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x    ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

o    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.0405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the Registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the shares of Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed based on the closing sale price of $12.17 per share on June 30, 2023, as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, was approximately $1.26 billion. Shares of Common Stock held by each executive officer and director and by each shareholder affiliated with a director or an executive officer have been excluded from this calculation because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. As of February 23, 2024, there were 132,907,103 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.

The information called for by Part III is incorporated by reference to the Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of the Registrant which will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission not later than April 29, 2024.

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7, and the documents incorporated by reference herein, we make forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements relate to expectations for future financial performance, business strategies or expectations for our business. These statements may be preceded by, followed by or include the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “will likely result,” “should,” “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “seek,” “continue,” “target” or similar expressions.

These forward-looking statements are based on information available to us as of the date they were made, and involve a number of risks and uncertainties which may cause them to turn out to be wrong. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws. As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward- looking statements. Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include:

•competition and the ability of our business to grow and manage profitable growth;

•fluctuations in the U.S. and/or global stock markets;

•the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors;

•changes in applicable laws or regulations; and

•other risks and uncertainties set forth in this Form 10-K, as well as the documents incorporated by reference herein.

AdaptHealth’s business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in Item 1A, “Risk Factors”. These risks include, but are not limited to the following:

•reliance on relatively few suppliers for the majority of our patient service equipment and supplies;

•supply chain disruptions and economy-wide labor shortages in the U.S.;

•the impact of inflation;

•cyber-attacks on us or our vendors, security breaches, or the improper disclosure or use of protected health information could cause a loss of confidential data, give rise to remediation and other expenses, expose us to liability under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), consumer protection, common law or other legal theories, subject us to litigation and federal and state governmental inquiries, damage our reputation, and otherwise be disruptive to our business;

•our ability to successfully design, modify and implement technology-based and other process changes and our dependence on information systems, including software licensed from third parties;

•continuing efforts by private third-party payors to control their costs and payor contracts being subject to renegotiation or termination;

•changes in governmental or private payor supply replenishment schedules and our ability to manage the complex and lengthy reimbursement process;

•reliance for a significant portion of our revenue on the provision of sleep therapy equipment and supplies to patients;

•consolidation among health insurers and other industry participants;

•failure to maintain controls and processes over billing and collections;

•ability to effectively implement controls and procedures required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;

•ability to maintain or develop relationships with patient referral sources;

•competition from numerous other sleep therapy equipment, home respiratory, mobility equipment, and diabetes medical devices and supplies providers;

•risks related to government regulation, including federal and state changes to reimbursement and other Medicaid and Medicare policies, and our ability to comply with applicable laws, including healthcare fraud and abuse and false claims laws and regulations;

•changes in medical equipment technology and development of new treatments;

•the risk of rupture or other accidents due to the transport of compressed and liquid oxygen;

•the timing and amount of share repurchases;

•outsourcing of a portion of our internal business functions to third-party providers;

•ability to attract and retain key members of senior management and other key personnel;

•ability to execute our strategic growth plan, which involves the acquisition of other companies, including our ability to integrate the operations of acquired companies into our business and realize the expected benefits of such acquisitions;

•the impact of political and economic conditions;

•changes in the authorizations or documentation necessary for products we provide and the findings as a result of audits of reimbursement claims by various governmental and private payor entities;

•significant reimbursement reductions and/or exclusion from markets or product lines;

•our ability to maintain required licenses and accreditation;

•the impact of global climate change and legal, regulatory or market responses to such change;

•the impact of writing down all or a portion of goodwill and/or identifiable intangible assets if required;

•our ability to generate sufficient cash flow or obtain additional capital to fund our operating subsidiaries and finance our growth; and

•significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a result of being a public company.

AdaptHealth Corp. and subsidiaries ("AdaptHealth" or "the Company") is a national leader in providing patient-centered, healthcare-at-home solutions including home medical equipment (“HME”), medical supplies, and related services. The Company focuses primarily on providing (i) sleep therapy equipment, supplies and related services (including CPAP and bi PAP services) to individuals suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (“OSA”), (ii) medical devices and supplies to patients for the treatment of diabetes (including continuous glucose monitors (“CGM”) and insulin pumps), (iii) home medical equipment to patients discharged from acute care and other facilities, (iv) oxygen and related chronic therapy services in the home, and (v) other HME devices and supplies on behalf of chronically ill patients with wound care, urological, incontinence, ostomy and nutritional supply needs. The Company services beneficiaries of Medicare, Medicaid and commercial insurance payors. As of December 31, 2023, AdaptHealth serviced approximately 4.1 million patients annually in all 50 states through our network of approximately 680 locations in 47 states. The Company's principal executive offices are located at 220 West Germantown Pike, Suite 250, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462.

Product Offering. AdaptHealth delivers patient-centered, healthcare-at-home solutions including home medical equipment, medical supplies, and related services directly to a patient’s home upon discharge from a hospital and/or receipt of a physician/medical referral. The breadth of AdaptHealth’s products is particularly valuable to acute care hospitals, sleep laboratories and long-term care facilities that discharge patients with complex conditions and multiple product needs.

AdaptHealth is often paid a fixed monthly amount for certain HME products as designated by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) or commercial insurance payors, such as CPAP equipment, wheelchairs, hospital beds, oxygen concentrators, insulin pumps and other similar products. These sales accounted for approximately 33% of AdaptHealth’s net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023.

For resupply sale and one-time sale products, which include those deemed to be consumables, AdaptHealth receives a single payment upon sale of the product. These products, which include CPAP masks and related supplies, diabetes management supplies, CGMs, wound care supplies, wheelchair cushions accessories, orthopedic bracing, breast pumps and supplies, walkers, commodes and canes, nutritional supplies and incontinence supplies, accounted for approximately 67% of AdaptHealth’s net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Supply Chain. AdaptHealth plays an important role in delivering HME products to patients in their homes. Manufacturers of home medical equipment and diabetes medical devices sell and ship their products to AdaptHealth directly. AdaptHealth also contracts with national healthcare distribution companies to ship certain HME products directly to patients’ homes. These distributors invoice AdaptHealth for the cost of shipped products at the time of sale. AdaptHealth receives referrals from a variety of sources, such as acute care hospitals, sleep laboratories, pulmonologist and endocrinologist offices, skilled nursing facilities, hospice operators, and primary care providers, among others. AdaptHealth’s products are either shipped to patients’ homes by AdaptHealth-operated or contracted delivery trucks or shipped using proprietary or third-party distribution services. AdaptHealth invoices payors and patients directly for the products that are delivered and for the services that are provided.

Management. AdaptHealth is led by a proven management team with experience in the HME industry across a variety of healthcare organizations. AdaptHealth has a centralized approach for key business processes, including revenue cycle management, strategic purchases, payor contracting, mergers and acquisitions (“M&A”) activity, finance, compliance, legal, human resources, IT and sales management. In addition, AdaptHealth has centralized many of the functions relating to its CPAP and other resupply businesses. However, AdaptHealth believes that the personalized nature of customer requirements and referral relationships, characteristic of the home healthcare business, mandate that it emphasize a localized operating structure as well. AdaptHealth focuses on regional management to respond promptly and effectively to local market demands and opportunities. AdaptHealth’s regional managers are responsible and accountable for maintaining and developing relationships with referral sources, customer service for non-CPAP supply product lines and logistics for non-drop-shipped products.

IT. AdaptHealth has established an integrated, technology-enabled, centralized platform, distinguishing itself from many of its competitors who traditionally use less automated processes that are typically complex, can be prone to mistakes and are less efficient. AdaptHealth’s technology enables automated, compliant, and integrated workflow into patients’ delivery of care. AdaptHealth believes that this advanced technology platform provides it with a competitive advantage through its unique components that cater to patients and physicians. AdaptHealth believes that its technology platform has several characteristics that appeal to physicians, including its ease of use, the improved compliance it enables through its integrated systems and the automated, integrated workflow it provides for patients’ delivery of care. Additionally, AdaptHealth’s e-prescribing capabilities enhance transparency and reduce transcription and other errors. AdaptHealth believes that patients are also better served due to the efficiency from time of order to delivery and the seamless integration across points of care enabled by AdaptHealth’s platform. The integrated system also provides AdaptHealth management with critical information in a timely manner, allowing them to track performance levels company wide. AdaptHealth utilizes a proprietary mobile delivery technology called OTL. This technology has many features, including delivery notification, patient satisfaction applications and referral source notifications. This application, combined with AdaptHealth’s data warehouse and evolving data lake, has allowed AdaptHealth to build out a 360-degree view of its patients and activities, and to ultimately act as a fundamental component of the operating system of AdaptHealth.

AdaptHealth has formed close relationships with its third-party software providers, including Brightree LLC, Snapworx, LLC and Parachute Health LLC, to optimize its HME workflow. An example of this optimization is AdaptHealth’s automated point-of-delivery technology, which tracks AdaptHealth’s drivers and produces paperless, secure delivery tickets which are uploaded directly to the patient’s file and available immediately on an enterprise-wide basis.

See Item 1C, "Cybersecurity", of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for discussion of AdaptHealth's risk management and strategy and governance relating to cybersecurity.

Revenue Cycle Management. AdaptHealth’s revenue cycle management and billing processes have both manual and computerized elements that are designed to maintain the integrity of revenue and accounts receivable. Third-party payors that can accommodate electronic claims submission, such as Medicare, certain state Medicaid payors and many commercial insurance payors, are billed electronically on a daily basis. For other payors, who are unable to accept electronic submissions, AdaptHealth generates paper claims and invoices.

AdaptHealth contracts with business process outsourcing providers to provide certain billing, accounts payable and administrative functions. These providers are primarily based in India and the Philippines and provide AdaptHealth with the ability to scale its workforce in a cost-effective manner. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 4,500 full-time equivalent personnel were provided to AdaptHealth under such arrangements.

Sales activities are generally carried out by AdaptHealth’s full-time sales representatives with assistance from on-site liaisons in certain markets who interact directly with hospital discharge coordinators and patients. AdaptHealth’s sales team works in close alignment with AdaptHealth’s trained clinical team as part of their respiratory sales activities. AdaptHealth primarily acquires new patients through referrals. Sources of referrals include acute care hospitals, sleep laboratories, pulmonologist and endocrinologist offices, skilled nursing facilities, hospice operators, and primary care providers, among others. AdaptHealth’s sales representatives maintain continual contact with medical professionals across these facilities. AdaptHealth believes that its relationships with its referral sources are strong and that these entities will continue to be a source of non-acquired growth through new patients. While AdaptHealth views its referral sources as fundamental to its business, no single referral source accounted for a material amount of its annual net revenue as of December 31, 2023.

Continuing to grow through accretive acquisitions remains an element of AdaptHealth’s growth strategy, and AdaptHealth continuously reviews its pipeline of potential acquisition candidates. AdaptHealth leverages its scalable front-end and back-office technology platform to facilitate acquisition integration to help realize short-term cost saving synergies and longer-term revenue growth synergies.

AdaptHealth purchases home healthcare equipment, medical devices and supplies from a variety of suppliers. AdaptHealth purchases these items primarily from two to three suppliers for each of its product categories, including its sleep therapy equipment and supplies, its mobility and home services products (such as hospital beds, wheelchairs, walkers and commodes) and its diabetes services products/CGM products. See Item 1A, Risk Factors - "Reliance on relatively few suppliers for the majority of AdaptHealth's patient service equipment and supplies could adversely affect its ability to operate."

AdaptHealth does not own any properties and leases its operating locations. As of December 31, 2023, AdaptHealth serviced approximately 4.1 million patients annually across all 50 states through its network of approximately 680 locations in 47 states. During the year ended December 31, 2023, AdaptHealth performed an average of approximately 38,000 equipment and supply deliveries a day. Full-service locations are typically up to approximately 5,000 square feet and are usually a combination of office and warehouse space. Many of these facilities are accredited to provide patients with medical products, equipment and related services, and their adjacent warehouse space is used for storage of adequate supplies of equipment and accessories for such patient services. AdaptHealth believes that these facilities are adequate to meet its current needs.

As of December 31, 2023, AdaptHealth had approximately 10,700 employees. AdaptHealth’s human capital resources objectives and compensation program include attracting and retaining highly motivated, well-qualified employees and executives. AdaptHealth uses a mix of competitive salaries and other benefits to attract and retain employees and executives. AdaptHealth believes that relations between its management and employees are good, and it is committed to inclusion and policies and procedures to maintain a safe work environment. AdaptHealth is committed to its DIRECT Value Statements: Diversity and Inclusion, Integrity, Respect, Excellence, Compassion and Teamwork.

AdaptHealth’s value of Diversity and Inclusion recognizes that our differences make us stronger, and encourages the sharing of different ideas. This value helps AdaptHealth to unlock the strengths of its employees to transform healthcare and improve lives. AdaptHealth has a Diversity and Inclusion Council that leads learning activities around the concepts of leading inclusively, inclusion in the workforce and unconscious bias. AdaptHealth places a high value on inclusion-building initiatives that create opportunities around cultural awareness and social learnings; this is largely accomplished through engaging employees in its Employee Resource Groups that are a subset of the Diversity and Inclusion Council. These activities are supported by employees with diverse backgrounds and experiences who share a common interest in professional development and improving corporate culture.

Building and strengthening AdaptHealth’s talent pipeline is imperative to its success. AdaptHealth's management team has implemented various talent development initiatives. For example, AdaptHealth has developed a Leadership Development curriculum for its managers and provides regular feedback conversations about performance goals with its employees. This encourages a high-performance culture and creates an environment dedicated to caring for patients, while achieving company goals.

The HME market is fragmented and highly competitive. AdaptHealth competes with other large national providers, including Owens & Minor Inc., Lincare Holdings Inc., Rotech Healthcare, Inc. and Cardinal Health, Inc.; regional providers, including DASCO Home Medical Equipment, Binson’s Medical Equipment, Inc., Norco, Inc., Protech Home Medical Corp. and Quipt Home Medical; and product-specific providers, including Breg, Inc., Inogen, Inc., Acelity L.P., CCS Medical, and Advanced Diabetes Supply, as well as over 6,000 generally smaller local providers. In addition, AdaptHealth competes with non-HME providers, including CVS and Amazon.

Consolidation of the HME market is a continuing trend, as required technology investments and reduced reimbursements put financial pressure on smaller providers. Larger HME providers with integrated technology and automated processes are generally better positioned to gain market share and more attractive vendor pricing.

The Medicare Durable Medical Equipment, Prosthetics, Orthotics, & Supplies (“DMEPOS”) Competitive Bidding Program also emphasizes the importance of relationships with both the payors and referral sources. Because payors typically select a limited number of exclusive suppliers, and physicians typically refer based on timely delivery and consistency, relationships with both are critical to success in the market.

AdaptHealth believes that the most important competitive factors in the regional and local markets are:

•Quality of patient care, including clinical expertise;

•Service quality and an efficient, responsive referral process;

•Differentiated technology platform that provides a superior physician and patient experience;

•Reputation with referral sources, including local physicians and hospital-based professionals;

•Comprehensive offering across the home medical equipment space;

•Broad network of payor contracts and regional insurers; and

•Overall ease of doing business.

AdaptHealth believes that it competes favorably with competitors on the basis of these and other factors.

The federal government and all states in which AdaptHealth currently operates regulate various aspects of AdaptHealth’s business. In particular, AdaptHealth’s operations are subject to federal laws that regulate the reimbursement of its products and services under various government programs and that are designed to prevent fraud and abuse. AdaptHealth’s operations are also subject to state laws governing, among other things, pharmacies, nursing services, medical equipment suppliers and certain types of home health activities. State regulators may also determine that telephone marketing of AdaptHealth products and services to patients fall within state regulation of telemarketing. Certain of AdaptHealth’s employees are subject to state laws and regulations governing the licensure and professional practice of respiratory therapy, pharmacy and nursing.

AdaptHealth maintains a Compliance Program that is designed to meet the guidelines set forth by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"), and provides ongoing compliance training designed to keep AdaptHealth’s officers, directors and employees well-educated and up-to-date regarding developments on relevant topics and to emphasize AdaptHealth’s policy of strict compliance. Federal and state laws require that AdaptHealth obtain facility and other regulatory licenses and accreditation and that AdaptHealth enroll as a supplier with federal and state health programs.

As a healthcare provider, AdaptHealth is subject to extensive regulation to prevent fraud and abuse and laws regulating reimbursement under various government programs. The marketing, billing, documenting and other practices of healthcare companies are all subject to government scrutiny. To ensure compliance with Medicare, Medicaid and other regulations, regional health insurance carriers and state agencies often conduct audits and request customer records and other documents to support AdaptHealth’s claims submitted for payment of services rendered to customers. Similarly, government agencies and their contractors periodically open investigations and obtain information from healthcare providers pursuant to the legal process. Violations of federal and state regulations can result in severe criminal, civil and administrative penalties and sanctions, including disqualification from Medicare and other reimbursement programs, which could have a material adverse effect on AdaptHealth’s financial condition and results of operations.

Numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including HIPAA and the HITECH Act, govern the collection, dissemination, security, use and confidentiality of patient-identifiable health information or personal information. As part of AdaptHealth’s provision of, and billing for, healthcare equipment and services, AdaptHealth is required to collect and maintain patient-identifiable health information. In addition, various federal and state legislative and regulatory bodies, or self-regulatory organizations, may expand current laws or regulations, enact new laws or regulations or issue revised rules or guidance regarding privacy, data protection and consumer protection. For instance, the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") became effective on January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used by requiring covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers (as that term is broadly defined) and provide such consumers new ways to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. Although there are limited exemptions for protected health information and the CCPA’s implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, the CCPA may increase AdaptHealth’s compliance costs and potential liability. Many similar privacy laws have been proposed at the federal level and in other states. New health information standards, whether implemented pursuant to HIPAA, the HITECH Act, congressional action or otherwise, could have a significant effect on the manner in which AdaptHealth handles healthcare-related data and communicate with payers, and the cost of complying with these standards could be significant. If AdaptHealth does not comply with existing or new laws and regulations related to patient health information, it could be subject to criminal or civil sanctions.

Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") and many state attorneys general are interpreting existing federal and state consumer protection laws to impose evolving standards for the online collection, use, dissemination and security of health-related and other personal information. Courts may also adopt the standards for fair information practices promulgated by the FTC, which concern consumer notice, choice, security and access. Consumer protection laws require AdaptHealth to publish statements that describe how it handles personal information and choices individuals may have about the way AdaptHealth handles their personal information. If such information that AdaptHealth publishes is considered untrue, it may be subject to government claims of unfair or deceptive trade practices, which could lead to significant liabilities and consequences. Furthermore, according to the FTC, violating consumers’ privacy rights or failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure may constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act. Communications with AdaptHealth’s patients are also subject to laws and regulations governing communications, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 ("TCPA"), the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography And Marketing ("CAN-SPAM") Act, additional fax regulations under the Junk Fax Act and the Telemarketing Sales Rule and Medicare regulations.

Healthcare is an area of rapid regulatory change. Changes in the laws and regulations and new interpretations of existing laws and regulations may affect permissible activities, the relative costs associated with doing business, and reimbursement amounts paid by federal, state and other third-party payers. AdaptHealth cannot predict the future of federal, state and local regulation or legislation, including Medicare and Medicaid statutes and regulations, or possible changes in national healthcare policies. Future legislative and regulatory changes could have a material adverse effect on AdaptHealth’s financial condition and results of operations.

The long-term effects of climate change are difficult to predict and may be widespread. The impacts may include physical risks (such as rising sea levels or frequency and severity of extreme weather conditions), social and human effects (such as population dislocations or harm to health and well-being), compliance costs and transition risks (such as regulatory or technology changes) and other adverse effects. The effects could impair, for example, the availability and cost of certain products, commodities and energy (including utilities), which in turn may impact AdaptHealth's ability to procure goods or services required for the operation of its business at the quantities and levels it requires. AdaptHealth may bear losses incurred as a result of, for example, physical damage to or destruction of its facilities (such as patient service offices and warehouses), loss or spoilage of inventory, and business interruption due to weather events that may be attributable to climate change. Governments in the U.S. and abroad are considering new or expanded laws to address climate change. Such laws may include limitations on greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions, mandates that companies implement processes to monitor and disclose climate-related matters, additional taxes or offset charges on specified energy sources, and other requirements. In October 2023, the state of California enacted the Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act ("SB-253"), which mandates the disclosure of GHG emissions, including Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 emissions; and the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act ("SB-261"), which mandates the disclosure of climate-related financial risks, and measures adopted to reduce and adapt to such risks. Both California laws require initial disclosures in 2026. Compliance with climate-related laws may be further complicated by disparate regulatory approaches in various jurisdictions.

New or expanded climate-related laws could impose substantial costs on AdaptHealth. At the present time, we cannot predict their potential effect on AdaptHealth's capital expenditures or results of operations.

Compliance with such laws and regulations is costly and may materially affect AdaptHealth's business and results of operations. Among other effects, healthcare regulations substantially increase the time, difficulty and costs incurred in obtaining and maintaining approval to market newly developed and existing products. AdaptHealth believes it is in material compliance with all statutes and regulations applicable to its operations.

As a provider of home oxygen, respiratory and other chronic therapy equipment to the home healthcare market, AdaptHealth participates in Medicare Part B, the Supplementary Medical Insurance Program, which was established by the Social Security Act of 1965. Providers of home oxygen and other respiratory therapy services and equipment have historically been heavily dependent on Medicare reimbursement due to the high proportion of elderly persons suffering from respiratory disease utilizing Medicare benefits. Durable medical equipment, including oxygen equipment, is traditionally reimbursed by Medicare based on fixed fee schedules.

Impact of the MMA. In December 2003, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 ("MMA") was signed into law. The MMA established a Recovery Audit Contractors ("RAC") program, which implemented a new method for recovery of Medicare overpayments by utilizing private companies operating on a contingent fee basis to identify and recoup Medicare overpayments, and implemented quality standards and accreditation requirements for Durable Medical Equipment ("DME") suppliers. The RACs are empowered to audit claims submitted by healthcare providers and overpayments identified by the RACs can be recouped from future payments, including in cases where the reimbursement rules are unclear or subject to differing interpretations. This activity, as well as the activity of intermediaries and others involved in government reimbursement, may include changes in long-standing interpretations of reimbursement rules, which could adversely impact AdaptHealth’s future financial condition and results of operations. In October 2008, CMS established Zone Program Integrity Contractors (“ZPICs”) and Unified Program Integrity Contractors (“UPICs”), who are responsible for ensuring the integrity of all Medicare-related claims. These legislative and regulatory provisions, as currently in effect, have and will continue to adversely impact AdaptHealth’s financial condition and results of operations.

Impact of Competitive Bidding. The MMA legislation directly impacted reimbursement for the primary respiratory and other DME products that AdaptHealth provides. Among other things, the MMA established a competitive acquisition program for DME. The MMA instructed CMS to establish and implement programs under which competitive acquisition areas would be established throughout the United States for purposes of awarding contracts for the furnishing of competitively priced items of DME, including oxygen equipment. For each competitive acquisition area, CMS is required to conduct a competition under which providers submit bids to supply certain covered items of DME. Successful bidders are expected to meet certain program quality standards, volume commitments and surety bond requirements in order to be awarded a contract, and only successful bidders can supply the covered items to Medicare beneficiaries in the respective acquisition area (there are, however, regulations in place that allow non-contracted suppliers to continue to provide equipment and services to their existing customers at the new prices determined through the bidding process). Competitive bidding contracts are expected to be re-bid at least every three years. CMS is required to award contracts to multiple entities submitting bids in each area for an item or service but has the authority to limit the number of contractors in a competitive acquisition area to the number it determines to be necessary to meet projected demand.

In March 2019, CMS announced that it would consolidate all rounds and areas of the DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program (“CBP”) into a single round of competition effective January 1, 2021 named “Round 2021.” Round 2021 contracts became effective on January 1, 2021 and extend through December 31, 2023. CMS included 16 product categories in Round 2021. On April 10, 2020, CMS announced that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it removed the non-invasive ventilators product category from the Round 2021 DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program.

On October 27, 2020, CMS announced that it would not award competitive bid contracts in 13 of the 15 remaining product categories due to a failure to achieve expected savings, and that contract awards would only be made for off-the-shelf (“OTS”) knee and back braces. All other product categories were removed from Round 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, net revenue generated with respect to providing OTS knee and back braces (excluding amounts generated in non-rural and rural non-bid areas) were not material. AdaptHealth has obtained contracts for OTS knee and back braces, and does not expect the single payment amounts imposed by CMS under such contracts to have a material impact on AdaptHealth.

The competitive bidding process has historically put pressure on the amount AdaptHealth is reimbursed in the markets in which it exists, as well as in areas that are not subject to the DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program. The rates required to win future competitive bids could continue to depress reimbursement rates. AdaptHealth will continue to monitor developments regarding the DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program. While AdaptHealth cannot predict the outcome of the DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program on its business in the future nor the Medicare payment rates that will be in effect in future years for the items subjected to competitive bidding, the program may materially adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations.

CMS’s decision to cancel the 2021 competitive bidding program was a significant development for AdaptHealth. On December 28, 2021, CMS permanently finalized the higher blended rates in rural and noncontiguous non-competitive bidding areas. Congress further extended a blended higher Medicare reimbursement rate in non-competitive bidding/non-rural areas through December 31, 2023. After December 31, 2023, the reimbursement rate has reverted to 100% of the Medicare fee schedule, adjusted to inflation.

Durable Medical Equipment Medicare Administrative Contractor. In order to ensure that Medicare beneficiaries only receive medically necessary and appropriate items and services, the Medicare program has adopted a number of documentation requirements. For example, certain provisions under CMS guidance manuals, local coverage determinations, and the DME Medicare Administrative Contractors (“MAC”) Supplier Manuals provide that clinical information from the “patient’s medical record” is required to justify the initial and ongoing medical necessity for the provision of DME. Some DME MACs, CMS staff and other government contractors have recently taken the position, among other things, that the “patient’s medical record” refers not to documentation maintained by the DME supplier but instead to documentation maintained by the patient’s physician, healthcare facility or other clinician, and that clinical information created by the DME supplier’s personnel and confirmed by the patient’s physician is not sufficient to establish medical necessity. If treating physicians do not adequately document, among other things, their diagnoses and plans of care, the risks that AdaptHealth will be subject to audits and payment denials may increase. Moreover, auditors’ interpretations of these policies are inconsistent and subject to individual interpretation, leading to significant increases in individual supplier and industry-wide perceived error rates. High error rates could lead to further audit activity and regulatory burdens and could result in AdaptHealth making significant refunds and other payments to Medicare and other government programs. Accordingly, AdaptHealth’s future revenues and cash flows from government healthcare programs may be delayed and/or reduced. Private payors also may conduct audits and may take legal action to recover alleged overpayments. AdaptHealth could be adversely affected in some of the markets in which it operates if the auditing payor alleges substantial overpayments were made to AdaptHealth due to coding errors or lack of documentation to support medical necessity determinations. AdaptHealth cannot currently predict the adverse impact these measures might have on its financial condition and results of operations, but such impact could be material.

Federal and state budgetary and other cost-containment pressures will continue to impact the home respiratory care industry. AdaptHealth cannot predict whether new federal and state budgetary proposals will be adopted or the effect, if any, such proposals would have on its financial condition and results of operations.

We file or furnish annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains an internet website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with the SEC.

We also make available free of charge through our website, https://adapthealth.com/investorrelations, electronic copies of certain documents that we file with the SEC, including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Information on our website or any other website is not incorporated by reference into, and does not constitute a part of, this Annual Report.

AdaptHealth currently relies on a relatively small number of suppliers to provide it with the majority of its patient service equipment and supplies. Significant price increases, or disruptions in the ability to obtain such equipment and supplies from existing suppliers, may force AdaptHealth to use alternative suppliers. Additionally, any new excise taxes imposed on manufacturers of certain medical equipment could be passed on to customers, such as AdaptHealth. Such manufacturers may be forced to make other changes to their products or manufacturing processes that are unacceptable to AdaptHealth, resulting in a need to change suppliers. Any change in suppliers AdaptHealth uses could cause delays in the delivery of such products and possible losses in revenue, which could adversely affect AdaptHealth’s results of operations. In addition, alternative suppliers may not be available, or may not provide their products and services at similar or favorable prices. If AdaptHealth cannot obtain the patient service equipment and supplies it currently uses, or alternatives at similar or favorable prices, AdaptHealth’s ability to provide such products may be severely impacted, which could have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, capital resources and liquidity.

For example, in June 2021, AdaptHealth received notice from Philips that certain ventilator, BiPAP, and CPAP devices would be included in a Philips voluntary recall due to potential health risks to patients. As a result, it was not possible to purchase these products from Philips, which led to shortages in the supply chain, and other suppliers were unable to meet the strong patient demand for these products, which materially affected AdaptHealth’s ability to service patient demand for these devices during the year ended December 31, 2021. Subsequent to December 31, 2021, there was improved ability to purchase these products from alternative suppliers. This recall caused AdaptHealth to incur significant costs, some or all of which may not be recoverable from the product manufacturer.

AdaptHealth cannot predict fully the potential legal, regulatory, and financial risks that may arise out of the recall. Additionally, AdaptHealth has been named in and may be subject to future litigation related to the recall, including but not limited to individual and putative class action claims related to personal injury for devices affected by the recall as well as claims regarding repair and replacement of devices affected by the recall. AdaptHealth cannot predict what additional actions will be required of AdaptHealth by the FDA or other state or federal agencies related to the recall.

In addition, in November 2023, the FDA issued a Safety Communication warning patients and healthcare providers to carefully monitor Philips DreamStation 2 CPAP machines for signs of overheating due to an increase in reports about thermal issues such as fire, smoke, burns and other signs of overheating while people are using the device. AdaptHealth cannot predict fully the potential legal, regulatory, and financial risks that may arise out of the warning related to the DreamStation 2 CPAP machines and cannot predict whether the FDA or Philips will take further action regarding the DreamStation 2 CPAP machines.

Many companies, including AdaptHealth, recently have experienced increased supply chain and labor challenges. Materials, equipment and labor shortages, shipping, logistics and other delays and other supply chain and related disruptions have made it more difficult and costly for AdaptHealth to obtain products or services from third parties. If these types of disruptions continue to occur, it would have a material adverse effect on AdaptHealth’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Continued labor shortages have driven a significant increase in competition throughout the industry to attract and retain talent and have also led to increased labor costs.

Union activity is another factor that may contribute to increased labor costs. AdaptHealth currently has a minimal number of union employees, so an increase in labor union activity could have a significant impact on AdaptHealth's labor costs. AdaptHealth's failure to recruit and retain qualified employees, or to control its labor costs, could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

While AdaptHealth seeks to mitigate any cost increases, labor impacts and supply chain delays and shortages, these efforts may not be successful and AdaptHealth may experience adverse impacts due to such factors. AdaptHealth cannot predict the extent of these current trends or other future increases in operating costs. To the extent such costs continue to increase, AdaptHealth may be prevented, in whole or in part, from passing such cost increases through to its existing and prospective customers, or AdaptHealth’s customers may seek other competitive sources due to supply chain delays, which could have a material adverse impact on AdaptHealth’s business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Increases in inflation have had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on AdaptHealth. Current and future inflationary effects may be driven by, among other things, general inflationary cost increases, supply chain disruptions and governmental stimulus or fiscal policies. The cost to manufacture and distribute the equipment and products that AdaptHealth provides to patients is influenced by the cost of materials, labor, and transportation, including fuel costs. AdaptHealth continues to experience inflationary pressure and higher costs as a result of the increasing cost of materials, labor and transportation. The increase in the cost of equipment and products is due in part to a shortage in the availability of certain products, the higher cost of shipping, and general inflationary cost increases. Additionally, it is not certain that AdaptHealth will be able to pass increased costs onto customers to offset inflationary pressures. Continuing increases in inflation could impact the overall demand for AdaptHealth’s products and services, its costs for labor, equipment and products, and the margins it is able to realize on its products, all of which could have an adverse impact on AdaptHealth’s business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, future volatility of general price inflation and the impact of inflation on costs and availability of materials, costs for shipping and warehousing, workforce wage pressure, and other operational overhead could adversely affect AdaptHealth’s financial results. Although there have been recent increases in inflation, AdaptHealth cannot predict whether these trends will continue. AdaptHealth’s primary mitigation efforts relating to these inflationary pressures include utilizing AdaptHealth’s purchasing power in negotiations with vendors and the increased use of technology to drive operating efficiencies and control costs, such as AdaptHealth’s digital platform for prescriptions, orders and delivery.

Current inflationary increases have resulted in higher interest rates, which in turn have resulted in higher interest expense related to AdaptHealth’s variable rate indebtedness. Future increases in inflation may result in higher interest rates which could increase interest expense related to AdaptHealth’s variable rate indebtedness and any borrowings it may undertake to refinance existing fixed rate indebtedness. Higher interest rates also impact the discount rate used in the valuation of intangible assets, including goodwill, and the impact on the discount rate could result in additional impairment charges for such assets. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance our term loan upon maturity, or that any such refinancing would be on terms as favorable as the terms of the existing term loan. If we are unable to refinance the term loan at maturity or are only able to do so at higher interest rates, our interest expense would increase and the amount of our cash flow and our financial condition could be adversely affected.

AdaptHealth’s business depends on the proper functioning and availability of its computer systems and networks. AdaptHealth relies on an external service provider to provide continual maintenance, upgrading and enhancement of AdaptHealth’s primary information systems used for its operational needs. AdaptHealth licenses third-party software that supports intake, personnel scheduling and other human resources functions, office clinical and centralized billing and receivables management in an integrated database, enabling AdaptHealth to standardize the care delivered across its network of locations and monitor its performance and consumer outcomes. AdaptHealth also uses a third-party software provider for its order processing and inventory management platform. To the extent that its third-party providers fail to support, maintain and upgrade such software or systems, or if AdaptHealth loses its licenses with third-party providers, the efficiency of AdaptHealth’s operations could be disrupted or reduced.

The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. In addition, the prevalent use of mobile devices that access confidential information increases the risk of data security breaches, which could lead to the loss of confidential information or other intellectual property. AdaptHealth or its third-party vendors may experience cybersecurity and other breach incidents, including such incidents that remain undetected for an extended period. A cybersecurity attack or other incident that bypasses AdaptHealth’s or its third-party vendors' information systems security could cause a security breach that may lead to a material disruption to AdaptHealth's information systems infrastructure or business and/or involve a significant loss of business or patient health or other protected data or information. If a cybersecurity attack or another unauthorized attempt to access AdaptHealth’s or its third-party vendors' systems or facilities were to be successful, it could result in the theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation or release of confidential information or intellectual property, and could cause operational or business delays that may materially impact AdaptHealth’s ability to provide various healthcare services.

Even when a security breach is detected, the full extent of the breach may not be determined immediately. If AdaptHealth experiences a reduction in the performance, reliability, or availability of its information systems, its operations and ability to process transactions and produce timely and accurate reports could be materially adversely affected. If AdaptHealth experiences difficulties with the transition and integration of information systems or is unable to implement, maintain, or expand its systems properly, AdaptHealth could suffer from, among other things, operational disruptions, delays, cessation of service, regulatory problems, increases in administrative expenses and other harm to its business and competitive position. For example, in February 2024, AdaptHealth learned that one of its third-party software providers who interfaces with UnitedHealth Group’s Change Healthcare (“Change Healthcare”) information technology systems in connection with AdaptHealth’s claims processing activity had a cybersecurity threat actor gain access to some of the Change Healthcare information technology systems. UnitedHealth Group isolated the impacted systems upon learning of this threat and Change Healthcare has suspended its claims processing activity with AdaptHealth’s third-party software provider. The full impact of this incident has yet to be determined but depending on the duration of the impact and the availability of alternative claims processing engines, it could have an adverse effect on AdaptHealth’s business and results of operations.

There can be no assurance that AdaptHealth’s and its third-party software providers’ safety and security measures and disaster recovery plans will prevent damage, interruption, breach of their information systems and operations or data loss. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and may be difficult to detect, AdaptHealth its third-party software providers’ may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventive measures. In addition, hardware, software or applications AdaptHealth develops or procures from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise the security of its information systems. Unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to AdaptHealth’s systems or facilities, or those of third parties with whom AdaptHealth does business, including its confidential managed file transfer software providers, through fraud or other forms of deceiving its employees or contractors. Costs and potential problems and interruptions associated with any such unauthorized access or the implementation of new or upgraded systems and technology or with maintenance or adequate support of existing systems and technology, including systems and technology intended to protect against unauthorized access, also could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of AdaptHealth’s operations.

Any successful cybersecurity attack or other unauthorized access to AdaptHealth’s, AdaptHealth’s third-party vendors’, or any of its or their acquisition targets’ systems, facilities or patient health information also could result in negative publicity, which could damage AdaptHealth’s reputation or brand with its patients, referral sources, payors or other third parties and could subject AdaptHealth to substantial penalties under HIPAA and other federal and state data protection laws, in addition to costs and potential damages associated with private litigation related to those affected. Failure to maintain the security and functionality of AdaptHealth’s information systems and related software or to contract with third parties which do, or a failure to defend a cybersecurity attack or other attempt to gain unauthorized access to AdaptHealth’s, AdaptHealth’s third-party vendors’, or any of its or their acquisition targets’ systems, facilities or patient health information, could expose AdaptHealth to a number of adverse consequences, the vast majority of which are not insurable, including, but not limited to, disruptions in AdaptHealth’s operations, regulatory and other civil and criminal penalties, fines, investigations and enforcement actions (including, but not limited to, those arising from the SEC, FTC, the Office of Inspector General or state attorneys general), private litigation with those affected by the data breach, loss of customers, disputes with payors and increased operating expense, all or any of which could adversely impact AdaptHealth’s financial condition and results of operations.

AdaptHealth derived approximately 60% and 61% of its net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from third-party private payors. Such payors continually seek to control the cost of providing healthcare services through direct contracts with healthcare providers, increased oversight and greater enrollment of patients in managed care programs and preferred provider organizations. These private payors are increasingly demanding discounted fee structures, including setting reimbursement rates based on Medicare fee schedules or requiring healthcare providers or suppliers to assume a greater degree of financial risk related to patient care. Reimbursement rates under private payor programs may not remain at current levels and may not be sufficient to cover the costs of caring for patients enrolled in such programs, and AdaptHealth may experience a deterioration in pricing flexibility, changes in payor mix and growth in operating expenses in excess of increases in payments by private third-party payors. AdaptHealth may be compelled to lower its prices due to increased pricing pressures, which could adversely impact AdaptHealth’s financial condition and results of operations.

The majority of AdaptHealth’s payor contracts are subject to unilateral termination by either party on between 30 and 90 days’ prior written notice. Such contracts are routinely amended (sometimes by unilateral action by payors regarding payment policy), renegotiated, subjected to a bidding process with AdaptHealth’s competitors, or terminated altogether. Sometimes in the renegotiation process, certain lines of business may not be renewed or a payor may enlarge its provider network or otherwise change the way it conducts its business in a way that adversely impacts AdaptHealth’s revenue. In other cases, a payor may reduce its provider network in exchange for lower payment rates. AdaptHealth’s revenue from a payor may also be adversely affected if the payor alters its utilization management expectations and/or administrative procedures for payments and audits, changes its order of preference among the providers to which it refers business or imposes a third-party administrator, network manager or other intermediary. Payors may also decide to refer business to their owned provider subsidiaries, such as specialty pharmaceuticals and/or HME networks owned by such payors or by third-party management companies. Any of these activities could materially reduce AdaptHealth’s revenue from these payors.

Payors that provide coverage for products supplied by AdaptHealth can make changes to their plans and benefit designs that can have an adverse impact on AdaptHealth’s revenue and operations. For example, some payors have shifted coverage for continuous glucose monitors (“CGM”) from the medical benefit to the pharmacy benefit for their insureds. The impact of changing the benefit can include changes to the types of providers that can provide CGM, increased competition from pharmacies, changes to covered amounts, and changes to patient deductibles. Additionally, including CGM under the pharmacy benefit could allow pharmacy benefit managers to attempt to restrict how beneficiaries obtain CGM, including attempts to shift to specifically contracted providers with reduced reimbursement to the supplier or pharmacy. Net revenue from AdaptHealth's diabetes business declined for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to a shift in diabetes patients by certain large commercial insurance and other payors from DME suppliers to dual-benefit and pharmacy-only suppliers and lower net revenue from insulin pumps and supplies as a result of a shift toward more pumps being sold to patients through the pharmacy channel.

AdaptHealth generated approximately 28% and 27% of its net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, through the sale of masks, tubing and other ancillary products related to patients utilizing CPAP devices. Medicare, Medicaid and private payors limit the number of times per year that patients may purchase such supplies. To the extent that any governmental or private payor revises their resupply guidelines to reduce the number of times such supplies can be purchased, such reductions could adversely impact AdaptHealth’s revenue, financial condition and results of operations.

Because AdaptHealth depends upon reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid and third-party payors for a significant majority of its revenues, AdaptHealth’s revenue, financial condition and results of operations may be affected by the reimbursement process, which in the healthcare industry is complex and can involve lengthy delays between the time that services are rendered and the time that the reimbursement amounts are settled. Depending on the payor, AdaptHealth may be required to obtain certain payor-specific documentation from physicians and other healthcare providers before submitting claims for reimbursement. Certain payors have filing deadlines and will not pay claims submitted after such deadlines. AdaptHealth cannot ensure that it will be able to effectively manage the reimbursement process and collect payments for its equipment and services promptly.

Approximately 39% and 36% of AdaptHealth’s net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was generated from the provision of sleep therapy equipment and supplies to patients. AdaptHealth’s ability to execute its growth strategy therefore depends upon the adoption by patients, physicians and sleep centers, among others, of AdaptHealth’s sleep therapy equipment and supplies to treat their patients suffering from OSA. There can be no assurance that AdaptHealth's sleep therapy equipment and supplies will continue to maintain broad acceptance among physicians and patients. Any failure by AdaptHealth to satisfy physician or patient demand for its equipment and supplies or to maintain meaningful market acceptance will harm its business and future prospects.

In recent years, there has been a continuing trend of health insurers merging or increasing efforts to consolidate with other non-governmental payors. Insurers are also increasingly pursuing alignment initiatives with healthcare providers. Consolidation within the health insurance industry may result in insurers having increased negotiating leverage and competitive advantages, such as greater access to performance and pricing data. AdaptHealth’s ability to negotiate prices and favorable terms with health insurers in certain markets could be affected negatively as a result of this consolidation. In addition, the shift toward value-based payment models could be accelerated if larger insurers, including those engaging in consolidation activities, find these models to be financially beneficial. There can be no assurance that AdaptHealth will be able to negotiate favorable terms with payors and otherwise respond effectively to the impact of increased consolidation in the payor industry or vertical integration efforts.

The collection of accounts receivable requires constant focus and involvement by management and ongoing enhancements to information systems and billing center operating procedures. There can be no assurance that AdaptHealth will be able to improve upon or maintain its current levels of collectability and days sales outstanding in future periods. Further, some of AdaptHealth’s payors and/or patients may experience financial difficulties, or may otherwise not pay accounts receivable when due, resulting in increased write-offs. If AdaptHealth is unable to properly bill and collect its accounts receivable, its financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected. In addition, from time to time AdaptHealth is involved in disputes with various parties, including its payors and their intermediaries regarding their performance of various contractual or regulatory obligations. These disputes sometimes lead to legal and other proceedings and cause AdaptHealth to incur costs or experience delays in collections, increases in its accounts receivable or loss of revenue. In addition, in the event such disputes are not resolved in AdaptHealth’s favor or cause AdaptHealth to terminate its relationships with such parties, there may be an adverse impact on its financial condition and results of operations.

AdaptHealth’s growth and profitability depend in large part on referrals from acute care hospitals, sleep laboratories, pulmonologist and endocrinologist offices, skilled nursing facilities, hospice operators and other patient referral sources in the communities served by AdaptHealth, its ability to establish and maintain close working relationships with such patient referral sources and to increase awareness and acceptance of the benefits of inpatient rehabilitation, home health, and hospice care by its referral sources and their patients. By law, referral sources cannot be contractually obligated to refer patients to any specific provider.

In addition, AdaptHealth’s relationships with referral sources are subject to federal and state healthcare laws such as the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the Stark Law to the extent these services provide a financial benefit to or relieve a financial burden for a potential referral source, or are subsequently found not to be for fair market value. However, there can be no assurance that other market participants will not attempt to steer patients to competing post-acute providers or otherwise limit AdaptHealth’s access to potential referrals. The establishment of joint ventures or networks between referral sources, such as acute care hospitals, and other post-acute providers may hinder patient referrals to AdaptHealth. AdaptHealth’s loss of, or failure to maintain, existing relationships or its failure to develop new relationships with referral sources could adversely affect its ability to grow its business and operate profitably.

AdaptHealth experiences competition from numerous other sleep therapy equipment, home respiratory, mobility equipment and diabetes medical devices and supplies providers, and this competition could adversely affect its revenues and its business.

The sleep therapy equipment, home respiratory, mobility equipment and diabetes medical devices and supplies markets are highly competitive and include a large number of providers, some of which are national providers, but most of which are either regional or local providers, including hospital systems, physician specialists and sleep labs. The primary competitive factors are quality considerations such as responsiveness, access to payor contracts, the technical ability of the professional staff and the ability to provide comprehensive services. These markets are very fragmented. Some of AdaptHealth’s competitors may now or in the future have greater financial resources or more effective sales and marketing activities. AdaptHealth’s largest national home respiratory/home medical equipment provider competitors include Owens & Minor Inc., Lincare Holdings Inc., Rotech Healthcare, Inc. and Cardinal Health, Inc. The rest of the homecare market in the United States consists of regional providers and product-specific providers, as well as numerous local organizations. Hospitals and health systems are routinely looking to provide coverage and better control of post-acute healthcare services, including homecare services of the types AdaptHealth provides. These trends may continue as new payment models evolve, including bundled payment models, shared savings programs, value-based purchasing and other payment systems.

New entrants to the sleep therapy equipment, home respiratory/home medical equipment and diabetes medical devices and supplies markets could have a material adverse effect on AdaptHealth’s business, results of operations and financial condition. A number of manufacturers of home respiratory equipment currently provide equipment directly to patients on a limited basis. Such manufacturers have the ability to provide their equipment at prices below those charged by AdaptHealth, and there can be no assurance that such direct-to-patient sales efforts will not increase in the future or that such manufacturers will not seek reimbursement contracts directly with AdaptHealth’s third-party payors, who could seek to provide equipment directly to patients from the manufacturer. In addition, pharmacy benefit managers, including CVS Health Corporation and the OptumRx business of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated, could enter the HME market and compete with AdaptHealth. Large technology companies, such as Amazon.com, Inc. and Alphabet Inc., have disrupted other supply businesses and have entered the healthcare market. In the event such companies enter the HME market, AdaptHealth may experience a loss of referrals or revenue.

AdaptHealth evaluates changes in home medical equipment technology and treatments on an ongoing basis for purposes of determining the feasibility of replacing or supplementing items currently included in the patient service equipment inventory and services that AdaptHealth offers patients. AdaptHealth’s selection of medical equipment and services is formulated on the basis of a variety of factors, including overall quality, functional reliability, availability of supply, payor reimbursement policies, product features, labor costs associated with the technology, acquisition, repair and ownership costs and overall patient and referral source demand, as well as patient therapeutic and lifestyle benefits. Manufacturers continue to invest in research and development to introduce new products to the marketplace. It is possible that major changes in available technology, payor benefit or coverage policies related to those changes or the preferences of patients and referral sources may cause AdaptHealth’s current product offerings to become less competitive or obsolete, and it will be necessary to adapt to those changes. Unanticipated changes could cause AdaptHealth to incur increased capital expenditures and accelerated equipment write-offs, and could force AdaptHealth to alter its sales, operations and marketing strategies.

In addition, the development and commercialization of new drugs to address obesity and type 2 diabetes may limit the prospects for AdaptHealth’s current equipment or services. A number of new glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonist drugs, including Mounjaro, Wegovy, and Ozempic, have entered the market. The long-term effect of these drugs on AdaptHealth's business is uncertain. However, these drugs may have a significant impact on obesity rates over time, which may result in reduced demand for our current equipment or services and we may not be able to adapt to those changes to stay competitive.

AdaptHealth’s operations are subject to the many hazards inherent in the transportation of medical gas products and compressed and liquid oxygen, including ruptures, leaks and fires. These risks could result in substantial losses due to personal injury or loss of life, severe damage to and destruction of property and equipment and pollution or other environmental damage and may result in curtailment or suspension of AdaptHealth’s related operations. If a significant accident or event occurs, it could adversely affect AdaptHealth’s business, financial position and results of operations. Additionally, corrective action plans, fines or other sanctions may be levied by government regulators who oversee transportation of hazardous materials such as compressed or liquid oxygen.

AdaptHealth provides a significant number of patients with oxygen-based therapy, and from time to time, AdaptHealth has operated medical gas facilities in several states subject to federal and state regulatory requirements. AdaptHealth’s medical gas facilities and operations are subject to extensive regulation by the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and other federal and state authorities. The FDA regulates medical gases, including medical oxygen, pursuant to its authority under the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Among other requirements, the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practice (“cGMP”) regulations impose certain quality control, documentation and record keeping requirements on the receipt, processing and distribution of medical gas. Further, in each such state, its medical gas facilities would be subject to regulation under state health and safety laws, which vary from state to state. The FDA and state authorities conduct periodic, unannounced inspections at medical gas facilities to assess compliance with the cGMP and other regulations, and AdaptHealth expends significant time, money and resources in an effort to achieve substantial compliance with the cGMP regulations and other federal and state law requirements at each of its medical gas facilities. AdaptHealth also complies with the FDA’s requirement for medical gas providers to register their sites with the agency. There can be no assurance, however, that these efforts will be successful and that AdaptHealth’s medical gas facilities will maintain compliance with federal and state law regulations. Failure by AdaptHealth to maintain regulatory compliance at its medical gas facilities could result in enforcement action, including warning letters, fines, product recalls or seizures, temporary or permanent injunctions, or suspensions in operations at one or more locations, and civil or criminal penalties which would materially harm its business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, capital resources and liquidity.

AdaptHealth currently outsources, and from time to time in the future may outsource, portions of its internal business functions, including billing and administrative functions relating to revenue cycle management and accounts payable, to third-party providers in India and the Philippines, and utilizes third-party managed file transfer software providers to transfer its sensitive and protected customer data. These third-party providers may not comply on a timely basis with all of AdaptHealth’s requirements, or may not provide AdaptHealth with an acceptable level of service or may not protect properly AdaptHealth’s and its customers’ confidential or protected data. This could result in significant disruptions in AdaptHealth’s operations and significantly increase costs to undertake AdaptHealth’s operations, either of which could damage AdaptHealth’s relationships with its customers. In addition, AdaptHealth’s outsourced functions may be negatively impacted by any number of factors, including: political unrest; public health crises; social unrest; cyber-attacks; terrorism; war; vandalism; currency fluctuations; changes to the laws of India, the Philippines, the United States or any other jurisdictions in which AdaptHealth does business or outsources operations; or increases in the cost of labor and supplies in India and the Philippines or any other jurisdiction in which AdaptHealth outsources any portion of its internal or other business functions. AdaptHealth’s outsourced operations may also be affected by trade restrictions, such as tariffs or other trade controls. As a result of its outsourcing activities, it may also be more difficult for AdaptHealth to recruit and retain qualified employees for its business needs at any time. AdaptHealth’s failure to successfully outsource certain of its business functions could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations, and financial condition.

AdaptHealth is highly dependent on the performance and continued efforts of its senior management team. AdaptHealth’s future success is dependent on its ability to continue to attract and retain qualified executive officers and senior management. Any inability to manage AdaptHealth’s operations effectively could adversely impact its financial condition and results of operations.

AdaptHealth's ability to successfully operate its business is also dependent upon the efforts of certain other key personnel of AdaptHealth. It is possible that AdaptHealth will lose some key personnel, the loss of which could negatively impact its operations and profitability.

As previously disclosed, Richard Barasch, Chairman of the Board of AdaptHealth and Interim Chief Executive Officer, has been serving as its Interim Chief Executive Officer since the resignation of Stephen Griggs, effective June 30, 2023. Mr. Barasch is expected to continue to serve as Interim Chief Executive Officer until a successor chief executive officer is appointed. AdaptHealth remains highly focused on identifying a replacement chief executive officer; however, there can be no assurances as to the timing of any such appointment.

AdaptHealth’s strategic plan calls for significant growth in its business over the next several years through an increase in its density in select markets where it is established as well as the expansion of its geographic footprint into new markets. This growth would place (and has placed) significant demands on AdaptHealth’s management team, systems, internal controls and financial and professional resources. As a result, AdaptHealth could be required to incur (and has incurred) expenses for hiring additional qualified personnel, retaining professionals to assist in developing the appropriate control systems and expanding AdaptHealth’s information technology infrastructure. If AdaptHealth is unable to effectively manage growth, its financial results could be adversely impacted.

AdaptHealth’s strategic plan has historically involved acquisitions of home medical equipment providers and such acquisitions remain an element of AdaptHealth's strategy. AdaptHealth may face increased competition for attractive acquisition candidates, which may limit the number of acquisition opportunities available to AdaptHealth or lead to the payment of higher prices for its acquisitions. Without successful acquisitions, AdaptHealth’s future growth rate could decline. In addition, AdaptHealth cannot guarantee that any future acquisitions, if consummated, will result in further growth.

AdaptHealth’s strategic plan contemplates successful integration of acquired home medical equipment providers with AdaptHealth’s existing business, including reduction in operating expenses with respect to the acquired companies. Integrating an acquisition could be expensive and time-consuming and could disrupt AdaptHealth’s ongoing business, negatively affect cash flow and distract management and other key personnel from day-to-day operations. AdaptHealth may not be able to combine successfully the operations of recently acquired companies with its operations, and, even if such integration is accomplished, AdaptHealth may never realize the potential benefits of such acquisition.

The integration of acquisitions requires significant attention from management, may impose substantial demands on AdaptHealth’s operations or other projects and may impose challenges on us including, but not limited to, consistencies in business standards, procedures, policies and business cultures. There can be no assurance that any future acquisitions, if consummated, will result in further growth.

Specific integration risks relating to the acquisition of other companies by AdaptHealth may include:

•difficulties related to combining previously separate businesses into a single unit, including patient transitions, product and service offerings, distribution and operational capabilities and business cultures;

•availability of financing to the extent needed to fund acquisitions;

•customer loss and other general business disruption;

•managing the integration process while completing other independent acquisitions or dispositions;

•diversion of management’s attention from day-to-day operations;

•assumption of liabilities of an acquired business, including unforeseen or contingent liabilities or liabilities in excess of the amounts estimated;

•failure to realize anticipated benefits and synergies, such as cost savings and revenue enhancements;

•potentially substantial costs and expenses associated with acquisitions and dispositions;

•failure to retain and motivate key employees;

•coordinating research and development activities to enhance the introduction of new products and services;

•difficulties in establishing and applying AdaptHealth’s internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures to an acquired business;

•obtaining necessary regulatory licenses and payor-specific approvals, which may impact the timing of when AdaptHealth is to bill and collect for services rendered;

•AdaptHealth’s ability to transition patients in a timely manner may impact AdaptHealth’s ability to collect amounts for services rendered;

•AdaptHealth’s estimates for revenue accruals during the integration of acquisitions may require adjustments in future periods as the transition of patient information is finalized; and

•delays in obtaining new government and commercial insurance payor identification numbers for acquired branches, resulting in a slowdown and/or loss of associated revenue.

AdaptHealth’s business can be affected by a number of factors that are beyond its control, such as general geopolitical, economic and business conditions, including slower economic growth, disruptions in financial markets, economic downturns in the form of either contained or widespread recessionary conditions, inflation, elevated unemployment levels, sluggish or uneven economic recovery, government actions impacting trade agreements including the imposition of trade restrictions such as tariffs and retaliatory counter measures, government deficit reduction, tax legislation increasing the federal corporate income tax rates, natural and other disasters, public health crises affecting the operations of AdaptHealth or its customers or suppliers, staffing shortages, production slowdowns or stoppages, raw material shortages and disruptions in delivery systems. We continue to monitor the worsening macroeconomic conditions, such as the war in Ukraine, the Hamas-Israel conflict and global geopolitical tension. Turmoil in the financial markets, including in the capital and credit markets, and any uncertainty over its breadth, depth and duration may put pressure on the global economy and could have a negative effect on AdaptHealth’s business. The shortage of liquidity and credit combined with substantial losses in worldwide equity markets could cause an economic recession in the United States or worldwide. If global financial markets experience extreme disruption, governments may take unprecedented actions intended to address extreme market conditions that may include severely restricted credit and declines in real estate values. If conditions in the global economy, U.S. economy or other key vertical or geographic markets are weak or uncertain, AdaptHealth could experience material adverse impacts on its revenue, financial condition and results of operations.

There is an inherent risk of liability in the provision of healthcare services. As participants in the healthcare industry, AdaptHealth may periodically be subject to lawsuits, some of which may involve large claims and significant costs to defend, such as mass tort or other class actions. Although AdaptHealth’s insurance coverage reflects deductibles, self-insured retentions, limits of liability and similar provisions that it believes are reasonable based on its operations, the coverage under its insurance programs may not be adequate to protect it in all circumstances.

AdaptHealth’s insurance policies contain exclusions and conditions that could have a materially adverse impact on AdaptHealth’s ability to receive indemnification thereunder, as well as customary sub-limits for particular types of losses. Additionally, insurance companies that currently insure companies in AdaptHealth’s industry may cease to do so, may change the coverage provided or may substantially increase premiums in the future. The incurrence of losses and liabilities that exceed AdaptHealth’s available coverage, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

AdaptHealth also maintains Directors and Officers (D&O) Liability insurance coverage to protect all of its directors and executive officers. As premiums for insurance covering directors' and officers' liability are rising, AdaptHealth may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. There can be no assurance that this D&O coverage will be sufficient to cover the costs of the events that may lead to its invocation, in which case, there could be an adverse impact on AdaptHealth's financial condition, should such an unforeseen event occur. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on AdaptHealth's board of directors, its board committees, or as executive officers.

AdaptHealth currently self-insures a significant portion of expected losses under its workers’ compensation, automobile liability and employee health insurance programs and, to offset negative insurance market trends, AdaptHealth may elect to increase its self-insurance coverage, accept higher deductibles or reduce the amount of coverage. Unanticipated changes in any applicable actuarial assumptions and management estimates underlying its liabilities for these losses could result in materially different expenses than expected under these programs, which could have a material adverse effect on AdaptHealth’s financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if AdaptHealth experiences a greater number of these losses than it anticipates, it could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

AdaptHealth derived approximately 27% and 26% of its net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from Medicare and various state-based Medicaid programs. These programs are subject to statutory and regulatory changes affecting overall spending, base rates or basis of payment, retroactive rate adjustments, annual caps that limit the amount that can be paid (including deductible and coinsurance amounts) for rehabilitation therapy services rendered to Medicare beneficiaries, administrative or executive orders and government funding restrictions, all of which may materially adversely affect the rates and frequency at which these programs reimburse AdaptHealth. Healthcare providers, suppliers, and payors are facing increasing pressure to reduce healthcare costs, and recent budget proposals and legislation at both the federal and state levels have called for cuts in Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates. Enactment and implementation of measures to reduce or delay reimbursement or overall Medicare or Medicaid spending could result in substantial reductions in AdaptHealth’s revenue and profitability. Payors may disallow AdaptHealth’s requests for reimbursement based on determinations that certain costs are not reimbursable or reasonable because either adequate or additional documentation was not provided or because certain services were not covered or considered medically necessary. Revenue from third-party payors can be retroactively adjusted after a new examination during the claims settlement process or as a result of post-payment audits. AdaptHealth may also be subject to pre-payment review of certain service lines or products and equipment as a result of negative audit findings or other third-party payor determinations, which can result in significant delays in claims processing and could materially impact its revenue.

As a result of the Public Health Emergency Declaration, National Emergency Declaration, and pursuant to the provisions of the CARES Act, among other things, CMS issued regulatory guidance indicating enforcement discretion and flexibility regarding the provisions of items and services by DMEPOS suppliers like AdaptHealth. These provisions were announced through blanket waivers under Section 1135 of the Social Security Act, two Interim Final Rules with Requests for Comment on April 6, 2020 and May 8, 2020, respectively, and through numerous forms of subregulatory guidance. These provisions included modifications of various requirements under CMS regulations and Medicare and Medicaid program rules that aim to expand the capacity of healthcare providers and suppliers to deliver healthcare services while minimizing the risk of viral exposure. CMS’s changes included the exercise of enforcement discretion with respect to the clinical conditions and face-to-face encounter requirements required under certain national and local coverage determinations applicable to certain items and supplies AdaptHealth offers.

The public health emergency ended on May 11, 2023, which triggered the expiration of many of the waivers, enforcement discretion and flexibilities. AdaptHealth may be required to alter its operations and processes to ensure compliance once these flexibilities and waivers terminate (including flexibilities and waivers terminated by CMS prior to the end of the public health emergency).

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") also provided for a temporary suspension of reduced rates for items and services provided by AdaptHealth. Previously, CMS applied a blended payment rate for DME furnished in rural or noncontiguous non-competitive bidding areas. Pursuant to provisions of the CARES Act, through the end of the public health emergency, that blended rate was based on 50% of the adjusted fee schedule amount (adjusted based on competitively bid prices) and 50% of the unadjusted DMEPOS fee schedule amount. On December 28, 2021, CMS extended the temporary 50/50 blended rate for rural and noncontiguous non-competitive bidding areas after the public health emergency. This 50/50 blended rate was continued in the 2023 DMEPOS Fee Schedule.

The CARES Act introduced a new blended rate for DME furnished in non-rural or contiguous non-competitive bidding areas that is based on 75% of the adjusted fee schedule amount and 25% of the unadjusted fee schedule amount. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 further extended the 75/25 blended Medicare reimbursement rate in non-competitive bidding/non-rural areas through December 31, 2023. After December 31, 2023, the reimbursement rate has reverted to 100% of the Medicare fee schedule, adjusted to inflation.

While AdaptHealth cannot predict what Medicare payment rates or coverage determinations will be in effect in future years, changes to payment rates or benefit coverages may materially impact its financial condition and results of operations.

The CARES Act temporarily suspended the 2% payment adjustment applied to all Medicare fee-for-service claims under The Budget Control Act of 2011. The 2% BDCA sequestration was reinstated as of July 1, 2022. The payment adjustment has, and may continue to, adversely affect AdaptHealth. Additionally, sequestration may have a continued revenue impact on AdaptHealth's individual contracts with Medicare Advantage Organizations depending on individual contracts.

The Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010 (PAYGO) required that automatic payment cuts of 4% be put into place if a statutory action is projected to create a net increase in the deficit over either five or 10 years. The enactment of the American Rescue Plan Act in 2021 would have triggered PAYGO sequestration in 2021. In the Protecting Medicare & American Farmers from Sequester Cuts Act, Congress delayed the PAYGO sequestration until January 1, 2023. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (Public Law No: 117-328) further prevented implementation of the PAYGO Medicare 4% sequester through the end of 2024. If not renewed, the PAYGO payment adjustment may adversely affect AdaptHealth.

AdaptHealth is subject to United States federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse and false claims laws and regulations, the prosecutions under which have increased in recent years and AdaptHealth may become subject to such litigation, and if AdaptHealth is unable to comply or has not fully complied with such laws, it could face substantial penalties.

AdaptHealth’s operations are subject to various state and federal fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal Stark Law and the federal False Claims Act. These laws may impact, among other things, AdaptHealth’s sales, marketing and education programs.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual, or the furnishing or arranging for a good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the statute has been violated. In addition, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. The Anti-Kickback Statute is broad and, despite a series of narrow safe harbors, prohibits many arrangements and practices that are lawful in businesses outside of the healthcare industry. Penalties for violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute include criminal penalties and civil sanctions such as fines, imprisonment and possible exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs. Many states have also adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, some of which apply to the referral of patients for healthcare items or services reimbursed by any source, not only the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

The federal Ethics in Patient Referrals Act of 1989, commonly known as the “Stark Law,” prohibits, subject to certain exceptions, physician referrals of Medicare and, as applicable under state law, Medicaid patients to an entity providing certain “designated health services” if the physician or an immediate family member has any financial relationship with the entity. The Stark Law also prohibits the entity receiving the referral from billing any good or service furnished pursuant to an unlawful referral. Various states have corollary laws to the Stark Law, including laws that require physicians to disclose any financial interest they may have with a healthcare provider to their patients when referring patients to that provider. Both the scope and exceptions for such laws vary from state to state. The federal False Claims Act prohibits persons from knowingly filing, or causing to be filed, a false claim to, or the knowing use of false statements to obtain payment from the federal government. The False Claims Act defines “knowingly” to include actual knowledge, acting in deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of information, or acting in deliberate disregard of the truth or falsity of information. False Claims Act liability includes liability for reverse false claims for avoiding or decreasing an obligation to pay or transmit money to the government. This includes False Claims Act liability for failing to report and return overpayments within 60 days of the date on which the overpayment is “identified.” Penalties under the False Claims Act can include exclusion from the Medicare program. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act. Suits filed under the False Claims Act, known as qui tam actions, can be brought by any individual on behalf of the government and such individuals, commonly known as “whistleblowers,” may share in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement. The frequency of filing qui tam actions has increased significantly in recent years, causing greater numbers of medical device, pharmaceutical and healthcare companies to have to defend a False Claims Act action. When an entity is determined to have violated the federal False Claims Act, it may be required to pay up to three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus civil penalties for each separate false claim. Various states have also enacted laws modeled after the federal False Claims Act.

On May 2, 2022, the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York issued a civil investigative demand to a subsidiary of AdaptHealth, pursuant to the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3733 ("FCA") surrounding whether the subsidiary submitted false claims in violation of the FCA related to its billing of, and reimbursements from, federal health care programs for ventilators provided to patients from January 1, 2015 to the present. AdaptHealth is fully cooperating with the investigation. Given the investigation is in the early stages, it is not possible to determine whether it will have a material adverse effect on AdaptHealth.

HIPAA, and its implementing regulations, also created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private) and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.

From time to time, AdaptHealth has been and is involved in various governmental audits, investigations and reviews related to its operations. Reviews and investigations can lead to government actions, resulting in the assessment of damages, civil or criminal fines or penalties, or other sanctions, including restrictions or changes in the way AdaptHealth conducts business, loss of licensure or exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid or other government programs. Additionally, as a result of these investigations, healthcare providers and entities may face litigation or have to agree to settlements that can include monetary penalties and onerous compliance and reporting requirements as part of a consent decree or corporate integrity agreement. If AdaptHealth fails to comply with applicable laws, regulations and rules, its financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Furthermore, becoming subject to these governmental investigations, audits and reviews may result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from the business as AdaptHealth cooperates with the government authorities, regardless of whether the particular investigation, audit or review leads to the identification of underlying issues.

AdaptHealth is unable to predict whether it could be subject to actions under any of these laws, or the impact of such actions. If AdaptHealth is found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or other applicable state and federal fraud and abuse laws, AdaptHealth may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other government healthcare reimbursement programs and the curtailment or restructuring of its operations.

AdaptHealth has identified a number of areas throughout its operations, including revenue cycle management, fulfillment logistics, and accounts payable, where it has centralized and/or modified processes or systems in order to attain a higher level of productivity or ensure compliance. Failure to achieve the cost savings or enhanced quality control expected from the successful design and implementation of such initiatives may adversely impact AdaptHealth’s financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, Medicare and Medicaid often change their documentation requirements with respect to claims submissions. The standards and rules for healthcare transactions, code sets and unique identifiers also continue to evolve, such as ICD 10 and HIPAA 5010 and other data security requirements. Moreover, government programs and/or commercial insurance payors may have difficulties administering new standards and rules for healthcare transactions and this may adversely affect timelines of payment or payment error rates. The DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program also imposes new reporting requirements on contracted providers. Failure by AdaptHealth to successfully design and implement system or process modifications could have a significant impact on its operations and financial condition. From time to time, AdaptHealth’s outsourced contractors for certain information systems functions, such as Brightree LLC and Parachute Health LLC, may make operational, leadership or other changes that could impact AdaptHealth’s plans and cost-savings goals. The implementation of many of the new standards and rules will require AdaptHealth to make substantial investments. Further, the implementation of these system or process changes could have a disruptive effect on related transaction processing and operations. If AdaptHealth’s implementation efforts related to systems development are unsuccessful, AdaptHealth may need to write off amounts that it has capitalized related to systems development projects. Additionally, if systems development implementations do not occur, AdaptHealth may need to incur additional costs to support its existing systems.

CMS has established and maintains a Master List of Items Frequently Subject to Unnecessary Utilization of certain DMEPOS items identified as being subject to unnecessary utilization. This list identifies items that CMS has determined could potentially be subject to prior authorization as a condition of Medicare payment. Since 2012, CMS has also maintained a list of categories of DMEPOS items that require face-to-face encounters with practitioners and written orders before the DMEPOS supplier may furnish the items to beneficiaries. In a final rule issued in 2019, CMS combined and harmonized the two lists to create a single unified list (the “Master List”). CMS also reduced the financial threshold for inclusion on the Master List. With certain exceptions for reductions in Payment Threshold (defined as an average purchase fee of $1,000 or greater, adjusted annually for inflation, or an average monthly rental fee of $100 or greater, adjusted annually for inflation), items remain on the Master List for ten years from the date the item was added to the Master List. The presence of an item on the Master List does not automatically mean that prior authorization is required. Under the 2019 final rule, CMS selects items from the Master List for inclusion on the “Required Prior Authorization List.” The expanded Master List would increase the number of DMEPOS items potentially eligible to be selected for prior authorization, face-to-face encounter and written order prior to delivery requirements as a condition of payment. CMS has added certain items that are part of AdaptHealth’s product lines to the Master List and CMS may include the Company’s products on the Required Prior Authorization List. In August 2022, CMS suspended the prior authorization requirement for specified orthosis items on the Required Prior Authorization List under certain circumstances when reported with certain modifiers, effective April 13, 2022. On January 17, 2023, CMS published the annual F2F/WOPD Required List update in a federal register announcement, which added 10 orthosis codes that go into effect on April 17, 2023. To ensure practitioner involvement, these items will require an in person face-to-face encounter or telehealth encounter and also require a written order prior to delivery (WOPD). If CMS adds additional products to the Master List, expands the list of items subject to prior authorization, or expands face-to-face encounter requirements or provisions requiring a written order prior to delivery, these changes may adversely impact AdaptHealth’s revenue, financial condition and results from operations.

AdaptHealth receives a substantial portion of its revenues from the Medicare program. Medicare reimbursement claims made by healthcare providers, including HME providers, are subject to audit from time to time by governmental payors and their agents, such as MACs that, among other things, process and pay Medicare claims, auditors contracted by CMS, and insurance carriers, as well as the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services (the “OIG-HHS”), CMS and state Medicaid programs. These include specific requirements imposed by the Durable Medical Equipment Medicare Administrative Contractor (“DME MAC”) Supplier Manuals, Medicare DMEPOS enrollment requirements and Medicare DMEPOS Supplier Standards.

To ensure compliance with Medicare, Medicaid and other regulations, government agencies or their contractors, including MACs, Recovery Audit Contractors (“RACs”), Unified Program Integrity Contractors (“UPICs”) and Zone Program Integrity Contractors (“ZPICs”), often conduct audits and request customer records and other documents to support AdaptHealth’s claims submitted for payment of services rendered and compliance with government program claim submission requirements. Some contractors are paid a percentage of the overpayments recovered. Negative audit findings or allegations of fraud or abuse may subject AdaptHealth or its individual subsidiaries to liability, such as overpayment liability, refunds or recoupments of previously paid claims, payment suspension, or the revocation of billing or payment privileges in governmental healthcare programs. If CMS or a state Medicaid agency determines that certain actions of the Company or an affiliated subsidiary present an undue risk of fraud, waste, or abuse, they may suspend the billing or payment privileges of the entity, deny the entity’s enrollment or revalidation for Medicare or Medicaid participation, and potentially deny the re-enrollments of other commonly owned entities. Such actions, if imposed on the Company or its subsidiaries, could materially adversely impact the Company’s revenue, financial condition and results of operations.

In many instances, there are only limited publicly available guidelines and methodologies for determining errors with certain audits. As a result, there can be a significant lack of clarity regarding required documentation and audit methodology. The clarity and completeness of each patient medical file, some of which is the work product of physicians not employed by AdaptHealth, is essential to successfully challenging any payment denials. For example, certain provisions under CMS guidance manuals, local coverage determinations, and the DME MAC Supplier Manuals provide that clinical information from the “patient’s medical record” is required to justify the initial and ongoing medical necessity for the provision of DME. Some DME MACs, CMS staff and other government contractors have taken the position, that the “patient’s medical record” refers not to documentation maintained by the DME supplier but instead to documentation maintained by the patient’s physician, healthcare facility or other clinician, and that clinical information created by the DME supplier’s personnel and confirmed by the patient’s physician is not sufficient to establish medical necessity. If treating physicians do not adequately document, among other things, their diagnoses and plans of care, the risks that the Company will be subject to audits and payment denials are likely to increase. Moreover, auditors’ interpretations of these policies are inconsistent and subject to individual interpretation, leading to significant increases in individual supplier and industry-wide perceived error rates. High error rates could lead to further audit activity and regulatory burdens, and could result in AdaptHealth making significant refunds and other payments to Medicare and other government programs. Accordingly, AdaptHealth’s future revenues and cash flows from government healthcare programs may be reduced. Private payors also may conduct audits and may take legal action to recover alleged overpayments. AdaptHealth could be adversely affected in some of the markets in which it operates if the auditing payor alleges substantial overpayments were made to AdaptHealth due to coding errors or lack of documentation to support medical necessity determinations. AdaptHealth cannot currently predict the adverse impact these measures might have on its financial condition and results of operations, but such impact could be material.

Moreover, provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("ACA") implemented by CMS require that overpayments be reported and returned within 60 days of the date on which the overpayment is “identified.” Any overpayment retained after this deadline may be considered an “obligation” for purposes of the False Claims Act, liability for which can result in the imposition of substantial fines and penalties. CMS currently requires a six-year “lookback period,” for reporting and returning overpayments.

AdaptHealth cannot currently predict the adverse impact, if any, that these audits, determinations, methodologies and interpretations might have on its financial condition and results of operations.

In March 2019, CMS announced that it would consolidate all rounds and areas of the DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program into a single round of competition effective January 1, 2021 named “Round 2021”, to consolidate prior CBAs. Round 2021 contracts became effective on January 1, 2021 and extend through December 31, 2023. CMS included 16 product categories in the Round 2021. On April 10, 2020, CMS announced that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it removed the non-invasive ventilators product category from the Round 2021 DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program.

On October 27, 2020, CMS announced that it would not award competitive bid contracts in 13 of the 15 remaining product categories due to a failure to achieve expected savings, and that Round 2021 contract awards would only be made for off-the-shelf (OTS) knee and back braces. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, net revenue generated with respect to providing OTS knee and back braces (excluding amounts generated in non-rural and rural non-bid areas) were not material.

AdaptHealth has obtained contracts for OTS knee and back braces, and does not expect the single payment amounts imposed by CMS under such contracts to have a material impact on the Company.

The competitive bidding process (which is expected to be re-bid every three years) has historically put pressure on the amount AdaptHealth is reimbursed in the markets in which it exists, as well as in areas that are not subject to the DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program. The rates required to win future competitive bids could continue to depress reimbursement rates. AdaptHealth will continue to monitor developments regarding the DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program. While AdaptHealth cannot predict the outcome of the DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program on its business in the future nor the Medicare payment rates that will be in effect in future years for the items subjected to competitive bidding, the program may materially adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations.

AdaptHealth is required to maintain a significant number of state and/or federal licenses for its operations and facilities. Certain employees are required to maintain licenses in the states in which they practice. AdaptHealth manages the facility licensing function centrally. In addition, individual clinical employees are responsible for obtaining, maintaining and renewing their professional licenses, and AdaptHealth has processes in place designed to notify branch or pharmacy managers of renewal dates for the clinical employees under their supervision. State and federal licensing requirements are complex and often open to subjective interpretation by various regulatory agencies. Accurate licensure is also a critical threshold issue for the Medicare enrollment and the Medicare competitive bidding program. From time to time, AdaptHealth may also become subject to new or different licensing requirements due to legislative or regulatory requirements developments or changes in its business, and such developments may cause AdaptHealth to make further changes in its business, the results of which may be material. Although AdaptHealth believes it has appropriate systems in place to monitor licensure, violations of licensing requirements may occur and failure by AdaptHealth to acquire or maintain appropriate licensure for its operations, facilities and clinicians could result in interruptions in its operations, refunds to state and/or federal payors, sanctions or fines or the inability to serve Medicare beneficiaries in competitive bidding markets which could adversely impact AdaptHealth’s financial condition and results of operations.

Accreditation is required by most of AdaptHealth’s managed care payors and is a mandatory requirement for all Medicare DMEPOS providers. If AdaptHealth or any of its branches lose accreditation, or if any of its new branches are unable to become accredited, such failure to maintain accreditation or become accredited could adversely impact AdaptHealth’s financial condition and results of operations.

Numerous federal and state laws and regulations addressing patient privacy and consumer privacy, including HIPAA and the HITECH Act, govern the collection, dissemination, security, use and confidentiality of patient-identifiable health information or personal information. Such laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection, marketing and advertising, and consumer protection are evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations. These requirements may be interpreted and applied in a manner that varies from one jurisdiction to another and/or may conflict with other laws or regulations. As a result, AdaptHealth’s practices may not have complied or may not comply in the future with all such laws, regulations, requirements and obligations. Any failure, or perceived failure, by AdaptHealth or any of its third-party partners or service providers to comply with privacy policies or federal or state privacy or consumer protection-related laws, regulations, industry self-regulatory principles, industry standards or codes of conduct, regulatory guidance, orders to which they may be subject, or other legal obligations relating to privacy or consumer protection, could adversely affect AdaptHealth’s reputation, brand and business, and may result in claims, proceedings or actions against AdaptHealth by governmental entities, consumers, users, suppliers or others.

These proceedings may result in financial liabilities or may require AdaptHealth to change its operations, including ceasing the use or sharing of certain data sets.

HIPAA and the HITECH Act, and their implementing regulations, require AdaptHealth to comply with standards for the use and disclosure of health information within AdaptHealth and with third parties. HIPAA and the HITECH Act also include standards for common healthcare electronic transactions and code sets, such as claims information, plan eligibility, payment information, and privacy and security of individually identifiable health information.

HIPAA requires healthcare providers, including AdaptHealth, in addition to health plans and clearinghouses, to develop and maintain policies and procedures with respect to protected health information that is used or disclosed. The HITECH Act included notification requirement for breaches of patient-identifiable health information, restricts certain disclosures and sales of patient-identifiable health information and provides a tiered system for civil monetary penalties for HIPAA violations. HIPAA also provides for criminal penalties.

In addition, various federal and state legislative and regulatory bodies, or self-regulatory organizations, may expand current laws or regulations, enact new laws or regulations or issue revised rules or guidance regarding privacy, data protection and consumer protection. For instance, the CCPA became effective on January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used by requiring covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers (as that term is broadly defined) and provide such consumers new ways to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. Although there are limited exemptions for protected health information and the CCPA’s implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, the CCPA may increase AdaptHealth’s compliance costs and potential liability. Many similar privacy laws have been proposed at the federal level and in other states.

Additionally, the FTC and many state attorneys general are interpreting existing federal and state consumer protection laws to impose evolving standards for the online collection, use, dissemination and security of health-related and other personal information. Courts may also adopt the standards for fair information practices promulgated by the FTC, which concern consumer notice, choice, security and access. Consumer protection laws require AdaptHealth to publish statements that describe how it handles personal information and choices individuals may have about the way AdaptHealth handles their personal information. If such information that AdaptHealth publishes is considered untrue, it may be subject to government claims of unfair or deceptive trade practices, which could lead to significant liabilities and consequences. Furthermore, according to the FTC, violating consumers’ privacy rights or failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure may constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act.

Under the Federal CAN-SPAM Act, the TCPA and the Telemarketing Sales Rule and Medicare regulations, AdaptHealth is limited in the ways in which it can market and service its products and services by use of email, text or telephone marketing. The actual or perceived improper sending of text messages may subject us to potential risks, including liabilities or claims relating to consumer protection laws. Numerous class-action suits under federal and state laws have been filed in recent years against companies who conduct SMS texting programs, with many resulting in multi-million-dollar settlements to the plaintiffs. Any future such litigation against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend. For example, the TCPA, a federal statute that protects consumers from unwanted telephone calls, faxes and text messages, restricts telemarketing and the use of automated SMS text messages without proper consent. On April 1, 2021, in Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid, 141 S. Ct. 1163 (2021), the U.S. Supreme Court adopted a narrow definition of the type of automated dialers that are subject to the TCPA, thereby removing some automated text messages from the scope of the TCPA consent requirements. As a result, there may be an increase in litigation under state laws and new legislation at the federal and state level in an effort to ensure that consent is required for calls and text messages that are now outside the scope of the TCPA. For example, in May 2021, the Florida legislature passed a bill that expands restrictions for telephonic sales calls, including text messages, made using automated selection and dialing systems and creates a private right of action for violations of the law. Additionally, state regulators may determine that telephone calls to patients of AdaptHealth are subject to state telemarketing regulations. If AdaptHealth does not comply with existing or new laws and regulations related to telephone contacts or patient health information, it could be subject to criminal or civil sanctions. New health information standards, whether implemented pursuant to HIPAA, the HITECH Act, congressional action or otherwise, could have a significant effect on the manner in which AdaptHealth handles healthcare-related data and communicates with payors, and the cost of complying with these standards could be significant.

The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to the delivery of consumer phone calls, emails and text messages are continuously evolving and developing. If AdaptHealth does not comply with these laws or regulations or if it becomes liable under these laws or regulations, it could face direct liability, could be required to change some portions of its business model, could face negative publicity and its business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Even an unsuccessful challenge of AdaptHealth’s phone, email or SMS text practices by its consumers, regulatory authorities or other third parties could result in negative publicity and could require a costly response from and defense by AdaptHealth.

The long-term effects of climate change are difficult to predict and may be widespread. The impacts may include physical risks (such as rising sea levels or frequency and severity of extreme weather conditions), social and human effects (such as population dislocations or harm to health and well-being), compliance costs and transition risks (such as regulatory or technology changes) and other adverse effects. The effects could impair, for example, the availability and cost of certain products, commodities and energy (including utilities), which in turn may impact AdaptHealth's ability to procure goods or services required for the operation of its business at the quantities and levels it requires. AdaptHealth may bear losses incurred as a result of, for example, physical damage to or destruction of its facilities (such as patient service offices and warehouses), loss or spoilage of inventory, and business interruption due to weather events that may be attributable to climate change.

Governments in the U.S. and abroad are considering new or expanded laws to address climate change. Such laws may include limitations on GHG emissions, mandates that companies implement processes to monitor and disclose climate-related matters, additional taxes or offset charges on specified energy sources, and other requirements. In October 2023, the state of California enacted the Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act ("SB-253"), which mandates the disclosure of GHG emissions, including Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 emissions; and the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act ("SB-261"), which mandates the disclosure of climate-related financial risks, and measures adopted to reduce and adapt to such risks. Both California laws require initial disclosures in 2026. Compliance with climate-related laws may be further complicated by disparate regulatory approaches in various jurisdictions. New or expanded climate-related laws could impose substantial costs on AdaptHealth. At the present time, AdaptHealth cannot predict their potential effect on its capital expenditures or results of operations. These events and impacts could materially adversely affect AdaptHealth's business and results of operations.

AdaptHealth had $2.7 billion of goodwill recorded on its Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023. Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair market value of net assets acquired in business combinations. If AdaptHealth’s market capitalization drops significantly below the amount of net equity recorded on its balance sheet, it might indicate a decline in its fair value and would require AdaptHealth to further evaluate whether its goodwill has been impaired. If, as part of AdaptHealth’s annual review of goodwill, or if any triggering events are identified on an interim basis indicating a possible impairment of goodwill, AdaptHealth is required to write down all or a significant part of its goodwill, its net earnings and net worth would be materially adversely affected, which could affect AdaptHealth’s flexibility to obtain additional financing. In addition, if AdaptHealth’s assumptions used in preparing its valuations for purposes of impairment testing differ materially from actual future results, AdaptHealth may record impairment charges in the future and its financial results may be materially adversely affected. Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions and factors, such as estimates of a reporting unit's fair value, including the revenue growth rates, discount rate, and control premium used to estimate the reporting unit’s fair value, and judgment about impairment triggering events.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, AdaptHealth experienced declines in its market capitalization as a result of a sustained decrease in AdaptHealth's stock price and also revised its financial projections. AdaptHealth considered these items to represent triggering events and performed a goodwill impairment test at each quarterly reporting date during 2023. Based on the results of the tests performed as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2023, it was concluded that the estimated fair value of AdaptHealth’s reporting unit was less than its carrying values at such dates, as such, AdaptHealth recognized an aggregate non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $830.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. If in future periods AdaptHealth were to experience a further decline in its market capitalization or expected results for a sustained period of time, AdaptHealth may be required to perform an additional goodwill impairment test at an interim or annual period and could be required to recognize an additional non-cash goodwill impairment charge at that time, which could be material.

Failure to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required payments or comply with financial and operating covenants under AdaptHealth’s long-term debt and long-term operating leases could result in defaults under such agreements and cross-defaults under other debt or operating lease arrangements, which could harm its operating subsidiaries. AdaptHealth may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to cover required interest, principal and lease payments. In addition, AdaptHealth’s current indebtedness contain restrictive covenants and require AdaptHealth to maintain or satisfy specified coverage tests. These restrictions and financial and operating covenants include, among other things, requirements with respect to total leverage ratios and an interest charge coverage ratio. These restrictions may interfere with AdaptHealth’s ability to obtain additional advances under its existing credit facility or to obtain new financing or to engage in other business activities, which may inhibit AdaptHealth’s ability to grow its business and increase revenue. In addition, failure by AdaptHealth to comply with these restrictive covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of its debt.

AdaptHealth’s ability to maintain and enhance its operating subsidiaries and equipment to meet regulatory standards, operate efficiently and remain competitive in its markets requires AdaptHealth to commit substantial resources to continued investment in its affiliated facilities and equipment. Additionally, the continued expansion of its business through the acquisition of existing facilities, expansion of existing facilities and construction of new facilities may require additional capital, particularly if AdaptHealth were to accelerate its acquisition and expansion plans. Financing may not be available or may be available only on terms that are not favorable. In addition, some of AdaptHealth’s outstanding indebtedness restricts, among other things, its ability to incur additional debt. If AdaptHealth is unable to raise additional funds or obtain additional funds on acceptable terms, it may have to delay or abandon some or all of its growth strategies. Further, if additional funds are raised through the issuance of additional equity securities, the percentage ownership of AdaptHealth's stockholders would be diluted. Any newly issued equity securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of the Common Stock.

As a public company, AdaptHealth is subject to the reporting requirements and other obligations of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and the securities exchanges. The SEC and other regulators continue to adopt new rules and regulations and make additional changes to existing regulations that require AdaptHealth’s compliance. Regulatory reform may lead to substantial new disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact, in ways AdaptHealth cannot currently anticipate, the manner in which AdaptHealth operates its business. Compliance with such requirements may cause AdaptHealth to continue to incur additional accounting, legal and other expenses and may make certain activities more time-consuming. AdaptHealth also incurs costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under securities laws, as well as rules and regulations implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq, particularly as a large accelerated filer. Such rules and regulations increase AdaptHealth’s legal and financial compliance costs and AdaptHealth continues to devote significant time to comply with these requirements. AdaptHealth is currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs it may incur or the timing of such costs.

AdaptHealth has and will continue to incur additional costs to remediate material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting, as described in Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures”. It may also be more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Risks associated with AdaptHealth’s status as a public company may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on the board of directors or as executive officers. Furthermore, certain of the key personnel of AdaptHealth may be unfamiliar with the requirements of operating a company regulated by the SEC, which could cause AdaptHealth to have to expend time and resources helping them become familiar with such requirements.

These increased costs will require AdaptHealth to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand the business and achieve strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by stockholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

AdaptHealth has no direct operations and no significant assets other than the ownership of AdaptHealth Holdings. We depend on AdaptHealth Holdings and its subsidiaries for distributions, loans and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations or to pay any dividends with respect to our Common Stock. Legal and contractual restrictions in agreements governing the indebtedness of subsidiaries of AdaptHealth Holdings may limit our ability to ultimately obtain cash from AdaptHealth Holdings. The earnings from, or other available assets of, AdaptHealth Holdings and its subsidiaries may not be sufficient to enable us to satisfy our financial obligations or pay any dividends on our Common Stock. To the extent that we require funds and AdaptHealth Holdings or its subsidiaries are restricted from making distributions under applicable law or regulation or under the terms of their financing arrangements, or are otherwise unable to provide such funds, it could materially adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition, including our ability to pay our income taxes when due.

As a public company, AdaptHealth is required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require management to certify financial and other information in AdaptHealth’s quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. To comply with the requirements of being a public company, we may continue to undertake various actions, such as implementing additional internal controls and procedures and hiring additional accounting or internal audit staff. These rules and regulations also increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. Further, as we are no longer an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm is required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404.

As described in Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures,” we concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2023 and our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed an adverse report on the operating effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. We concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2023 because material weaknesses existed in our internal control over financial reporting which were identified in connection with the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

As described in Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures,” we concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2022 as described in our December 31, 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K because material weaknesses existed in our internal control over financial reporting which were identified in connection with the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. We have taken a number of measures to remediate the material weaknesses identified as of December 31, 2022, and such material weaknesses have been remediated as of December 31, 2023 as described in Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures”.

With respect to the material weaknesses identified as of December 31, 2023, we plan to continue to implement measures to remediate such material weaknesses as described in Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures”; however, if we are unable to remediate our material weaknesses in a timely manner or we identify additional material weaknesses, we may be unable to provide required financial information in a timely and reliable manner and we may incorrectly report financial information.

In the future, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event that it continues to not be satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating effectively. If we are not able to implement additional internal controls and procedures in accordance with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, we may not be able to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, which may subject us to adverse regulatory consequences and could harm investor confidence and the market price of our Common Stock.

The existence of material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of us. In addition, we have and will continue to incur additional costs to remediate the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that are described in Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures”.

The trading price of our Common Stock could be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. Any of the factors listed below could have a material adverse effect on your investment in our Common Stock and our Common Stock may trade at prices significantly below the price you paid for it. In such circumstances, the trading price of our Common Stock may not recover and may experience a further decline.

Factors affecting the trading price of our Common Stock may include:

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;

•changes in the market’s expectations about our operating results;

•our operating results failing to meet the expectation of securities analysts, investors or our guidance in a particular period;

•changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts concerning AdaptHealth or the home medical equipment industry in general;

•operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;

•our ability to market new and enhanced products on a timely basis;

•changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;

•our ability to meet compliance requirements;

•commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;

•inability to quickly remediate material weaknesses or the continued identification of material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting;

•changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt;

•the volume of shares of our Common Stock available for public sale;

•any major change in our board of directors or management;

•sales of substantial amounts of common stock by our directors, executive officers or significant stockholders or the perception that such sales could occur; and

•general economic and political conditions such as recessions, interest rates, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations and acts of war or terrorism, including the war in Ukraine and the Hamas-Israel conflict.

Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our securities irrespective of our operating performance. The stock market in general, and Nasdaq in particular, have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. The trading prices and valuations of these stocks, and of our Common Stock, may not be predictable. A loss of investor confidence in the market for retail stocks or the stocks of other companies which investors perceive to be similar to us could depress our stock price regardless of our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations. A decline in the market price of our Common Stock also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.

AdaptHealth’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $200.0 million of AdaptHealth’s Common Stock, which expired on December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, $43.3 million was repurchased under the share repurchase program.

In the future, AdaptHealth's board of directors could authorize a share repurchase program. There can be no assurance as to the timing or amount of future share repurchases. If authorized by the board, shares may be repurchased from time to time on the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, as permitted under Exchange Act Rule 10b-18. The timing and actual number of shares to be repurchased will depend upon market conditions and other factors. Purchases may be started or stopped at any time without prior notice depending on market conditions and other factors.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, enacted on August 16, 2022, imposes a 1% excise tax on net repurchases of shares by AdaptHealth beginning January 1, 2023. The imposition of the excise tax on repurchases of AdaptHealth’s shares have and could continue to increase the cost to AdaptHealth of making repurchases and may cause management to reduce the number of shares repurchased in the future if a similar program is authorized. Additional considerations that could cause management to limit, suspend or delay future stock repurchases include:

•unfavorable market conditions;

•trading price of AdaptHealth’s common stock;

•nature and magnitude of other investment opportunities available to AdaptHealth from time to time;

•use of available cash to pay down indebtedness; and

•other allocations of available cash.

As of December 31, 2023, OEP AHCO Investment Holdings, LLC and Deerfield Management Company, L.P. beneficially owned approximately 10.42% and 10.26% of AdaptHealth’s Common Stock, respectively. Additionally, Deerfield Management Company, L.P. beneficially owns 124,060.02 shares of Series B-1 Preferred Stock, which is convertible into 12,406,002 shares of Common Stock, and 1,640,981 warrants, which may be exercised for equal number of shares of Common Stock, each of which are subject to certain restrictions. As long as OEP AHCO Investment Holdings, LLC and/or Deerfield Management Company, L.P. own or control a significant percentage of our outstanding voting power, they will have the ability to significantly influence all corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and the size of our board of directors, any amendment to our Charter or Amended and Restated Bylaws (our “Bylaws”), or the approval of any merger or other significant corporate transaction, including a sale of substantially all of our assets.

The interests of OEP AHCO Investment Holdings, LLC and/or Deerfield Management Company, L.P. may not align with the interests of our other stockholders. Each of OEP AHCO Investment Holdings, LLC and Deerfield Management Company, L.P. are in the business of making investments in companies and may acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us. Each of OEP AHCO Investment Holdings, LLC and Deerfield Management Company, L.P. may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. Our Charter provides that our stockholders and our directors, including any who were designated by any of our stockholders, other than any such persons who are employees of us or any of our subsidiaries, do not have any obligation to offer to us any corporate opportunity of which he or she may become aware prior to offering such opportunities to other entities with which they may be affiliated, subject to certain limited exceptions.

We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and have no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in our Common Stock unless you sell our Common Stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

The Tax Receivable Agreement, which we entered into at the closing of the Business Combination with certain pre-Business Combination owners of AdaptHealth Units (collectively, the “TRA Holders”), generally provides for the payment by us of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we actually realize (or are deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing as a result of: (i) certain tax attributes of Access Point Medical, Inc. existing prior to the Business Combination; (ii) certain increases in tax basis resulting from exchanges of AdaptHealth Units; (iii) imputed interest deemed to be paid by us as a result of payments we make under the Tax Receivable Agreement; and (iv) certain increases in tax basis resulting from payments we make under the Tax Receivable Agreement. We will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these cash savings. The amount of the cash payments that we may be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement could be significant and is dependent upon significant future events and assumptions, including the timing of the exchanges of AdaptHealth Units, the price of our Common Stock at the time of each exchange, the extent to which such exchanges are taxable transactions and the amount of the exchanging TRA Holder’s tax basis in its AdaptHealth Units at the time of the relevant exchange. The amount of such cash payments is also based on assumptions as to the amount and timing of taxable income we generate in the future, the U.S. federal income tax rate then applicable and the portion of our payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that constitute interest or give rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis. Moreover, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be based on the tax reporting positions that we determine, which tax reporting positions are subject to challenge by taxing authorities. We are dependent on distributions from AdaptHealth Holdings to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, and we cannot guarantee that such distributions will be made in sufficient amounts or at the times needed to enable us to make our required payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, or at all. Any payments made by us to the TRA Holders under the Tax Receivable Agreement will generally reduce the amount of overall cash flow that might have otherwise been available to us. To the extent that we are unable to make timely payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, the unpaid amounts will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid by us. Nonpayment for a specified period may constitute a breach of a material obligation under the Tax Receivable Agreement, and therefore, may accelerate payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are also not conditioned upon the TRA Holders maintaining a continued ownership interest in AdaptHealth Holdings or us.

The Tax Receivable Agreement provides that if we breach any of our material obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, if we undergo a change of control or if, at any time, we elect an early termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement, then the Tax Receivable Agreement will terminate and our obligations, or our successor’s obligations, to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement would accelerate and become immediately due and payable. The amount due and payable in those circumstances is determined based on certain assumptions, including an assumption that we would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize all potential future tax benefits that are subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement.

We may need to incur debt to finance payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement to the extent our cash resources are insufficient to meet our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement as a result of timing discrepancies or otherwise.

As a result of the foregoing, (i) we could be required to make cash payments to the TRA Holders that are greater than the specified percentage of the actual benefits we ultimately realize in respect of the tax benefits that are subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement, and (ii) we would be required to make a cash payment equal to the present value of the anticipated future tax benefits that are the subject of the Tax Receivable Agreement, which payment may be made significantly in advance of the actual realization, if any, of such future tax benefits. In these situations, our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combination, or other changes of control due to the additional transaction costs a potential acquirer may attribute to satisfying such obligations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to finance our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

We will not be reimbursed for any cash payments previously made to the TRA Holders pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement if any tax benefits initially claimed by us are subsequently challenged by a taxing authority and are ultimately disallowed. Instead, any excess cash payments made by us to a TRA Holder will be netted against any future cash payments that we might otherwise be required to make under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement. However, a challenge to any tax benefits initially claimed by us may not arise for a number of years following the initial time of such payment or, even if challenged early, such excess cash payment may be greater than the amount of future cash payments that we might otherwise be required to make under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement and, as a result, there might not be future cash payments from which to net against. The applicable U.S. federal income tax rules are complex and factual in nature, and there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service or a court will not disagree with our tax reporting positions. As a result, it is possible that we could make cash payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are substantially greater than our actual cash tax savings.

The interests of the TRA Holders may conflict with the interests of holders of our Common Stock. For example, the TRA Holders may have different tax positions from us which could influence their decisions regarding whether and when to dispose of assets, whether and when to incur new or refinance existing indebtedness, especially in light of the existence of the Tax Receivable Agreement, and whether and when we should terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement and accelerate our obligations thereunder. In addition, the structuring of future transactions may take into consideration tax or other considerations of TRA Holders even in situations where no similar considerations are relevant to us.

Simultaneously with the closing of our IPO, we issued in a private placement an aggregate of 4,333,333 private placement warrants, each exercisable to purchase one share of Common Stock at $11.50 per share. As of December 31, 2023, there were 3,871,557 private placement warrants outstanding, which have an expiration date of November 20, 2024. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional shares of our Common Stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to our stockholders and increase the number of shares of Common Stock eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.

AdaptHealth’s Charter requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, other than any claim to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or other claim for which federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, that derivative actions brought in AdaptHealth’s name, actions against directors, officers and employees for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar actions may be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware and, if brought outside of the State of Delaware, the stockholder bringing such suit will be deemed to have consented to service of process on such stockholder’s counsel.

AdaptHealth’s Charter further provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. These provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against AdaptHealth’s directors and officers. If a court were to find either exclusive forum provision in AdaptHealth’s Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, AdaptHealth may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm its business. Although the Delaware Supreme Court held in March 2020 that exclusive forum provisions of federal district courts of the United States of America for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act are facially valid, courts in other jurisdictions may find such provisions to be unenforceable.

None.

AdaptHealth has physical, technical, and administrative security measures in place for Information Technology ("IT") systems, including a disaster recovery plan, designed to identify, protect, detect and respond to, and manage reasonably foreseeable cybersecurity risks and threats. AdaptHealth leverages applicable guidelines from standards such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Special Publication 800, and its disaster recovery plan is managed by AdaptHealth’s Chief Technology Officer (the “CTO”), Chief Information Officer (the “CIO”) and Chief Information Security Officer (the “CISO”), in collaboration across lines of business and corporate functions. AdaptHealth has internal programs to identify and remediate vulnerabilities in its infrastructure and applications, and it deploys market leading defense tools to protect and secure its network and data. These vulnerabilities and threats are also proactively monitored by AdaptHealth’s third party cybersecurity service providers.

AdaptHealth’s security measures aim to prevent cyber threats and vulnerabilities. This includes a vendor management and risk assessment program to ensure the third party environments in which AdaptHealth’s data is stored or processed are built to standards sufficient to satisfy HIPAA security requirements. This includes a risk-based due diligence process in selecting third-party service providers, which covers the third-party vendor’s general IT controls and IT facilities used to service AdaptHealth’s business. AdaptHealth believes that these processes are essential to support its compliance, internal controls and efficiency initiatives.

During the period covered by this report, AdaptHealth has not identified any previous cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect AdaptHealth, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. For further discussion on AdaptHealth’s risks from cybersecurity threats, see Item 1A, Risk Factors - “AdaptHealth’s business depends on its information systems, including software licensed from third parties, and any failure or significant disruptions of these systems, security breaches or loss of data could materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

AdaptHealth’s Board of Directors is responsible for oversight of AdaptHealth's cyber risk management program, including risk identification, mitigation strategy and efforts, and resources. AdaptHealth’s cybersecurity program is led by AdaptHealth’s CTO, CIO and CISO, who provide periodic updates to the Audit Committee of AdaptHealth's Board of Directors about the program, including information about cyber risk management governance and the status of ongoing efforts to strengthen cybersecurity effectiveness. The CTO, CIO and CISO are senior-level executives with over fifty years of combined experience in the areas of cybersecurity and information technology. Prior to their current roles, the CTO, CIO and CISO previously served in similar positions at other reputable companies, including Fortune 500 companies.

AdaptHealth's Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing AdaptHealth's cybersecurity risks and incidents, and for overseeing management’s controls over information security. The Audit Committee considers and reviews, at least annually, with the Company's CTO, CIO and CISO, the adequacy and effectiveness of the Company’s monitoring of, and system of internal controls over, cybersecurity matters, including data and privacy protection policies and programs and the cybersecurity materiality matrix utilized to determine timely disclosures. The Audit Committee also discusses any significant cybersecurity incidents or risk exposures that have come to management’s attention during the conduct of their assessments and the steps management has taken to mitigate such exposures.

We lease all of our offices and facilities. Our corporate headquarters currently consists of approximately 15,500 square feet in an office building located at 220 West Germantown Pike, Suite 250, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462. In addition to our corporate headquarters, we lease facilities for our operating locations, billing centers, and other warehouse and office space. All facilities are leased pursuant to operating leases. We believe that our facilities are suitable and adequate for our planned needs.

See Item 7. “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Results and Operations - Commitments and Contingencies."

Our Common Stock is currently listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “AHCO.” As of February 23, 2024, there were 41 holders of record of shares of our Common Stock. Such number does not include beneficial owners holding our securities through nominee names.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of our board of directors at such time. In addition, our board of directors is not currently contemplating and does not anticipate declaring any stock dividends in the foreseeable future. Further, our ability to declare dividends may be limited by restrictive covenants contained in any of our existing or future indebtedness.

See Part III, Item 12 of this Form 10-K for additional information required.

We had no sales of unregistered equity securities during the period covered by this report that were not previously reported in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or a Current Report on Form 8-K.

The following table shows information with respect to purchases of our Common Stock made during the three months ended December 31, 2023 by us or any of our “affiliated purchasers” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act:

Period						Total number of shares purchased (1)						Average price paid per share (1)						Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (1)						Approximate dollar amount remaining that may be used to purchase shares under the plans or programs (in thousands) (1)
October 1 - 31, 2023						2,227,312						$	7.88					2,227,312						$	159,252
November 1 - 30, 2023						324,935						$	7.51					324,935						$	156,811
December 1 - 31, 2023						—						$	—					—						$	156,811
Total						2,552,247												2,552,247

(1)The Company’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $200.0 million of the Company’s Common Stock, which expired on December 31, 2023.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with AdaptHealth Corp.'s ("AdaptHealth" or the "Company") consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in this report. All amounts presented are in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"), except as noted. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from management's expectations. Factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A, "Risk Factors", of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain amounts that appear in this section may not sum due to rounding.

AdaptHealth is a national leader in providing patient-centered, healthcare-at-home solutions including home medical equipment ("HME"), medical supplies, and related services. The Company focuses primarily on providing (i) sleep therapy equipment, supplies and related services (including CPAP and bi PAP services) to individuals suffering from obstructive sleep apnea ("OSA"), (ii) medical devices and supplies to patients for the treatment of diabetes (including continuous glucose monitors and insulin pumps), (iii) home medical equipment to patients discharged from acute care and other facilities, (iv) oxygen and related chronic therapy services in the home, and (v) other HME devices and supplies on behalf of chronically ill patients with wound care, urological, incontinence, ostomy and nutritional supply needs. The Company services beneficiaries of Medicare, Medicaid and commercial insurance payors. As of December 31, 2023, AdaptHealth serviced approximately 4.1 million patients annually in all 50 states through its network of approximately 680 locations in 47 states. The Company's principal executive offices are located at 220 West Germantown Pike, Suite 250, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462.

Current and future inflationary effects may be driven by, among other things, general inflationary cost increases, supply chain disruptions and governmental stimulus or fiscal policies. The cost to manufacture and distribute the equipment and products that AdaptHealth provides to patients is influenced by the cost of materials, labor, and transportation, including fuel costs. AdaptHealth continues to experience inflationary pressure and higher costs as a result of the increasing cost of materials, labor and transportation. The increase in the cost of equipment and products is due in part to higher cost of shipping and general inflationary cost increases. Additionally, it is not certain that AdaptHealth will be able to pass increased costs onto customers to offset inflationary pressures. Continuing increases in inflation could impact the overall demand for AdaptHealth’s products and services, its costs for labor, equipment and products, and the margins it is able to realize on its products, all of which could have an adverse impact on AdaptHealth’s business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, future volatility of general price inflation and the impact of inflation on costs and availability of materials, costs for shipping and warehousing and other operational overhead could adversely affect AdaptHealth’s financial results. Although there have been increases in inflation, AdaptHealth cannot predict whether these trends will continue. AdaptHealth’s mitigation efforts relating to these inflationary pressures include utilizing AdaptHealth’s purchasing power in negotiations with vendors and the increased use of technology to drive operating efficiencies and control costs, such as AdaptHealth’s digital platform for prescriptions, orders and delivery. In April 2023, AdaptHealth formalized a cost management program to drive operating efficiencies and implement more simplified and scalable business processes. The steps in the program were substantially complete as of December 31, 2023. The program included a rationalization of AdaptHealth's real estate footprint, renegotiation of certain supply contracts, workforce reductions, and expanded use of more efficient operating models for certain back-office functions. These changes reflect AdaptHealth's continued strategic focus on process standardization and efficiency across the enterprise through technology and related investments. This program delivered Adjusted EBITDA improvement in 2023 of approximately $25 million, and is expected to result in approximately $40 million of annualized Adjusted EBITDA improvement in future years. The cost to achieve this program during the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $14.3 million. In addition, AdaptHealth continues to evaluate opportunities to rationalize its operating footprint and related cost structure to better align with business needs.

Net Revenue. Net revenue is recognized for services and related products that AdaptHealth provides to patients for home healthcare equipment, medical supplies to the home and related services. AdaptHealth' s primary product lines are (i) sleep therapy equipment, supplies and related services (including CPAP and bi PAP services) to individuals suffering from OSA, (ii) medical devices and supplies to patients for the treatment of diabetes (including continuous glucose monitors and insulin pumps), (iii) home medical equipment to patients discharged from acute care and other facilities, (iv)

oxygen and related chronic therapy services in the home, and (v) other HME devices and supplies on behalf of chronically ill patients with wound care, urological, incontinence, ostomy and nutritional supply needs. Revenues are recognized either at a point in time for the sale of supplies and disposables, over the service period for equipment rental (including, but not limited to, CPAP machines, hospital beds, wheelchairs and other equipment), net of implicit price concessions for amounts estimated to be received from patients or under reimbursement arrangements with Medicare, Medicaid and other third-party payors, including private insurers, or in the month in which eligible members are entitled to receive healthcare services in connection with at-risk capitation arrangements. Certain trends or uncertainties that may have a material impact on revenue growth and operating results include the Company's ability to obtain new patient starts and to generate referrals from patient referral sources and the ability to meet the increased demand considering inflationary pressures.

Cost of Net Revenue. Cost of net revenue primarily includes the cost of non-capitalized medical equipment and supplies, distribution expenses, labor costs, facilities and vehicle rental costs, revenue cycle management costs and depreciation for capitalized patient equipment. Distribution expenses represent the cost incurred to coordinate and deliver products and services to the patients. Included in distribution expenses are leasing, maintenance, licensing and fuel costs for the vehicle fleet; salaries, benefits and other costs related to drivers and dispatch personnel; and amounts paid to couriers.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses consist of corporate support costs including information technology, human resources, finance, contracting, legal, compliance, equity-based compensation, transaction expenses and other administrative costs.

Depreciation and Amortization, Excluding Patient Equipment Depreciation. Depreciation expense includes depreciation charges for capital assets other than patient equipment (which is included as part of the cost of net revenue). Amortization expense includes amortization of identifiable intangible assets.

AdaptHealth’s operating results and financial performance are influenced by certain unique events during the periods discussed herein, including the following:

AdaptHealth has a significant amount of goodwill on its balance sheet that resulted from the business acquisitions AdaptHealth has made. Goodwill is not amortized, rather, it is assessed for impairment annually and upon the occurrence of a triggering event or change in circumstances indicating a possible impairment. Such triggering events potentially warranting an annual or interim goodwill impairment assessment include, among other factors, declines in historical or projected revenue, operating income or cash flows, and sustained decreases in AdaptHealth's stock price or market capitalization. Such changes in circumstance can include, among others, changes in the legal environment, reimbursement environment, operating performance, and/or future prospects. AdaptHealth performs its annual impairment assessment of goodwill during the fourth quarter of each year. The impairment assessment can be performed on either a quantitative or qualitative basis. AdaptHealth first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment analysis. If determined necessary, AdaptHealth applies the quantitative impairment test to identify and measure the amount of impairment, if any. Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions and factors, such as estimates of a reporting unit's fair value, including the revenue growth rates, discount rate, and control premium used to estimate the reporting unit’s fair value, and judgment about impairment triggering events. As a result, there can be no assurance that the estimates and assumptions made for purposes of the annual or interim goodwill impairment test will prove to be accurate predictions of the future.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, AdaptHealth experienced declines in its market capitalization as a result of sustained decreases in AdaptHealth's stock price and also revised its financial projections. AdaptHealth considered these items to represent triggering events and performed a goodwill impairment test at each quarterly reporting date during 2023. Based on the results of the tests performed as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2023, it was concluded that the estimated fair value of AdaptHealth's reporting unit was less than its carrying values at such dates; as such, AdaptHealth recognized an aggregate non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $830.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, which included an impairment charge of $318.9 million recognized during the fourth quarter. If in future periods AdaptHealth were to experience a further decline in its market capitalization or expected results for a sustained period of time, AdaptHealth may be required to perform an additional goodwill impairment test at an interim or annual period and could be required to recognize an additional non-cash goodwill impairment charge at that time, which could be material.

AdaptHealth accounts for its acquisitions in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 805, Business Combinations, and the operations of the acquired entities are included in the historical results of AdaptHealth for the periods following the closing of the acquisition. See Note 3, Acquisitions, included in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding AdaptHealth’s acquisitions.

In January 2021, AdaptHealth refinanced its debt borrowings and entered into a new credit agreement, which was subsequently amended in April 2021 and March 2023 (the “2021 Credit Agreement”). The 2021 Credit Agreement consists of an $800 million term loan (the “2021 Term Loan”) and $450 million in commitments for revolving credit loans with a $55 million letter of credit sublimit (the “2021 Revolver”), both with maturities in January 2026.

In August 2021, AdaptHealth issued $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior unsecured notes (the “5.125% Senior Notes”). The 5.125% Senior Notes will mature on March 1, 2030. Interest on the 5.125% Senior Notes is payable on March 1st and September 1st of each year, and began on March 1, 2022. In January 2021, AdaptHealth issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior unsecured notes (the “4.625% Senior Notes”). The 4.625% Senior Notes will mature on August 1, 2029. Interest on the 4.625% Senior Notes is payable on February 1st and August 1st of each year, and began on August 1, 2021. In July 2020, AdaptHealth issued $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% senior unsecured notes (the “6.125% Senior Notes”). The 6.125% Senior Notes will mature on August 1, 2028. Interest on the 6.125% Senior Notes is payable on February 1st and August 1st of each year, and began on February 1, 2021. See section below, titled Liquidity and Capital Resources, for additional discussion related to AdaptHealth’s senior unsecured notes.

In March 2019, AdaptHealth entered into a Note and Unit Purchase Agreement with an investor. Pursuant to the agreement, AdaptHealth issued a promissory note with a principal amount of $100 million (the "Promissory Note"). In November 2019, the Promissory Note was replaced with a new amended and restated promissory note with a principal amount of $100 million, and the investor converted certain of its members’ interests to a $43.5 million promissory note. The new $100 million promissory note, together with the $43.5 million promissory note, are collectively referred to herein as the "New Promissory Note". In June 2021, AdaptHealth repaid $71.8 million of the outstanding principal balance under the New Promissory Note. In August 2021, AdaptHealth repaid the remaining outstanding principal balance of $71.7 million under the New Promissory Note. The outstanding principal balance under the New Promissory Note bore interest at 12%.

AdaptHealth’s business experiences some seasonality. Its patients are generally responsible for a greater percentage of the cost of their treatment or therapy during the early months of the year due to co-insurance, co-payments and deductibles, and therefore may defer treatment and services of certain therapies until meeting their annual deductibles. In addition, changes to employer insurance coverage often go into effect at the beginning of each calendar year which may impact eligibility requirements and delay or defer treatment. Also, net revenue generated by the Company’s diabetes product line is typically higher in the fourth quarter compared to the earlier part of the year due to the timing of when patients meet their annual deductibles and their associated reordering patterns. These factors may lead to lower net revenue and cash flow in the early part of the year versus the latter half of the year. Additionally, the increased incidence of respiratory infections during the winter season may result in initiation of additional respiratory services such as oxygen therapy for certain patient populations. AdaptHealth’s quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future depending on these and other factors.

AdaptHealth focuses on Net revenue, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow as it reviews its performance. Refer to EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow included in the Non-GAAP measures section below.

Total net revenue is comprised of net sales revenue and net revenue from fixed monthly equipment reimbursements. Net sales revenue consists of revenue recognized at a point in time for the sale of supplies and disposables and revenue recognized in connection with at-risk capitation arrangements. Net revenue from fixed monthly equipment reimbursements consists of revenue recognized over the service period for equipment (including, but not limited to, CPAP machines, oxygen concentrators, ventilators, hospital beds, wheelchairs and other equipment).

The following table summarizes AdaptHealth’s consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: