of Li-Cycle’s current or planned facilities, temporary lack of an adequate workforce in a market, temporary or long-term disruption in the supply of raw materials, construction delays at the Rochester Hub, new Spoke facilities or other facilities being developed, notwithstanding the current pause on those projects, temporary disruption in transport from overseas, or disruption to Li-Cycle’s information systems. Li-Cycle may incur expenses or delays relating to such events outside of its control, which could have a material adverse impact on its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Li-Cycle’s success depends in large part on its proprietary technology. Li-Cycle relies on various intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets, as well as confidentiality provisions and contractual arrangements, and other forms of statutory and common law protection to protect its proprietary rights. If Li-Cycle does not protect and enforce its intellectual property rights adequately and successfully, its competitive position may suffer, which could materially adversely affect the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Li-Cycle’s pending patent or trademark applications may not be approved, or competitors or others may challenge the validity, enforceability, or scope of its issued patents, the scope of its copyrights, the registrability of its trademarks or the trade secret status of its proprietary information.

There can be no assurance that additional patents will be filed or issued or that any of Li-Cycle’s currently issued patents will provide significant protection for Li-Cycle’s commercially relevant intellectual property or for those portions of its proprietary technology that are the most key to its competitive positions in the marketplace. In addition, Li-Cycle’s patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and other intellectual property rights may not provide us a significant competitive advantage. There is no assurance that the forms of intellectual property protection that Li-Cycle seeks, including business decisions about whether, when and where to file patents and when and how to maintain and protect copyrights, trade secrets, license and other contractual rights, will be adequate to protect Li-Cycle’s business.

Not all countries offer the same types, standards for registrability or level of protection for the Company’s intellectual property as Canada and the United States, and Li-Cycle may not pursue the same intellectual property filings or obtain the intellectual property registrations of the same scope in all of its commercially-relevant markets. As Li-Cycle expands its international activities, its exposure to unauthorized copying and use of its technology and proprietary information will likely increase. Effective intellectual property protection may not be available to Li-Cycle in every country in which it operates. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against certain third parties, including government agencies or government contractors, or make patents subject to compulsory licenses to third parties under certain circumstances. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit.

Intellectual property laws, procedures, and restrictions provide only limited protection and any of the Company’s intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed, or misappropriated. The Company enters into confidentiality and invention assignment or intellectual property ownership agreements with its employees and contractors and enters into confidentiality agreements with other third parties. The Company cannot ensure that these agreements, or all the terms thereof, will be enforceable or compliant with applicable law, or otherwise effective in controlling access to, use of, reverse engineering, and distribution of Li-Cycle’s proprietary information or in effectively securing exclusive ownership of intellectual property developed by its current or former employees and contractors. Despite these agreements and the Company’s reasonable precautions, its intellectual property is vulnerable to misappropriation, unauthorized access and copying through employee or third-party error or actions, including malicious state or state-sponsored actors, theft, hacking, cybersecurity incidents, and other security breaches and incidents, and such incidents may be difficult to detect and may remain undiscovered or unknown for a significant period of time. Further, these agreements with the Company’s employees, contractors, and other parties do not prevent other parties from independently developing technologies, products and services that are substantially equivalent or superior to the Company’s technologies and services. It is possible for third parties to infringe upon or misappropriate the Company’s intellectual property and to use information that Li-Cycle regards as proprietary to create services that compete with those of the Company.

Li-Cycle may need to spend significant resources securing and monitoring its intellectual property rights, and it may or may not be able to detect infringement by third parties. Li-Cycle’s competitive position may be materially adversely impacted if it cannot detect infringement or enforce its intellectual property rights quickly or successfully. In some circumstances, Li-Cycle may choose not to pursue enforcement of its valid intellectual property rights for a variety of legal and business considerations, including (i) because an infringer has a dominant intellectual property position, (ii) because of uncertainty relating to the scope of the Company’s intellectual property or the outcome of an enforcement action, (iii) because of the financial and reputational costs associated with enforcement or (iv) for other business reasons. In addition, competitors might avoid infringement by designing around the Company’s intellectual property rights or by developing non-infringing competing technologies. Litigation brought to protect and enforce the Company’s intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming, and distracting to management and Li-Cycle’s development teams and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of its intellectual property, for example, the Company’s efforts to enforce its intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims attacking the scope, validity, and enforceability of the Company’s intellectual property rights, or with counterclaims and countersuits asserting infringement by the Company of third-party intellectual property rights. Li-Cycle’s failure to secure, protect, and enforce its intellectual property rights could materially adversely affect its brand and its business, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Li-Cycle is subject to the risk of third parties asserting claims of infringement of intellectual property rights or violation of other statutory, license or contractual rights in technology or data. Any such claim by a third party, even if without merit, could cause Li-Cycle to incur substantial costs defending against such claim and could distract the Company’s management and its development teams from its business.

Although third parties may offer a license to their technology or data, the terms of any offered license may not be acceptable or commercially reasonable and the failure to obtain a license or the costs associated with any license could cause the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations to be materially adversely affected. In addition, some licenses may be non-exclusive, and therefore the Company’s competitors may have access to the same technology or data licensed to the Company. Alternatively, Li-Cycle may be required to develop non-infringing technology or data which could require significant effort and expense and ultimately may not be successful. Furthermore, a successful claimant could secure a judgment or the Company may agree to a settlement that prevents it from selling certain products or performing certain services in a given country or countries or that requires the Company to pay royalties, substantial damages, including treble damages if it is found to have willfully infringed the claimant’s patents, copyrights, trade secrets or other statutory rights, or other fees. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Prior to August 10, 2021, Li-Cycle Holdings Corp. was a private company and we addressed our internal control over financial reporting with internal accounting and financial reporting personnel and other resources.

In the course of preparing for the Business Combination with Peridot Acquisition Corp., Li-Cycle identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of Li-Cycle’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As of December 31, 2023, Li-Cycle’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and concluded that the Company did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of that date. Management has also evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023, and concluded that, as of that date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective, due to the material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

In preparing its financial results for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company identified a non-cash accounting error in the unaudited financial results for the transition period of November 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 and filed restated unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the transition period in April 2023. In February 2024, the Company filed a Notification of Late Filing on Form 12b-25 with the SEC to extend the time for delivery of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

While we have taken steps to address these material weaknesses and expect to continue to implement a remediation plan to address the underlying causes, any gaps or deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting may result in us being unable to provide required financial information in a timely and reliable manner and/or incorrectly reporting financial information. We have slowed certain aspects of the remediation plan, in view of resource constraints, including in relation to the Cash Preservation Plan and may need to further slow certain aspects of the remediation plan as a result of the Workforce Reduction plan and the additional steps we expect to take in the near-term to right-size and right-shape our organization based on our go-forward strategic objectives and the Cash Preservation Plan, including taking additional steps in the near term to significantly reduce the workforce. In addition, there can be no assurance that these measures will remediate the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or that additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. For more information, see “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures”.

Our by-laws require, to the fullest extent permitted by law and subject to certain exemptions for actions brought to enforce a duty or liability under certain U.S. securities laws, that (i) derivative actions brought in our name, (ii) actions against directors, officers and employees for breach of fiduciary duty, (iii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to the Ontario Business Corporations Act (“OBCA”) or our governing documents, and (iv) any action or proceeding asserting a claim otherwise related to our “affairs” (as defined in the OBCA) may be brought only in the Superior Court of Justice of the Province of Ontario, Canada and the appellate courts therefrom and, if brought outside of such forum, the shareholder bringing the suit will be deemed to have consented to the personal jurisdiction of the provincial and federal courts located within the Province of Ontario in connection with any action brought in such court to enforce the forum provisions and to service of process on such shareholder’s counsel. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our common shares will be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum provisions in its articles. Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America will have exclusive jurisdiction for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the U.S. Securities Act. The exclusive forum provision in our by-laws will not apply to actions arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

This choice of forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or shareholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our articles to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may issue additional common shares or other equity securities in the future in connection with, among other things, capital raises, future acquisitions, repayment of outstanding indebtedness or grants under the Company’s 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the “Long-Term Incentive Plan”), without shareholder approval in a number of circumstances, including in reliance on a “financial hardship exemption” from the shareholder approval requirements of the NYSE rules. We are currently actively exploring financing options and strategic alternatives. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing shareholders could suffer significant further dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common shares. Pursuant to the terms of the KSP Convertible Notes, the Glencore Convertible Notes and the A&R Glencore Convertible Notes and the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, we may issue common shares upon conversion or redemption of the KSP Convertible Notes, Glencore Convertible Notes and A&R Glencore Convertible Notes or Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, as applicable, upon exercise of the warrants issued to Glencore in connection with a redemption of the Glencore Convertible Notes and A&R Glencore Convertible Notes or Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, as applicable, or pursuant to any other term of the KSP Convertible Notes, Glencore Convertible Notes and A&R Glencore Convertible Notes or Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, as applicable, including as a result of any of the PIK provisions of the KSP Convertible Notes, Glencore Convertible Notes and A&R Glencore Convertible Notes or Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, as applicable.

The issuance of additional shares or other equity securities could have one or more of the following effects:

•our existing shareholders’ proportionate ownership will decrease;

•the amount of cash available per share, including for payment of dividends in the future, may decrease;

•the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding share may be diminished; and

•the market price of our common shares may decline.

•our liquidity position, including our ability to continue as a going concern;

•updates related to our planned capital projects, including further pauses or slow downs;

•our actual or anticipated operating performance and the operating performance of our competitors;

•failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet the estimates or the expectations of investors;

•any major change in our Board, management, or key personnel;

•market conditions in our industry;

•general economic conditions such as recessions, inflation, interest rates, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations;

•rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

•announcements by us or our competitors of significant innovations, new products, services or capabilities, acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships, joint venture or capital commitments;

•the legal and regulatory landscape and changes in the application of existing laws or adoption of new laws that impact our business;

•legal and regulatory claims, litigation, or pre-litigation disputes and other proceedings;

•other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events; and

•sales or expected sales of our common shares by us, our officers, directors, significant shareholders, and employees.

In addition, stock markets have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. The stock market in general and the NYSE have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. These fluctuations may be even more pronounced in the trading market for our common shares as a result of the supply and demand forces for newly public companies.

From March 1, 2023 to February 29, 2024, the market price of Li-Cycle’s common shares fluctuated from a high of $6.10 per share to a low of $0.36 per share. The market capitalization of Li-Cycle sharply declined following the announcement of the pause on the Rochester Hub project on October 23, 2023 and again following the release of Li-Cycle’s earnings report for the third quarter ended October 31, 2023, on November 13, 2023. These declines in the market price of our common shares have led to securities class action litigation against the Company. See also Note 18 in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the section titled “Item 3. Legal Proceedings". Regardless of the outcome, these suits could result in substantial cost to the Company, divert management’s attention and resources and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On October 31, 2023, our Board adopted a shareholder rights plan and amended the rights plan on March 11, 2024. The rights plan is intended to protect the interests of all the Company’s shareholders by reducing the likelihood that any person would gain control of the Company through open market accumulation or other tactics without appropriately compensating the Company's shareholders for such control. The rights plan is not intended to prevent or deter any action or offer that the Board determines to be in the best interests of shareholders. However, the overall effect of the rights plan may render it more difficult or discourage a merger, tender offer or other business combination involving the Company that may be considered beneficial by some shareholders but is not supported by our Board.

Li-Cycle’s executive officers and directors have a significant stake in the Company and are likely to have influence over any critical decisions relating to Li-Cycle. Li-Cycle’s executive officers and directors beneficially own, directly or indirectly, approximately 22% of the Company’s outstanding common shares as of February 29, 2024. In particular, our co-founders, Ajay Kochhar and Tim Johnston, collectively hold approximately 21% of the Company’s outstanding common shares as of February 29, 2024. As a result, such individuals are likely to continue to have a significant influence in determining any matters submitted to the shareholders for approval, and to have significant influence in the management and affairs of the Company. The interests of the executive officers and directors may differ from the interests of other shareholders of Li-Cycle due to various factors and as a result, the executive officers and directors may take actions with which you disagree or which are in conflict with your interests.

Our common shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In order to list our common shares, upon the consummation of the Business Combination, we were required to meet the NYSE initial listing requirements. Although we were able to meet those initial listing requirements, we may be unable to maintain the listing of our common shares in the future.

On December 20, 2023, the Company received written notice from the NYSE (the “Trading Standards Notice”) indicating that the Company is not in compliance with Rule 802.01C of the NYSE Manual because the average closing price of Li-Cycle’s common shares was less than $1.00 over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. Li-Cycle has notified the NYSE of its intention to cure the deficiency and is considering all available options in this regard. Under Rule 802.01C, Li-Cycle has a six-month period following receipt of the Trading Standards Notice to regain compliance with the minimum average closing price requirement but there can be no assurance that any action taken by Li-Cycle to regain compliance will be successful. If in the future we are unable to regain compliance with Rule 802.01C of the NYSE Manual or we fail to comply with any of these and/or other applicable continued listing requirements, the NYSE may subsequently delist our common shares.

If the NYSE were to delist our common shares, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

•a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

•a limited amount of news and analyst coverage for the Company; and

•a decreased ability to obtain capital or pursue acquisitions by issuing additional equity or convertible securities.

As of June 30, 2023, we determined that we no longer qualify as a "foreign private issuer" as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. As a result, as of January 1, 2024, we are no longer eligible to use the rules and forms designated for foreign private issuers and we are considered a U.S. domestic issuer. As a result, we are now required to file periodic and current reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are generally more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. In addition, we are required to comply with U.S. proxy requirements and Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are subject to the beneficial ownership reporting and short-swing profit recovery requirements in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. We are also no longer eligible to rely upon exemptions from corporate governance requirements that are available to foreign private issuers or to benefit from other accommodations for foreign private issuers under the rules of the SEC or NYSE, which may involve additional costs. As a result of our transition to being a “U.S. domestic issuer”, we have had to restate our financial statements for past periods from IFRS to U.S. GAAP, and implement additional corporate governance and public disclosure processes, which in turn have increased our legal and financial compliance costs and the amount of management attention that must be devoted to compliance matters.

The regulatory and compliance costs applicable to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the costs we previously incurred as a foreign private issuer. We expect to continue to incur significant legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses and to expend greater time and resources to comply with these requirements. In addition, we may need to develop our reporting and compliance infrastructure and may face challenges in complying with the new requirements applicable to us. If we fall out of compliance, we risk becoming subject to litigation or being delisted, among other potential problems. Further, it may be more expensive for us to maintain adequate director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified executive officers and members of our board of directors.

The Company is required to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires, among other things, that the Company evaluate annually the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. The standards required for a public company under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are significantly more stringent than those required of Li-Cycle prior to the Business Combination. Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires management to assess and report annually on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and to identify any material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires the independent registered public accounting firm to issue an annual report that addresses the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.

Li-Cycle has identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting, see the section titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business — Li-Cycle has identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting. If its remediation of such material weaknesses is not effective, or if it fails to develop and maintain a proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, its ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable laws and regulations could be impaired”. For the report of KPMG LLP, our registered public accounting firm, see the section titled “Item 9A. Attestation Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm”.

If we continue to identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting or if we are unable to comply with the requirements applicable to us as a public company in a timely manner, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results, or report them within the timeframes required by the SEC. If this occurs, we also could become subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

Management may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements that are applicable to the Company, including under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including because of the impact of the Workforce Reduction plan and additional steps that the Company expects to take in the near-term to right-size and right-shape our organization based on our go-forward strategic objectives and the Cash Preservation Plan, including taking additional steps in the near term to significantly reduce the workforce, including with respect to corporate positions, specifically in accounting. In addition, if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, or expresses an adverse opinion, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, we may face restricted access to the capital markets and our share price may be materially adversely affected.

We expect to continue to incur costs related to our internal control over financial reporting in the upcoming years to further improve our internal control environment.

As of December 31, 2023, there was an aggregate principal amount of $119.3 million outstanding under the KSP Convertible Notes and $225.3 million outstanding under the Glencore Convertible Notes. In addition, on March 11, 2024, the Company entered into the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Purchase Agreement to issue the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note in an aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million to an affiliate of Glencore plc.

To the extent we or the holder of the KSP Convertible Notes or Glencore Convertible Notes and the A&R Glencore Convertible Notes, as applicable, converts any of their convertible notes into our common shares, substantial amounts of our common shares will be issued. Such issuances could result in substantial decreases to our stock price and dilution to our existing shareholders.

