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o			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Class A common stock, par value $0.0001

GROV

New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

The registrant had outstanding 31,414,013 shares of Class A common stock and 6,035,945 shares of Class B common stock as of November 6, 2023.

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q (this "Form 10-Q”), including, without limitation, statements under the headings "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the "Securities Act") and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act"). Generally, statements that are not historical facts, including statements concerning Grove Collaborative Holdings, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) possible or assumed future actions, business strategies, events, or results of operations, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the words "believes," "estimates," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "may," "will," "potential," "projects," "predicts," "continue," or "should," or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology. There can be no assurance that actual results will not materially differ from expectations.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Future developments affecting us may not be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, those factors described under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors." Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws. These risks and others described under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors" may not be exhaustive.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q. In addition, even if our results or operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.

(1) The shares of the Company’s common and convertible preferred stock prior to the Closing of the Business Combination (as defined in Note 1) have been retroactively restated to reflect the exchange ratio of approximately 1.1760 established in the Merger Agreement

(1) The shares of the Company’s common and convertible preferred stock prior to the Closing of the Business Combination (as defined in Note 1) have been retroactively restated to reflect the exchange ratio of approximately 1.1760 established in the Merger Agreement

Grove Collaborative Holdings, Inc., a public benefit corporation, (formerly known as Virgin Group Acquisition Corp. II, or “VGAC II”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “Grove”) is a digital-first, sustainability-oriented consumer products innovator specializing in the development and sale of household, personal care, beauty and other consumer products with an environmental focus and headquartered in San Francisco, California. The Company does not have any operations outside the United States. The Company sells its products through two channels: a direct-to-consumer (“DTC”) platform at www.grove.co and the Company’s mobile applications, where the Company sells products from Grove-owned brands (“Grove Brands”) and third-parties, and the retail channel into which the Company sells products from Grove-owned brands at wholesale. The Company develops and sells natural products that are free from the harmful chemicals identified in the Company’s “anti-ingredient” list and designs form factors and product packaging that reduces plastic waste and improves the environmental impact of the categories in which the Company operates. The Company also purchases environmental offsets that have made it the first plastic neutral retailer in the world. Grove Collaborative, Inc. (herein referred to as “Legacy Grove”), the Company’s accounting predecessor, was incorporated in Delaware in 2016.

On June 16, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), the Company consummated the previously-announced transactions contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated December 7, 2021, amended and restated on March 31, 2022 (the “Merger Agreement”), among Virgin Group Acquisition Corp. II, a blank check company incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempt company in 2020 (“VGAC II”), Treehouse Merger Sub, Inc. (“VGAC II Merger Sub I”), Treehouse Merger Sub II, LLC (“VGAC II Merger Sub II”), and Legacy Grove (“the Merger”). In connection with the Merger, VGAC II changed its jurisdiction of incorporation from the Cayman Islands to the State of Delaware and changed its name to Grove Collaborative Holdings, Inc (the “Domestication”), a public benefit corporation. On the Closing Date, VGAC Merger Sub II merged with and into Legacy Grove with Legacy Grove being the surviving corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Initial Merger”), and, immediately following the Initial Merger, and as part of the same overall transaction as the Initial Merger, Legacy Grove merged with and into VGAC Merger Sub II, the separate corporate existence of Legacy Grove ceased, and Merger Sub II continued as the surviving company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and changed its name to Grove Collaborative, Inc.(together with the Merger and the Domestication, the “Business Combination”).

The Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization with Legacy Grove being the accounting acquirer and VGAC II as the acquired company for accounting purposes. Accordingly, all historical financial information from prior to the Closing Date presented in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements represents the accounts of Legacy Grove. The shares and net loss per common share prior to the Closing have been retroactively restated as shares reflecting the exchange ratio established in the Closing.

Prior to the Business Combination, VGAC II’s public shares, and public warrants were listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbols “VGII” and “VGII.WS,” respectively. On June 17, 2022, the Company's Class A common stock and public warrants (the “Public Warrants”) began trading on the NYSE, under the symbols “GROV” and “GROV.WS,” respectively. On June 12, 2023, the NYSE delisted the Public Warrants from trading due to the low price levels. See Note 7, Common Stock and Warrants for additional details.

On May 24, 2023, the Company’s board of directors and stockholders approved a one-for-five reverse split (the “Reverse Split”) of the Company’s issued and outstanding Class A and Class B common stock. Unless otherwise noted herein, the number of shares underlying stock options and other equity instruments was proportionately adjusted for the Reverse Split, including any exercise prices. The Class A common stock began trading on a split adjusted basis on the NYSE at the market open on June 6, 2023. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split. All issued and outstanding Class A and Class B common stock, options to purchase common stock, shares available or reserved for issuance, warrants and/or warrant shares, as applicable, and per share amounts contained in the condensed consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented, unless otherwise stated herein.

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (the “condensed consolidated financial statements”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary in which it holds controlling financial interest. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP applicable to interim financial statements. These financial statements are presented in accordance with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and do not include all disclosures normally required in annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. As such, the information included herein should be read in conjunction with the Company’s financial statements and accompanying notes as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “audited financial statements”) that were included in the Company’s Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 16, 2023. In management’s opinion, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and reflect all adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2023 and the results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2023 or any other future interim or annual period.

