000158067012/312024Q1falseP1YP6Y00015806702024-01-012024-03-3100015806702024-04-26xbrli:shares00015806702024-03-31iso4217:USD00015806702023-12-31iso4217:USDxbrli:shares00015806702023-01-012023-03-310001580670us-gaap:CommonStockMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:CommonStockMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:CommonStockMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:CommonStockMember2022-12-310001580670us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2022-12-310001580670us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2022-12-310001580670us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember2022-12-3100015806702022-12-310001580670us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670us-gaap:CommonStockMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670us-gaap:CommonStockMember2023-03-310001580670us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2023-03-310001580670us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2023-03-310001580670us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember2023-03-3100015806702023-03-3100015806702023-01-012023-06-300001580670srt:MinimumMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670srt:MaximumMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670lgih:OtherConstructionComponentsMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670srt:MinimumMemberlgih:StructuralElementsMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670srt:MaximumMemberlgih:StructuralElementsMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMemberlgih:FourthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMember2023-12-050001580670lgih:FourthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMember2023-12-050001580670lgih:FourthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMember2023-12-052023-12-05xbrli:pure0001580670us-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2022-04-290001580670lgih:FourPointZeroZeroZeroSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyNineMemberus-gaap:SeniorNotesMember2024-03-310001580670lgih:EightPointSevenFiveZeroPercentSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyEightMemberus-gaap:SeniorNotesMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2024-03-310001580670lgih:InterestPeriodPeriodOneMemberus-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2022-04-292022-04-290001580670lgih:InterestPeriodPeriodTwoMemberus-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2022-04-292022-04-290001580670us-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:InterestPeriodPeriodThreeMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2022-04-292022-04-290001580670us-gaap:SecuredOvernightFinancingRateSofrOvernightIndexSwapRateMembersrt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2022-04-290001580670srt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2022-04-292022-04-290001580670srt:MaximumMemberus-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2022-04-292022-04-290001580670us-gaap:SecuredOvernightFinancingRateSofrOvernightIndexSwapRateMemberus-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2022-04-290001580670lgih:TheCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:SecuredOvernightFinancingRateSofrOvernightIndexSwapRateMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:SecuredOvernightFinancingRateSofrOvernightIndexSwapRateMemberus-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:SecuredOvernightFinancingRateSofrOvernightIndexSwapRateMembersrt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2024-03-310001580670lgih:FourPointZeroZeroZeroSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyNineMember2024-03-310001580670lgih:FourPointZeroZeroZeroSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyNineMemberus-gaap:SeniorNotesMember2021-06-280001580670us-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:SecuredOvernightFinancingRateSofrOvernightIndexSwapRateMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2023-12-310001580670lgih:FourPointZeroZeroZeroSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyNineMemberus-gaap:SeniorNotesMember2023-12-310001580670lgih:EightPointSevenFiveZeroPercentSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyEightMemberus-gaap:SeniorNotesMember2023-12-3100015806702022-02-2800015806702022-02-222024-03-310001580670us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember2022-12-310001580670us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember2023-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMembersrt:MinimumMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMembersrt:MaximumMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMemberlgih:PriorYearThreeMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMemberlgih:PriorYearThreeMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMemberlgih:PriorYearThreeMember2024-03-310001580670lgih:PriorYearTwoMemberus-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember2023-12-310001580670lgih:PriorYearTwoMemberus-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670lgih:PriorYearTwoMemberus-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMemberlgih:PriorYearOneMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMemberlgih:PriorYearOneMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMemberlgih:PriorYearOneMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMemberlgih:CurrentYearMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMemberlgih:CurrentYearMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember2024-02-272024-02-270001580670lgih:FourPointZeroZeroZeroSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyNineMember2023-12-310001580670lgih:EightPointSevenFiveZeroPercentSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyEightMember2024-03-310001580670lgih:EightPointSevenFiveZeroPercentSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyEightMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:LineOfCreditMemberlgih:FifthAmendedAndRestatedCreditAgreementMemberus-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:RetailMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:RetailMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670lgih:WholesaleMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670lgih:WholesaleMember2023-01-012023-03-31lgih:businesslgih:home0001580670us-gaap:IntersegmentEliminationMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMemberlgih:CentralReportableSegmentMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMemberlgih:CentralReportableSegmentMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670lgih:SoutheastReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670lgih:SoutheastReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMemberlgih:NorthwestReportableSegmentMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMemberlgih:NorthwestReportableSegmentMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670lgih:WestReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670lgih:WestReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670lgih:FloridaReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670lgih:FloridaReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember2024-01-012024-03-310001580670us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember2023-01-012023-03-310001580670us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMemberlgih:CentralReportableSegmentMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMemberlgih:CentralReportableSegmentMember2023-12-310001580670lgih:SoutheastReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2024-03-310001580670lgih:SoutheastReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMemberlgih:NorthwestReportableSegmentMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMemberlgih:NorthwestReportableSegmentMember2023-12-310001580670lgih:WestReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2024-03-310001580670lgih:WestReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2023-12-310001580670lgih:FloridaReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2024-03-310001580670lgih:FloridaReportableSegmentMemberus-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember2023-12-310001580670us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember2024-03-310001580670us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember2023-12-31

For the transition period from                       to                      .

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of April 26, 2024, there were 23,567,441 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

   

 

						March 31,						December 31,
						2024						2023
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents						$	48,996					$	48,978
Accounts receivable						27,151						41,319
Real estate inventory						3,229,100						3,107,648
Pre-acquisition costs and deposits						31,764						30,354
Property and equipment, net						49,775						45,522
Other assets						116,813						113,849
Deferred tax assets, net						7,269						8,163
Goodwill						12,018						12,018
Total assets						$	3,522,886					$	3,407,851
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Accounts payable						$	46,156					$	31,616
Accrued expenses and other liabilities						224,307						271,872
Notes payable						1,383,220						1,248,332
Total liabilities						1,653,683						1,551,820
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
EQUITY
Common stock, par value $0.01, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 27,596,140 shares issued and 23,567,441 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and 27,521,120 shares issued and 23,581,648 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023						276						275
Additional paid-in capital						327,182						321,062
Retained earnings						1,906,769						1,889,716
Treasury stock, at cost, 4,028,699 shares as of March 31, 2024 and 3,939,472 shares as of December 31, 2023						(365,024)						(355,022)
Total equity						1,869,203						1,856,031
Total liabilities and equity						$	3,522,886					$	3,407,851

 

												Three Months Ended March 31,
																		2024						2023
Home sales revenues																		$	390,851					$	487,357
Cost of sales																		299,450						388,541
Selling expenses																		41,128						42,805
General and administrative																		31,540						29,960
Operating income																		18,733						26,051
Other income, net																		(4,361)						(6,297)
Net income before income taxes																		23,094						32,348
Income tax provision																		6,041						5,386
Net income																		$	17,053					$	26,962
Earnings per share:
Basic																		$	0.72					$	1.15
Diluted																		$	0.72					$	1.14
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic																		23,578,576						23,381,294
Diluted																		23,675,353						23,629,779

 

						Common Stock												Additional Paid-In Capital						Retained Earnings						Treasury Stock						Total Equity
						Shares						Amount
BALANCE—December 31, 2023						27,521,120						$	275					$	321,062					$	1,889,716					$	(355,022)					$	1,856,031
Net income						—						—						—						17,053						—						17,053
Restricted stock units granted for accrued annual bonuses						—						—						786						—						—						786
Stock repurchase						—						—						—						—						(10,002)						(10,002)
Compensation expense for equity awards						—						—						3,829						—						—						3,829
Stock issued under employee incentive plans						75,020						1						1,505						—						—						1,506
BALANCE— March 31, 2024						27,596,140						$	276					$	327,182					$	1,906,769					$	(365,024)					$	1,869,203

 

						Three Months Ended March 31,
						2024						2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income						$	17,053					$	26,962
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Equity in income of unconsolidated entities						(2,043)						(2,245)
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated entities						1,796						2,425
Depreciation and amortization						673						482
Compensation expense for equity awards						3,829						3,103
Deferred income taxes						894						1,059
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable						14,169						3,273
Real estate inventory						(139,593)						15,945
Pre-acquisition costs and deposits						(1,410)						(1,394)
Other assets						7,216						22,290
Accounts payable						14,539						14,653
Accrued expenses and other liabilities						(16,616)						(8,953)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities						(99,493)						77,600
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment						(1,001)						(76)
Proceeds from sale of assets						3,019						—
Investment in unconsolidated entities						—						(5,919)
Return of capital from unconsolidated entities						—						1,140
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities						2,018						(4,855)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from notes payable						172,422						32,890
Payments on notes payable						(39,000)						(105,000)
Proceeds from financing arrangements						—						26,885
Payments on financing arrangements						(27,336)						(17,886)
Loan issuance costs						(97)						(212)
Proceeds from sale of stock, net of offering expenses						1,506						1,546
Stock repurchase						(10,002)						—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities						97,493						(61,777)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents						18						10,968
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period						48,978						31,998
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period						$	48,996					$	42,966

LGI Homes, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”, “we,” “us,” or “our”), is headquartered in The Woodlands, Texas. We engage in the development of communities and the design, construction and sale of new homes in markets in Texas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, New Mexico, Colorado, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington, Tennessee, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Alabama, California, Oregon, Nevada, West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Utah.

The unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include all adjustments that are of a normal recurring nature and necessary for the fair presentation of our results for the interim periods presented. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year.

The accompanying unaudited financial statements as of March 31, 2024, and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and these differences could have a significant impact on the financial statements.

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”), which is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This amendment modifies the rules on income tax disclosures to require entities to disclose (1) specific categories in the rate reconciliation and additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, (2) the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) (disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes) as well as individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid is equal to or greater than 5 percent of total income taxes paid net of refunds, (3) the income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit (disaggregated between domestic and foreign) and (4) income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations (disaggregated by federal, state and foreign). The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. ASU 2023-09 should be applied on a prospective basis, while retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that this standard will have on our financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”), which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through additional and more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The guidance is to be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. We are currently evaluating the impact that this standard will have on our financial statements.

Our real estate inventory consists of the following (in thousands):

We have land banking financing arrangements with a third-party land banker to repurchase land that we sold to the land banker as a method of acquiring finished lots in staged takedowns, while limiting risk and minimizing the use of funds from our available cash or other financing sources. In consideration for this repurchase option, we paid a non-refundable commitment fee. Based on our right to control the ultimate economic outcome of these finished lots, these assets will continue to be held as real estate not owned within our inventory and a corresponding obligation was established within our accrued liabilities as discussed in Note 3 to recognize this relationship. While we are not legally obligated to repurchase the balance of the lots, we will be subject to certain performance obligations, financial and other penalties if the lots are not purchased. We do not have any ownership interest or title to the assets that we have sold to the land banker and we do not guarantee any of the land banker’s liabilities.

We build and lease a number of single-family homes in select, existing communities. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we transferred $3.9 million of home assets from real estate inventory to rental properties within property and equipment, net. We are lessors of the homes representing these home assets. Our leasing contracts are typically for terms of one year.

Accrued and other liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

						March 31,						December 31,
						2024						2023
Land banking financing arrangements						$	77,809					$	104,459
Real estate inventory development and construction payable						64,443						71,193
Accrued compensation, bonuses and benefits						8,737						22,550
Taxes payable						7,661						14,694
Warranty reserve						14,000						13,600
Accrued interest						20,105						13,522
Inventory related obligations						11,830						11,924
Lease liability						5,077						4,947
Contract deposits						4,244						2,909
Other						10,401						12,074
Total accrued expenses and other liabilities						$	224,307					$	271,872

We have land banking financing arrangements with a third-party land banker to repurchase land that we sold to the land banker as a method of acquiring finished lots in staged takedowns. Principal payments on these financing arrangements will generally coincide with the repurchase of lot takedowns from the land banker. We expect to complete the repurchase of all lots via takedowns associated with these transactions over the course of approximately one to three years.

We own lots in certain communities in Florida and Texas that have Community Development Districts or similar utility and infrastructure development special assessment programs that allocate a fixed amount of debt service associated with development activities to each lot. This obligation for infrastructure development is attached to the land, which is typically payable over a 30-year period and is ultimately assumed by the homebuyer when home sales are closed.

The obligations assumed by the homebuyer represent a non-cash cost of the lots.

We generally provide homebuyers with a one-year warranty on the house and a limited warranty for major defects in structural elements, such as framing components and foundation systems, typically ranging from six to ten years depending on the applicable state.

Changes to our warranty accrual are as follows (in thousands):

												Three Months Ended March 31,
																		2024						2023
Warranty reserves, beginning of period																		$	13,600					$	10,750
Warranty provision																		1,790						1,852
Warranty expenditures																		(1,390)						(1,252)
Warranty reserves, end of period																		$	14,000					$	11,350

Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest, payable monthly in arrears, at the Company’s option, at either (1) the Adjusted Term SOFR (defined as a term SOFR that is based on a fixed 1, 3 or 6 month interest period, as selected by the Company, plus a 10, 15 or 25 basis point adjustment, respectively), which rate is subject to a 50 basis point floor, plus an applicable margin ranging from 145 basis points to 210 basis points (the “Applicable Margin”) based on the Company’s leverage ratio as determined in accordance with a pricing grid, or (2) the Base Rate (defined as a term SOFR that is based on a daily variable 1 month interest period plus a 10 basis point adjustment), subject to a 50 basis point floor, plus the Applicable Margin. At March 31, 2024, the Applicable Margin was 1.85%, and SOFR was 5.33%, subject to the 0.50% SOFR floor as included in the Credit Agreement.

The Credit Agreement contains various financial covenants, including a minimum tangible net worth, a leverage ratio, a minimum liquidity amount and an EBITDA to interest expense ratio. The Credit Agreement contains various covenants that, among other restrictions, limit the amount of our additional debt and our ability to make certain investments. At March 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all of the covenants contained in the Credit Agreement.

On November 21, 2023, we issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Senior Notes in an offering to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in the United States pursuant to Rule 144A (“Rule 144A”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States pursuant to Regulation S (“Regulation S”) under the Securities Act.

Interest on the 2028 Senior Notes accrues at a rate of 8.750% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing on June 15, 2024. The 2028 Senior Notes mature on December 15, 2028. The terms of the 2028 Senior Notes are governed by an Indenture, dated as of July 6, 2018, and Fourth Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of November 21, 2023, as may be supplemented from time to time, among us, our subsidiaries that guarantee our obligations under the Credit Agreement and Regions Bank, as trustee.

Notes payable consist of the following (in thousands):

Interest activity, including other financing costs, for notes payable and financing arrangements for the periods presented is as follows (in thousands):

Included in interest incurred was amortization of deferred financing costs and applicable discounts for notes payable and financing arrangements of $4.9 million and $3.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We file U.S. and state income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. The statute of limitations with regards to our federal income tax filings is three years. The statute of limitations for our state tax jurisdictions is three to four years depending on the jurisdiction. In the normal course of business, we are subject to tax audits in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional income taxes. We do not expect the outcome of any audit to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements; however, audit outcomes and the timing of audit adjustments are subject to significant uncertainty.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our effective tax rate of 26.2% is higher than the Federal statutory rate primarily as a result of an increase in the rate for state income taxes, net of the federal benefit, the compensation cost in excess of deductions for share-based payments, and the compensation limitation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, partially offset by a decrease in the rate for the federal energy efficient homes tax credits.

Income taxes paid were $12.1 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

												Three Months Ended March 31,
																		2024						2023
Numerator (in thousands):
Net income (Numerator for basic and dilutive earnings per share)																		$	17,053					$	26,962
Denominator:
Basic weighted average shares outstanding																		23,578,576						23,381,294
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock-based compensation units																		96,777						248,485
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding																		23,675,353						23,629,779
Basic earnings per share																		$	0.72					$	1.15
Diluted earnings per share																		$	0.72					$	1.14
Antidilutive non-vested restricted stock units excluded from calculation of diluted earnings per share																		34,252						24,288

The following table summarizes the activity of our time-vested restricted stock units (“RSUs”):

						Three Months Ended March 31,
						2024												2023
						Shares						Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value						Shares						Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Beginning balance						133,359						$	114.98					146,239						$	100.93
Granted						54,491						$	108.60					36,760						$	104.36
Vested						(19,381)						$	141.00					(42,124)						$	63.47
Forfeited						(599)						$	116.18					(2,647)						$	113.57
Ending balance						167,870						$	109.90					138,228						$	113.02

We recognized $1.4 million and $1.1 million of stock-based compensation expense related to outstanding RSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Generally, the RSUs cliff vest on the third anniversary of the grant date and can only be settled in shares of our common stock. At March 31, 2024, we had unrecognized compensation cost of $11.3 million related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.2 years.

The Compensation Committee of the Board has granted awards of performance-based RSUs (“PSUs”) under the Amended and Restated LGI Homes, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan to certain members of senior management based on three-year performance cycles. The PSUs provide for shares of our common stock to be issued based on the attainment of certain performance metrics over the applicable three-year periods. The number of shares of our common stock that may be issued to the recipients for the PSUs range from 0% to 200% of the target amount depending on actual results as compared to the target performance metrics. The terms of the PSUs provide that the payouts will be capped at 100% of the target number of PSUs granted if absolute total stockholder return is negative during the performance period, regardless of EPS performance; this market condition applies for amounts recorded above target. The compensation expense associated with the PSU grants is determined using the derived grant date fair value, based on a third-party valuation analysis, and expensed over the applicable period. The PSUs vest upon the determination date for the actual results at the end of the three-year period and require that the recipients continue to be employed by us through the determination date. The PSUs can only be settled in shares of our common stock.

The following table summarizes the activity of our PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

Period Granted						Performance Period						Target PSUs Outstanding at December 31, 2023						Target PSUs Granted						Target PSUs Forfeited						Target PSUs Vested						Target PSUs Outstanding at March 31, 2024						Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
2021						2021 - 2023						43,159						—						—						(43,159)						—						$	141.00
2022						2022 - 2024						63,304						—						—						—						63,304						$	118.80
2023						2023 - 2025						72,443						—						—						—						72,443						$	104.36
2024						2024 - 2026						—						70,947						—						—						70,947						$	111.94
Total												178,906						70,947						—						(43,159)						206,694

At March 31, 2024, management estimates that the recipients will receive approximately 100.0%, 100.5% and 0.0% of the 2024, 2023 and 2022 target number of PSUs, respectively, at the end of the applicable three-year performance cycle based on projected performance compared to the target performance metrics. We recognized $2.0 million and $1.6 million of total stock-based compensation expense related to outstanding PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The 2021 - 2023 performance period PSUs vested and issued on February 27, 2024, at 93.6% of the target number. At March 31, 2024, we had unrecognized compensation cost of $12.7 million, based on the probable amount, related to unvested PSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.6 years.

Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”), defines fair value as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date” within an entity’s principal market, if any. The principal market is the market in which the reporting entity would sell the asset or transfer the liability with the most significant volume and level of activity, regardless of whether it is the market in which the entity will ultimately transact for a particular asset or liability or if a different market is potentially more advantageous. Accordingly, this exit price concept may result in a fair value that differs from the transaction price or market price of the asset or liability.

ASC 820 provides a framework for measuring fair value under GAAP, expands disclosures about fair value measurements and establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are summarized as follows:

Level 1 - Fair value is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Fair value is determined using significant observable inputs, generally either quoted prices in active markets for

similar assets or liabilities, or quoted prices in markets that are not active.

Level 3 - Fair value is determined using one or more significant inputs that are unobservable in active markets at the

measurement date, such as a pricing model, discounted cash flow or similar technique.

We utilize fair value measurements to account for certain items and account balances within our consolidated financial statements. Fair value measurements may also be utilized on a nonrecurring basis, such as for the impairment of long-lived assets.

The fair value of financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and certain accrued liabilities approximate their carrying amounts due to the short-term nature of these instruments. As of March 31, 2024, the Credit Agreement’s carrying value approximates market value since it has a floating interest rate, which increases or decreases with market interest rates and our leverage ratio.

In order to determine the fair value of each of the 2029 Senior Notes and the 2028 Senior Notes, the future contractual cash flows are discounted at our estimate of current market rates of interest, which were determined based upon the average interest rates of similar senior notes within the homebuilding industry (Level 2 measurement).

The following table below shows the level and measurement of liabilities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

												March 31, 2024												December 31, 2023
						Fair Value Hierarchy						Carrying Value						Estimated Fair Value						Carrying Value						Estimated Fair Value
2029 Senior Notes (1)						Level 2						$	300,000					$	296,908					$	300,000					$	296,381
2028 Senior Notes (1)						Level 2						$	400,000					$	442,706					$	400,000					$	486,306

(1)See Note 4 for more details regarding the offerings of the 2029 Senior Notes and the 2028 Senior Notes.

In the ordinary course of doing business, we are subject to claims or proceedings from time to time relating to the purchase, development and sale of real estate and homes and other aspects of our operations. Management believes that these claims include usual obligations incurred by real estate developers and residential home builders in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, these matters will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

We have provided unsecured environmental indemnities to certain lenders and other counterparties. In each case, we have performed due diligence on the potential environmental risks including obtaining an independent environmental review from outside environmental consultants. These indemnities obligate us to reimburse the guaranteed parties for damages related to environmental matters. There is no term or damage limitation on these indemnities; however, if an environmental matter arises, we may have recourse against other previous owners. In the ordinary course of doing business, we are subject to regulatory proceedings from time to time related to environmental and other matters. In the opinion of management, these matters will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

We have land purchase contracts, generally through cash deposits, for the right to purchase land or lots at a future point in time with predetermined terms. We do not have title to the property, and obligations with respect to the land purchase contracts are generally limited to the forfeiture of the related nonrefundable cash deposits. The following is a summary of our land purchase deposits included in pre-acquisition costs and deposits (in thousands, except for lot count):

(1)Includes land banking financing arrangements, see Note 2 and Note 3 for more details regarding real estate not owned.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, approximately $14.6 million and $11.4 million, respectively, of the land deposits are related to purchase contracts to deliver finished lots that are refundable under certain circumstances, such as feasibility or specific performance, and secured by mortgages or letters of credit or guaranteed by the seller or its affiliates.