In addition, the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note may result in a change of control of the Company, depending on certain future events including in the event the Company elects to pay interest in-kind and/or if the Glencore Convertible Notes are amended and restated as contemplated by the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Purchase Agreement. Assuming the conversion of the Glencore Convertible Notes and the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note in full on or about March 25, 2024, the expected issue date of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, Glencore and its affiliates would beneficially own approximately 47.8% of the common shares on an as-converted basis (based on the total number of outstanding common shares as of February 29, 2024). As a result, Glencore may be able to exert significant voting influence on votes requiring shareholder approval and may take actions with which you disagree or which are in conflict with your interests. Any concentration of share ownership may also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combinations, or discouraging a potential acquiror from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our business, even if such a transaction would benefit other shareholders. This concentration of share ownership may not be in the best interests of all of our shareholders. In connection with the closing of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, the Company will also enter into a side letter agreement, in which it will grant to Glencore the right to nominate two additional directors (the “Glencore Nominees”) to the Board, for a total of three nominees. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Recent Liquidity Developments.”

In addition, it is expected that the Company will seek additional financing or strategic alternatives in the future, including to fund further construction at the Rochester Hub, which financing alternatives in particular could result in the issuance of additional equity or equity-linked securities, resulting in further dilution to existing shareholders. Furthermore, if Glencore is an investor in any future financing, it may result in Glencore acquiring beneficial ownership in excess of 50.1% of the issued and outstanding common shares on an actual or as-converted basis and otherwise acquiring actual control of the Company through the right to appoint and remove a majority of the directors serving on the Board of Directors. We cannot assure you that any of the governance protections Glencore will commit to in the side letter agreement, including not causing the Company to rely on the "controlled company" exemption of the NYSE and the standstill provisions, among others, would remain in place following any such future financing, which loss of governance protections may further affect your interests and shareholder rights.

We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board deems relevant. As a result, a shareholder’s ability to achieve a return on their investment in our common shares will depend on appreciation in the price of our common shares.

The trading market for the Company’s common shares may be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about it, its business, its market, or its competitors. If securities or industry analysts do not cover the Company, its share price would likely be lower than that which would be obtained if it had such coverage and the liquidity, or trading volume of its common shares may be limited, making it more difficult for a shareholder to sell shares at an acceptable price or amount. If securities or industry analysts do cover the Company, their projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results it actually achieves. The Company’s share price may decline if its actual results do not match the projections of analysts covering it. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who write reports on the Company downgrades its shares or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about its business, its share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of the Company or fails to publish reports on it regularly, its share price or trading volume could decline.

The Company may be forced to write down or write off assets, restructure its operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in losses. Unexpected risks may arise and previously known risks may materialize. Even though these charges may be non-cash items and not have an immediate impact on the Company’s liquidity, the fact that it may report charges of this nature could contribute to negative market perceptions about the Company or its securities. In addition, charges of this nature may cause the Company to be unable to obtain future financing on favorable terms or at all.

It is possible that the Company could be classified as a “passive foreign investment company” or “PFIC” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could have materially adverse U.S. tax consequences for U.S. persons holding the Company’s common shares. Although the Company was not a PFIC for the last taxable year, and does not expect to be classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or for the foreseeable future, whether the Company is a PFIC is a factual determination made annually, and the Company’s status will depend among other things upon changes in the composition and relative value of its gross receipts and assets. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the Company will not be classified as a PFIC in the current year or in any future taxable year.

None.

The Company is committed to developing robust governance and oversight of cybersecurity risks and to implementing processes, controls and technologies designed to help assess, identify, and manage material risks. As described further in “—Information and Security and Governance Oversight” below, the Vice President of IT is responsible for Li-Cycle’s information security program and as part of its broader risk oversight, the Board of Directors of the Company oversees risks from information security threats both directly and through the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company. Our information technology (“IT”), infrastructure, applications, and networks are susceptible to potential impacts due to the escalating sophistication and frequency of cyber-attacks and security incidents. Breaches in our technology systems, whether from circumventing security measures, denial-of-service attacks, hacking, phishing, computer viruses, ransomware, malware, employee errors, malfeasance, social engineering, vendor software supply chain compromises, physical breaches, or other actions, have the potential to compromise the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of crucial information. Such incidents may cause interruptions or malfunctions in our manufacturing systems, applications, and data processing, thereby disrupting other business operations. Additionally, critical information associated with our business operations is managed by some of our third-party vendors.

Anticipating or preventing all cyber-attacks requires an ever-present focus. A cyber-attack or a security incident leading to a breach could disrupt our business operations, harm our reputation, necessitate compliance with data breach notification laws, and subject us to litigation, regulatory investigation, or other liabilities under laws, regulations, and contractual obligations. This could result in increased costs, significant legal and financial exposure, and reputational damage.

We invest in information security and data privacy measures to safeguard our systems and data. This includes organizational investments, incident response plans, technical defenses, and employee training. We also utilize a third party to conduct vulnerability scans. Our approach to cyber-security risk management is designed to identify, assess, prioritize and manage major risk exposures that could affect our ability to execute our corporate strategy and fulfill our business objectives.

For instance, we utilize our existing information security measures to oversee operational landscapes, address suspicious events, and generate necessary reports shared during our monthly meetings. Additionally, as deemed necessary, we request third-party service providers to furnish System and Organization Controls (“SOC”) reports.

Simultaneously, we are in the process of revising and formulating new IT policies, standards, and procedures in harmony with the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity framework.

In 2023, we launched an ongoing enterprise-wide communication initiative focused on cyber threats, which aims to educate Li-Cycle employees on recognizing and responding to potential cyber threats effectively, and serves as a reminder of the critical role each individual plays in ensuring the safety of our organization.

We maintain the availability of cybersecurity consultants as required and regularly conduct vulnerability scans within our environment to identify areas for ongoing enhancements. Additionally, our IT General Controls (ITGC) undergo audits, encompassing processes that overlap with cybersecurity concerns such as access control, permissions, and robust password management. The insights derived from these and other assessments guide us in refining our information security practices, procedures, and technologies.

The Vice President of IT is responsible for Li-Cycle's information security program. In this capacity, the executive oversees the enterprise-wide cybersecurity strategy, ensuring the development of policies and standards, the implementation of processes, and the management of architectural elements. The Vice President of IT is responsible for assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats, and is supported in delivering this function with a dedicated internal IT team. The Vice President of IT has over eight years of leadership experience as a Chief Information Officer and Chief Technology Officer, with experience overseeing information security, risk management, and compliance functions.

The Cybersecurity Steering Committee convenes no less than quarterly to evaluate and address significant risks stemming from cybersecurity threats.

Additionally, as part of its broader risk oversight, the Board of Directors of the Company oversees risks from information security threats both directly and through the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company. As reflected in its charter, the Audit Committee is required to periodically review and receive reports from management regarding risks and exposures related to information technology and cyber security.

The Vice President of IT submits reports to the Audit Committee and other senior management members as appropriate. These reports provide insights into the evolving threat landscape, updates on the organization's cyber risks and threats, evaluations of the information security program, and the status of initiatives aimed at improving the information security program and its systems.

We had no owned properties as of December 31, 2023.

We leased the following properties as of December 31, 2023:

Notes:

(1)These three leases (11,244 sq, 19,300 sq and 7,360 sq) were consolidated into one lease which commenced December 2022 and will end in November 2024.

(2)Expires on June 30, 2024 and will not be renewed.

(3)Extended as of January 1, 2024 for seven years with two five-year extensions.

(4)Signed in December 2023, but the term dates are estimates as the term does not start until the landlord completes its work.

(5)For more information, see “Item 3. Legal Proceedings - Claim regarding Rochester Warehouse.”

(6)Extended as of August 1, 2023 with respect to a portion of the office, storage and lab space (reducing the square footage from 11,879 sq to 2,901 sq).

(7)Lease was terminated and possession was surrendered on February 29, 2024.

The Company’s corporate and engineering offices are located in leased space in Toronto, Ontario; Birmingham, Alabama; and Baar, Switzerland.

The Company’s Spokes are operated in leased industrial space and each Spoke has a related warehouse facility located either onsite or (where required by applicable laws) in a separate location.

The Company’s Rochester Hub is being constructed on land leased from Ridgeway Properties I, LLC, pursuant to a ground lease (the “Hub Ground Lease”) dated August 3, 2021 between the Hub Landlord and Li-Cycle North America Hub, Inc. (“HubCo”). The term of this lease commenced on April 1, 2022 and continues thereafter until March 31, 2042, with the option to renew for five additional terms of five years each and one additional term of four years. Under a guaranty dated August 3, 2021, Li-Cycle Holdings Corp.

has agreed to guarantee the performance of HubCo’s obligations under the Hub Ground Lease.

On January 12, 2023, HubCo entered into a sublease agreement (the “Hub Warehouse Agreement”) with Pike Conductor Dev 1, LLC (the “Warehouse Landlord”) outlining the parties’ respective rights and obligations with respect to the construction, financing and leasing of a warehouse and administrative building (the “Warehouse”) for the Rochester Hub. Under the terms of the Hub Warehouse Agreement, HubCo was required to directly advance up to a maximum of $58.6 million to the Warehouse Landlord for the design, engineering, and construction of the Warehouse. As at December 31, 2023, HubCo had advanced to the Warehouse Landlord $53.5 million of the $58.6 million maximum. The parties agreed in the Hub Warehouse Agreement that (i) if the Warehouse Landlord completes the Warehouse, closes its initial loan, and reimburses HubCo for its contribution less $14.5 million tenant’s improvements by November 1, 2023, then the Warehouse Landlord shall own the Warehouse, and (ii) if these events have not occurred by November 1, 2023, then the Hub Warehouse Agreement shall be amended and restated as a ground lease. The Warehouse Landlord’s financing was not completed, and HubCo was not reimbursed by November 1, 2023. The parties are currently engaged in legal proceedings, and are negotiating the terms of a settlement in principle. For more information, see “Item 3. Legal Proceedings - Claim regarding Rochester Warehouse.”

Certain contractors, subcontractors, consultants and other suppliers (together, the “lienors”) have filed purported mechanic’s liens against the Company’s interests under the Hub Ground Lease and the Hub Warehouse lease, under the New York Lien Law, given alleged delays in making payments to those lienors. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business—The development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spoke network and other future projects is subject to risks, including with respect to financing, engineering, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that these projects will be resumed, completed in a timely manner or at all, that their costs will not be significantly higher than estimated, that financing will be sufficient to cover costs or escalated costs, or that the completed projects will meet expectations with respect to their productivity or the specifications of their respective end products, among others” this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See also “Item 3. Legal Proceedings - Mechanic’s Liens filed in New York State.”

From time to time, we are subject to various litigation and regulatory proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Where it is determined, in consultation with counsel based on litigation and settlement risks, that a loss is both probable and estimable, we establish an accrual. We expect that we may not be able to predict with certainty the outcome of any litigation or the potential for future litigation. We expect to continuously monitor any proceedings as they develop and adjust any accrual or disclosure as needed. Regardless of the outcome, litigation could have an adverse impact on us due to defense costs, diversion of management resources, potential reputational harm and other factors, and it could have a material effect on our results of operations for a given reporting period.

On April 19, 2022, a putative federal securities class action lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York against the Company, its CEO, and its former CFO, on behalf of a proposed class of purchasers of the Company’s publicly traded securities during the period from February 16, 2021 through March 23, 2022. The complaint, which is captioned as Barnish v. Li-Cycle Holdings Corp., et al., 1:22-cv-02222 (E.D.N.Y.), alleges that the defendants issued false and misleading statements concerning Li-Cycle’s business, which were revealed when Blue Orca Capital published a short seller report on March 24, 2022. The complaint sought compensatory damages and an award of costs. The original complaint asserted claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). On July 22, 2022, the court appointed The Lanigan Group, Inc. as lead plaintiff. On October 11, 2022, the lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint asserting claims pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act and Sections 11 and 15 of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 on behalf of a proposed class comprising: (a) all persons who were eligible to vote at Peridot Acquisition Corp.’s extraordinary general meeting held during August 2021, and (b) all persons who acquired Li-Cycle publicly traded securities pursuant to Li-Cycle’s March 2021 Registration Statement. Unlike the original complaint, the amended complaint did not assert any claims under either Section 10(b) or Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. The claims in the amended complaint were asserted against both the Company and certain individual defendants, including Li-Cycle’s two Co-Founders, Li-Cycle’s former CFO, two current directors of Li-Cycle (who were also directors and/or officers of Peridot Acquisition Corp. at the time of the Business Combination), and certain other directors or officers of Peridot Acquisition Corp. at the time of the Business Combination. On December 19, 2022, the Company and each of the individual defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint in its entirety. On October 6, 2023, the court granted defendants' motion to dismiss in its entirety, but granted lead plaintiff an opportunity to seek leave to replead.

On October 23, 2023, lead plaintiff filed a notice of voluntary dismissal, and the court issued an order dismissing the case.

On November 8, 2023, a putative federal securities class action lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Company, its CEO, and its CFO, on behalf of a proposed class of purchasers of the Company’s common shares during the period from June 14, 2022 through October 23, 2023. The complaint, which is captioned as Davis v. Li-Cycle Holdings Corp., et al., 1:23-cv-09894 (S.D.N.Y.) (the “Davis Securities Action”), asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and alleges that the defendants issued false and misleading statements regarding the Rochester Hub’s construction budget, costs and timeline, which were allegedly revealed on October 23, 2023, when the Company announced that it would pause construction on the Rochester Hub project. The complaint seeks compensatory damages and an award of costs. In view of the uncertainties inherent in litigation, we do not express a judgment as to the outcome of this litigation. No amounts have been recorded for any potential liability arising from this matter.

On November 27, 2023, a putative Ontario securities class action claim was filed in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice against the Company and its CEO. The claim was amended on February 8, 2024. The claim is on behalf of a proposed class of purchasers of the Company’s common shares during the period from February 27, 2023 through November 10, 2023. The claim, which is captioned as Wyshynski v. Li-Cycle Holdings Corp. et al., Court File No. CV-23-00710373-00CP, alleges common law secondary market misrepresentations and, if leave is granted under Part XXIII.1 of the Securities Act (Ontario), statutory secondary market negligent misrepresentations. The Wyshynski claim alleges that the Company’s public disclosures through the class period contained misrepresentations because they omitted material facts regarding the cost of the Rochester Hub project and the availability of financing. The Wyshynski claim alleges that the purported misrepresentations were publicly corrected on (i) October 23, 2023, when the Company announced that it would pause construction on the Rochester Hub project; and (ii) November 13, 2023, with the release of the Company’s Q3 2023 earnings. The putative class includes all persons who acquired Li-Cycle common shares during the class period and who held some or all of those common shares until after the release of at least one of the alleged corrective disclosures. The claim seeks compensatory damages and an award of costs. In view of the uncertainties inherent in litigation, we do not express a judgment as to the outcome of this litigation. No amounts have been recorded for any potential liability arising from this matter.

On December 4, 2023, a putative shareholder derivative action was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, Monroe County, purportedly on behalf of the Company (as nominal defendant) against certain of the Company’s current and/or former officers and directors. The action, which is captioned as Nieves v. Johnston, et. al., Index No. E2023014542 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.), principally concerns the same alleged misstatements or omissions at issue in the Davis Securities Action, and asserts common law claims for breach of fiduciary duty, waste, unjust enrichment, and gross mismanagement. The action seeks to recover unspecified compensatory damages on behalf of the Company, an award of costs and expenses and other relief. On February 29, 2024, the parties agreed to stay the action pending resolution of the Davis Securities Action. In view of the uncertainties inherent in litigation, we do not express a judgment as to the outcome of this litigation. No amounts have been recorded for any potential liability arising from this matter.

On January 26, 2024, the Company’s subsidiary, HubCo, sued Pike Conductor Dev. 1, LLC the (“Warehouse Landlord”) for breaches of a sublease agreement (the “Hub Warehouse Agreement”) related to the warehouse & administrative building (the “Warehouse”) for the Rochester Hub. Li-Cycle also sought an order barring the Warehouse Landlord from terminating the agreement or evicting HubCo from the Warehouse while the lawsuit is pending. Under the terms of the Hub Warehouse Agreement, Warehouse Landlord agreed to construct the Warehouse and lease it to HubCo, and HubCo was required to advance up to a maximum of $58.6 million to the Warehouse Landlord for the design, engineering and construction of the Warehouse. To date, HubCo has advanced approximately $53.5 million of the $58.6 million maximum. The parties agreed in the Hub Warehouse Agreement that (i) if the Warehouse Landlord completes the Warehouse, closes its initial financing, and reimburses HubCo for its contribution less $14.5 million in tenant’s improvements by November 1, 2023, then the Warehouse Landlord shall own the Warehouse, and (ii) if these events have not occurred by November 1, 2023, then the Hub Warehouse Agreement shall be amended and restated as a ground lease.