The Company has historically incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations and had an accumulated deficit of $611.6 million as of September 30, 2023. The Company’s existing sources of liquidity as of September 30, 2023 include unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $86.1 million and availability of debt from the Siena Revolver (defined in Note 5, Debt). The Company has historically funded operations primarily with issuances of redeemable convertible preferred stock, convertible preferred stock, contingently redeemable convertible common stock and the incurrence of debt. The Company believes its existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund its operations for a period of at least one year from the date of issuance of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q (the “Quarterly Report”). Over the longer-term, the Company will need to raise additional capital through debt or equity financing to fund future operations until it generates positive cash flows from profitable operations. There can be no assurance that such additional debt or equity financing will be available on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all.

The Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. The JOBS Act permits companies with emerging growth company status to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards, delaying the adoption of these accounting standards until they would apply to private companies. Following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company uses this extended transition period to enable it to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date the Company (1) is no longer an emerging growth company or (2) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting standards as of public company effective dates.

Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed using the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights and sharing of losses, of the Company’s Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, other than voting rights. As the liquidation and dividend rights and sharing of losses are identical, the undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportionate basis and the resulting net loss per share will, therefore, be the same for both the Company’s Class A and Class B common stock on an individual or combined basis.

The Company’s participating securities included the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock, as the holders are entitled to receive cumulative dividends in the event that a dividend is paid on common stock. The Company also considers any shares issued on the early exercise of stock options subject to repurchase to be participating securities because holders of such shares have non-forfeitable dividend rights in the event a dividend is paid on common stock.

The holders of redeemable convertible preferred stock, the holders of early exercised shares subject to repurchase nor the holders of the Company’s common stock warrants have a contractual obligation to share in losses.

Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net income (loss), as adjusted for any accumulated dividends on Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (Note 8, Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock) for the period, attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, adjusted for outstanding shares that are subject to repurchase or outstanding shares that are contingently returnable by the holder. Contingently issuable shares, including shares that are issuable for little or no cash consideration, are considered outstanding common shares and included in net income (loss) per share as of the date that all necessary conditions have been satisfied. Such shares include the Backstop Warrants (Note 7, Common Stock and Warrants) and Volition Penny Warrants (Note 8 - Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock).

Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period using the treasury stock method or the if-converted method based on the nature of such securities. For periods in which the Company reports net losses, diluted net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, because potentially dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive.

Comprehensive loss represents all changes in stockholders’ equity. The Company’s net loss was equal to its comprehensive loss for all periods presented.

There have been no significant changes in the Company's significant accounting policies from those that were disclosed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, included in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates made by management include the determination of reserves amounts for the Company’s inventories on hand, useful life of intangible assets, sales returns and allowances and certain assumptions used in the valuation of equity awards, the estimated fair value of common stock liability classified Public and Private Placement Warrants, the fair value of Earn-Out liabilities, the fair value of Additional Shares liabilities, the fair value of the Structural Derivative Liability and stock based compensation expense. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such estimates could be material to the Company’s financial position and the results of operations.

Short-term restricted cash primarily represents cash on deposit with a financial institution to collateralize short-term obligations related to company credit cards. Long-term restricted cash primarily represents cash on deposit with a financial institution to collateralize letters of credit related to the Company’s non-cancellable operating leases for its corporate headquarters. Restricted cash is stated at cost, which approximates fair value.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. The Company maintains the majority of its cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in accounts with one financial institution within the United States, generally in the form of demand accounts. Deposits in this institution may exceed federally insured limits. Management believes minimal credit risk exists with respect to this financial institution and the Company has not experienced any losses on such amounts.

The Company depends on a limited number of vendors to supply products sold by the Company. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s top five suppliers combined represented approximately 40% of the Company’s total inventory purchases. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s top five suppliers combined represented approximately 50% of the Company’s total inventory purchases.

The Company primarily generates revenue from the sale of both third-party and Grove Brands products through its DTC platform. Customers purchase products through the website or mobile application through a combination of directly selecting items from the catalog, items that are suggested by the Company’s recommendation engine, and features that appear in marketing on-site, in emails and on the Company’s mobile application. Most customers purchase a combination of products recommended by the Company based on previous purchases and new products discovered through marketing or catalog browsing. Customers can opt to have orders auto-shipped to them on a specified date or shipped immediately through an option available on the website and mobile application. In order to reduce the environmental impact of each shipment, the Company has a minimum total sales order value threshold policy which is required to be met before the order qualifies for shipment. Payment is collected upon finalizing the order. The products are subsequently packaged and shipped to fill the order. Customers can customize future purchases by selecting products they want to receive on a specified cadence or by selecting products for immediate shipment.

The Company also offers a VIP membership to its customers for an annual fee which includes the rights to free shipping, free gifts and early access to exclusive sales, all of which are available at the customers’ option, should they elect to make future purchases of the Company’s products within their annual VIP membership benefit period. Many customers receive a free 60-day VIP membership for trial purposes, typically upon their first qualifying order. After the expiration of this free trial VIP membership period, customers will be charged their annual VIP membership fee, which automatically renews annually, until cancelled. The customer is alerted before any VIP membership renews.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the Company recognizes revenue when the customer obtains control of promised goods, in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to receive in exchange for those goods. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration, if any, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that it will collect the consideration to which it is entitled in exchange for the goods it transfers to a customer.

A contract with a customer exists when the customer submits an order online for the Company’s products. Under this arrangement, there is one performance obligation which is the obligation for the Company to fulfill the order. Product revenue is recognized when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which occurs upon the Company’s delivery to a third-party carrier.