We recognize lease obligations and associated right-of-use (“ROU”) assets for our existing non-cancelable leases. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We have non-cancelable operating leases primarily associated with our corporate and regional office facilities. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, subject to any changes in the lease or expectations regarding the terms.

Variable lease costs such as common area costs and property taxes are expensed as incurred. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. The lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. As our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. ROU assets, as included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, were $4.7 million and $4.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Lease obligations, as included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, were $5.1 million and $4.9 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Operating lease cost, as included in general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of operations, was $0.4 million and $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities for operating leases during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, the weighted-average discount rate was 5.9% and our weighted-average remaining life was 2.4 years. We do not have any significant lease contracts that have not yet commenced at March 31, 2024.

The table below shows the future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating leases at March 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31,						Operating leases
2024						1,260
2025						1,434
2026						1,262
2027						1,085
2028						640
Thereafter						35
Total						5,716
Lease amount representing interest						(639)
Present value of lease liabilities						$	5,077

We have outstanding letters of credit and performance and surety bonds totaling $351.7 million (including $22.5 million of letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement) and $357.0 million (including $28.1 million of letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement) at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, related to our obligations for site improvements at various projects. Management does not believe that draws upon the letters of credit, surety bonds or financial guarantees if any, will have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

As of March 31, 2024, we had one equity-method land joint venture and two additional joint ventures engaged in mortgage and insurance activities that primarily provide services to our homebuyers. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we have a total of $21.6 million and $21.5 million, respectively, within other assets on the balance sheet relating to our investment in joint ventures associated with our operations. Contributions into the unconsolidated entities are for the use of investing in certain real estate transactions and residential mortgage services, respectively. Income associated with our investment in unconsolidated entities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2.0 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

We generate revenues primarily by delivering move-in ready entry-level and move-up spec homes sold under our LGI Homes brand and our move-up and luxury series spec homes sold under our Terrata Homes brand.

The following table presents our home sales revenues disaggregated by revenue stream (in thousands):

												Three Months Ended March 31,
																		2024						2023
Retail home sales revenues																		$	362,289					$	456,177
Wholesale home sales revenues																		28,562						31,180
Total home sales revenues																		$	390,851					$	487,357

Our home sales revenues are disaggregated by geography, based on our determined reportable segments. See Note 12 for tabular presentation of this information.

We operate one principal homebuilding business that is organized and reports by division. We have seven operating segments (our Central, Midwest, Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, Northwest, West, and Florida divisions) that we aggregate into five qualifying reportable segments at March 31, 2024: our Central, Southeast, Northwest, West, and Florida divisions. These segments reflect the way the Company evaluates its business performance and manages its operations.

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-makers (“CODMs”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The CODMs primarily evaluate performance based on the number of homes closed, gross margin and average sales price per home closed.

In determining the most appropriate reportable segments, we consider operating segments’ economic and other characteristics, including home floor plans, average selling prices, gross margin percentage, geographical proximity, production construction processes, suppliers, subcontractors, regulatory environments, customer type and underlying demand and supply. Each operating segment follows the same accounting policies and is managed by our management team. We have no inter-segment sales, as all sales are to external customers. Operating results for each segment may not be indicative of the results for such segment had it been an independent, stand-alone entity for the periods presented.

Financial information relating to our reportable segments is as follows (in thousands):

(1)The Corporate balance consists of general and administration unallocated costs for various shared service functions offset by non-strategic other income, as well as our warranty reserve. Actual warranty expenses are reflected within the reportable segments.

(1)The Corporate balance consists primarily of cash and investments in unconsolidated entities.

Our management team has been in the residential land development business since the mid-1990s. Since commencing home building operations in 2003, we have constructed and closed over 70,000 homes.

We are engaged in the design, construction and sale of new homes in the following markets:

The first quarter of 2024 was impacted by several contributing factors including lower home closings primarily due to pressure on affordability, as a result of continued inflation, elevated mortgage rates and new community openings. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we had 1,083 home closings, compared to 1,366 home closings during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

At March 31, 2024, we had 120 active communities, including 16 Terrata Homes communities. At March 31, 2023, we had 99 active communities, including 10 Terrata Homes communities.

Demand for our homes is dependent on a variety of macroeconomic factors, such as employment levels, mortgage rates, inflation, financial market stability, consumer confidence, housing demand, availability of financing for homebuyers, availability and prices of new homes compared to existing inventory, and demographic trends. These factors, and in particular consumer confidence, can be significantly adversely affected by a variety of factors beyond our control.

We believe the long-term outlook for new homes remains strong, driven by solid fundamentals, including a historically low inventory of new and existing homes for sale, an aging housing stock, rising rents, strong household formations and low unemployment. However, the housing market is currently in a state of transition and we expect interest rate driven affordability constraints to continue to impact demand for the foreseeable future.

For additional discussion regarding our business and operations, see Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. For additional discussion regarding risks associated with our business and operations, see Item 1A. Risk Factors in Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Key financial results as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, were as follows:

•Home sales revenues decreased 19.8% to $390.9 million from $487.4 million.

•Homes closed decreased 20.7% to 1,083 homes from 1,366 homes.

•Average sales price per home closed increased 1.2% to $360,897 from $356,777.

•Gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues increased to 23.4% from 20.3%.

•Adjusted gross margin (non-GAAP) as a percentage of home sales revenues increased to 25.3% from 22.1%.

•Net income before income taxes decreased 28.6% to $23.1 million from $32.3 million.

•Net income decreased 36.8% to $17.1 million from $27.0 million.

•EBITDA (non-GAAP) as a percentage of home sales revenues decreased to 7.8% from 8.1%.

For reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures of adjusted gross margin and EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, please see “—Non-GAAP Measures.”

We owned and controlled 70,145 lots at March 31, 2024 as compared to 71,081 lots at December 31, 2023.

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

												Three Months Ended March 31,
																		2024						2023
															(dollars in thousands, except per share data and average home sales price)
Statement of Income Data:
Home sales revenues																		$	390,851					$	487,357
Expenses:
Cost of sales																		299,450						388,541
Selling expenses																		41,128						42,805
General and administrative																		31,540						29,960
Operating income																		18,733						26,051
Other income, net																		(4,361)						(6,297)
Net income before income taxes																		23,094						32,348
Income tax provision																		6,041						5,386
Net income																		$	17,053					$	26,962
Basic earnings per share																		$	0.72					$	1.15
Diluted earnings per share																		$	0.72					$	1.14
Other Financial and Operating Data:
Average community count																		116.7						97.7
Community count at end of period																		120						99
Home closings																		1,083						1,366
Average sales price per home closed																		$	360,897					$	356,777
Gross margin (1)																		$	91,401					$	98,816
Gross margin % (2)																		23.4		%				20.3		%
Adjusted gross margin (3)																		$	98,805					$	107,609
Adjusted gross margin % (2)(3)																		25.3		%				22.1		%
EBITDA (4)																		$	30,368					$	39,587
EBITDA margin % (2)(4)																		7.8		%				8.1		%

(1)Gross margin is home sales revenues less cost of sales.