The Warehouse Landlord’s financing was not completed, and HubCo was not reimbursed by November 1, 2023. The Warehouse Landlord filed a purported mechanic’s liens against HubCo’s interests in the Warehouse claiming an unpaid amount of $5.1 million in pre-financing costs under the Hub Warehouse Agreement, sent a notice of default to HubCo, and, in that notice of default, asserted that HubCo violated certain provisions of the Hub Warehouse Agreement. Subsequently, HubCo filed a Complaint in New York State Court in Monroe County against the Warehouse Landlord, seeking damages, a declaratory judgment and injunctive relief. On January 29, 2024, the court issued an order temporarily restraining the Warehouse Landlord from terminating the Hub Warehouse Agreement or evicting HubCo from the Warehouse until a hearing can be held on HubCo’s request for a permanent injunction. Following certain court-ordered settlement conferences, the parties have reached an agreement in principle that would include the restatement of the Hub Warehouse Agreement as a ground lease; however, the parties continue to negotiate final terms.

Certain contractors, subcontractors, consultants and other suppliers (together, the “lienors”) have filed purported mechanic’s liens against the Company’s interests in certain properties in New York State, under the New York Lien Law, given alleged delays in making payments to those lienors. As at February 29, 2024, there were liens on the Company’s interests in the Rochester Hub property filed by contractors and suppliers to the Company of approximately $67.6 million and filed by subcontractors to the Company’s contractors of approximately $31.4 million, as well as liens on the Company’s interests in the warehouse and administrative building for the Rochester Hub filed by the Warehouse Landlord and contractors to the Company of approximately $5.6 million and filed by contractors to the Warehouse Landlord of approximately $8.6 million. Such liens may restrict the Company’s ability to dispose of its interest in such properties or pledge its interests in such properties as collateral for future financing arrangements while they remain in place. In addition, the lienors may enforce their liens by court action and courts may cause the Company’s interest in the applicable properties to be sold to satisfy such liens. Currently, no legal proceeding is pending to foreclose on any of these liens. The claimed amounts have been reflected in the Company’s accounts payable, as applicable. Management is engaged with the relevant parties to negotiate mutually agreeable payment plans; however, there can be no assurance this process will be successful in its effort to resolve these matters in a timely manner or on terms that are favorable to the Company.

Not applicable.

Our common shares are currently listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “LICY”.

As of February 29, 2024, there were 33 registered holders of record of our common shares. Such numbers do not include beneficial owners holding our securities through nominee names.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common shares to date and do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements, any future debt agreements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of our Board at such time.

The stock performance graph below compares the cumulative total return provided to shareholders of Li-Cycle Holdings Corp.’s common shares relative to the cumulative total returns of the small-cap Russell 2000® Index and Invesco WilderHill Clean Energy ETF. The graph assumes an initial investment of $100 in Li-Cycle and each index as of August 11, 2021 and reinvestment of any dividends. The performance shown on the graph below is not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of our common shares.

The following discussion is a general summary based on present law of certain U.S. federal income tax considerations relevant to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of common shares. This discussion is not a complete description of all tax considerations that may be relevant to a U.S. Holder of common shares; it is not a substitute for tax advice. It applies only to U.S. Holders that will hold common shares as capital assets and use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. In addition, it does not describe all of the U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to a U.S. Holder in light of a U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, including U.S. Holders subject to special rules, such as banks or other financial institutions, insurance companies, tax-exempt entities, dealers, traders in securities that elect to mark-to-market, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, partnerships and other pass-through entities (including S-corporations), U.S. expatriates, persons liable for the alternative minimum tax, persons that directly, indirectly or constructively, own 5% or more of the total combined voting power of the Company’s stock or of the total value of the Company’s equity interests, investors that will hold common shares in connection with a permanent establishment or fixed base outside the United States, or investors that will hold securities as part of a hedge, straddle, conversion, constructive sale or other integrated financial transaction. This summary also does not address U.S. federal taxes other than the income tax (such as estate or gift taxes) or U.S. state and local, or non-U.S. tax laws or considerations. This summary also does not address U.S. federal taxes other than the income tax (such as estate or gift taxes) or U.S. state and local, or non-U.S. tax laws or considerations. This summary also does not address the U.S. federal income tax considerations relevant to the acquisition, holding, disposition or conversion of the KSP Convertible Notes into common shares or the payment of any amount of principal or interest on the KSP Convertible Notes.

As used in this section, “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of common shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes: (i) a citizen or individual resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) a trust subject to the control of one or more U.S. persons and the primary supervision of a U.S. court; or (iv) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source.

The U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in a partnership (or other entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that holds common shares generally will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships that hold common shares should consult their own tax advisors regarding the specific U.S. federal income tax consequences to their partners of the partnership’s ownership and disposition of common shares.

Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company rules,” the gross amount of any distribution of cash or property (other than certain pro rata distributions of ordinary stock) with respect to common shares will be included in a U.S. Holder’s gross income as ordinary income from foreign sources when actually or constructively received. Dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally available to U.S. corporations. Dividends received from a “qualified foreign corporation” by eligible non-corporate U.S. Holders that satisfy a minimum holding period and certain other requirements generally will be taxed at the preferential rate applicable to qualified dividend income. A non-U.S. corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends it pays on shares that are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. U.S. Treasury guidance indicates that shares listed on NYSE will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. There can be no assurance, however, that common shares will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in future years. Non-corporate U.S. holders that do not meet a minimum holding period requirement during which they are not protected from the risk of loss or that elect to treat the dividend income as “investment income” pursuant to Section 163(d)(4) of the Code (dealing with the deduction for investment interest expense) will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation regardless of the Company’s status as a qualified foreign corporation. In addition, the rate reduction will not apply to dividends if the recipient of a dividend is obligated to make related payments with respect to the positions in substantially similar or related property. This disallowance applies even if the minimum holding period has been met. The Company will not constitute a qualified foreign corporation for purposes of these rules if it is a passive foreign investment company for the taxable year in which it pays a dividend or for the preceding taxable year. See “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Dividends paid in a currency other than U.S. dollars will be included in income in a U.S. dollar amount based on the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt, whether or not the currency is converted into U.S. dollars at that time. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the non-U.S. currency will equal the U.S. dollar amount included in income. Any gain or loss realized on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the non-U.S. currency for a different U.S. dollar amount generally will be U.S. source ordinary income or loss. If dividends paid in a currency other than U.S. dollars are converted into U.S. dollars on the day they are received, the U.S. Holder generally will not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income.

Subject to certain conditions and limitations, withholding taxes, if any, on dividends paid by the Company may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability under the U.S. foreign tax credit rules. For purposes of calculating the U.S. foreign tax credit, dividends paid on the — common shares will generally be treated as income from sources outside the United States and will generally constitute passive category income. The rules governing the U.S. foreign tax credit are complex. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the U.S. foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

Dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders generally will be includible in “net investment income” for purposes of the Medicare contribution tax.

Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company rules,” a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss on the sale or other disposition of common shares in an amount equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar value of the amount realized and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the disposed common shares. Any gain or loss generally will be treated as arising from U.S. sources and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period exceeds one year. Long-term capital gains of a non-corporate U.S. Holder is generally taxed at preferential rates. Deductions for capital loss are subject to significant limitations.

It is possible that Canada may impose an income tax upon sale of common shares. Because gains generally will be treated as U.S. source gain, as a result of the U.S. foreign tax credit limitation, any Canadian income tax imposed upon capital gains in respect of common shares may not be currently creditable unless a U.S. Holder has other foreign source income for the year in the appropriate U.S. foreign tax credit limitation basket. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of Canadian taxes to a disposition of common shares and their ability to credit a Canadian tax against their U.S. federal income tax liability.

Capital gains from the sale or other disposition of common shares received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders generally will be includible in “net investment income” for purposes of the Medicare contribution tax.

Based on the composition of the Company’s current gross assets and income and the manner in which the Company expects to operate its business in future years, the Company believes that it should not be classified as a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for its current taxable year and does not expect to be so classified in the foreseeable future. In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year in which, taking into account a pro rata portion of the income and assets of 25% or more owned subsidiaries, either (i) 75% or more of its gross income is passive income, or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets are assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income or which do not produce income. For this purpose, passive income generally includes, among other things and subject to various exceptions, interest, dividends, rents, royalties and gains from the disposition of assets that produce passive income. Whether the Company is a PFIC is a factual determination made annually, and the Company’s status could change depending among other things upon changes in the composition and relative value of its gross receipts and assets. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the Company will not be a PFIC in the current year or in any future taxable year.

If the Company were a PFIC for any taxable year in which a U.S. Holder holds common shares, such U.S. Holder would be subject to additional taxes on any excess distributions and any gain realized from the sale or other taxable disposition of common shares (including certain pledges) regardless of whether the Company continues to be a PFIC. A U.S. Holder will have an excess distribution to the extent that distributions on common shares during a taxable year exceed 125% of the average amount received during the three preceding taxable years (or, if shorter, the US Holder’s holding period). To compute the tax on excess distributions or any gain, (i) the excess distribution or gain is allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period, (ii) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any year before the Company became a PFIC is taxed as ordinary income in the current year and (iii) the amount allocated to other taxable years is taxed at the highest applicable marginal rate in effect for each year and an interest charge is imposed to recover the deemed benefit from the deferred payment of the tax attributable to each year.

If, as is not expected to be the case, the Company were a PFIC for any taxable year in which a U.S. Holder holds common shares, a U.S. Holder may be able to avoid some of the adverse impacts of the PFIC rules described above by electing to mark common shares to market annually. The election is available only if the common shares are considered “marketable stock,” which generally includes stock that is regularly traded in more than de minimis quantities on a qualifying exchange (which includes NYSE). If a U.S. Holder makes the mark-to-market election, any gain from marking common shares to market or from disposing of them would be ordinary income. Any loss from marking common shares to market would be recognized only to the extent of unreversed gains previously included in income. Loss from marking common shares to market would be ordinary, but loss on disposing of them would be capital loss except to the extent of mark-to-market gains previously included in income. No assurance can be given that the common shares will be traded in sufficient frequency and quantity to be considered “marketable stock.” A valid mark-to-market election cannot be revoked without the consent of the IRS unless the common shares cease to be marketable stock.

As an alternative, if the Company were to be treated as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder may avoid the excess distribution rules described above in respect of common shares by electing to treat the Company (for the first taxable year in which the U.S. Holder owns any common shares) and any lower-tier PFIC (for the first taxable year in which the U.S. Holder is treated as owning an equity interest in such lower-tier PFIC) as a “qualified electing fund” (a “QEF”). If a U.S. Holder makes an effective QEF election with respect to the Company (and any lower-tier PFIC), the U.S. Holder will be required to include in gross income each year, whether or not the Company makes distributions, as capital gains, its pro rata share of the Company’s (and such lower-tier PFIC’s) net capital gains and, as ordinary income, its pro rata share of the Company’s (and such lower-tier PFIC’s) net earnings in excess of its net capital gains. U.S. Holders can make a QEF election only if the Company (and each lower-tier PFIC) provides certain information, including the amount of its ordinary earnings and net capital gains determined under U.S. tax principles. The Company has not determined whether it will provide U.S. Holders with this information if it determines that it is a PFIC.

U.S. Holders of common shares should consult their own tax advisors concerning the Company’s possible PFIC status and the consequences to them if the Company were classified as a PFIC for any taxable year.

Dividends on common shares and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of common shares may be reported to the IRS unless the holder is a corporation or otherwise establishes a basis for exemption. Backup withholding tax may apply to amounts subject to reporting. Any amount withheld may be credited against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability subject to certain rules and limitations. U.S. Holders should consult with their own tax advisers regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Certain non-corporate U.S. Holders are required to report information with respect to common shares not held through an account with a domestic financial institution to the IRS. U.S. Holders that fail to report required information could become subject to substantial penalties. Prospective investors are encouraged to consult with their own tax advisors about these and any other reporting obligations arising from their investment in common shares.

The following summary describes the principal Canadian federal income tax considerations under the Income Tax Act (Canada) and the regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Tax Act”), as of the date hereof, that are generally applicable to an investor who acquires as beneficial owner common shares and who, at all relevant times, for the purposes of the Tax Act and any applicable tax treaty or convention: (i) deals at arm’s length with the Company and is not affiliated with the Company; (ii) is not and is not deemed to be resident in Canada; (iii) holds the common shares as capital property; and (iv) does not use or hold, and is not deemed to use or hold, the common shares in connection with, or in the course of carrying on, a business in Canada (a “Non-Canadian Holder”).

Special rules, which are not discussed in this summary, may apply to a Non-Canadian Holder that is an insurer carrying on business in Canada and elsewhere. Such Non-Canadian Holders should consult their own tax advisors.

This summary is based upon the current provisions of the Tax Act in force as of the date hereof and an understanding of the current administrative policies published in writing by the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) prior to the date hereof. This summary also takes into account all specific proposals to amend the Tax Act publicly announced by or on behalf of the Minister of Finance (Canada) prior to the date hereof (the “Proposed Amendments”), and assumes that all Proposed Amendments will be enacted in the form proposed. However, no assurances can be given that the Proposed Amendments will be enacted as proposed, or at all. Except for the Proposed Amendments, this summary does not take into account or anticipate any changes in law or administrative policies, whether by legislative, regulatory, administrative or judicial action or decision, nor does it take into account other federal or any provincial, territorial or foreign tax legislation or considerations, which may be different from those discussed in this summary.

For the purposes of the Tax Act, all amounts expressed in a currency other than Canadian dollars relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of a common share, including dividends, adjusted cost base and proceeds of disposition, must be determined in Canadian dollars using the relevant rate of exchange required under the Tax Act.

Dividends paid or credited, or deemed to be paid or credited, on common shares to a Non-Canadian Holder generally will be subject to Canadian withholding tax. Under the Tax Act, the rate of withholding tax is 25% of the gross amount of such dividends, which rate may be subject to reduction under the provisions of an applicable income tax treaty or convention. A Non-Canadian Holder who is resident in the United States for the purposes of the Canada-United States Tax Convention, fully entitled to the benefits of such convention and the beneficial owner of the dividends, will generally be subject to Canadian withholding tax at a rate of 15% of the gross amount of such dividends.

A Non-Canadian Holder who disposes or is deemed to dispose of a common share in a taxation year will not be subject to tax in Canada, unless the common share is, or is deemed to be, ‘‘taxable Canadian property’’ to the Non-Canadian Holder at the time of disposition and the Non-Canadian Holder is not entitled to relief under an applicable income tax treaty or convention between Canada and the country in which the Non-Canadian Holder is resident.

Provided the common shares are listed on a “designated stock exchange”, as defined in the Tax Act (which currently includes the NYSE), at the time of disposition, the common shares generally will not constitute taxable Canadian property of a Non-Canadian Holder at that time, unless at any time during the 60 month period immediately preceding the disposition the following two conditions are met concurrently: (i) one or any combination of (a) the Non-Canadian Holder, (b) persons with whom the Non-Canadian Holder did not deal at arm’s length, and (c) partnerships in which the Non-Canadian Holder or a person described in (b) holds a membership interest directly or indirectly through one or more partnerships owned 25% or more of the issued shares of any class or series of shares of the Company; and (ii) more than 50% of the fair market value of the common shares was derived directly or indirectly from one or any combination of (a) real or immovable property situated in Canada, (b) “Canadian resource property” (as defined in the Tax Act), (c) “timber resource property” (as defined in the Tax Act), or (d) an option in respect of, an interest in, or for civil law rights in, property described in any of (a) through (c), whether or not such property exists.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, a common share may otherwise be deemed to be taxable Canadian property to a Non-Canadian Holder for purposes of the Tax Act in certain limited circumstances.

Non-Canadian Holders who dispose of common shares that are taxable Canadian property should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the requirement to file a Canadian income tax return in respect of the disposition in their particular circumstances.