The VIP membership provides customers with a suite of benefits that are only accessible to them at their option, upon making a future qualifying order of the Company’s products. The VIP membership includes free shipping, a select number of free products and early access to exclusive sales. Under ASC 606, sales arrangements that include rights to additional goods or services that are exercisable at a customer’s discretion are generally considered options; therefore, the Company must assess whether these options provide a material right to the customer and if so, they are considered a performance obligation. The Company concluded that its VIP membership benefits include two material rights, one related to the future discount (i.e., free shipping) on the price of the customer’s qualifying order(s) over the membership period and the second one relating to a certain number of free products provided at pre-set intervals within the VIP membership benefit period, that will only ship with a customer’s next qualifying order (i.e., bundled).

At inception of the VIP membership benefit period, the Company allocates the VIP membership fee to each of the two material rights using a relative standalone selling price basis. Generally, standalone selling prices are determined based on the observable price of the good or service when sold separately to non-VIP customers and the estimated number of shipments and free products per benefit period.

The Company also considers the likelihood of redemption when determining the standalone selling price for free products and then recognize these allocated amounts upon the shipment of a qualifying customer order. To date, customers buying patterns closely approximate a ratable revenue attribution method over the customers VIP Membership period.

The Company deducts discounts, sales tax, customer service credits and estimated refunds to arrive at net revenue. Sales tax collected from customers is not considered revenue and is included in accrued liabilities until remitted to the taxing authorities. The Company has made the policy election to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good. Shipping, handling and packaging expenses are recognized upon shipment and classified within selling, general and administrative expenses. Discounts are recorded as a reduction to revenue when revenue is recognized. The Company records a refund reserve based on historical refund patterns. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the refund reserve, which is included in accrued liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, was not material.

The following table sets forth revenue by product type (in thousands):

The Company has three types of contractual liabilities from transactions with customers: (i) cash collections for products which have not yet shipped, which are included in deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue upon the Company’s delivery to a third-party carrier, (ii) cash collections of VIP membership fees, which are included in deferred revenue and (iii) customer service credits, which are included in other current liabilities and are recognized as a reduction in revenue when provided to the customer. Contractual liabilities included in deferred revenue and other current liabilities were $7.7 million and $0.1 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2023 and $10.9 million and $0.2 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. The contractual liabilities included in deferred revenue are generally recognized as revenue within twelve months from the end of each reporting period. Revenue recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 that was included in deferred revenue and other current liabilities as of December 31, 2022 was $10.6 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

Fulfillment costs represent those costs incurred in operating and staffing the Company’s fulfillment centers, including costs attributable to receiving, inspecting and warehousing inventories, picking, packaging, and preparing customer orders for shipment (“Fulfillment Labor”), shipping and handling expenses, packaging materials costs and payment processing and related transaction costs. These costs are included within selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded fulfillment costs of $13.6 million and $19.5 million, respectively, which included $8.3 million and $12.3 million in shipping and handling expenses, respectively, and $3.0 million and $4.3 million in Fulfillment Labor, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded fulfillment costs of $45.5 million and $64.2 million, respectively, which included $27.6 million and $39.4 million in shipping and handling expenses, respectively, and $10.4 million and $15.4 million in Fulfillment Labor, respectively. The Company's gross profit may not be comparable to other retailers or distributors.

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company determines fair value based upon the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, as determined by either the principal market or the most advantageous market. Inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values are classified based on a three-level hierarchy. These levels are:

Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 2 – Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

Financial instruments consist of cash equivalents, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, debt, Additional Shares, Earn-Out Shares, Public and Private Placement Warrants and Structural Derivative. Cash equivalents, Earn-Out Shares, Public and Private Placement Warrants and Structural Derivative are stated at fair value on a recurring basis. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities are stated at their carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short period time to the expected receipt or payment. The carrying amount of the Company’s outstanding debt approximates the fair value as the debt bears interest at a rate that approximates the prevailing market rate.

The Public Warrants were historically classified as Level 1 due to the use of an observable market quote in an active market. Private Placement Warrants were historically classified as Level 2 as the fair value approximated the fair value of the Public Warrants. The Private Placement Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, with certain exceptions as defined in Note 7, Common Stock and Warrants. Five Public Warrants or Private Placement Warrants must be bundled together to receive one share of the Company’s Class A common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the entire balance of the Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants was transferred out of Level 1 and Level 2, respectively, into Level 3 due to the warrants being delisted by the NYSE in response to the low trading price of the warrants.

The value of the Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants was determined by using a Black-Scholes Model with the following assumptions:

The Additional Shares and Earn-Out Shares are classified as Level 3 and their fair values were estimated using a Monte Carlo options pricing model utilizing assumptions related to expected stock-price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. The Company estimated the expected volatility assumption using an average of the implied volatility of its common stock and an implied volatility based on its peer companies.

The Structural Derivative Liability is a compound embedded derivative related to features within the Structural Debt Facility, including an increase in interest rate upon an event of default and the contingent issuance of the Structural Subsequent Shares as defined in Note 5, Debt. This liability is classified as Level 3 and is valued using a risk-neutral income approach related to an event of default occurring and expected cash flows in such a scenario and an income and Black-Scholes pricing model for the contingent issuance of the Structural Subsequent Shares utilizing assumptions related to expected stock price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield.

The Company estimated the expected volatility assumption using an average of the implied volatility of its common stock and an implied volatility based on its peer companies.

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

At the closing of the HGI Subscription Agreement defined in Note 7, Common Stock and Warrants, the Company recorded a liability related to the potential issuance of Additional Shares. Subsequent changes in fair value of the Additional Shares liability have been recognized in the statements of operations. The Additional Shares liability was settled on August 1, 2023 (refer to Note 7, Common Stock and Warrants).

At Closing of the Business Combination, certain Earn-Out Shares were accounted for as a liability. Subsequent changes in fair value, until settlement or until equity classification is met, is recognized in the statements of operations.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company has Public and Private Placement Warrants. Such warrants are accounted for as a liability. Subsequent changes in fair value, until settlement, is recognized in the statement of operations.

Upon closing the Structural Debt Facility, the Company recorded a liability related to the features that are required to be bifurcated and accounted for as a compound derivative at fair value. Subsequent changes in fair value of the Structural Derivative Liability until settlement is recognized in the statement of operations.

The following table provides a summary of changes in the estimated fair value of these liabilities (in thousands):

Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

        

The Company’s outstanding debt, net of debt discounts, consisted of the following (in thousands):

In December 2022, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (“Structural Debt Facility”) with Structural Capital Investments III, LP, Structural Capital Investments IV, LP and Series PCI Grove series of Structural Capital Primary Co-Investment Fund, LLC (collectively, “Structural Funds”) and Avenue Sustainable Solutions Fund, L.P. (“Avenue”) (collectively “Structural Lenders”) to borrow $72.0 million which was used primarily to settle previously outstanding obligations with a prior lender. The Structural Debt Facility bears an annual rate of interest at the greater of 15.00% or 7.50% plus the prime rate, payable monthly. The principal repayment period commences on July 1, 2025 and continues until the maturity date of December 21, 2026. The Company may prepay all outstanding amounts under this facility at any time. Under the agreement, when amounts are prepaid or repaid in full at the Maturity Date, the Company may be obligated to pay additional fees which would allow for Structural Funds and Avenue to reach a Minimum Return, as defined by the agreement.

The Structural Debt Facility is collateralized by the assets of the Company and includes financial covenants the Company must meet in order to avoid an Event of Default, as defined by the agreement. Such covenants include (i) maintaining a minimum of $57.0 million in unrestricted cash at all times and (ii) achieving certain revenue targets for the trailing four quarter period beginning with the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023. The Structural Debt Facility contains a subjective acceleration clause in the event that lenders determine that a material adverse change has or will occur within the business, operations, or financial condition of the Company or a material impairment of the prospect of repaying any portion of this financial obligation. In accordance with the loan agreement, Structural has been provided with the Company’s periodic financial statements and updated projections to facilitate their ongoing assessment of the Company. The Company believes the likelihood that Structural Lenders would exercise the subjective acceleration clause is remote. As of September 30, 2023, the Company was in compliance with these debt covenants.

On December 21, 2022, in connection with the closing of the Structural Debt Facility, the Company issued to Structural Funds, including certain affiliates, and to Avenue a total of 990,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (the “Structural Closing Shares”). The Company recorded a debt discount of $1.1 million related to the issuance of these shares, with a corresponding offset to the Company’s Class A common stock and additional paid-in capital. Further, if there are outstanding obligations relating to the Structural Debt Facility on July 21, 2025, representing the thirty-month anniversary of such closing, the Company agrees to issue to Structural Funds, including certain affiliates, and to Avenue, the aggregate number of shares of the Company’s Class A common stock equal to $9,900,000, divided by the lower of (i) $10.00 and (ii) the volume weighted average price of the Company’s Class A common stock for the sixty trading days prior to such date, as further described in the related issuance agreements (the "Structural Subsequent Shares”).

The Company has identified several features within the Structural Debt Facility consisting of the contingent obligation to issue the Structural Subsequent Shares, mandatory and voluntary prepayment features and default interest rate (“Structural Derivative Liability”), which are required to be bifurcated and accounted for as a compound embedded derivative at fair value.

Closing costs consisted of $3.3 million in costs directly related to the issuance of the Structural Facility to third parties, issuance of certain Structural Closing Shares amounting to $1.1 million and incurrence of an additional Structural Derivative Liability amount of $7.1 million. At September 30, 2023, the Company had $72.0 million in principal outstanding under the Structural Debt Facility with an effective interest rate of 21.11%.

In March 2023, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Siena Revolver”) with Siena Lending Group, LLC (“Siena”) which permits the Company to receive funding through a revolving line of credit with an initial commitment of $35.0 million. The Company’s borrowing capacity under the Siena Revolver is subject to certain conditions, including the Company’s eligible inventory and accounts receivable balances among other limitations as specified in the agreement. In connection with this facility the Company incurred $1.1 million of debt issuance costs which have been included in other assets on the Company’s balance sheet and being amortized through the Revolver’s scheduled maturity date. Additional borrowing capacity from the Siena Revolver was $11.5 million as of September 30, 2023.

The interest rates applicable to borrowings under the Siena Revolver are based on a fluctuating rate of interest measured by reference to either, at the Company’s option, (i) a Base Rate, plus an applicable margin, or (ii) the Term SOFR rate then in effect, plus 0.10% and an applicable margin. The Base Rate is defined as the greatest of: (1) Prime Rate as published in the Wall Street Journal, (2) Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5% and (3) 5.0% per annum.

The applicable margin for Siena Revolver borrowings is based on the Company’s monthly average principal balance outstanding and ranges from 2.75% to 4.50% per annum in the case of Base Rate Borrowings and 3.75% to 5.50% per annum in the case of Term SOFR borrowings. The Siena Revolver also contains various financial covenants the Company must maintain to avoid an Event of Default, as defined by the agreement, including a subjective acceleration clause in the event that Siena determines that a material adverse change has or will occur within the business, operations, or financial condition of the Company or a material impairment of the prospect of repaying any portion of this financial obligation. In accordance with the agreement, Siena has been provided with the Company’s periodic financial statements and updated projections to facilitate their ongoing assessment of the Company. The Company believes the likelihood that Siena would exercise the subjective acceleration clause is remote. As of September 30, 2023, the Company was in compliance with these debt covenants.

The Siena Revolver matures at the earlier of March 10, 2026 or the maturity date of the Structural Debt Facility. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has an outstanding principal balance of $7.5 million under the Siena Revolver. The interest rate on the outstanding balance at September 30, 2023 was 9.16%.

In July 2018, the Company entered into an equipment financing arrangement (the “Atel Loan Facility”) with Atel Ventures, Inc. (“Atel”) for funding of machinery and warehouse equipment. The principal under each loan was fully repaid on the maturity date of May 1, 2023.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had obligations to purchase $13.7 million and $18.7 million, respectively, of merchandise.

The Company had irrevocable standby letters of credit in the amount of $3.4 million and $3.1 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, primarily related to the Company’s operating leases. The letters of credit have expiration dates through January 2029.

From time to time, the Company is subject to various claims, charges and litigation matters that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company records a provision for a liability when it is both probable that the loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. If the Company determines that a loss is reasonably possible and the loss or range of loss can be estimated, it discloses the reasonably possible loss. Any potential gains associated with legal matters are not recorded until the period in which all contingencies are resolved and the gain is realized or realizable. Depending on the nature and timing of any such proceedings that may arise, an unfavorable resolution of a matter could materially affect the Company’s future consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position in a particular period. Except if otherwise indicated, it is not reasonably possible to determine the probability of loss or estimate damages for any of the matters discussed below, and therefore, the Company has not established reserves for any of these matters.

The Santa Clara County District Attorney’s Office, in conjunction with other representatives from other California district and city attorneys’ offices, is currently investigating the Company’s compliance with California’s Automatic Renewal Law (“ARL”), California’s Unfair Competition Law, and False Advertising Law (the "CA ARL Matter”). The Company has met with this task force of multiple California district attorneys (“CART”) and has provided documents and information upon request and discussed proposed remediation. Based on recent discussions with CART, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss with regard to this matter. However, based on the current information, the Company does not have enough information to make a reasonable estimate of the loss or range of loss at this time.

The Federal Trade Commission is currently investigating the Company’s billing and automatic renewal practices (the “FTC Matter”). The FTC Matter specifically relates to an investigation of the Company’s compliance with Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Restore Online Shoppers’ Confidence Act, the CAN-SPAM Rule, the Unordered Merchandise Statute, and other matters related to our subscription offerings. The Company certified compliance with the initial FTC Civil Investigative Demand on June 16, 2023 and continues to work closely with investigators toward resolution on this matter. To date, no legal proceeding has commenced regarding this matter. As the outcome and materiality is uncertain at this time, the Company cannot estimate the probability of loss or make an estimate of the loss or range of loss in this matter.

As discussed in Note 1, Description of the Business, VGAC II completed the acquisition of Legacy Grove and acquired 100% of Legacy Grove’s shares and Legacy Grove received gross proceeds of $97.1 million, which includes proceeds from issuance of common stock upon the consummation of the Business Combination. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded $24.4 million of transaction costs, which consisted of legal, accounting, and other professional services directly related to the Business Combination. Transaction costs were allocated on a relative fair value basis between the issuance of equity and liability instruments.

Direct and incremental transaction costs allocated to equity-classified instruments were recorded within equity as an offset against proceeds upon accounting for the consummation of the Business Combination in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Direct and incremental transaction costs allocated to liability-classified equity instruments were expensed in the condensed consolidated financial statements and included in other expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The cash outflows related to these costs were presented as financing activities on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

As per the original agreement, the Company had $17.5 million of transaction costs accrued as of December 31, 2022. In March 2023, the Company entered into an amended agreement with a vendor to reduce this liability by $13.4 million. This reduction of costs was allocated between the liability and equity instruments with $3.8 million being recorded to other income, net on the Company’s statement of operations and $9.6 million recorded to additional paid-in capital, within equity.

On the Closing Date and in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions of the Business Combination, each holder of Legacy Grove common stock received approximately 1.1760 shares of the Company’s Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share. All equity awards of Legacy Grove were assumed by the Company and converted into comparable equity awards that are settled or exercisable for shares of the Company’s Class B common stock. As a result, each outstanding stock option was converted into an option exercisable for the Company’s Class B common stock based on an exchange ratio of approximately 1.1760, each outstanding restricted stock unit was converted into restricted stock units of the Company that, upon vesting and issued, will be settled for shares of the Company’s Class B common stock based on an exchange ratio of approximately 1.1760 and each outstanding warrant to purchase Legacy Grove common stock or preferred stock was converted into a warrant to purchase shares of the Company’s Class B common stock based on an exchange ratio of approximately 1.1760.

Each public and private warrant of VGAC II that was unexercised at the time of the business combination was assumed by the Company. As a result of the Reverse Split, five whole warrants must be bundled together to purchase one share of the Company’s Class A common stock upon exercise of such warrant.

At the closing of the Business Combination, Class B common stock shareholders (including Grove stock option, restricted stock unit, and warrant holders) were issued 2,799,696 shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock (“Earn-Out Shares”). During the three months ended March 31, 2023, certain shareholders surrendered an aggregate 197,142 Earn-Out Shares which, per terms of the Merger Agreement, were cancelled by the Company and not reallocated among the remaining holders.

The remaining 2,602,554 Earn-Out Shares will vest (i) with respect to 1,301,277 of the Earn-Out Shares, upon the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock equaling or exceeding $62.50 per share for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading-day period and (ii) with respect to 1,301,277 of the Earn-Out Shares, upon the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock equaling or exceeding $75.00 per share for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading-day period. Such events can occur during a period of ten years following the Business Combination (the “Earn-Out Period”).

If, during the Earn-Out Period, there is a Change of Control Transaction (as defined in the Merger Agreement), then all remaining triggering events that have not previously occurred and the related vesting conditions shall be deemed to have occurred.

If, upon the expiration of the Earn-Out Period, any Earn-Out Shares shall have not vested, then such Earn-Out Shares shall be automatically forfeited by the holders thereof and canceled by the Company. The settlement amount to be paid to the selling shareholders of the Earn-Out Shares can change and is not indexed to the Company’s stock. Due to the change in control event contingency and variable number of Earn-Out shares to be settled to the holders, the Earn-Out Shares fail the equity scope exception and are accounted for as a derivative in accordance with ASC 815 and will be remeasured on a recurring basis at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2023, the Company did not meet any Earn-Out thresholds.

As the accounting acquirer, Grove Collaborative, Inc. is deemed to have assumed 6,700,000 Private Placement Warrants for the Company’s Class A common stock that were held by Virgin Group Acquisition Sponsor II LLC (the “Sponsor”) and 8,050,000 of the Company’s Class A common stock Public Warrants that were held by VGAC II’s shareholders. The warrants will expire on July 16, 2027, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. Five whole warrants must be bundled together in order to receive one share of the Company’s Class A common stock at an effective exercise price of $57.50. On June 16, 2023, the Company agreed to cancel 749,269 Public Warrants from certain holders.

Subsequent to the Closing of the Business Combination, the Private Placement and Public Warrants for shares of the Company’s Class A common stock meet liability classification requirements since the warrants may be required to be settled in cash under a tender offer. In addition, Private Placement warrants are potentially subject to a different settlement amount as a result of being held by the Sponsor which precludes the private placement warrants from being considered indexed to the entity's own stock, and therefore classified as liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of September 30, 2023, the following warrants were outstanding on an as-converted basis:

The Public Warrants become exercisable into shares of the Company’s Class A common stock commencing on July 16, 2022 and expire on July 16, 2027, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. The Company may redeem, with 30 days written notice, each whole outstanding Public Warrant for cash at a price of $0.01 per warrant if the Reference Value equals or exceeds $90.00 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The warrant holders have the right to exercise their outstanding warrants prior to the scheduled redemption date during the Redemption Period at an effective price of $57.50 per share, subject to certain adjustments. Five whole warrants must be bundled together in order to receive one share of the Company’s Class A common stock. If the Company calls the Public Warrants for redemption, the Company will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the Public Warrants to do so on a “cashless basis”, as described in the warrant agreement. For purposes of the redemption, “Reference Value” shall mean the last reported sales price of the Company’s Class A common stock for any twenty trading days within the thirty trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which notice of the redemption is given.

The Private Placement Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that the Private Placement Warrants were not transferable, assignable or salable until 30 days after the completion of a Business Combination, subject to certain limited exceptions. Additionally, the Private Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis and are non-redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the Private Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, then such warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by the warrant holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

In connection with the Business Combination, the Company issued to the Corvina Holdings limited warrants to purchase 775,005 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock with an exercise price of $0.05 per share (such warrants, the “Backstop Warrants”). The Backstop Warrants are exercisable by the Backstop Investor at any time on or before June 16, 2027, and are on terms customary for warrants of such nature. None of these warrants have been exercised as of September 30, 2023.

On July 18, 2022, the Company entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the “SEPA”) with YA II PN, LTD (“Yorkville” or “SEPA Investor”), pursuant to which Yorkville has agreed to purchase up to $100 million of common stock from time to time over a period of 36 months, subject to certain conditions. The shares of the Company’s common stock that may be issued under the SEPA may be sold by us to Yorkville at our discretion from time to time and sales of the Company’s common stock under the SEPA will depend upon market conditions and other factors. Additionally, in no event may the Company sell more than 6,511,532 shares of common stock to Yorkville under the SEPA, which number of shares is equal to 19.99% of the shares of the Company's common stock outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the Equity Purchase Agreement (the “Exchange Cap”), unless stockholder approval is obtained to issue shares of common stock in excess of the Exchange Cap in accordance with applicable NYSE rules or comply with certain other requirements as described in the Equity Purchase Agreement. As a result, unless the Company’s stock price exceeds $15.33, the Company will be unable to sell the full $100.0 million commitment to Yorkville without seeking stockholder approval to issue additional shares in excess of the Exchange Cap. The purchase price per share for Class A common stock will be 97.55% of the Volume-Weighted Average Price (“VWAP”) of the Company’s Class A common stock over the Pricing Period, as defined by the agreement. The Company deferred $0.7 million of transaction costs related to the SEPA and will offset these costs against proceeds of any sales under the SEPA. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has sold 147,965 shares under the SEPA for total gross proceeds of $2.4 million. Issuance costs related to these shares are not material. As of September 30, 2023, there were 6,363,567 shares available to be sold to Yorkville under the Exchange Cap.

On November 10, 2022, the Company entered into a subscription agreement (the “HGI Subscription Agreement”) with HCI Grove LLC (“HGI”), pursuant to which, among other things, the Company issued to HGI 396,825 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (“Subscribed Shares”) for aggregate proceeds of $2.5 million. Under the terms of the HGI Subscription Agreement, the Company was required to file a registration statement for the Subscribed Shares upon the Company becoming eligible to file a registration statement on Form S-3 and in any event prior to July 15, 2023 (the “Subscribed Shares Registration Statement”). The Subscribed Shares Registration Statement was filed on July 14, 2023.

The HGI Subscription Agreement also provides that the Company will issue additional shares (the “HGI Additional Shares”) of the Company’s Class A common stock to HGI in the event that the volume weighted average price of the Company’s Class A common stock is less than $6.30 during the three trading days commencing on the first trading day after (i) the Company files the Subscribed Shares Registration Statement (the “Registration Date”), (ii) the three-month anniversary of the Registration Date, (iii) the six-month anniversary of the Registration Date, or (iv) the nine-month anniversary of the Registration Date (“Measurement Periods” and each “Measurement Period”) upon HGI’s election to receive such additional shares. Following the effectiveness of the Subscribed Shares Registration Statement, HGI exercised their right to receive all HGI Additional Shares issuable under the HGI Subscription Agreement. On August 1, 2023, the Company issued to HGI 714,285 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock which settled all obligations under the HGI Additional Shares liability.

Concurrent with the HGI Subscription Agreement, the Company also entered into a consulting services agreement (the “Consulting Agreement”) with HCI Grove Management LLC (the “Consultant”). In consideration for the services under the Consulting Agreement, the Company (i) paid the Consultant an upfront fee of $150,000 and (ii) issued the Consultant warrants to purchase 905,000 shares (the “HGI Warrant Shares”) of the Company’s Class A common stock (the “HGI Warrants”), at an exercise price per share of $6.30 (the “Exercise Price”). On November 10, 2022, 40% of the HGI Warrant Shares vested and became issuable (the “Vested Warrants”), and the remaining HGI Warrant Shares (the “Unvested Warrants”) shall vest and become exercisable if, prior to December 31, 2024, the Company achieves at least $100.0 million in quarterly net revenue on a consolidated basis or if the Company consummates a Change of Control, as defined in HGI Warrants. If, as a result of the Change of Control, the Company’s equity holders own less than 25% of the equity securities of the surviving entity in such Change of Control, the Exercise Price shall be increased by 50%.

The Company determined the Vested Warrants and Unvested Warrants qualify as stock based compensation to a nonemployee. The Company recorded $1.2 million in stock based compensation expense on the execution date of the HGI Subscription Agreement. The Company performs a probability reassessment related to the Unvested Warrants each reporting period and will recognize the cumulative catch-up adjustment based on the grant-date fair value when the vesting conditions are probable of being achieved. Any remaining expense will continue to ratably recognized until the date the revenue target is achieved, and the Unvested Warrants are fully vested.

The fair value of Vested Warrants and Unvested Warrants granted to HGI was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, with the following assumptions:

The Company has the following shares of common stock reserved for future issuance, on an as-if converted basis:

On August 11, 2023 (the “Preferred Stock Closing Date”), the Company entered into a subscription agreement (the “Preferred Stock Subscription Agreement”) with Volition Capital Fund IV, L.P. (“Volition”) where the Company received gross proceeds of $10.0 million in exchange for 10,000 shares of the Company’s Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”), a warrant to purchase 1,579,778 shares of Grove’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $6.33 per share (the “Volition Warrant”) and a separate warrant to Volition to purchase 20,905 shares of Grove’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share (the “Volition Penny Warrant”). The Volition Warrant and the Volition Penny Warrant each expire on the three-year anniversary of the Preferred Stock Closing Date and are not exercisable until six months following the Preferred Stock Closing Date.

The Company allocated the proceeds received on the Preferred Stock Closing Date to the Preferred Stock, Volition Warrant and Volition Penny Warrant (together the “Volition Warrants”) on a relative fair value basis. The aggregate fair value of the Volition Warrants was $0.7 million and determined using a Black-Scholes Model with the following inputs:

Gross proceeds and transaction costs were allocated between the Preferred Stock and Volition Warrants as follows:

Significant provisions of the Preferred Stock are as follows:

Dividends – The holders of the outstanding shares of Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors, out of any funds and assets legally available therefore, dividends at the rate of 6% per annum of the original issuance price for each share of Preferred Stock, prior and in preference to any declaration or payment of any other dividend (other than dividends on shares of Class A common stock payable in shares of Class A common stock). The dividends on shares of the Preferred Stock accrue from day to day, whether or not declared, and shall be cumulative, provided, however, such accruing dividends shall be payable only when, as, and if declared by the Board of Directors and the Company shall be under no obligation to pay such accruing dividends. Total cumulative undeclared dividends as of September 30, 2023 was $0.1 million.

Liquidation – Upon any liquidation transaction, whether voluntary or involuntary, each holder of outstanding shares of Preferred Stock shall be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company legally available for distribution to stockholders, whether such assets are capital, surplus or earnings, prior and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets of the Corporation to the holders of the Class A common stock, Class B common stock or of any other stock or equity security, an amount in cash, equal to the greater of (i) the Preferred Stock original issuance price held by such holder plus any declared but unpaid dividends to which such holder of outstanding shares of the Preferred Stock is then entitled, if any, or (ii) the amount each holder of a share of the Series A would be entitled on an as-converted into Class A common stock basis, based on the then effective Conversion Price, as defined by the Certificate of Designations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, (without regard to any restrictions or limitations on conversion) immediately prior to such liquidation transaction. If, upon any Liquidation Transaction, the funds legally available for distribution to all holders of the Preferred Stock shall be insufficient to permit the payment to all such holders of the full liquidation preference amount, then the entire funds legally available for distribution shall be distributed ratably among the holders of the Preferred Stock ratably in proportion to the full preferential amounts to which they are entitled to.

Voting – Each holder of Preferred Stock is entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of shares of Class A common stock into which such shares of the Preferred Stock are then convertible based on the Conversion Price as of the record date for determining stockholders entitled to vote on such matter and shall have voting rights and powers equal to the voting rights and powers of the Class A common stock (except as otherwise expressly provided herein or as required by law, voting together with the Class A common stock as a single class) and shall be entitled to notice of any such stockholders’ meeting in accordance with the Bylaws of the Company. For so long as an original purchaser of the Preferred Stock beneficially holds 20% or more of the shares of Class A Common Stock (calculated on as converted basis based on the Conversion Price (as adjusted for stock splits, combinations, stock dividends, recapitalizations and the like) such purchaser acquired pursuant to the Preferred Stock Subscription Agreement, such purchaser shall have the right to designate up to one director for election to the Board of Directors as a Class I Director.

Conversion – At the option of the holder, each share of Preferred Stock is convertible into fully paid and non-assessable shares of Class A common stock equal to the sum of (i) the amount determined by dividing (x) the Preferred Stock original issuance price plus any declared but unpaid dividends to which such share of the Preferred Stock is then entitled by (y) $2.11 (as adjusted for stock splits, combinations, stock dividends, recapitalizations and the like) in effect on the date the certificate is surrendered for conversion or notice is provided for non-certificated shares and (ii) the Subsequent Issuance Share Adjustment, as defined by the Certificate of Designations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

The Company may, in its sole discretion, upon five business days prior written notice, force the conversion of all of the outstanding shares of the Preferred Stock (including any declared but unpaid dividends to which such shares of Preferred Stock are then entitled) at the conversion price upon certain events, as specified in the Certificate of Designations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

Redemption – At the option of the holder, the Preferred Stock is redeemable for the original issuance price plus any declared but unpaid dividends following the seventh anniversary of the Preferred Stock Closing Date.

The Company evaluated these features and determined that the Preferred Stock is appropriately classified as temporary equity due to the redemption provisions allowing the holders to redeem the Preferred Stock upon a liquidation transaction or following the seventh anniversary of the closing date. The Volition Warrants and Volition Penny Warrants are classified within additional paid-in capital on the Company’s balance sheet at September 30, 2023.

Stock option activity under the Company’s incentive plan is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

No options were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The total grant date fair value of options that vested during nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $0.2 million and $10.2 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was nominal and $1.0 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value is the difference between the current fair value of the underlying common stock and the exercise price for in-the-money stock options.

In February 2021, the Company granted 203,434 stock options with market and liquidity event-related performance-based vesting criteria with an exercise price of $18.85 per share. 100% of the stock options vest upon valuation of the Company’s stock at a stated price upon occurrence of specified transactions. Fair value was determined using the probability weighted expected term method (“PWERM”), which involves the estimation of future potential outcomes as well as values and probabilities associated with each potential outcome. Two potential scenarios were used in the PWERM that utilized 1) the value of the Company’s common equity, and 2) a Monte Carlo simulation to specifically value the award. The total grant date fair value of the award was determined to be $5.5 million.

Since a liquidity event is not deemed probable until such event occurs, no compensation cost related to the performance condition was recognized prior to the Business Combination on June 16, 2022. Subsequently, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $4.6 million for service periods completed prior to the Business Combination. As of September 30, 2023, the market-based vesting criteria had not been met.

The following table summarizes the activity for all RSUs under all of the Company’s equity incentive plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

On August 16, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors granted its Chief Executive Officer an aggregate of 850,000 Class A common stock RSUs (the “CEO Award”) separate from the Grove Collaborative Holdings, Inc. 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan. A portion of the CEO Award contains market based vesting requirements consisting of four tranches that vest separately upon the Company’s public stock price meeting certain price thresholds. Additionally, the CEO Award also contains a service requirement with 25% of the shares vesting each year from the grant date for four years. The CEO Award has a total aggregate value of $2.0 million. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded $0.1 million of stock-based compensation expense related to the CEO Award.

In May 2022, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which was subsequently approved by the Company’s stockholders. The ESPP went into effect on November 16, 2022. Subject to certain limitations contained therein, the ESPP allows eligible employees to contribute, through payroll deductions, up to 20% of their eligible compensation to purchase the Company’s Class A common stock at a discounted price per share.

The Company recognized a total of $2.1 million and $9.8 million of stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $11.9 million and $34.3 million of stock-based compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to stock options and RSUs granted to employees and non-employees. Stock-based compensation expense was predominately recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the statements of operations for each period presented. As of September 30, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested options and RSUs was $21.6 million, which the Company expects to recognize over an estimated weighted average period of 2.1 years.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands, except share and per share data):