(2)Calculated as a percentage of home sales revenues.

(3)Adjusted gross margin is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define adjusted gross margin as gross margin less capitalized interest and adjustments resulting from the application of purchase accounting included in the cost of sales. Our management believes this information is useful because it isolates the impact that capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments have on gross margin. However, because adjusted gross margin information excludes capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments, which have real economic effects and could impact our results, the utility of adjusted gross margin information as a measure of our operating performance may be limited. In addition, other companies may not calculate adjusted gross margin information in the same manner that we do. Accordingly, adjusted gross margin information should be considered only as a supplement to gross margin information as a measure of our performance. Please see “—Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of adjusted gross margin to gross margin, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable.

(4)EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define EBITDA as net income before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization and (iv) capitalized interest charged to the cost of sales. Our management believes that the presentation of EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. EBITDA provides an indicator of general economic performance that is not affected by fluctuations in interest rates or effective tax rates, levels of depreciation or amortization and items considered to be unusual or non-recurring. Accordingly, our management believes that this measure is useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period. Other companies may define this measure differently and, as a result, our measure of EBITDA may not be directly comparable to the measures of other companies. Although we use EBITDA as a financial measure to assess the performance of our business, the use of this measure is limited because it does not include certain material costs, such as interest and taxes, necessary to operate our business. EBITDA should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, net income in accordance with GAAP as a measure of performance. Our presentation of EBITDA should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our use of EBITDA is limited as an analytical tool, and you should not consider this measure in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Please see “—Non-GAAP Measures” for reconciliations of EBITDA to net income, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable.

Homes Sales. Our home sales revenues, home closings, average sales price per home closed (ASP), average community count and average monthly absorption rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and our community count as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, by reportable segment were as follows (revenues in thousands):

						Three Months Ended March 31, 2024																														As of March 31, 2024
						Revenues						Home Closings						ASP						Average Community Count						Average Monthly Absorption Rate						Community Count at End of Period
Central						$	103,736					319						$	325,191					41.7						2.5						43
Southeast						116,445						355						328,014						26.7						4.4						27
Northwest						36,067						62						581,726						12.0						1.7						14
West						73,079						179						408,263						17.0						3.5						17
Florida						61,524						168						366,214						19.3						2.9						19
Total						$	390,851					1,083						$	360,897					116.7						3.1						120

						Three Months Ended March 31, 2023																														As of March 31, 2023
						Revenues						Home Closings						ASP						Average Community Count						Average Monthly Absorption Rate						Community Count at End of Period
Central						$	150,380					453						$	331,965					35.0						4.3						35
Southeast						104,376						316						330,304						24.0						4.4						24
Northwest						74,815						159						470,535						9.3						5.7						10
West						78,886						209						377,445						13.4						5.2						14
Florida						78,900						229						344,541						16.0						4.8						16
Total						$	487,357					1,366						$	356,777					97.7						4.7						99

Home sales revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were $390.9 million, a decrease of $96.5 million, or 19.8%, from $487.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in home sales revenues was primarily due to a 20.7% decrease in homes closed, partially offset by an increase in the average sales price per home closed during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. The overall decrease in home closings was a result of an overall lower absorption rate, partially offset by a higher average community count, during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The decrease in home closings is due to continued pressure on affordability due to inflation and mortgage rates which continue to be elevated. The overall increase in average community count relates to timing associated with the close out of some higher performing communities, new openings that are still in the early stages, or transition between certain active communities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. The average sales price per home closed during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $360,897, an increase of $4,120, or 1.2%, from the average sales price per home closed of $356,777 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in the average sales price per home closed was primarily due to geographic mix and our ability to increase prices in those markets.

Included within our home sales revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $28.6 million in wholesale revenues resulting from 102 home closings, representing 9.4% of the 1,083 total homes closed during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Included within our home sales revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $31.2 million in wholesale revenues resulting from 103 home closings, representing 7.5% of the 1,366 total homes closed during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in home closings as a percentage of revenues through our wholesale channel was primarily related to fewer retail home closings during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

•Home sales revenues in our Central reportable segment decreased by $46.6 million, or 31.0%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to a 29.6% decrease in the number of homes closed and a slight decrease in the average sales price per home closed. The decrease in home closings was the result of a lower absorption rate, partially offset by an increase in the average community count.

•Home sales revenues in our Southeast reportable segment increased by $12.1 million, or 11.6%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to a 12.3% increase in the number of homes closed, partially offset by a 0.7% decrease in the average sales price per home closed. The increase in home closings was the result of an increase in the average community count.

•Home sales revenues in our Northwest reportable segment decreased by $38.7 million, or 51.8%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to a 61.0% decrease in the number of homes closed, offset by a 23.6% increase in the average sales price per home closed. The decrease in home closings was the result of a lower absorption rate, partially offset by an increase in the average community count.

•Home sales revenues in our West reportable segment decreased by $5.8 million, or 7.4%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to a 14.4% decrease in the number of homes closed, partially offset by an 8.2% increase in the average sales price per home closed. The decrease in home closings was the result of a lower absorption rate, partially offset by an increase in the average community count.

•Home sales revenues in our Florida reportable segment decreased by $17.4 million, or 22.0%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to a 26.6% decrease in the number of homes closed, partially offset by a 6.3% increase in the average sales price per home closed. The decrease in home closings was the result of a lower absorption rate, partially offset by an increase in the average community count.

Cost of Sales and Gross Margin (home sales revenues less cost of sales). Cost of sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $299.5 million, a decrease of $89.1 million, or 22.9%, from $388.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to a 20.7% decrease in homes closed. Gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $91.4 million, a decrease of $7.4 million, or 7.5%, from $98.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues was 23.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 20.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to a combination of lower input costs and higher sales prices during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Selling Expenses. Selling expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were $41.1 million, a decrease of $1.7 million, or 3.9%, from $42.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in selling expenses was primarily due to a decrease in sales commissions for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. Sales commissions decreased to $17.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $20.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to fewer homes closed. Selling expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues were 10.5% and 8.8% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in selling expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues was driven primarily by increased advertising expense and other expenses incurred in addition to lower homes sales revenues during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were $31.5 million, an increase of $1.6 million, or 5.3%, from $30.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues were 8.1% and 6.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues is primarily due to lower home sales revenues during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Other Income. Other income, net of other expenses was $4.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, a decrease of $1.9 million from $6.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in other income, net of other expenses, primarily reflects gains realized from the sale of land and lots not directly associated with our core homebuilding operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Operating Income and Net Income before Income Taxes. Operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $18.7 million, a decrease of $7.3 million, or 28.1%, from $26.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Net income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $23.1 million, a decrease of $9.3 million, or 28.6%, from $32.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The following reportable segments contributed to net income before income taxes during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as follows: Central - $3.5 million, or 15.0%; Southeast - $15.7 million, or 68.2%; Northwest - $(0.5) million, or (2.0)%; West - $3.0 million, or 12.8%; and Florida - $2.1 million, or 9.2%. The overall decreases in operating income and net income before income taxes were primarily due to overall lower home closings at a lower absorption rate, higher advertising and other selling expenses incurred partially offset by a higher gross margin and a higher average community count during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Income Taxes. Income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $6.0 million, an increase of $0.7 million, or 12.2%, from income tax provision of $5.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in our effective tax rate to 26.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from 16.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to an increase in the rate for the compensation cost in excess of deductions for share-based payments, state income taxes, net of the federal benefit, and the compensation limitation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, partially offset by the retroactive extension of the federal energy efficient homes tax credits for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Net Income. Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $17.1 million, a decrease of $9.9 million, or 36.8%, from $27.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in net income was primarily attributed to overall lower homes closed, lower home sales revenues and lower operating leverage during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

In addition to the results reported in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), we have provided information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q relating to adjusted gross margin and EBITDA.

Adjusted gross margin is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define adjusted gross margin as gross margin less capitalized interest and adjustments resulting from the application of purchase accounting included in the cost of sales. Our management believes this information is useful because it isolates the impact that capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments have on gross margin. However, because adjusted gross margin information excludes capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments, which have real economic effects and could impact our results, the utility of adjusted gross margin information as a measure of our operating performance may be limited. In addition, other companies may not calculate adjusted gross margin information in the same manner that we do. Accordingly, adjusted gross margin information should be considered only as a supplement to gross margin information as a measure of our performance.

The following table reconciles adjusted gross margin to gross margin, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable (dollars in thousands):

(1)Adjustments result from the application of purchase accounting for acquisitions and represent the amount of the fair value step-up adjustments included in cost of sales for real estate inventory sold after the acquisition dates.

(2)Calculated as a percentage of home sales revenues.

EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define EBITDA as net income before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization and (iv) capitalized interest charged to the cost of sales. Our management believes that the presentation of EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. EBITDA provides an indicator of general economic performance that is not affected by fluctuations in interest rates or effective tax rates, levels of depreciation or amortization and items considered to be unusual or non-recurring. Accordingly, our management believes that this measure is useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period. Other companies may define this measure differently and, as a result, our measure of EBITDA may not be directly comparable to the measures of other companies. Although we use EBITDA as a financial measure to assess the performance of our business, the use of this measure is limited because it does not include certain material costs, such as interest and taxes, necessary to operate our business. EBITDA should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, net income in accordance with GAAP as a measure of performance. Our presentation of EBITDA should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our use of EBITDA is limited as an analytical tool, and you should not consider this measure in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

(i) it does not reflect every cash expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments, including for purchase of land;

(ii) it does not reflect the interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt;

(iii) although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced or require improvements in the future, and EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements or improvements;

(iv) it does not adjust for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in our statements of cash flows;

(v) it does not reflect the impact of earnings or charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations; and

(vi) other companies in our industry may calculate it differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, our EBITDA should not be considered as a measure of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or as a measure of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations. We compensate for these limitations by using our EBITDA along with other comparative tools, together with GAAP measures, to assist in the evaluation of operating performance. These GAAP measures include operating income, net income and cash flow data. We have significant uses of cash flows, including capital expenditures, interest payments and other non-recurring charges, which are not reflected in our EBITDA. EBITDA is not intended as an alternative to net income as an indicator of our operating performance, as an alternative to any other measure of performance in conformity with GAAP or as an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity.

You should therefore not place undue reliance on our EBITDA calculated using these measures.

The following table reconciles EBITDA to net income, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable (dollars in thousands):

												Three Months Ended March 31,
																		2024						2023
Net income																		$	17,053					$	26,962
Income tax provision (benefit)																		6,041						5,386
Depreciation and amortization																		673						482
Capitalized interest charged to cost of sales																		6,601						6,757
EBITDA																		30,368						39,587
EBITDA margin %(1)																		7.8		%				8.1		%

(1)Calculated as a percentage of home sales revenues.

We sell our homes under standard purchase contracts, which generally require a homebuyer to pay a deposit at the time of signing the purchase contract. The amount of the required deposit is minimal (typically $1,000 to $10,000). We permit our retail homebuyers to cancel the purchase contract and obtain a refund of their deposit in the event mortgage financing cannot be obtained within a certain period of time, as specified in their purchase contract. Typically, our retail homebuyers provide documentation regarding their ability to obtain mortgage financing within 14 days after the purchase contract is signed. If we determine that the homebuyer is not qualified to obtain mortgage financing or is not otherwise financially able to purchase the home, we will terminate the purchase contract. If a purchase contract has not been cancelled or terminated within 14 days after the purchase contract has been signed, then the homebuyer has met the preliminary criteria to obtain mortgage financing. Only purchase contracts that are signed by homebuyers who have met the preliminary criteria to obtain mortgage financing are included in new (gross) orders.

Our “backlog” consists of homes that are under a purchase contract that has been signed by homebuyers who have met the preliminary criteria to obtain mortgage financing but have not yet closed and wholesale contracts with varying terms. Since our business model is generally based on building move-in ready homes before a purchase contract is signed, the majority of our homes in backlog are currently under construction or complete. Ending backlog represents the number of homes in backlog from the previous period plus the number of net orders (new orders for homes less cancellations) generated during the current period minus the number of homes closed during the current period. Our backlog at any given time will be affected by cancellations, the number of our active communities and the timing of home closings. Homes in backlog are generally closed within one to two months, although home closings have been, and may continue to be, delayed. In addition, we may experience cancellations of purchase contracts at any time prior to closing. It is important to note that net orders, backlog and cancellation metrics are operational, rather than accounting data, and should be used only as a general gauge to evaluate performance. Backlog may be impacted by customer cancellations for various reasons that are beyond our control, and in light of our minimal required deposit, there is little negative impact to the potential homebuyer from the cancellation of the purchase contract.

Our net orders decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to lower demand resulting from higher mortgage rates.

The number of homes in our backlog at March 31, 2024 decreased 14.1% compared to March 31, 2023. The decrease in ending backlog is primarily a result of lower demand resulting from higher mortgage rates during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

As of the dates set forth below, our net orders, cancellation rate and ending backlog homes and value were as follows (dollars in thousands):

(1)Net orders are new (gross) orders for the purchase of homes during the period, less cancellations of existing purchase contracts during the period.

(2)Cancellation rate for a period is the total number of purchase contracts cancelled during the period divided by the total new (gross) orders for the purchase of homes during the period.

(3)Ending backlog consists of retail homes at the end of the period that are under a purchase contract that has been signed by homebuyers who have met our preliminary financing criteria but have not yet closed and wholesale contracts with varying terms. Ending backlog is valued at the contract amount.

(4)As of March 31, 2024, we had 178 units related to bulk sales agreements associated with our wholesale business.

(5)As of March 31, 2023, we had 130 units related to bulk sales agreements associated with our wholesale business.

We had 120 and 117 active communities as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Generally, it takes us two to three years to turn raw or undeveloped land into an active community. To mitigate our exposure to real estate inventory risks, we utilize, on a limited and strategic basis, land banking financing arrangements.

Our lot inventory decreased to 70,145 owned or controlled lots as of March 31, 2024 from 71,081 owned or controlled lots as of December 31, 2023, primarily related to our discipline in the evaluation of and selective approval of new land deals.

We have land banking financing arrangements with a third-party land banker to repurchase land that we sold to the land banker as a method of acquiring finished lots in staged takedowns, while limiting risk and minimizing the use of funds from our available cash or other financing sources. In consideration for this repurchase option, we paid a non-refundable commitment fee. Based on our right to control the ultimate economic outcome of these finished lots, these assets will continue to be held as real estate not owned within our inventory and a corresponding obligation was established within our accrued liabilities, as discussed in Note 3, “Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, to recognize this relationship. While we are not legally obligated to repurchase the balance of the lots, we will be subject to certain performance obligations, financial and other penalties if the lots are not purchased. We do not have any ownership interest or title to the assets that we have sold to the land banker and we do not guarantee any of the land banker’s liabilities.

The table below shows (i) home closings by reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and (ii) our owned or controlled lots by reportable segment as of March 31, 2024.

(1)Of the 54,763 owned lots as of March 31, 2024, 39,601 were raw/under development lots and 15,162 were finished lots.

When entering a new community, we intend to build a sufficient number of move-in ready homes to meet our budgets. We base future home starts on home closings. As homes are closed, we start more homes to maintain our inventory. As of March 31, 2024, we had a total of 2,154 completed homes, including information centers, and 2,000 homes in progress.

When constructing homes, we use various materials and components. We generally contract for our materials and labor at a fixed price for the anticipated construction period of our homes. This allows us to mitigate the risks associated with increases in building materials and labor costs between the time construction begins on a home and the time it is closed. Typically, the raw materials and most of the components used in our business are readily available in the United States. We purchase some components and materials centrally to achieve volume discounts, a practice that often reduces costs and ensures timely deliveries. We typically do not store significant inventories of construction materials, except for work in progress materials for homes under construction. In addition, the majority of our raw materials are supplied to us by our subcontractors and are included in the price of our contract with such subcontractors.

Most of the raw materials necessary for our subcontractors are standard items carried by major suppliers. Our construction work is substantially completed by third-party subcontractors, most of whom are non-unionized. We continue to monitor the supply markets to achieve the best prices available. Typically, the price changes that most significantly influence our operations are price increases in labor, commodities and lumber. In future quarters, we could see various cost pressures associated with inflation similar to the cost pressures experienced in the last few years. Generally, we have successfully increased the sales prices of our homes to absorb these increased costs or have successfully made cost-effective changes as we endeavor to keep our homes affordable.

In all of our reportable segments, we have historically experienced similar variability in our results of operations and in capital requirements from quarter to quarter due to the seasonal nature of the homebuilding industry. We generally close more homes in our second, third and fourth quarters. Thus, our revenues may fluctuate on a quarterly basis and we may have higher capital requirements in our second, third and fourth quarters in order to maintain our inventory levels. Our revenues and capital requirements are generally similar across our second, third and fourth quarters.

As a result of seasonal activity, our quarterly results of operations and financial position at the end of a particular quarter, especially the first quarter, are not necessarily representative of the results we expect at year end. We expect this seasonal pattern to continue in the long term.

As of March 31, 2024, we had $49.0 million of cash and cash equivalents. Cash flows for each of our active communities depend on the status of the development cycle and can differ substantially from reported earnings.

Our principal uses of capital are operating expenses, land and lot purchases, lot development, home construction, interest costs on our indebtedness and the payment of various liabilities. In addition, we may purchase land, lots, homes under construction or other assets as part of an acquisition and repurchase shares of our common stock. Early stages of development or expansion require significant cash outlays for land acquisitions, land development, plats, vertical development, construction of information centers, general landscaping and other amenities. Because these costs are a component of our inventory and are not recognized in our statement of operations until a home closes, we incur significant cash outflows prior to recognition of home sales revenues. In the later stages of an active community, cash inflows may exceed home sales revenues reported for financial statement purposes, as the costs associated with home and land construction were previously incurred.

We generally rely on our ability to finance our operations by generating operating cash flows and borrowing under the Credit Agreement (as defined below) to adequately fund our short-term working capital obligations and to purchase land and other assets, develop lots and homes and repurchase shares of our common stock. As needed, we will consider accessing the debt and equity capital markets as part of our ongoing financing strategy. We rely on our ability to obtain performance, payment and completion surety bonds as well as letters of credit to finance our projects. Furthermore, we utilize, on a limited and strategic basis, land banking financing arrangements to access short-term liquidity.

As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we believe that we will be able to fund our current and foreseeable liquidity needs for at least the next twelve months with our cash on hand, cash generated from operations and cash expected to be available from the Credit Agreement or through accessing debt or equity capital, as needed. However, our ability to engage in the transactions described above may be constrained by volatile or tight economic, capital, credit and financial market conditions, as well as moderated investor or lender interest or capacity and our liquidity, leverage and net worth, and we can provide no assurance as to successfully completing, the costs of, or the operational limitations arising from any one or series of such transactions.

We believe that our long-term principal uses of liquidity and capital resources will be inventory related purchases concerning land, lot development, repurchases of shares of our common stock, other capital expenditures, and principal and interest payments on our debt obligations maturing between 2025 and 2029. We believe that we will be able to fund our long-term liquidity needs with cash generated from operations and cash expected to be available to borrow under the Credit Agreement or through accessing debt or equity capital, as needed, although no assurance can be provided that such additional debt or equity capital will be available when needed or on terms that we find attractive. Additionally, we plan to further utilize, on a limited and strategic basis, land banking financing arrangements to maximize long-term liquidity for lot development projects where we have sufficient finished lot availability in certain markets. To the extent these sources of capital are insufficient to meet our needs, we may also conduct additional public or private offerings of our securities, refinance our indebtedness, or dispose of certain assets to fund our operating activities and capital needs.

For a further description of the Credit Agreement, please refer to Note 4, “Notes Payable” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

On November 21, 2023, we issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Senior Notes in an offering to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in the United States pursuant to Rule 144A (“Rule 144A”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States pursuant to Regulation S (“Regulation S”) under the Securities Act. Interest on the 2028 Senior Notes accrues at a rate of 8.750% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing on June 15, 2024. The 2028 Senior Notes mature on December 15, 2028. The terms of the 2028 Senior Notes are governed by an Indenture, dated as of July 6, 2018, and Fourth Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of November 21, 2023, as may be supplemented from time to time, among us, our subsidiaries that guarantee our obligations under the Credit Agreement and Regions Bank, as trustee.

We are often required to provide letters of credit and surety bonds to secure our performance under construction contracts, development agreements and other arrangements. The amount of such obligations outstanding at any time varies in accordance with our pending development activities. In the event any such bonds or letters of credit are drawn upon, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of such bonds or letters of credit.

Under these letters of credit, surety bonds and financial guarantees, we are committed to perform certain development and construction activities and provide certain guarantees in the normal course of business. Outstanding letters of credit, surety bonds and financial guarantees under these arrangements totaled $351.7 million as of March 31, 2024. Although significant development and construction activities have been completed related to the improvements at these sites, the letters of credit and surety bonds are not generally released until all development and construction activities are completed. We do not believe that it is probable that any outstanding letters of credit, surety bonds or financial guarantees as of March 31, 2024 will be drawn upon.

Net cash used in operating activities was $99.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The primary drivers of operating cash flows are typically cash earnings and changes in inventory levels, including land acquisition and development. Net cash used in operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily driven by cash outflow from the $139.6 million increase in the net change in real estate inventory, which was primarily related to our homes under construction and land acquisitions and development level of activity, and the $16.6 million decrease in the net change in accrued expenses and other liabilities, partially offset by net income of $17.1 million as well as the $14.2 million increase in accounts receivable and the $14.5 million increase in the net change in accounts payable.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $77.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The primary drivers of operating cash flows are typically cash earnings and changes in inventory levels, including land acquisition and development. Net cash provided by operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily driven by cash inflow from the $15.9 million increase in the net change in real estate inventory, which was primarily related to the number of home closings outpacing the homes under construction and land acquisitions and development level of activity, net income of $27.0 million, as well as the $22.3 million increase in other assets and $14.7 million increase in the net change in accounts payable.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $2.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to proceeds from the sale of assets offset by the purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities was $4.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to additional investment in unconsolidated entities.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $97.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily driven by $172.4 million of borrowings under our Credit Agreement, offset by $39.0 million of repayments on our Credit Agreement and payments of $27.3 million related to a financing arrangement with a third-party land banker. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased $10.0 million of shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program to be held as treasury stock.

Net cash used in financing activities was $61.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily driven by $105.0 million of repayments on our credit agreement then in effect and the $17.9 million of payments related to a financing arrangement with a third-party land banker, offset by proceeds of $32.9 million under our credit agreement then in effect and proceeds of $26.9 million related to a financing arrangement with a third-party land banker.

Our business can be adversely impacted by inflation, primarily from higher land, financing, labor, material and construction costs. In addition, inflation can lead to higher mortgage rates, which can significantly affect the affordability of mortgage financing to homebuyers. See “Industry and Economic Risks—Inflation could adversely affect our business and financial results” in Item 1A. Risk Factors in Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2024, there have been no material changes to our known contractual and other obligations appearing in the “Material Cash Requirements” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates such estimates and judgments and makes adjustments as deemed necessary. Actual results could differ from these estimates using different estimates and assumptions, or if conditions are significantly different in the future.

We believe that there have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to those disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

From time to time we make statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance and underlying assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements. You can generally identify our forward-looking statements by the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “projection,” “should,” “will” or other similar words.

We have based our forward-looking statements on our management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available to our management at the time the statements are made. We caution you that assumptions, beliefs, expectations, intentions and projections about future events may, and often do, vary materially from actual results. Therefore, we cannot assure you that actual results will not differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements.

The following are some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements:

•adverse economic changes either nationally or in the markets in which we operate, including, among other things, potential impacts from political uncertainty, civil unrest, increases in unemployment, volatility of mortgage rates, supply chain disruptions (including due to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the wide-ranging sanctions the United States and other countries have imposed or may further impose on Russian business sectors, financial organizations, individuals and raw materials and the conflict in the Middle East), inflation, the possibility of recession and decreases in housing prices;

•a slowdown in the homebuilding industry or changes in population growth rates in our markets;

•volatility and uncertainty in the credit markets and broader financial markets;

•disruption in the terms or availability of mortgage financing or increase in the number of foreclosures in our markets;

•the cyclical and seasonal nature of our business;

•our future operating results and financial condition;

•our business operations;

•changes in our business and investment strategy;

•the success of our operations in recently opened new markets and our ability to expand into additional new markets;

•our ability to successfully extend our business model to building homes with higher price points, developing larger communities and producing and selling multi-unit products, townhouses, wholesale products, and acreage home sites;

•our ability to develop our projects successfully or within expected timeframes;

•our ability to identify potential acquisition targets, close such acquisitions and realize the benefits of such acquisitions;

•increases in taxes or government fees;

•decline in the market value of our land portfolio;

•our ability to successfully integrate any acquisitions with our existing operations;

•availability of land to acquire and our ability to acquire such land on favorable terms or at all;

•availability, terms and deployment of capital and ability to meet our ongoing liquidity needs;

•decisions of the Credit Agreement lender group;

•the cost and availability of insurance and surety bonds;

•shortages of or increased prices for labor, land, or raw materials used in land development and housing construction, including due to changes in trade policies;

•delays in land development or home construction resulting from natural disasters, adverse weather conditions or other events outside our control;

•uninsured losses in excess of insurance limits;

•our leverage and future debt service obligations;

•changes in, liabilities under, or the failure or inability to comply with, governmental laws and regulations, including environmental laws and regulations;

•the timing of receipt of regulatory approvals and the opening of projects;

•the degree and nature of our competition;

•information system failures, cyber incidents or breaches in security;

•our continued ability to qualify for additional federal energy efficient homes tax credits and the extension of the availability of such tax credits beyond 2032;

•our ability to retain our key personnel;

•the impact of an epidemic or pandemic and its effect on us, our business, customers, subcontractors and suppliers (including associated supply chain disruptions);

•negative publicity or poor relations with the residents of our projects;

•existing and future litigation, arbitration or other claims;

•availability of qualified personnel and third-party contractors and subcontractors;

•the impact on our business of any future government shutdown;

•other risks and uncertainties inherent in our business;

•other factors we discuss under the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”; and

•the risk factors set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement. We expressly disclaim any intent, obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements are based. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Our operations are interest rate sensitive. As overall housing demand is adversely affected by increases in interest rates, a significant increase in mortgage rates may negatively affect the ability of homebuyers to secure adequate financing. Higher interest rates could adversely affect our revenues, gross margin and net income.

We utilize both fixed-rate debt ($300.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Senior Notes, $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Senior Notes and certain inventory related obligations) and variable-rate debt (our $1.205 billion Credit Agreement) as part of financing our operations. We do not have the obligation to prepay the 2029 Senior Notes, the 2028 Senior Notes or our fixed-rate inventory related obligations prior to maturity, and, as a result, interest rate risk and changes in fair market value should not have a significant impact on our fixed-rate debt.

We are exposed to market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates on our outstanding variable rate indebtedness. We currently do not hold derivatives for trading or speculative purposes, but we may do so in the future. Many of the statements contained in this section are forward looking and should be read in conjunction with our disclosures under the heading “Cautionary Statement about Forward-Looking Statements” above.

As of March 31, 2024, we had $703.1 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding under the Credit Agreement. All of the outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement are at variable rates based on SOFR. The interest rate for our variable rate indebtedness as of March 31, 2024 was SOFR plus 1.85%. At March 31, 2024, SOFR was 5.33%, subject to the 0.50% SOFR floor as included in the Credit Agreement. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the average interest rate above the SOFR floor on our variable rate indebtedness would increase our annual interest cost by approximately $7.0 million.

Based on the current interest rate management policies we have in place with respect to our outstanding indebtedness, we do not believe that the future interest rate risks related to our existing indebtedness will have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of March 31, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error and mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management’s override of controls.

The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or because the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.

No change in our internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The following table summarizes the repurchase of shares of our common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Period						Total Number of Shares Purchased						Average Price Paid Per Share						Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)						Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1) (in thousands)
January 1-31, 2024						—						$	—					—						$	211,527
February 1-29, 2024						17,693						$	113.06					17,693						$	209,527
March 1-31, 2024						71,534						$	111.85					71,534						$	201,526
						89,227						$	112.09					89,227

(1)On February 15, 2022, the Board announced that it had approved a $200.0 million increase to our previously authorized stock repurchase program, pursuant to which we may purchase up to $550.0 million of shares of our common stock through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise in accordance with applicable laws. The timing, amount and other terms and conditions of any repurchases of shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program will be determined by our management at its discretion based on a variety of factors, including the market price of our common stock, corporate considerations, general market and economic conditions and legal requirements. Our stock repurchase program may be modified, discontinued or suspended at any time.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.