Each of the following issuances was made in a transaction not involving a public offering pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act in reliance upon Section 4(a)(2) or Regulation D of the Securities Act.

On February 15, 2021, contemporaneously with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, Subscription Agreements were entered into by and among each PIPE Investor, Peridot, and NewCo, pursuant to which the PIPE Investors agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and Peridot and NewCo agreed for the Company to issue and sell to such PIPE Investors, immediately prior to closing of the Business Combination, an aggregate of 31,549,000 common shares for a purchase price of $10.00 per share for aggregate proceeds of $315,490,000 in the PIPE Financing. The PIPE Financing closed on August 10, 2021.

On September 29, 2021, the Company issued the KSP Convertible Note to Spring Creek Capital, LLC (an affiliate of Koch Strategic Platforms, LLC, being a subsidiary of Koch Investments Group) for a principal amount of $100.0 million to Spring Creek Capital, LLC. Interest on the KSP Convertible Note is payable semi-annually, and Li-Cycle is permitted to pay interest on the KSP Convertible Note in cash or by payment in-kind (“PIK”), at its election. The PIK election results in the issuance of a new note under the same terms as the KSP Convertible Note, issued in lieu of interest payments with an issuance date on the applicable interest date. The Company has elected to pay interest by PIK since the first interest payment date on the KSP Convertible Note of December 31, 2021.

The KSP Convertible Note and the PIK notes issued thereunder are referred to collectively as the “KSP Convertible Notes”, and as at December 31, 2023, comprised the following:

On May 1, 2022, Spring Creek Capital, LLC assigned the KSP Convertible Note and the PIK note outstanding at that time to an affiliate, Wood River Capital, LLC. The principal and accrued interest owing under the KSP Convertible Notes may be converted at any time by the holder into the Company’s common shares, at a per share price equal to $13.43 (the “Conversion Price”). If the closing price per share of the Company’s common shares on the New York Stock Exchange is above $17.46 for 20 consecutive trading days, then the Company may elect to convert the principal and accrued interest owing under the KSP Convertible Notes, plus a make-whole amount equal to the undiscounted interest payments that would have otherwise been payable through maturity (the “Make-Whole Amount”) into the Company’s common shares at the Conversion Price.

For more information about the KSP Convertible Notes, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Obligations—KSP Convertible Notes”.

On May 31, 2022, the Company issued the Glencore Convertible Note for a principal amount of $200.0 million to Glencore Ltd. Interest on the Glencore Convertible Note is payable on a semi-annual basis, either in cash or by PIK, at the Company’s option. The Company has elected to pay interest by PIK since the first interest payment date on the Glencore Convertible Note of November 30, 2022. The Glencore Convertible Note and the PIK notes issued thereunder are referred to collectively as the “Glencore Convertible Notes”, and as at December 31, 2023, comprised the following:

On May 11, 2022, the Company completed the issuance to LGES and LGC of (i) an initial tranche of 4,416,960 common shares, in the aggregate, at a price of $10.00 per share, for an aggregate initial tranche subscription price of approximately $44.2 million, and (ii) a second tranche of 883,392 common shares, in the aggregate, at a price of $6.60 per share (based on the volume-weighted average trading price of the Company’s common shares for the 5-trading days ending immediately prior to April 29, 2022), for an aggregate second tranche subscription price of approximately $5.8 million.

There were no issuer repurchases of equity securities for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) is dated March 15, 2024 and provides information which the management of Li-Cycle Holdings Corp. (the “Company” or “Li-Cycle”) believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of the consolidated results of operations and financial condition of Li-Cycle for the year ended December 31, 2023, the two-month transition period ended December 31, 2022, and the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021. The following MD&A should be read together with the annual consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”).

In addition to historical financial information, this MD&A contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations about the Company's financial condition, results of operations, and industry that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. For more information about forward-looking statements, refer to the section in this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”. Actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors”, and in the section titled “—Key Factors Affecting Li-Cycle’s Performance” below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The risk factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in the section titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” should be carefully read to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company's forward-looking statements.

The Company previously qualified as a “foreign private issuer” under applicable U.S. securities laws and on January 1, 2024, became subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including the requirement to report its financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). As a result, Li-Cycle’s annual consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023, October 31, 2022 and October 31, 2021 and consolidated financial statements for the two-month period ended December 31, 2022, in each case included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. All amounts are in U.S. dollars except as otherwise indicated.

Certain figures, such as interest rates and other percentages included in this MD&A, have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this MD&A have in all cases been calculated on the basis of the amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this MD&A may vary slightly from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in Li-Cycle’s financial statements or in the associated text. Certain other amounts that appear in this MD&A may similarly not sum due to rounding.

Li-Cycle (NYSE: LICY) is a leading global LIB resource recovery company. Established in 2016, and with major customers and partners around the world, Li-Cycle's mission is to recover critical battery-grade materials to create a domestic closed-loop battery supply chain for a clean energy future. The Company’s proprietary “Spoke & Hub” recycling and resource recovery process is designed (a) at its Spokes, or pre-processing facilities, to process battery manufacturing scrap and end-of-life batteries to produce “black mass”, a powder-like substance which contains a number of valuable metals, and other intermediate products, and (b) at its future Hubs, or post-processing facilities, to process black mass to produce critical materials for the lithium-ion battery supply chain, including lithium carbonate. At its Spokes, the Company produces certain other products analogous to black mass that have a similar metal content, and, as a result, the Company tracks its production using a unit of measure called Black Mass & Equivalents or BM&E.

As at December 31, 2023, Li-Cycle had four operational Spokes in North America and Europe, which were located in Rochester, New York (the “New York Spoke”), Gilbert, Arizona (the “Arizona Spoke”), Tuscaloosa, Alabama (the “Alabama Spoke”) and Magdeburg, Germany (the “Germany Spoke”), and was evaluating the continued development of its first commercial-scale Hub in Rochester, New York (the “Rochester Hub”).

On October 23, 2023, the Company announced that it was pausing construction work on its Rochester Hub, due to escalating construction costs, pending completion of a comprehensive review of the project, including an evaluation of the go-forward phasing of its scope and budget, including construction strategy.

Refer to the section entitled “—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy” below and the risk factor “The development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spoke network and other future projects is subject to risks, including with respect to financing, engineering, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that these projects will be resumed, completed in a timely manner or at all, that their costs will not be significantly higher than estimated, that financing will be sufficient to cover costs or escalated costs, or that the completed projects will meet expectations with respect to their productivity or the specifications of their respective end products, among others” in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle's Business” for additional details. Promptly following the October 23, 2023 announcement, and in connection with the comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy of the Rochester Hub project, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) established a Special Committee comprised of certain independent directors (the “Special Committee”) to, among other things, (1) oversee and supervise a strategic review of all or any of the Company’s operations and capital projects including its sales, general and administration functions, and (2) consider financing and other strategic alternatives.

The Special Committee selected Moelis & Company LLC (“Moelis”) and other advisors to assist with exploring financing options to increase the liquidity of Li-Cycle and evaluating financing and other strategic alternatives, as well as to assist the Company with managing short-term liquidity and implementing liquidity generating initiatives. See the section titled “—Key Factors Affecting Li-Cycle's Performance—Financial Condition and Capital Requirements” below for additional details.

On November 1, 2023, the Company initiated the implementation of a cash preservation plan (the "Cash Preservation Plan"), including reducing staffing in its corporate support functions on an ongoing basis, as needed, pausing production at its Ontario Spoke and implementing a plan to manage lower levels of BM&E production and otherwise slow down operations at its remaining operating Spoke locations. The Company expects to continue to pause or slow down operations at its operational Spokes in North America. The Cash Preservation Plan also involves reviewing existing plans for bringing on additional Spoke capacity and taking other steps to preserve the Company’s available cash while pursuing funding alternatives for the Company and continuing to review the go-forward strategy for the Rochester Hub project. Refer to the sections titled “—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy” and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for further discussion.

Until 2020, Li-Cycle was a development stage company with no commercial revenues. To date, Li-Cycle has financed its operations primarily through proceeds received in connection with: (i) the business combination it completed with Peridot Acquisition Corp. on August 10, 2021 (the “Business Combination”); (ii) the concurrent $315.5 million private placement of common shares (the “PIPE Financing”); and (iii) private placements of other Li-Cycle securities (including convertible notes and common shares).

The Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate and including the ones mentioned above, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the Consolidated Financial Statements are issued. Based on its recurring losses from operations since inception and continued cash outflows from operating activities, including funding capital commitments related to the Rochester Hub (all as described below), the Company has concluded that there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the date that the Consolidated Financial Statements are issued. Refer to the section titled “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for definitions and additional details.

On March 11, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement (the "Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Purchase Agreement") to issue a senior secured convertible note in an aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million to an affiliate of Glencore plc (the “Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note”). The issuance and sale of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note is subject to customary closing conditions and the expiration of the ten-day period for required notice to shareholders informing them of the Company’s reliance on the NYSE financial viability exception to the NYSE’s shareholder approval policy, and is expected to close on or about March 25, 2024.

The Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note may result in a change of control of the Company, depending on certain future events including in the event the Company elects to pay interest in-kind and/or if the Glencore Convertible Notes are amended and restated as contemplated by the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Purchase Agreement. Assuming the conversion of the Glencore Convertible Notes and the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note in full on March 25, 2024, the expected issue date of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, Glencore and its affiliates would beneficially own approximately 47.8% of the common shares on an as-converted basis (based on the total number of outstanding common shares as of February 29, 2024). The Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note will also contain a minimum liquidity covenant that will require us to maintain a minimum amount of liquidity to be set at $10.0 million, to be tested monthly. In addition, the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note will also contain a capital expenditure covenant that restricts our ability to make capital expenditures in excess of $2.0 million in any transaction or series of related transactions, subject to certain exceptions.

In connection with the closing of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, the Company will also enter into a side letter agreement, in which it will grant to Glencore the right to nominate two additional directors (the “Glencore Nominees”) to the Board, for a total of three nominees, with the first additional nominee to be identified by Glencore and (subject to customary approvals by the Company) proposed for election at the Company’s annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2024 and the second additional nominee to be proposed (subject to customary approvals by the Company) for election at the Company’s annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2025 or, if earlier, upon the occurrence of a vacancy on the Board, subject to the Company and Glencore mutually agreeing on such second nominee. Both additional Glencore Nominees are not to be related parties of Glencore and its affiliates and are to be independent under applicable Ontario securities laws, as well as SEC and NYSE rules. Both additional nominees will be entitled to payment and indemnification consistent with other non-employee directors and will be eligible for appointment to the committees of the Board. Glencore will agree to cause the Glencore nominated directors to recuse themselves from any meeting, decision or discussion relating to the transaction or related matters.

Refer to the section titled “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for definitions and additional details.

Li-Cycle’s future results of operations and financial position may not be comparable to historical results as a result of the Business Combination, the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub and the Cash Preservation Plan. Refer to the sections titled “—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy”, “—Key Factors Affecting Li-Cycle’s Performance—Financial Condition and Capital Requirements” and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for further discussion.

Li-Cycle included certain projected financial information in the proxy statement/prospectus on Form F-4 dated July 15, 2021 and filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) in connection with the Business Combination (as amended, the “Proxy/Registration Statement”), which information was also incorporated by reference in Li-Cycle’s non-offering final prospectus dated August 10, 2021 filed with the Ontario Securities Commission (the “Canadian Prospectus”) and Shell Company Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC.

Following the date of the effectiveness of the Proxy/Registration Statement and the date of the Canadian Prospectus, in order to meet changes in forecasted demand for LIB recycling, the Company decided to increase and accelerate its investment in the build-out of its recycling capacity in North America and Europe. For example, the Company opened the Arizona Spoke, the Alabama Spoke and the Germany Spoke, and announced the development of other Spoke projects, changing the Company’s previous plans and projections. Li-Cycle also announced the increase of expected processing capacity and development costs at its Rochester Hub, announced plans for a new European Hub, and did not proceed with the developments of Spokes or Hubs in the Asia/Pacific region. As disclosed above, in the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company announced the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub project, commenced a project review and implemented the Cash Preservation Plan. Refer to the sections titled “—Recent Liquidity Developments” and “—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy” for additional details.

As a result of these and other developments, the assumptions underlying the projected financial information included in the Proxy/Registration Statement and the Canadian Prospectus, including a number of assumptions regarding capital expenditures and the timing of the roll-out of new operational facilities, no longer reflect a reasonable basis on which to project the Company’s future results, and therefore those projections should not be relied on as indicative of future results. The Company’s actual results could differ substantially from the projected financial information contained in the Proxy/Registration Statement and the Canadian Prospectus.

As discussed above, on October 23, 2023, the Company announced that it was pausing construction work on its Rochester Hub project, pending completion of a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy for the project. The initial plan for the Rochester Hub was to process black mass to produce battery grade materials, including lithium carbonate, nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate.

The pause in construction was due to escalating costs and the expectation that aggregate costs to complete the existing scope of the project would exceed the previously disclosed budget of $560.0 million. Prior to the construction pause, commissioning of the Rochester Hub project had been expected to commence in late 2023.

The Company has undertaken a comprehensive review of escalating costs associated with the Rochester Hub project. The findings indicate that the escalating costs were related to, among other items, direct and indirect construction costs associated with the installation of mechanical equipment, piping, structural steel, electrical wiring and cabling, and instrumentation devices. In addition, labor costs were impacted by a labor rate escalation across all construction trades due to competition for construction resources from other large construction projects. Furthermore, the Company experienced delays in planned project financing and challenges in closing its anticipated building leasing arrangements for the process buildings and warehouse for the Rochester Hub, due to complexities in bringing them together with the planned project financing, which also resulted in increased costs. As a result, the Company funded the construction costs of the process buildings and warehouse from cash on hand, leading to lower than planned cash balances.

As part of the comprehensive review, the Company is examining the scope, expected capital cost, financing, timing of completion and go-forward construction strategy options for the Rochester Hub project. The Company has been conducting an internal technical and economic review of the Rochester Hub project to assess a possible change in the project development strategy. In November 2023, the Company considered a phased approach to the Rochester Hub project, which included an option to produce intermediate battery metal products such as mixed hydroxide precipitate (“MHP”), containing nickel, cobalt, and manganese. Based on its internal analysis following the pause in construction work on the Rochester Hub, which was subject to a number of assumptions, the Company estimated at the time that the revised project costs could be in the range of approximately $850.0 million to approximately $1.0 billion depending on the scope of the Rochester Hub project selected. This estimated range included the cost of the process buildings and warehouse for the Rochester Hub of approximately $140.0 million, which were previously the subject of the anticipated building leasing arrangements noted above which the Company is no longer pursuing.

The Company has since focused its technical review on constructing, commissioning, and operating only those process areas needed to produce two key products: lithium carbonate and MHP (the “MHP scope”). The construction, commissioning and operating costs for process areas associated with production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate, as originally planned for the Rochester Hub, have not been included in the internal technical review and there are no current plans that include production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate. However, the areas dedicated to the production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate would be left intact under the MHP scope, to allow for the potential construction, completion, and integration of these areas in the future, although no such plans are contemplated at this time. The Company’s technical review confirmed the technical viability of the MHP process and allows the project to proceed on a schedule aligned with the Company's current expectations regarding the timing and evolution of the battery recycling and EV markets, subject to obtaining required permits, regulatory approvals, if needed and additional financing. The Company is continuing to develop a more detailed analysis of the MHP scope, and it is developing its financing strategy in line with the revised MHP scope. The Company will require significant additional funding before restarting the Rochester Hub project, on the basis of the MHP scope or otherwise.

As part of the internal technical review, the Company has conducted an engineering study internally to assess the cost to complete (“CTC”) the Rochester Hub project under the MHP scope. The Company's current estimate of the CTC is approximately $508.0 million, including $115.0 million of costs incurred but not yet paid as of December 31, 2023. Taking into account total cash spend of $452.2 million as of December 31, 2023, the revised estimated project cost of the Rochester Hub project is approximately $960.2 million for the MHP scope. The increase in estimated project costs as compared to the prior range of approximately $850.0 million to approximately $1.0 billion that included the expected production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate from November 2023 is primarily due to further refinement of the methodology used for estimating the project cost based on an MHP scope and the cost required to complete the MHP project. If in the future the Company decides to shift to a project scope that includes the production of nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate, or any other changes to the MHP scope, then the estimated project costs would be higher. However, the Company currently has not completed and does not have plans to complete an evaluation of estimated project costs for such a project scope at this time.

The CTC estimate for the MHP scope is based solely upon the internal technical review, is subject to a number of assumptions, including refining detailed engineering, procurement, construction activities engineering, procurement and construction activities, including the cost of labor and is likely to change as the Company continues to complete its comprehensive review work, including re-engaging and re-bidding construction subcontracts. In addition to the CTC, the Company will incur costs during the construction pause between October 23, 2023 to the potential project re-start date, which the Company expects to fund with current cash and required additional interim funding.

The Company will also incur other costs such as working capital, commissioning and ramp-up costs and financing costs which will be included in the full funding solution. The Company is actively exploring financing options focused on addressing the Company’s immediate liquidity needs. Refer to the sections titled “—Recent Liquidity Developments” and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further discussion.

As at December 31, 2023, the Company has incurred total costs of $567.2 million on the project, comprised of total cash spend of $452.2 million and costs incurred but not yet paid of $115.0 million. Total costs incurred also includes the contribution for the construction of process buildings and warehouse of $96.7 million. In addition, certain contractors, subcontractors, consultants and suppliers (together, the “lienors”) have filed purported mechanic’s liens against the Company’s interests in certain properties in New York State, under New York Lien Law, given alleged delays in making payments to those lienors. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business—The development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spoke network and other future projects is subject to risks, including with respect to financing, engineering, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that these projects will be resumed, completed in a timely manner or at all, that their costs will not be significantly higher than estimated, that financing will be sufficient to cover costs or escalated costs, or that the completed projects will meet expectations with respect to their productivity or the specifications of their respective end products, among others” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In view of the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub project, the Company has slowed operations at its North American and European Spokes by pausing operations at the Ontario Spoke and slowing operations at its New York, Arizona and Alabama Spokes on an ongoing basis, as it continues to review the timing and BM&E needs of the Rochester Hub. The Company expects to continue to pause or slow down operations at its operational Spokes in North America. The Company is also re-evaluating its strategy for bringing on additional Spoke and Hub capacity in the near-term, specifically:

•Germany Spoke (Expansion Deferred): Line 1 capacity of 10,000 tonnes per year was operationalized in August 2023. The Company had previously announced that Line 2 capacity of 10,000 tonnes per year and ancillary capacity of 10,000 tonnes per year were expected to be built by the end of 2023. These plans have been deferred to 2024.

•France Spoke (Project Paused): The Company had expected to start constructing the France Spoke in 2023 and to commence operations in 2024. This Generation 3 Spoke was expected to have a main line recycling capacity of 10,000 tonnes per year, with optionality to expand to up to 25,000 tonnes per year. The timing of this Spoke is under review as part of the go-forward strategy.

•Norway Spoke (Project Paused): The Company had expected to use its leased facility in Norway initially as a warehouse to support the Germany Spoke operations and then start Spoke operations there in 2024. These plans and the timing of the Norway Spoke are being re-evaluated as part of the go-forward strategy.

•Ontario Spoke (Operations Paused): The Company had planned on replacing the existing Ontario Spoke in 2023 with an expanded Generation 3 Spoke and warehouse facility. The replacement plans for this Spoke have been postponed indefinitely as part of the go-forward strategy.

•Other Spoke Development Projects (Project Paused): The Company had previously disclosed that it was undertaking a site selection process for a potential new Spoke in Hungary. These plans have been suspended and will be reviewed as part of the go-forward strategy.

•Planned Portovesme Hub Project (Project Paused): In May 2023, the Company announced it had signed a letter of intent with Glencore International AG, a wholly owned subsidiary of Glencore plc (“Glencore”), to jointly study the feasibility of, and later, develop a Hub facility in Portovesme, Italy (the “Planned Portovesme Hub”) to produce critical battery materials. The Planned Portovesme Hub would repurpose part of the existing Glencore metallurgical complex, which would enable what we expect would be a cost-efficient and expedited development plan. Work on the definitive feasibility study (“DFS”) for the Planned Portovesme Hub project has been paused and the project is currently under review with Glencore as well as with the Company as part of the go-forward strategy.

As previously announced, the Company entered into a conditional commitment with the DOE Loan Programs Office for a loan for gross proceeds of up to $375.0 million through the DOE’s Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing program. Subsequent to the announcement of the pause in construction of the Rochester Hub, the Company has continued to work closely with the DOE on the conditional commitment for a loan. As part of this process, the Company and the DOE are focused on reviewing the potential MHP scope as well as key financial, technical and legal work streams. There can be no assurances that the process, as outlined above, will not affect the amount of the DOE Loan commitment, the amount of the additional financing required by the Company to fund a required base equity commitment in order to draw down on the DOE Loan, the amount of deductions from any potential DOE Loan proceeds, such as capitalized interest and other items, the conditions to drawing on the DOE Loan, other potential terms of the DOE Loan or that the DOE Loan will close and the Company will receive any funding.

There are no assurances that the closing of the DOE Loan will yield the maximum amount of expected gross proceeds, and furthermore, that any financing would be sufficient to complete the Rochester Hub.

On November 1, 2023, the Company initiated the implementation of the Cash Preservation Plan while the Company explores strategic alternatives as well as financing options to increase the liquidity of Li-Cycle. As a result of this plan, the Company took steps to significantly reduce its workforce, slowed operations at its North American and European Spoke network, including a pause in production at its Ontario Spoke, and reduced other non-operational spending. Together, these steps resulted in cash savings on payroll costs of approximately $1.0 million and incurred severance costs of approximately $1.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2023. Following these initial steps, the Company continues to assess further cost reduction opportunities including further downsizing in operations. Based on our go-forward strategic objectives and the Cash Preservation Plan, we expect to further right-size and right-shape our organization, including taking additional steps in the near term to significantly reduce the workforce and we continue to evaluate other measures to reduce costs and expects the results from the Cash Preservation Plan to deliver lower cash flows used in operating activities. Refer to the section titled “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for further discussion.

Certain payments to contractors and suppliers of the Company have been delayed as a result of the Cash Preservation Plan and management has actively engaged with contractors and suppliers to the Rochester Hub project to negotiate mutually agreeable payment plans. In addition, certain contractors, subcontractors, consultants and other suppliers (together, the “lienors”) have filed purported mechanic’s liens against the Company’s interests in certain properties in New York State, under New York Lien Law, given alleged delays in making payments to those lienors. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business—The development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spoke network and other future projects is subject to risks, including with respect to financing, engineering, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that these projects will be resumed, completed in a timely manner or at all, that their costs will not be significantly higher than estimated, that financing will be sufficient to cover costs or escalated costs, or that the completed projects will meet expectations with respect to their productivity or the specifications of their respective end products, among others” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company believes that its performance and future success is dependent on multiple factors that present significant opportunities for Li-Cycle, but also pose significant risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors”.

In light of Li-Cycle's liquidity position and anticipated funding requirements, the Special Committee engaged Moelis to assist with exploring financing options and strategic alternatives. There can be no assurance that Li-Cycle will be successful in closing the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment or identifying and implementing any further financing option or strategic alternative. The Company will require a significant amount of financing in addition to the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note in order to meet its funding needs. The process of evaluating these options is costly, time-consuming and complex. Li-Cycle has incurred, and may in the future incur, significant costs related to this evaluation, as well as additional unanticipated expenses. A considerable portion of these costs have been and will continue to be incurred regardless of whether any such course of action is implemented, or any transaction is completed, including with respect to the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment. Any such costs will decrease the remaining cash available for use in Li-Cycle’s business. Any delays in this process will cause Li-Cycle’s cash balance to continue to deplete, which could make it less attractive as a counterparty. The continued review of Li-Cycle’s options may also create continued uncertainty for its employees, including as a result of the past and future reductions in workforce, including additional steps that the Company expects to take in the near-term to significantly reduce the workforce based on our go-forward strategic objectives and the Cash Preservation Plan to right-size and right-shape our organization and this uncertainty may adversely affect its ability to retain key employees necessary to maintain its ongoing operations or to execute any potential financing or a strategic transaction. In addition, a strategic alternative process can require a significant amount of management and other employee’s time and focus, which diverts attention from operating the business. The failure to achieve some or all of the expected benefits of the financing options and strategic alternatives review, could have a material adverse effect on Li-Cycle's competitive position, business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Further, the market capitalization of Li-Cycle has sharply declined since the announcement of the construction pause on the Rochester Hub project on October 23, 2023. As a result, there is a risk that minimal or no value will be assessed on Li-Cycle’s assets by potential counterparties, and that Li-Cycle may not be able to complete any transaction before its cash position is reduced such that it will need to terminate operations or dissolve and liquidate its assets under applicable bankruptcy laws or otherwise.

Any financing or other strategic transaction that Li-Cycle may consummate in the future could harm the business, operating results and financial condition and there can be no assurances that any financing or strategic transaction, including the closing of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment, will lead to increased shareholder value or achieve any of the anticipated results. If Li-Cycle is successful in completing any financing or other strategic alternative, including the expected issuance of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, it may still be subject to other operational and financial risks, including but not limited to, increased near-term and long-term expenditures; higher than expected financing or other strategic transaction costs; the incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities to fund future operations; write-downs of assets; impairment of relationships with key suppliers or customers due to changes in structure, management or ownership; the inability to retain key employees; and the cost of litigation. Furthermore, any additional financing may be insufficient to provide liquidity for ongoing operations, fund the Company’s future growth or capital projects, including the Rochester Hub or otherwise satisfy any of the Company’s funding needs, and additional financing may have restrictive covenants that significantly limit the Company’s operating and financial flexibility or its ability to obtain future financing.

See the risk factors entitled “Li-Cycle has a history of losses and expects to incur significant expenses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or sustain profitability,” “There is substantial doubt about Li-Cycle’s ability to continue as a going concern” and “There can be no assurance that the Cash Preservation Plan or the efforts to pursue financing options or strategic alternatives will achieve any of the intended results” in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business” for additional details.

Most of our development and growth projects are currently paused. However, any development and growth projects that Li-Cycle undertook in the past and may undertake in the future have been and may continue to be subject to execution and capital cost risks, including, but not limited to, risks relating to regulatory approvals; financing and availability of financing; cost escalations; cash flow constraints; construction delays; supply chain constraints; skilled labor and capital constraints; mechanics and other liens; cost reduction plans and strategic reviews. Li-Cycle has experienced escalating costs for the Rochester Hub project, which resulted in pausing construction work on its Rochester Hub project since October 2023, pending completion of a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy for the project. The occurrence of these risks has had a material and adverse impact on Li-Cycle, its liquidity and financial condition, its ability to operate, its workforce and its cash flows.

Li-Cycle incurred a net loss of $138.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a net income of $1.6 million for the two months ended December 31, 2022, and net losses of $50.3 million for the year ended October 31, 2022, and a loss of $70.5 million for the year ended October 31, 2021. Li-Cycle expects to incur net losses in the future and may never achieve or sustain profitability. Net losses have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on working capital, total assets and shareholders’ equity. We have determined under ASC 205 – Presentation of financial statements, that there is a substantial doubt regarding Li-Cycle’s ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to obtain the necessary financing to meet our obligations and repay our liabilities arising from the ordinary course of business operations when they become due. In addition, Li-Cycle’s lithium-ion battery recycling operations are capital-intensive. While we have implemented the Cash Preservation Plan in order to reduce expenses and slow cash outflows and have been evaluating financing and strategic alternatives, the outcome of these initiatives cannot be predicted with any certainty at this time. There are no assurances that Li-Cycle will be able to address its liquidity needs, including by raising sufficient capital when needed and may therefore need to significantly modify or terminate operations or dissolve and liquidate its assets under applicable bankruptcy laws or otherwise.

As a result of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the current status of Li-Cycle’s business, even if Li-Cycle is able to address its liquidity needs, Li-Cycle is unable to predict if it will become profitable or maintain profitability. For additional risks, see the risk factor titled “Li-Cycle has a history of losses and expects to incur significant expenses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or sustain profitability” in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Item 1A.

Risk Factors”. Li-Cycle’s inability to achieve, and then maintain, profitability would negatively impact its business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

The Company’s ability to satisfy claims of all its creditors in full is uncertain. Current assets were $149.0 million and current liabilities were $156.7 million as of December 31, 2023. Additional losses have been incurred since December 31, 2023 and Li-Cycle expects to incur additional expenses in connection with any future financing or strategic alternative transaction or process and site maintenance costs at the Rochester Hub and general business operations. The Company will incur costs during the construction pause on the Rochester Hub between October 23, 2023 to the potential project re-start date, which the Company expects to fund with current cash and required additional interim funding. In addition, certain payments to contractors and suppliers of the Company have been delayed as a result of the Cash Preservation Plan and management has actively engaged with contractors and suppliers to the Rochester Hub project to negotiate mutually agreeable payment plans. Certain contractors, subcontractors, consultants and suppliers (together, the “lienors”) have also filed purported mechanic’s liens against the Company’s interests in certain properties in New York State, under New York Lien Law, given alleged delays in making payments to those lienors. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business—The development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spoke network and other future projects is subject to risks, including with respect to financing, engineering, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that these projects will be resumed, completed in a timely manner or at all, that their costs will not be significantly higher than estimated, that financing will be sufficient to cover costs or escalated costs, or that the completed projects will meet expectations with respect to their productivity or the specifications of their respective end products, among others” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Li-Cycle has also incurred and expects to continue to incur significant expenses relating to advisors hired to assist the Company with managing short-term liquidity and implementing liquidity generating initiatives. No assurances can be given that Li-Cycle will be able to pay its creditors in full or that Li-Cycle will not be subject to additional expenses and liabilities in addition to its current expectations.

On October 31, 2023, the Board authorized a reduction in workforce plan across Li-Cycle (the "Workforce Reduction plan"). Under our Cash Preservation Plan, the Company expects to take additional steps in the near-term to further significantly reduce its workforce. Following the Workforce Reduction plan and considering the expectation of further significant reductions in force based on the Company’s strategic objectives and the Cash Preservation Plan to right-size and right-shape our organization, Li-Cycle cannot provide any assurance that it will be able to retain adequate staffing levels among its remaining workforce. If employees who were not affected by any reduction in force seek alternative employment, this could require the Company to seek contractor support at unplanned additional expense or otherwise harm our productivity. Furthermore, the loss or transition of members of its senior management or inability to retain key employees could adversely affect its business. Li-Cycle’s success depends on the skills, experience, and performance of its employees, including its senior management.

Notwithstanding the role of the Special Committee in supervising a strategic review of the Company's operations and capital projects, and considering financing and other strategic alternatives, Li-Cycle’s executive officers and directors have a significant stake in the Company and are likely to have influence over any critical decisions relating to Li-Cycle. Li-Cycle’s executive officers and directors beneficially own, directly or indirectly, approximately 22% of the Company’s outstanding common shares as of February 29, 2024. As a result, such individuals are likely to continue to have a significant influence in determining any matters submitted to the shareholders for approval, and to have significant influence in the management and affairs of the Company. The interests of the officers and directors may differ from the interests of other shareholders of Li-Cycle due to various factors.

The price of Li-Cycle’s common shares has been and could remain volatile, and the market price of common shares may decrease. From March 1, 2023 to February 29, 2024, the market price of Li-Cycle’s common shares has fluctuated from a high of $6.10 per share to a low of $0.36 per share. In addition, following the announcement of the pause on the Rochester Hub project on October 23, 2023, the market capitalization of Li-Cycle declined sharply and several shareholder actions were commenced against the Company. See Note 23 (Commitments and Contingencies) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. These shareholder actions could result in substantial cost to the Company, divert management’s attention and resources and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On December 20, 2023, we received a written notice from the NYSE (the “Trading Standards Notice”) that we are not in compliance with the continued listing standards set forth in Rule 802.01C of the NYSE Manual because the average closing price of our common shares over a consecutive 30 trading-day period was less than $1.00. Pursuant to Rule 802.01C, we have a period of six months following the receipt of the Trading Standards Notice to regain compliance with the minimum average closing price requirement. We notified the NYSE within 10 business days of receipt of the Trading Standards Notice of our intent to cure the deficiency. The Trading Standards Notice has no immediate impact on the listing of our common shares, subject to our continued compliance with the NYSE’s other continued listing requirements.

The shareholder rights plan, which was adopted by the Board on October 31, 2023 and amended on March 11, 2024, could make an acquisition of the Company, which may be beneficial to its shareholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove the current members of the Board and management.

Li-Cycle is reliant on obtaining lithium-ion batteries and battery manufacturing scrap for recycling at its Spokes through its contracts with third-party suppliers. The Company maintains commercial contracts with leaders in the EV and LIB ecosystem, including battery manufacturers and automotive original equipment manufacturers, as well as energy storage, consumer electronics and transportation companies. Li-Cycle’s cash flows are premised on the expectation that it will attract new suppliers by differentiating itself based on the sustainability of its process and the robustness of its technology, which in turn will enable Li-Cycle to offer competitive terms to suppliers.

There can be no assurance that Li-Cycle will attract new suppliers or expand its supply pipeline from existing suppliers, or that its relationship, including payment terms, with current suppliers will not continue to be adversely affected as a result of the current status of its business, the Company's ability to make timely payments to suppliers and any decline in supply volume from existing suppliers or an inability to source new supplier relationships could have a negative impact on Li-Cycle’s results of operations and financial condition.

Li-Cycle currently recognizes revenue from, among other things, sales of two intermediate products produced at Li-Cycle’s Spokes: Black Mass & Equivalents and shredded metal. If the Rochester Hub becomes operational on the basis of the MHP scope, and Li-Cycle starts processing black mass internally, Li-Cycle expects to recognize revenue from the sale of critical battery materials such as lithium carbonate and MHP. Refer to the section entitled “—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy” above for further details. The demand for Li-Cycle’s recycling services and products is driven in part by the demand for EVs (including automobiles, e-bikes, scooters, buses and trucks) and other energy storage systems. A decline in the adoption rate of EVs, or a decline in the support by governments for “green” energy technologies could reduce the demand for Li-Cycle’s recycling services and products.

Li-Cycle relies on a limited number of customers from whom it generates most of its revenue. Li-Cycle has entered into two agreements with Traxys North America LLC (“Traxys”) covering the off-take of black mass from its Spokes in North America and certain specialty products from the Rochester Hub. Refer to the subsection titled “Diversified In-Take and Off-Take Commercial Contracts - Off-Take Commercial Contracts for Black Mass and Battery Grade Materials” in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Item 1. Business”. Li-Cycle has also entered into additional off-take agreements with Glencore, covering substantially all of its other Spoke and Hub products. If the Company or its off-take partners are unwilling or unable to fulfil their respective contractual obligations, if either party fails to perform under the relevant contract, or if these off-take partners otherwise terminate these agreements prior to their expiration, the Company’s business could suffer and Li-Cycle may not be able to find other off-take partners on similar or more favorable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition.

The prices that Li-Cycle pays for battery feedstock for its Spokes, and the revenue that Li-Cycle recognizes from the sale of Black Mass & Equivalents and shredded metal produced at Li-Cycle’s Spokes, are impacted by the commodity prices for the metals contained in those battery feedstocks or products, notably nickel, cobalt, lithium and copper. As a result, fluctuations in the prices of these commodities affect Li-Cycle’s costs and revenues. If the Rochester Hub becomes operational on the basis of the MHP scope, and Li-Cycle starts processing black mass internally, Li-Cycle expects to recognize revenue from the sale of critical battery materials such as lithium carbonate. The amount of revenue that Li-Cycle will recognize from the sale of these Hub products will also be impacted by the commodity prices for the metals contained in these Hub products, notably lithium, nickel, cobalt, and copper.

While Li-Cycle’s costs and revenues may vary with commodity prices and specialty product prices, the Company believes the range of end products that Li-Cycle expects to produce will result in a diversification effect that will provide it with a natural hedge against significant variations in the commodity pricing related to a single product.

Li-Cycle’s future growth and profitability is dependent on its ability to scale the business, and build out additional facilities in North America and internationally. Prior to the pause on the Rochester Hub project and the implementation of the Cash Preservation Plan, Li-Cycle had operational Spokes in Kingston, Ontario, Rochester, New York, Gilbert, Arizona and Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and was advancing the construction of its first commercial Hub, in Rochester, New York. Li-Cycle had also opened its first European Spoke, in Germany, and had announced plans for its first European Hub in partnership with Glencore in Portovesme, Italy.

Following the pause on the Rochester Hub project on October 23, 2023, as part of the Cash Preservation Plan, the Company executed a Workforce Reduction plan across the organization, paused production at its Ontario Spoke, reduced levels of BM&E production at its remaining operating Spokes in North America and suspended the development of certain Spoke projects, among other actions and expects to take similar actions in the future. The Company is currently conducting a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy of its business and there can be no assurance that any resulting strategy will result in Li-Cycle growing or achieving profitability, even assuming that it is first successful in identifying and implementing any financing option or strategic alternatives to address its liquidity issues, including the issuance of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note. Even if the development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub and full operations at its Spoke network and other future projects were able to resume, which is uncertain and may not occur in part or at all, all such projects and operations will continue to be subject to risks, including engineering, financing and availability of financing, permitting, procurement, contracting, construction, commissioning, staffing and ramp-up, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that these projects will be completed within expected timeframes or at all, that costs will not be significantly higher than estimated, that it will have sufficient capital to cover any increased costs or that the completed projects will meet expectations with respect to their production rates, unit costs or specifications of their end products, among others. Refer to the section entitled “—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy” and the risk factor “The development of Li-Cycle’s Rochester Hub, Spoke network and other future projects is subject to risks, including with respect to financing, engineering, permitting, procurement, construction, commissioning and ramp-up, and Li-Cycle cannot guarantee that these projects will be resumed, completed in a timely manner or at all, that their costs will not be significantly higher than estimated, that financing will be sufficient to cover costs or escalated costs, or that the completed projects will meet expectations with respect to their productivity or the specifications of their respective end products, among others.” in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Li-Cycle’s Business” for additional details.

Li-Cycle’s operations, costs and timelines may be affected by global economic or geopolitical conditions, including recessions, slow economic growth, economic and pricing instability, inflation levels, increase of interest rates and credit market volatility, all of which could impact demand in the worldwide transportation industries or otherwise have a material adverse effect on Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition. For example, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the war in the Middle East have and may continue to disrupt the global supply chain. Shortages, price increases and/or delays in shipments of supplies, equipment and raw materials have occurred and may continue to occur in the future which may result in increased operational or construction costs or operational or construction slowdowns. Inflation can also adversely affect us by increasing the costs of labor, materials and other costs required to manage and grow our business. This may affect our capital projects, including the Rochester Hub project, which could increase our capital costs, and our Spoke operations, which could reduce our profit margins and returns. In addition, inflation is often accompanied by higher interest rates. The potential impact of high interest rates and the uncertainty regarding future rate increases, may increase uncertainty and volatility in the global financial markets. In addition, the possibility of high inflation and an extended economic downturn could reduce our ability to incur debt or access capital and adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. If current global market and political conditions continue or worsen, Li-Cycle’s business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Li-Cycle continues to conduct R&D centered on various aspects of its business at reduced levels while the Company conducts a comprehensive review of its go-forward strategy.

On December 31, 2022, the Board approved a change of the Company’s fiscal year end from October 31 to December 31 to better align with peer group companies. The change resulted in a transition period of November 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022. The Company has calculated the income statement for the year ended December 31, 2022 and has provided a comparison to the year ended December 31, 2023. A comparison of the two months ended December 31, 2022 to the two months ended December 31, 2021 has also been provided. The calculated income statement was derived as follows:

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1Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and does not have a standardized meaning under U.S. GAAP. Refer to the section titled “Non-GAAP Reconciliations and Supplementary Information” below, including a reconciliation to comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures.

Li-Cycle recognizes revenue from: (i) sales of intermediate products from Li-Cycle’s Spokes, being Black Mass & Equivalents, and shredded metal; and (ii) providing services relating to recycling of LIB, which includes coordination of logistics and recycling and destruction of batteries.

Sales of intermediate products are presented net of fair value gains or losses recognized in the period. Refer to the section titled “—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” below for additional details on the Company’s revenue recognition policy.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, revenue was $18.3 million, compared to $16.5 million in the corresponding period of 2022. The Company’s revenue is impacted by the market price for certain constituent metals contained in its products, notably cobalt and nickel. The primary driver of the increase in revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 was an increase in Recycling service revenue partially offset by changes in fair value pricing adjustments. Recycling service revenue increased by 338% between 2022 and 2023, driven by new service contracts entered during the period, including recycling service arrangements for damaged, defective, and recalled batteries. Product revenue increased by 10% between 2022 and 2023, driven by a higher-value product sales mix partially offset by a decrease in market prices of cobalt and nickel in 2023 compared to 2022. Sales of Black Mass & Equivalents were 4,324 tonnes for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, compared to 4,192 tonnes in the corresponding period of 2022. Revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 was impacted by unfavorable fair value pricing adjustments of $5.3 million, compared to unfavorable adjustments of $1.1 million in the corresponding period of 2022, driven by decreasing cobalt and nickel prices in the period.

For the two months ended December 31, 2022, revenue was $5.9 million, compared to $2.8 million in the corresponding period of 2021. Sales of Black Mass & Equivalents were 756 tonnes in the two months ended December 31, 2022, compared to 427 tonnes in the corresponding period of 2021. The increase in Product revenue for the two months ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to increased production of BM&E, directly related to the ramp up of operations at the Company’s Spoke facilities, and an expanded customer base. The ramp up of operations included the Arizona Spoke, which came online in May 2022, and the Alabama Spoke, which came online in October 2022. For the two months ended December 31, 2022, revenue was positively impacted by fair value pricing adjustments of $2.3 million, compared to $1.2 million in the corresponding period of 2021, driven by increasing nickel prices partially offset by a decline in cobalt prices.

For the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, revenue was $13.4 million, compared to $7.3 million in the corresponding period of 2021. Sales of Black Mass & Equivalents were 3,679 for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, compared to 1,824 tonnes in the corresponding period of 2021. Product revenue and Recycling service revenue for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 represented an increase of 140% when compared to the prior period. The increase in Product revenue for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to increased production of BM&E, directly related to the ramp up of operations at the Company’s Spoke facilities. The ramp up of operations included the Arizona Spoke, which came online in the second half of the fiscal year, and the Alabama Spoke, which came online in October 2022. Revenue for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 was impacted by unfavorable fair value pricing adjustments of $2.2 million, compared to favorable adjustments of $0.8 million in the corresponding period of 2021, driven by decreasing cobalt and nickel prices in the twelve months ended October 31, 2022.

The following tables set out the period end and period average commodity prices for cobalt and nickel:

As of December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and October 31, 2022, there were 2,313, 4,428, and 4,202 metric tonnes of Black Mass & Equivalents subject to fair value pricing adjustments, respectively. Depending on the contractual terms, the BM&E could take up to 12 months to settle after shipment. The table below shows the expected settlement dates for the metric tonnes of BM&E subject to fair value price adjustments for these periods:

The costs comprising cost of sales are grouped into three categories. Variable costs such as raw materials consumed, parts, tools and consumables, repairs and maintenance at an operating Spoke are capitalized to BM&E and shredded metal inventory produced during the period. Fixed costs such as labor, depreciation, lease costs and utilities at an operating Spoke are capitalized to BM&E and shredded metal inventory based on the Spoke’s utilization rate for the period. The fixed and variable costs capitalized to inventory are recognized as expenses when finished goods inventory is sold. All other costs relating to cost of sales, including fixed overhead not capitalized to inventory, costs from sourcing, Spoke administration, operating costs for production assets under construction and any other operating costs not directly related to the production of BM&E or shredded metal are expensed as incurred. Cost of sales - Recycling service revenue includes the cost of battery materials acquired with the service contract. Other costs related to product conversion are included in Cost of sales - Product revenue.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, cost of sales was $81.8 million, $26.6 million higher than in the corresponding period in 2022. Variable and fixed costs related to BM&E and shredded metal products sold in the period were $29.1 million, compared to $23.2 million in 2022. The increase was due to increases in raw material acquisition costs and other production costs. Fixed and other costs for the Spoke network expensed in the period were $34.9 million, compared to $16.9 million in 2022. Li-Cycle’s Spoke network expanded between 2022 and 2023, with the Arizona Spoke and the Alabama Spoke operating for the full year and the German Spoke commencing operations in the second half of 2023. As a result of this expansion, Spoke costs including personnel costs, leases, and depreciation increased compared to the prior year. Fixed and other costs for the Rochester Hub expensed as incurred in the period were $7.4 million, compared to $2.6 million in 2022. Prior to the construction pause and comprehensive review of the Rochester Hub project, Li-Cycle hired operations personnel and incurred costs in anticipation of the Hub commissioning. The balance of $10.4 million in cost of sales for 2023, compared to $12.5 million for 2022, included overhead costs required for operations but not allocated to a specific Spoke, costs from Spokes in development and changes in inventory provisions.

For the two months ended December 31, 2022, cost of sales was $10.8 million, $6.8 million higher than in the corresponding period in 2021. Variable and fixed costs related to BM&E and shredded metal products sold in the period were $4.5 million, compared to $1.7 million in 2021. The increase was due to increases in raw material acquisition costs and other production costs, as well a 77% increase in quantity of BM&E and shredded metal products sold. Fixed and other costs for the Spoke network in the period were $3.7 million, compared to $1.1 million in 2021. Li-Cycle’s Spoke network expanded between 2021 and 2022, with the Company operating four Spokes in the two months ended December 31, 2022 compared to two Spokes in the corresponding period in 2021.

As a result of this expansion, Spoke costs including personnel costs, leases, and depreciation increased in the two months ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period. The balance of $2.6 million in cost of sales for two months ended December 31, 2022, compared to $1.2 million for the corresponding period in 2021, included overhead costs required for operations but not allocated to a specific Spoke, costs from Spokes in development, Rochester Hub costs and changes in inventory provisions.

For the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, cost of sales was $48.4 million, $35.1 million higher than in the corresponding period in 2021. Variable and fixed costs related to BM&E and shredded metal products sold in the period were $20.4 million, compared to $8.4 million in 2021, due to escalating raw materials and other production costs, as well a 102% increase in quantity of BM&E and shredded metal products sold. Fixed and other costs for the Spoke network in the period were $13.0 million in 2022, compared to $2.9 million in 2021. Li-Cycle’s Spoke network expanded between 2021 and 2022, with the Arizona Spoke and the Alabama Spoke commencing operations during the period. As a result of this expansion, Spoke costs including personnel costs, leases, and depreciation increased in the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period. Due to the escalating raw material costs as well as increased inventory levels in the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, incurred costs exceeded the net realizable value of BM&E, leading to inventory provisions expense of $6.1 million in 2022, compared to $0.1 million in 2021. Fixed and other costs for the Rochester Hub expensed as incurred in the period were $2.1 million compared to $0.2 million in 2021, as Li-Cycle began to hire operations personnel and incur costs in anticipation of Rochester Hub commissioning. The balance of $6.8 million in cost of sales for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, compared to $1.7 million in cost of sales for 2021, was comprised primarily of overhead costs required for operations but not allocated to a specific Spoke and costs from Spokes in development.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, selling, general and administrative expenses were $93.4 million, $12.1 million higher than in the corresponding period in 2022. The change was driven by personnel costs, which increased by $8.7 million in the period. Prior to the construction pause at the Rochester Hub and the implementation of the Workforce Reduction plan, the Company increased its headcount during 2023, to support the expanding Spoke network, capital projects, and corporate requirements. Additionally, the Company experienced increased costs of $7.3 million related to insurance, IT expenses, professional fees and leases, to support organizational growth. Depreciation and fixed asset write downs/offs also increased by $4.3 million between 2022 and 2023. The Company also incurred one-time severance and other headcount reduction costs in 2023 as a result of its Workforce Reduction plan. The above increases were partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation expense of $6.3 million, due to accelerated stock-based compensation expense recognition in 2022 associated with certain grants, and an increase in forfeitures in 2023 in connection with the Company's reduction in force. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was further partially offset by a reduction in variable compensation in 2023 of $1.9 million related to cost saving measures implemented by the Company as part of its Cash Preservation Plan.

For the two months ended December 31, 2022, selling, general and administrative expenses were $14.7 million, $6.4 million higher than in the corresponding period in 2021. The increase was primarily driven by personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, which were $2.9 million higher in 2022 compared to 2021. The Company increased headcount between the two months ended December 31, 2021 and the two months ended December 31, 2022, to support the expanding Spoke network, capital projects and corporate requirements. Additionally, the Company experienced increased costs of $3.5 million related to insurance, IT expenses, professional fees, leases, depreciation and other administrative costs, to support organizational growth.

For the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, selling, general and administrative expenses were $74.9 million, $52.2 million higher than in the corresponding period in 2021. The increase was primarily driven by personnel costs, which were $15.1 million higher in 2022 compared to 2021. The Company increased headcount to support the expanding Spoke network, capital projects and corporate requirements. Stock based compensation expense increased by $12.8 million, related to the increase in headcount and the acceleration of the expense for certain grants of stock-based compensation. Additionally, the Company experienced increased costs of $24.3 million related to insurance, IT expenses, professional fees, leases, marketing, depreciation and other admin costs, to support organizational growth.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, research and development was $5.7 million, $3.0 million higher than in the corresponding period in 2022. The increase primarily relates to personnel costs and professional fees incurred for initial research and development for the Planned Portovesme Hub.

For the two months ended December 31, 2022, research and development was $0.7 million, $0.3 million higher than in the corresponding period in 2021. The increase primarily relates to increased research and development headcount and engineering consulting costs to support the Company’s growth plans.

For the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, research and development was $2.4 million, $1.0 million lower than in the corresponding period in 2021. The decrease primarily relates to a decrease in engineering consulting costs.

Other income (expense) consists of interest income, foreign exchange gain or loss, interest expense, and fair value gain (loss) on financial instruments. Interest expense represents interest paid in kind (“PIK interest”), actual cash interest costs incurred and any accrued interest payable at a future date, net of interest costs capitalized for qualifying assets where they are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset as part of the cost of that asset.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, other income was $24.7 million, a decrease of $27.2 million, compared to the corresponding period of 2022, primarily related to a decrease in fair value gains on the revaluations of the conversion feature of our convertible debt of $21.5 million, driven primarily by the changes in inputs for the Company’s option pricing models. Additionally, the Company recorded a fair value gain on the redemption of warrants in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, of $11.1 million, compared to $nil in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 as all warrants were redeemed in 2022. Interest on convertible debt increased during the period, related to the higher convertible debt balance on the KSP Convertible Notes and the Glencore Convertible Notes from PIK interest. The decrease in other income was partially offset by an increase in interest capitalized to qualifying Rochester Hub capital assets in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

For the two months ended December 31, 2022, other income decreased by $10.1 million, compared to the corresponding period of 2021. The decrease in the two months ended December 31, 2022 was primarily related to a decrease in fair value gains on the revaluations of the conversion feature of our convertible debt of $12.8 million and an increase in interest expense and other costs of $1.3 million related to the PIK interest accrued on the KSP Convertible Notes and the Glencore Convertible Notes. This was partially offset by an increase in interest income of $3.4 million from interest earned from short-term deposits. $3.5 million of interest costs in the period were capitalized to qualifying Rochester Hub capital assets compared to $nil in the prior period.

For the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, other income increased by $100.4 million, compared to the corresponding period of 2021. The increase was primarily driven by fair value gains on the revaluations of the conversion feature of our convertible debt and warrants of $102.7 million primarily related to declines in the Company’s share price over the period. This was partially offset by an increase in interest expense and other costs of $9.9 million. Interest expense relates to the Company’s convertible debt, comprised of the KSP Convertible Notes and the Glencore Convertible Notes. The increase reflects interest related to the Glencore Convertible Notes, which was issued in May 2022 and a full year of interest for the KSP Convertible Note, compared to two months of interest for the Initial KSP Convertible Note in the corresponding periods of 2021. Additionally, $5.2 million of interest costs which were capitalized in the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 related to borrowings directly attributable to qualifying Rochester Hub assets (2021: $nil). Interest income of $7.0 million reflects interest earned on short-term cash deposits.

Refer to the section titled “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for further details on the Company’s convertible debt.

Net loss was $138.0 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, compared to net loss of $70.8 million in the comparative period in 2022. Net loss for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 was driven by the factors discussed above, primarily the increase the cost of sales and the decrease in other income.

Net income was $1.6 million in the two months ended December 31, 2022, compared to net income of $22.1 million in the comparative period in 2021. Net income for the two months ended December 31, 2022 was driven by the factors discussed above.

Net loss was $50.3 million in the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, compared to net loss of $70.5 million in the comparative period in 2021. Net loss for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 was driven by the factors discussed above.

Adjusted EBITDA loss was $156.4 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, compared to $118.5 million in the corresponding period of 2022. The primary difference between Adjusted EBITDA and net loss for the period is the exclusion of unrealized fair value gains on financial instruments of $22.1 million, as well as interest income, interest expense, and depreciation.

Adjusted EBITDA loss was $19.8 million in the two months ended December 31, 2022, compared to $9.6 million in the corresponding period of 2021. The primary difference between Adjusted EBITDA and net income for the period is the exclusion of fair value gains on financial instruments, as well a higher balance for interest income and depreciation.

Adjusted EBITDA loss was $108.6 million in the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, compared to $29.6 million in the corresponding period of 2021. The primary difference between Adjusted EBITDA and net loss for the year is the exclusion of fair value gains on financial instruments.

A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA loss to net loss is provided in the section titled “Non-GAAP Reconciliations and Supplementary Information” below.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, cash flows used in operating activities were $99.8 million compared to cash flows used in operating activities of $103.6 million in the comparative period of 2022. The decrease in cash flows used in operating activities was primarily driven by the growth and expansion of Li-Cycle’s operations and commercial footprint, and the ramp up of operations in the period prior to the pause in construction work on its Rochester Hub project.

For the two months ended December 31, 2022, cash flows used in operating activities were $40.9 million compared to cash flows used in operating activities of $14.3 million in the comparative period of 2021. The increase in cash flows used in operating activities was primarily driven by the growth and expansion of Li-Cycle’s operations and commercial footprint, the ramp up of operations in the period, and working capital changes related to the timing of receipts and payments.

For the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, cash flows used in operating activities were $77.0 million compared to cash flows used in operating activities of $25.6 million in the comparative period of 2021. The increase in cash flows used in operating activities was primarily driven by the growth and expansion of Li-Cycle’s operations and commercial footprint and the ramp up of operations with the addition of two operational Spokes in the year.

The Company uses the non-GAAP measure of Adjusted EBITDA. Management believes that this non-GAAP measure provides useful information to investors in measuring the financial performance of the Company and is provided as additional information to complement U.S. GAAP measures by providing a further understanding of the Company’s results of operations from management’s perspective. Adjusted EBITDA does not have a standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and the term therefore may not be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other publicly traded companies and should not be construed as an alternative to other financial measures determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, it should not be considered in isolation nor as a substitute for the analysis of the Company’s financial information reported under U.S. GAAP.

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as earnings before depreciation and amortization, interest expense (income), income tax expense (recovery) adjusted for items that are not considered representative of ongoing operational activities of the business and items where the economic impact of the transactions will be reflected in earnings in future periods.

Adjustments relate to fair value (gains) losses on financial instruments and certain non-recurring expenses. Foreign exchange (gain) loss is excluded from the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA. The following table provides a reconciliation of net profit (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA loss.

1Share-based compensation relates to accelerated vesting of existing stock options upon completion of the Business Combination.

2Fair value gain on financial instruments relates to convertible debt, and to warrants. Warrants were redeemed and no longer outstanding as of October 31, 2022.

Capital expenditures for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 were $334.9 million, compared to $190.8 million in the corresponding period of 2022. Capital expenditures for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 were primarily driven by procurement of equipment and construction materials and services, and capital spend on the process buildings and warehouse for the Rochester Hub project of $281.5 million, compared to $157.4 million in the corresponding period of 2022, which were primarily driven by purchases of equipment and construction materials for the Rochester Hub. Spend to date on the Rochester Hub project, excluding capitalized non-cash interest, was $452.2 million at December 31, 2023. The Company is currently conducting a comprehensive project review and will require significant additional funding before restarting the Rochester Hub project. See “Update on Business Outlook and Strategy”, above. Capital spend for detailed engineering, equipment and installation and facility related expenditures for the Company’s Spokes for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 was $53.4 million and included expenditures for Spokes under development, including the Germany Spoke, as well as other sustaining and improvement capital expenditures for the existing Spoke network.

Included in the total capital expenditures for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 are $7.2 million in Company personnel costs, compared to $7.6 million in the corresponding period of 2022. These costs were incurred in the anticipation of the Hub commissioning and thus capitalized to assets under construction as they are costs that are directly attributable to bringing the Company’s Rochester Hub and Spoke development projects to a condition and location necessary for the assets to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. On October 23, 2023, capitalization of personnel costs ceased as a result of the Company's announcement that it was pausing construction work on its Rochester Hub project.

Capital expenditures for the two months ended December 31, 2022 were $18.9 million, compared to $18.2 million in the corresponding period of 2021. Capital expenditures for the two months ended December 31, 2022 were primarily driven by purchases of equipment and construction materials for the Rochester Hub of $16.6 million, compared to $10.9 million for the two months ended December 31, 2021.

Capital spend for detailed engineering, equipment and installation and facility related expenditures for the Company’s Spokes for the two months ended December 31, 2022 was $4.9 million, and include capital spend on the Germany Spoke and upgrades to the New York Spoke as well as other Spoke projects in development, compared to $7.3 million for the two months ended December 31, 2021 driven by capital spend on the Arizona Spoke and Alabama Spoke projects.

Included in the capital expenditures for the two months ended December 31, 2022 are $1.5 million in personnel costs. These costs were incurred in the anticipation of the Hub commissioning and thus capitalized to assets under construction as they are costs that are directly attributable to bringing the Company’s Rochester Hub and Spoke development projects to a condition and location necessary for the assets to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management (2021: $nil).

Capital expenditures for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 were $190.1 million, compared to $21.4 million in the corresponding period of 2021. Capital expenditures for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 were primarily driven by purchases of equipment and construction materials for the Rochester Hub of $140.8 million, compared to $13.4 million for the twelve months ended October 31, 2021. Capital spend for detailed engineering, equipment and installation and facility related expenditures for the Company’s Spokes for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 was $49.3 million, and include the Arizona and Alabama Spokes as well as other Spoke projects in development, compared to $8.0 million for the twelve months ended October 31, 2021 driven by capital spend on the New York Spoke and Arizona Spoke.

Included in the capital expenditures for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 are $6.8 million in personnel costs. These costs were incurred in the anticipation of the Hub commissioning and thus capitalized to assets under construction as they are costs that are directly attributable to bringing the Company's Rochester Hub and Spoke development projects to a condition and location necessary for the assets to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management (2021: $nil).

The Company produced 6,825 tonnes of Black Mass & Equivalents in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, compared to 4,416 tonnes in the corresponding period of 2022. The increase in production of BM&E was primarily attributable to the Company’s expanding Spoke network, including the additions of the Alabama Spoke and Germany Spoke.

The Company produced 898 tonnes of Black Mass & Equivalents in the two months ended December 31, 2022, compared to 505 tonnes in the corresponding period of 2021. The increase in production of BM&E was primarily attributable to the Company’s expanding Spoke network, including the addition of the Arizona Spoke, the Alabama Spoke, and ancillary processing lines at the New York Spoke subsequent to the comparative period.

The Company produced 4,023 tonnes of Black Mass & Equivalents in the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, compared to 1,880 tonnes in the corresponding period of 2021. The increase in production of BM&E was primarily attributable to the ramp up of operations at the Company’s Spoke facilities; the Arizona Spoke and the Alabama Spoke came online in the second half of the fiscal year, and the Alabama Spoke started operations in October 2022, as well as added ancillary processing capacity at the New York Spoke.

Li-Cycle has three operational Spokes in North America (the New York Spoke, the Arizona Spoke and the Alabama Spoke) and one new operational Spoke in Europe (the Germany Spoke, which commenced operations in August 2023). Following the October 23, 2023 announcement on pause of construction work at the Rochester Hub, production at the Company's Ontario Spoke has been paused.

The table below outlines current installed Spoke capacity, by Spoke location, as at December 31, 2023:

Notes

1Processes materials using Li-Cycle’s patented submerged shredding process or “wet shredding” specifically for battery materials that contain electrolyte and have risk of thermal runaway.

2Processes materials that don’t contain electrolyte with less risk of thermal runaway, such as electrode foils.

3Processes electrode powders to minimize dusting in downstream processes.

4Processes electrode foils into formed cubes for optimizing logistics and downstream processing.

Li-Cycle’s first commercial Hub was under construction in Rochester, New York until October 23, 2023, when the Company announced a construction pause on its Rochester Hub project, pending completion of a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy for the project. The Rochester Hub is expected to have a nameplate input capacity to process 35,000 tonnes of BM&E annually (equivalent to approximately 90,000 tonnes or 18 GWh of LIB equivalent feed annually). The facility is expected to have an output capacity of battery grade materials including approximately 7,500 to 8,500 tonnes per annum of lithium carbonate. The Company expects to continue to pause or slow down operations at its operational Spokes in North America as it reviews the future timing and BM&E needs of the planned Rochester Hub. The Company will also continue to re-evaluate its strategy for bringing on additional Spoke and Hub capacity in the mid-term. See "Update on Business Outlook and Strategy", above.

Until 2020, Li-Cycle was a development stage company with no commercial revenue. To date, Li-Cycle has financed its operations primarily through proceeds received in connection with: (i) the Business Combination; (ii) the concurrent $315.5 million PIPE Financing; and (iii) private placements of other Li-Cycle securities (including convertible notes and common shares). As at December 31, 2023, the Company had $70.6 million of cash and cash equivalents on hand and convertible debt of $288.1 million. Li-Cycle has no material debt maturities until September 29, 2026. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company’s net loss and cash flows used in operating activities amounted to $138.0 million and $99.8 million, respectively. The Company has also incurred significant losses since its inception. The Company’s primary need for liquidity is to fund working capital requirements of its business during its comprehensive review of the Rochester Hub and go-forward strategy in addition to funding existing and remaining capital commitments related to its Rochester Hub.

On October 23, 2023, the Company announced that it was pausing construction work on its Rochester Hub, due to escalating costs, pending completion of a comprehensive review of the go-forward strategy for the project, which in turn led to the establishment of the Special Committee and the implementation of the Cash Preservation Plan, among other initiatives aimed at strengthening the Company’s financial position and enhancing its liquidity. Refer to the section entitled “—Update on Business Outlook and Strategy” above for further details.

The Company expects to finance its operations primarily through cash flows from operations and additional external financing. The Company has a declining cash balance notwithstanding the implementation of the Cash Preservation Plan. As a result, without alternative short or long-term financing in the near term in addition to the anticipated closing of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment, the Company will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents on hand or other resources to support current operations for the twelve months following the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This casts substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to secure additional funding, under reasonable commercial terms or at all. Furthermore, any additional financing, including the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment, may be insufficient to provide liquidity for ongoing operations, to fund the Company’s future growth or capital projects, including the Rochester Hub or otherwise satisfy any of the Company’s funding needs and obligations, and additional financing may have restrictive covenants that significantly limits the Company’s operating and financial flexibility or its ability to obtain future financing.

In addition, there are inherent risks associated with the ability of the Company to execute its growth strategy and there can be no assurance that the Company will develop the manufacturing capabilities and processes, secure reliable sources of component supply to meet quality, engineering, design or production standards, or to meet the required production volumes to successfully grow into a viable, cash flow positive, business. These factors have led the Company to take steps to preserve its current cash position through the Cash Preservation Plan, including reducing headcount and spending, extending payment cycles and implementing other similar measures. There are no assurances that Li-Cycle will be able to address its liquidity needs, including by raising sufficient capital when needed, and Li-Cycle may therefore need to significantly modify or terminate operations or dissolve and liquidate our assets under applicable bankruptcy laws or otherwise.

Presented below is a summary of Li-Cycle’s operating, investing, and financing cash flows for the periods indicated:

Cash and cash equivalents were $70.6 million as at December 31, 2023, compared to $517.9 million as at December 31, 2022. The Company incurred capital expenditure of $334.9 million in the period, primarily comprising purchases of equipment and construction related activities for the Rochester Hub project and the Germany Spoke in addition to outflows for ongoing operating expenses of $99.8 million.

Cash and cash equivalents were $517.9 million as at December 31, 2022, compared to $563.7 million as at December 31, 2021. The Company incurred capital expenditure of $18.9 million in the two months ended December 31, 2022, primarily comprising purchases of equipment and construction materials for the Rochester Hub project in addition to outflows for ongoing operating expenses of $40.9 million.

Cash and cash equivalents were $578.3 million as at October 31, 2022, compared to $596.9 million as at October 31, 2021. The Company raised a total of $250.0 million in funding during the year ended October 31, 2022, from the Glencore Convertible Note issued on May 31, 2022, and the equity investment from LGC and LGES on May 11, 2022. The Company incurred capital expenditure of $190.1 million in the year ended October 31, 2022, primarily comprising purchases of equipment and construction materials for the Rochester Hub, the Arizona Spoke and the Alabama Spoke in addition to outflows for ongoing operating expenses.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, cash flows used in operating activities were $99.8 million compared to $103.6 million in the corresponding period of 2022, reflecting the growth of Li-Cycle’s operations and commercial footprint, in the period prior to the pause in construction at the Rochester Hub and the implementation of the Cash Preservation Plan, which included additional personnel costs, production costs from the ramp-up phase at the Alabama Spoke and the Germany Spoke, research and development expenses, and consulting costs relating to the development of the Rochester Hub project. Cash flows used in operating activities in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 were driven by the addition of two operational Spokes as well as raw material costs and personnel costs.

For the two months ended December 31, 2022, cash flows used in operating activities were $40.9 million compared to $14.3 million in the corresponding period of 2021, reflecting the growth and expansion of Li-Cycle’s operations and commercial footprint.

The increase in the cash flows used in operating activities were driven by the addition of two operational Spokes in the two months ended December 31, 2022 relative to the corresponding period of 2021 which resulted in an increase in raw material costs, as well as increased personnel costs.

For the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, cash flows used in operating activities were $77.0 million compared to $25.6 million in the corresponding period of 2021. The increase in cash flows used in operating activities were driven by an increase in raw material costs, as well as increased personnel costs. The increase also reflects the addition of two operational Spokes in the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 relative to the corresponding period of 2021, as well as the addition of new corporate personnel as the Company implemented its expansion plans. For the twelve months ended October 31, 2021, cash flows used in operating activities were primarily driven by the growth and commercialization of Li-Cycle’s operations, which included adding employees, production costs from the ramp-up phase at the New York Spoke, research and development expenses, and consulting costs relating to the development of the Rochester Hub.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, cash flows used in investing activities were $334.9 million compared to $190.8 million in the corresponding period of 2022 and were primarily driven by the capital investment in the Rochester Hub and the Germany Spoke. Cash flows used in investing activities in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 were primarily driven by similar activities for the Rochester Hub and the Alabama Spoke.

For the two months ended December 31, 2022, cash flows used in investing activities were $18.9 million compared to $18.2 million in the corresponding period of 2021, and were primarily driven by the capital investment in the Rochester Hub and acquisition of equipment, construction materials and leasehold improvements for the Rochester Hub and the Germany Spoke. Cash flows used in investing activities in the two months ended December 31, 2021 were for similar activities for the Rochester Hub and the Arizona Spoke at a lesser scale.

For the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, cash flows used in investing activities were $190.1 million compared to $21.4 million in the corresponding period of 2021. Cash flows used in investing activities were primarily driven by the capital investment in the Rochester Hub and acquisition of equipment, construction materials and leasehold improvements for the Arizona Spoke, the Alabama Spoke and the Rochester Hub. Cash flows used in investing activities in the twelve months ended October 31, 2021 were for similar activities at a lesser scale.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, cash flows used in financing activities were $2.9 million compared to cash flows from financing activities of $248.5 million in the corresponding periods of 2022 and were primarily driven by prepayments of transaction costs for ongoing financing, partially offset by a portion of $5.3 million of a reservation fee of €5.0 million ($5.4 million) for future battery waste recycling services received by the Company in 2023 from a customer, with no similar activity in 2022. Cash flows from financing activities in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 included the closing of the investment in common shares of the Company by LGC and LGES on May 12, 2022 for net proceeds of $49.7 million and the issuance of the Glencore Convertible Note on May 31, 2022, for net proceeds of $198.7 million.

For the two months ended December 31, 2022, cash flows used in financing activities were $0.6 million compared to $0.6 million in the corresponding period of 2021. Cash flows used in financing activities for both periods were primarily used for lease repayments.

For the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, cash flows from financing activities were $248.5 million compared to $643.2 million in the corresponding period of 2021. In the twelve months ended October 31, 2021, Li-Cycle received net proceeds of $525.3 million from the Business Combination with Peridot and $98.4 million from the issuance of the initial KSP Convertible Note. The cash inflows in the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 related primarily to net proceeds of $198.7 million from the issuance of the Glencore Convertible Note and net proceeds of $49.7 million from the investment by LGC and LGES in the Company’s common shares, whereas in the twelve months ended October 31, 2021, in addition to the activities mentioned above, Li-Cycle received net proceeds of $21.6 million from a private placement of 281,138 Class A shares of Li-Cycle Corp in November 2020.

On September 29, 2021, the Company entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (the “KSP Note Purchase Agreement”) with Spring Creek Capital, LLC (an affiliate of Koch Strategic Platforms, LLC, being a company within the Koch Investments Group) and issued a convertible note (the “KSP Convertible Note”) in the principal amount of $100.0 million to Spring Creek Capital, LLC. The KSP Convertible Note will mature on September 29, 2026. Interest on the KSP Convertible Note is payable semi-annually, and Li-Cycle is permitted to pay interest on the KSP Convertible Note in cash or by payment in-kind (“PIK”), at its election. Interest payments made in cash are based on an interest rate of LIBOR plus 5.0% per year, and PIK interest payments were based on an interest rate of LIBOR plus 6.0% per year, with a LIBOR floor of 1% and a cap of 2%. Starting July 1, 2023, as the LIBOR interest rate is no longer published, the interest rate is instead based on the sum of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) and 0.58% (being average spread between the SOFR and LIBOR during the three-month period ending on July 31, 2023, namely the date on which LIBOR ceased to be published). The PIK election results in the issuance of a new note under the same terms as the KSP Convertible Note, issued in lieu of interest payments with an issuance date on the applicable interest date. The Company has elected to pay interest by PIK since the first interest payment date on the KSP Convertible Note of December 31, 2021. The KSP Convertible Note and the PIK notes issued thereunder are referred to collectively as the “KSP Convertible Notes”, and as at December 31, 2023, comprised the following:

On May 1, 2022, Spring Creek Capital, LLC assigned the KSP Convertible Note and the PIK note outstanding at that time to an affiliate, Wood River Capital, LLC. On May 5, 2022, the KSP Convertible Notes were amended to permit the issuance of the Glencore Convertible Note and to amend certain investor consent related provisions. The KSP Convertible Notes were further amended on February 13, 2023 to clarify the conversion calculation.

The principal and accrued interest owing under the KSP Convertible Notes may be converted at any time by the holder into the Company’s common shares, at a per share price equal to $13.43 (the “Conversion Price”). If the closing price per share of the Company’s common shares on the New York Stock Exchange is above $17.46 for 20 consecutive trading days, then the Company may elect to convert the principal and accrued interest owing under the KSP Convertible Notes, plus a make-whole amount equal to the undiscounted interest payments that would have otherwise been payable through maturity (the “Make-Whole Amount”) into the Company’s common shares at the Conversion Price.

The Company may redeem the KSP Convertible Notes at any time by payment in cash of an amount equal to 130% of the principal amount of the KSP Convertible Notes and all accrued interest owing under the KSP Convertible Notes, plus the Make-Whole Amount.

In connection with the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment, the Company has obtained the consent of Wood River Capital, LLC, to issuance of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note in respect of the KSP Convertible Notes, in exchange for the Company agreeing to amend the KSP Convertible Notes, as of the closing of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment, to include penalty interest upon an event of default consistent with the penalty interest provision of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note and to remove the floor and ceiling from the definition of SOFR in the KSP Convertible Notes.

On May 31, 2022, the Company issued to Glencore a convertible note in the aggregate principal amount of $200.0 million (the “Glencore Convertible Note”), in a transaction exempt from registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Glencore Convertible Note matures five years from the date of issuance and interest on the Glencore Convertible Note is payable on a semi-annual basis, either in cash or by PIK, at the Company’s option.

The Glencore Convertible Note accrues interest from the date of issuance at the forward-looking term rate based on SOFR for a tenor comparable to the relevant interest payment period plus 0.42826% (the “Floating Rate”) plus 5% per annum if interest is paid in cash and plus 6% per annum if interest is paid in PIK. The Floating Rate has a floor of 1% and a cap of 2%. The Company has elected to pay interest by PIK since the first interest payment date on the Glencore Convertible Note of November 30, 2022. The Glencore Convertible Note and the PIK notes issued thereunder are referred to collectively as the “Glencore Convertible Notes”, and as at December 31, 2023, comprised the following:

The principal and accrued interest owing under the Glencore Convertible Notes may be converted at any time by the holder into the Company’s common shares at a per share price equal to $9.95 (the “Conversion Price”), subject to adjustments. The Company may redeem the Glencore Convertible Notes at any time by payment of an amount in cash equal to 100% of the outstanding principal amount of the Glencore Convertible Notes and all accrued interest owing under the Glencore Convertible Notes. In connection with any optional redemption and provided that the holder of the Glencore Convertible Notes has not elected to convert the Glencore Convertible Notes into common shares following receipt of an optional redemption notice, the Company must issue warrants (the “Glencore Warrants”) to the holder of the Glencore Convertible Notes on the optional redemption date that entitle the holder to acquire, until the maturity date of the Glencore Convertible Notes, a number of common shares equal to the principal amount of the Glencore Convertible Notes being redeemed divided by the then applicable Conversion Price. The initial exercise price of the Glencore Warrants will be equal to the Conversion Price as of the optional redemption date.

The obligations of the Company to make any payment on account of the principal of and interest on the KSP Convertible Notes and the Glencore Convertible Notes are subordinate and junior in right of payment and upon liquidation to the Company’s obligations to the holders of all current and future senior indebtedness of the Company. The Glencore Convertible Notes were amended on February 13, 2023 to clarify the conversion calculation.

Pursuant to the terms of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Purchase Agreement, Glencore and the Company agreed to amend and restate the terms of the unsecured convertible note issued by the Company to Glencore Intermediate on May 31, 2022 (the “Existing Glencore Convertible Note”), in two tranches (and such resulting two tranches of the amended and restated unsecured convertible note, the “A&R Glencore Convertible Notes”). Each A&R Glencore Convertible Note includes an event-driven modification to the Existing Glencore Convertible Note, with the first such modification occurring on the date (the “First Modification Date”) that is the earlier of (a) the date that is one month after the effectiveness and initial funding, if any, of a project loan financing for the Company’s Rochester Hub, and (b) December 31, 2024, and the second such modification occurring on the date (the “Second Modification Date” with either the First Modification Date or the Second Modification Date referred to herein as a “Modification Date”) that is the earliest to occur of (a) the first commercial production from the Rochester Hub, (b) construction costs exceeding the construction budget set forth in the project loan financing, and (c) June 1, 2026. Upon the occurrence of each Modification Date, the terms of the applicable A&R Glencore Convertible Note shall mirror the following terms of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note: the maturity will be amended to be five (5) years from the applicable Modification Date, the interest rate will be amended to match the interest rate applicable to the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, mandatory redemption will be required (including, from the First Modification Date and the Second Modification Date, the amount equal to a specified percentage of the excess cash flow generated by the Company and its subsidiaries for the applicable fiscal year (less certain deductions and subject to pro rata application to certain other debt of the Company) in a pro rata amount across the A&R Glencore Convertible Note (to the extent modified) and the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note), and the Company will provide guarantees and security for the A&R Glencore Convertible Notes consistent with the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note. In addition, at each Modification Date, the conversion price for the applicable tranche will be adjusted to be the lesser of (x) an amount determined on the basis of a 30-Day VWAP having a reference date equal to applicable Modification Date plus a 25% premium per share, and (y) $9.95 per share (the current conversion price of the Glencore Convertible Notes).

On March 11, 2024, the Company entered into the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Purchase Agreement to issue the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note in an aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million to an affiliate of Glencore plc. The issuance and sale of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note is subject to customary closing conditions and the expiration of the ten-day period for required notice to shareholders informing them of the Company’s reliance on the NYSE financial viability exception to the NYSE’s shareholder approval policy, and is expected to close on or about March 25, 2024.

The Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note matures on the fifth anniversary of the closing. Interest on the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note is payable either in cash or by payment-in-kind (“PIK”) at the Company’s election, on a semi-annual basis from the date of issuance, and will be based on the secured overnight financing rate plus five percent (5%) per annum if interest is paid in cash and plus six percent (6%) per annum if interest is paid in PIK. In the case that an event of default has occurred and is continuing, the interest rate will be the rate stated above, plus one percent (1%) per annum (which additional 1% will be payable in cash).

The principal and accrued interest owing under the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note may be converted at any time by the holder into common shares in the capital of the Company at a conversion price of $0.53 per share (the “Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Conversion Price”).

The Company may redeem all or any portion of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note at any time by payment of an amount in cash equal to 100% of the principal amount of the portion of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note being redeemed plus all accrued and unpaid interest thereon. Commencing with the delivery of financial statements for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2026, the Company will be required to redeem a portion of the outstanding principal amount of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note in an amount equal to a specified percentage of the excess cash flow generated by the Company and its subsidiaries for the applicable fiscal year (less certain deductions and subject to pro rata application to certain other debt of the Company). The Company is also required to redeem the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note for an amount in cash equal to the outstanding principal amount of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note being redeemed and all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, plus a make-whole amount equal to the undiscounted interest payments that would have otherwise been payable through maturity (the “Make-Whole Amount”) in the event of: (1) certain events of default that are continuing, upon request by the holder, (2) certain bankruptcy-related events of default, and (3) upon a change of control transaction, unless, in each case, the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note is first converted by the holder.

In connection with any optional or mandatory redemption and provided that the holder of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note has not elected to convert the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note into common shares following receipt of notice of such redemption, the Company shall issue a number of warrants (the “Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Warrants”) to the holder of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note that entitle the holder to acquire a number of common shares equal to the principal amount of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note being redeemed divided by the then applicable Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Conversion Price and expiring on the sixth anniversary of the issuance of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note. The initial exercise price of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Warrants will be equal to the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note Conversion Price as of the redemption date.

The Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note is subject to certain reporting and affirmative and negative operational covenants applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries (subject to customary baskets and exceptions to permit ordinary course transactions as set forth in the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note), including satisfaction of a minimum liquidity covenant, monthly, quarterly and annual financial reporting requirements, delivery of an annual operating budget and limitations on (a) the incurrence of indebtedness and liens, (b) dividends, distributions and repurchases or redemptions of capital stock, (c) certain payments in cash of indebtedness which is subordinated, junior lien or unsecured indebtedness, (d) acquisitions and other investments, (e) asset sales (including with respect to the Company’s Spoke facilities), (f) affiliate transactions, and (g) capital expenditures that exceed the established budget by a specific threshold.

Li-Cycle Corp., Li-Cycle Americas Corp., Li-Cycle U.S. Inc., Li-Cycle Inc., and Li-Cycle North America Hub, Inc., (the “Note Guarantors”), will guaranty all obligations of the Company with respect to the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note. Following the issuance of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note, Li-Cycle Europe AG and Li-Cycle Germany GmbH (the “Post-Closing Guarantors”) will execute joinders to the Note Guaranty Agreement and guaranty such obligations as Note Guarantors. Each Note Guarantor unconditionally and irrevocably waives any right to revoke or otherwise discharge or defer its guaranty, and agrees that the guaranty is continuing in nature. Each Note Guarantor’s guaranty is subject to customary limitations under applicable law.

Each Note Guarantor’s guaranty may be subordinated or terminated in connection with the closing date under an applicable Project Financing (as defined in the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note), or terminated on full payment and satisfaction of all liabilities and obligations in respect of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note.

Upon closing of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment, the Company and the Note Guarantors will grant perfected, first priority security interests (subject to customary exceptions and permitted liens) in all of their respective assets, including intellectual property and a pledge of the equity interests of each other Note Guarantor. Within 60 days of closing of the Glencore Senior Secured Convertible Note investment, the Post-Closing Guarantors will grant perfected, first-priority security interests (subject to customary exceptions and permitted liens) in all intra-group receivables owing to them and over all bank accounts held by such entities in their respective jurisdictions of organization. Li-Cycle Europe AG will further pledge its equity interests in Li-Cycle Germany GmbH.

The following table summarizes Li-Cycle’s contractual obligations and other commitments for cash expenditures as of December 31, 2023, and the years in which these obligations are due: