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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

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For the Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2025

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For the transition period from                      to                     

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Commission File Number 001-31756

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ARGAN, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

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(301) 315-0027

(Issuer’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

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One Church Street, Suite 201, Rockville, Maryland 20850

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

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Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

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Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”): None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933. Yes ☐ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes ⌧    No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ⌧    No  ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   ☐    No  ⌧

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $714,255,961 on July 31, 2024 (the last business day of the Registrant’s second fiscal quarter), based upon the closing price on the NYSE as reported for that date. Shares of common stock held by each officer and director and by each person who owns 5% or more of the outstanding common shares have been excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. The determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of March 21, 2025: 13,634,214 shares.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this form 10-K.

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ARGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

2025 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PART I

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for certain forward-looking statements. We have made statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2025 (the “2025 Annual Report”) that may constitute “forward-looking statements.” The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “foresee,” “should,” “would,” “could,” or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Our forward-looking statements, financial position and results of operations, are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we anticipate. All comments concerning our expectations for future revenues and operating results are based on our forecasts for existing operations that do not include the potential impacts of any future acquisitions.

Our forward-looking statements, by their nature, involve significant risks and uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and assumptions. They are subject to change based upon various factors including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described in Item 1A of this 2025 Annual Report. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

Argan, Inc. (“Argan”) is primarily a construction firm that conducts operations through its wholly owned subsidiaries, Gemma Power Systems, LLC and affiliates (“GPS”), Atlantic Projects Company Limited and affiliates (“APC”), The Roberts Company, Inc. (“TRC”) and Southern Maryland Cable, Inc. (“SMC”) (together referred to as the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”). GPS and APC constitute our power industry services reportable segment, delivering a comprehensive suite of engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning, maintenance, project development and technical consulting services to the power generation market, including the renewable energy sector. The customers include primarily independent power project owners, public utilities, power plant heavy equipment suppliers and other commercial firms with significant power requirements. Projects are located in the United States (the “U.S.”), the Republic of Ireland (“Ireland”) and the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”). Through TRC, the industrial construction services reportable segment provides field services and project management that support new plant construction and additions, maintenance turnarounds, shutdowns and emergency mobilizations for industrial plants primarily located in the Southeast region of the U.S. and that may include the fabrication, delivery and installation of steel components such as piping systems and pressure vessels. Through SMC, doing business as SMC Infrastructure Solutions, the telecommunications infrastructure services segment provides project management, construction, installation and maintenance services to commercial, local government and federal government customers primarily in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Together, these subsidiaries enable us to serve a wide range of client needs across power generation, industrial construction, and telecommunications infrastructure, establishing our presence as a diversified provider in the construction and engineering sectors.

Holding Company Structure

Argan was organized as a Delaware corporation in May 1961. Argan operates as a holding company that may make opportunistic acquisitions and/or investments by identifying companies with significant potential for profitable growth and realizable synergies with one or more of our existing construction businesses. However, we may have more than one industrial focus depending on the opportunity and/or needs of our customers. Each of our wholly owned subsidiaries is operated as an independent business with strategic oversight provided by Argan to allow each to react to its own market conditions independently. Significant acquired companies will be operated in a manner that we believe will best provide long-term and enduring value for our stockholders.

Power Industry Services

GPS, which we acquired in 2006, historically provides the most significant percentage of our power industry services. As a full-service engineering, procurement and construction (“EPC”) services firm, GPS has the proven abilities of designing, building and commissioning large-scale energy projects primarily in the U.S. The extensive design, construction, project management, start-up and operating experience of GPS has expanded since its founding, with a substantial portfolio of installed power-generating capacity, primarily in the domestic market. Past projects encompass base-load combined-cycle facilities, simple-cycle peaking plants, liquefied natural gas power island installation, and boiler plant construction and renovation efforts. GPS also has experience in the renewable energy sector providing EPC contracting and other services to owners of alternative energy facilities, including biomass plants, solar fields, battery storage and wind farms. Typically, the scope of work for GPS includes complete plant engineering and design, the procurement of power generation and balance of plant equipment, and the full turnkey construction effort from site development through electrical interconnection and plant performance testing. The durations of these projects typically range between one to four years.

This reportable business segment also includes APC, a company formed in Ireland 50 years ago, and its affiliated companies, which we acquired in May 2015. Historically, APC primarily provided turbine, boiler and large rotating equipment engineering, procurement, installation, commissioning and outage services to power plants in Ireland. Since its acquisition in 2015, APC has expanded operations to the U.K. APC currently focuses on the performance of engineering and construction services for the major electric utilities in Ireland, independent power plant owners, major data center operators and original equipment manufacturers. APC’s business in Ireland and the U.K. represents the Company’s primary international operations.

The revenues of our power industry services business segment were $693.0 million, $416.3 million and $346.0 million for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2025 (“Fiscal 2025”), 2024 (“Fiscal 2024”) and 2023 (“Fiscal 2023”), respectively, or 79%, 73% and 76% of our consolidated revenues for the corresponding periods, respectively. The substantial portions of the revenues of this reportable segment for these three years were derived from the performance of activities by GPS and APC under EPC services and other construction contracts with the owners of power plant projects.

Power Industry Services Project Backlog

At January 31, 2025, the project backlog for this reporting segment was over $1.3 billion. The comparable backlog amount as of January 31, 2024 was approximately $0.6 billion. Our reported amount of project backlog at a point in time represents the total value of projects awarded to us that we consider to be firm as of that date less the amounts of revenues recognized to date on the corresponding projects.

Typically, we include the total value of EPC services and other major construction contracts in project backlog upon receiving a notice to proceed from the project owner. When provided with only a limited notice to proceed (“LNTP”), we generally do not add the value of the full contract to project backlog until the full notice to proceed (“FNTP”) is received. Nevertheless, the inclusion of contract values in project backlog requires management judgment based on the facts and circumstances.

The significant currently active projects of our power industry services segment include the construction of facilities which together represent approximately 2.9 gigawatts of potential electrical power and require the significant engagements of our technical, project support and project management teams. Please see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for a discussion of currently active major projects for this reporting segment.

Along with our commitment to the construction of state-of-the-art, natural gas-fired power plants that will serve as important elements of our country’s electricity-generation mix in the future, our experience also encompasses the development of utility-scale renewable energy projects. We continue to target certain business development efforts to win projects for the erection of utility-scale solar fields, wind farms and battery facilities as well as hydrogen-based energy plants and carbon capture and storage projects.

Labor and Materials

We perform work on job sites in different states and countries. The skilled craft labor pool is unique in each region due to a variety of factors, including different employment environments, competing infrastructure projects located near our sites that utilize the same labor pool, and decreased and aging labor pools resulting from demographic trends.

As such, we take a carefully considered and tailored approach at each job site to acquire and retain the required personnel resources when we need them, especially craft labor, and to maintain optimum productivity on each of our projects. Depending on the project, we may utilize direct hires, subcontractors, existing internal personnel, or a combination of the three. To date, we generally have managed to successfully staff each of our jobs effectively, but going forward we may be challenged by labor shortages in the construction industry due to rising wages, demographic trends and other factors. Additionally, competition for the labor pool capable of building power plant projects is increasing as the demand for building power generating assets continues to grow.

In connection with the engineering and construction of traditional power plants, biodiesel plants and other renewable energy systems, we procure materials for installation on our various projects. We are not dependent upon any one source for major equipment components, such as heat recovery steam generation units, steam turbines and air-cooled condensers, solar panels or any other construction materials we use to complete a particular power project, although the number of suppliers providing such equipment is limited. With our assistance, project owners frequently procure and supply certain major components of the power plants, such as state-of-the-art natural gas turbines and transformers. We have significant experience in delivering EPC projects with the latest turbine technology and working with all major gas-fired turbine manufacturers to meet each project owner’s specific power plant requirements. EPC project requirements may vary considerably. Additionally, we have protections in our contracts with major customers that provide certain relief that helps to mitigate certain financial risks, but these protections could be limited depending on the underlying issues and the financial challenges of our customers.

In the past, we have had to navigate supply chain disruptions and other sourcing issues that have or could have impacted our projects. For example, currently there are significant supply chain constraints driven by the increased demand for power, which are affecting the availability of critical components such as gas turbines and other long lead-time equipment, such as transformers. These constraints are causing delays in the construction timelines for new gas-fired power plants. As we go forward, there may be unscheduled delays in the delivery of materials, machinery and equipment ordered by us or a project owner or other unanticipated challenges to our ability to complete major job tasks when planned, among other impacts. We actively attempt to manage these risks during periods of uncertainty. Supply chain uncertainties may impact project owners’ confidence in commencing new work which may adversely affect our expected levels of revenues until supply chain disruptions substantially dissipate.

The costs of materials needed for the completion of our projects may fluctuate from time to time. In times of increased volatility, we take steps to reduce our risks. For example, we may hold quotes related to materials in our industrial construction services segment for short periods of time. For major fixed-price contracts in our power industry services segment, we may mitigate material cost risks by procuring the majority of the equipment and construction supplies during the early phases of a project. During recent fiscal years, we believe in general that we effectively confronted the economic challenges to our active jobs represented by the inflationary surge in prices.

For supply chains and materials costs, there are new uncertainties caused by the current U.S. administration’s increased use of tariffs as leverage in the conduct of diplomacy. A primary concern is that the imposition of tariffs by the U.S. against its trade partners will prompt retaliations that will have adverse effects on the availability and prices of general construction materials and certain power plant equipment. Proposed tariffs on imported materials, including steel and aluminum, could significantly impact the cost of building power plants. As the current U.S. administration’s approach to tariffs remains fluid at this time, the full extent of these effects remains uncertain. Delays in material shipments may extend project timelines, while fluctuating costs could complicate budgeting and contract negotiations. This uncertainty may also discourage investment in new power plant construction, creating financial and operational risks for the industry.

Competition

GPS and APC compete with large and well capitalized private and public firms in the construction and engineering services industry including firms that have global businesses. These competitors may be multi-billion-dollar companies that have thousands of employees. We also may compete with regional construction services companies in the markets where planned projects might be located. Typically, a condition for award is that the contractor perform on a fixed-price or lump-sum contract basis; smaller elements of a contract may be billable on an allowance or cost-reimbursable basis. As explained below, there are risks of unrecovered costs, among other aspects, associated with these types of contracts.

To compete with these firms, we emphasize our proven track record as a value-add choice for the design, build and commissioning of natural gas-fired and alternative energy power systems. Our successful experience includes the efficient completion and maintenance of natural gas-fired combined cycle and simple cycle power plants, biomass plants, waste-to-energy facilities, solar fields, wind farms and biofuel processing facilities, most performed on an EPC services contract basis. Through the power industry services segment, we provide a full range of competitively priced development, consulting, engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning and maintenance services to project owners. We are able to react quickly to their requirements while bringing a strong, experienced team to help navigate through difficult technical, scheduling and construction issues. We believe that the cultures of GPS and APC encourage motivated, creative, high energy and customer-focused teams that deliver results. Our projects are directed by dedicated field project management teams and our project owner customers have direct access to our senior management at these companies.

The competitive landscape in the EPC services market for natural gas-fired power plant construction has evolved significantly over the past decade. While the market remains dynamic, we are in an era where there are fewer competitors for new domestic gas-fired power plant EPC services project opportunities, especially for combined power plants. Several major competitors have either exited the market, been acquired, or announced intentions to avoid fixed-price contracts due to various financial and operational reasons. Intense competition led to aggressive bidding on projects while certain contractors accepted greater risks associated with the inability to anticipate unforeseen issues and the failure to include adequate contingencies to cover lower-than expected labor productivity, unfavorable execution challenges and unusual weather events, for example. As a result, construction and engineering companies, including some of the largest firms in the country, incurred losses related to performance on fixed-price contracts. Despite these challenges, sustained competition has supported the continuation of fixed-price contracting in the U.S., maintaining the typical volume of projects completed under these terms.

Recently, however, increasing demand for new gas-fired power plants has begun to shift the competitive landscape again. As utilities and developers seek to expand generation capacity, more firms may re-enter the market, either by restarting their EPC operations, expanding their capabilities, or shifting their contracting strategies to re-engage in bidding. This resurgence of competition could influence pricing dynamics, contract structures, and project execution strategies as both new and returning competitors seek to establish themselves in the evolving market. The firms that remain active in this space continue to be highly capable and competitive.

Our competition for domestic renewable energy projects like solar energy fields and land-based wind energy farms is more diverse and may include firms that are smaller than us.

We are not immune to the risks of losses on major projects. Nonetheless, we try to be particularly selective in pursuing new project opportunities and are reluctant to enter into fixed-price contracts with perceived high-risk profiles that are unacceptable. The track record of GPS has demonstrated that fixed-price contracts can be successfully executed when managed effectively, providing opportunities for strong financial performance. We are confident that our project management teams have gained the experience necessary for successful execution on these types of contracts as we go forward although we are aware of the risks involved.

Over the past few years, GPS has provided top management guidance and project management expertise to APC as it successfully completed certain projects and won the awards of projects to build new thermal power plants in Ireland and the U.K. Currently, APC is completing a comprehensive operational review, in collaboration with GPS and at the direction of certain GPS leadership, to enhance project management processes and profitability.

Customers

For Fiscal 2025, our most significant customer relationships included three power industry services customers, which accounted for approximately 28%, 13% and 10% of consolidated revenues. For Fiscal 2024, our most significant customer relationships included three power industry services customers, which accounted for 19%, 16% and 15% of consolidated revenues. For Fiscal 2023, our most significant customer relationships included two power industry services customers, which accounted for 38% and 12% of consolidated revenues. No other customer of this reportable segment represented greater than 10% of consolidated revenues for Fiscal 2025, Fiscal 2024 or Fiscal 2023.

Regulation

Our power industry services operations are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations including: licensing for contractors; building codes; permitting and inspection requirements applicable to construction projects; regulations relating to worker safety and environmental protection; and special bidding, procurement and employee compensation requirements. Many state and local regulations governing construction require permits and licenses to be held by individuals who have passed an examination or met other requirements. We believe that we have the licenses required to conduct our current operations and that we are in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

Energy facilities, including the pipelines required to supply natural gas fuel to power plants, are subject to a myriad of federal and state laws and regulations governing environmental protection, air quality, water quality and noise and height restrictions. While regulations in the U.S., Ireland, and the U.K. have favored the development of renewable energy sources in recent history, policy shifts as of late indicate a more balanced approach, with increasing recognition of natural gas as a reliable and necessary component of the energy mix. Evolving regulatory frameworks, including permitting reforms and policy adjustments, are creating a more favorable environment for the continued development of natural gas-fired power plants. These changes may support a steadier pace of gas-fired power plant construction than previously anticipated while still allowing for continued growth in renewable energy facility development.

Development Financing

We selectively participate in power plant project development and related financing activities 1) to maintain a proprietary pipeline for future EPC services contract opportunities, 2) to secure exclusive rights to EPC contracts, and 3) to generate a return on our investment. EPC contractors in our industry also periodically execute certain contracts jointly with third parties through joint ventures, limited partnerships and limited liability companies for the purpose of completing a project or program for a project owner. These special purpose entities are generally dissolved upon completion of the corresponding project or program. In Fiscal 2025, we funded a loan to a special purpose entity in the amount of $5.0 million to support the development phase of a natural gas-fired power plant (see Note 18 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements).

However, not all such business development endeavors are successful and we have recorded impairment losses as a result in the past (see Note 15 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements).

Industrial Construction Services

TRC was founded in 1977 and its fabrication facility and offices are located near Greenville, North Carolina. TRC is an industrial construction and field services firm with steel pipe and vessel fabrication capabilities serving industrial organizations primarily in the Southeast region of the U.S.

During Fiscal 2023, TRC consolidated its metal fabrication plants and support structures into one industrial fabrication and warehouse facility that totals over 90,000 square feet. The consolidation reduced fixed costs and notably streamlined the business, which has permitted TRC to focus primarily on its industrial field service opportunities, which includes construction projects. TRC operates within its own reportable business segment, industrial construction services. Industrial field service construction projects typically represent the majority of TRC’s annual revenues with the remaining revenues contributed by projects consisting primarily of metal pipe and vessel fabrication. The revenues of TRC have increased over the past two fiscal years to $167.6 million for Fiscal 2025 from $92.8 million for Fiscal 2023, reflecting a business development emphasis on the awards of larger field service construction projects. The emphasis on these opportunities influenced the strategic decision to consolidate the pipe and vessel fabrication facilities to reduce fixed costs, streamline operations and better support a growing and scalable business model.

Recent and current major customers of TRC include Nutrien Ltd., the global fertilizer company; Jacobs Solutions Inc., an international engineering and construction firm that is building a significant biotechnology manufacturing facility in the research triangle area of North Carolina; North America’s largest forest products companies such as Weyerhaeuser Company, International Paper and Domtar Corporation; water treatment facilities and various other industrial companies. These relationships demonstrate that TRC is a trusted industrial services provider to blue chip customers from around North America, and from countries around the world, that are expanding or locating new production facilities in TRC’s geographic region. For Fiscal 2025, Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023, TRC reported revenues of $167.6 million, $142.8 million and $92.8 million, respectively, or approximately 19%, 25% and 20% of consolidated revenues for the corresponding years, respectively.

Telecommunications Infrastructure Services

SMC represents our telecommunications infrastructure services reportable business segment and conducts business as SMC Infrastructure Solutions, which provides utility construction services and comprehensive technology wiring solutions to customers primarily in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. SMC performs both outside and inside plant cable installation services.

Services provided to our outside premises customers include trenchless directional boring and excavation for underground communication and power networks, aerial cabling services, and the installation of buried cable, high and low voltage electric lines, and private area outdoor lighting systems. Inside premises wiring services include structured cabling, terminations and connectivity that provide the physical transport for high-speed data, voice, video and security networks.

Consistently, a major portion of SMC’s revenue-producing activity each year is performed pursuant to task or work orders issued under master agreements with SMC’s major customers such as Southern Maryland Electric Cooperative, the local electricity cooperative. Over the last three years, other major customers have included counties and municipalities located in Maryland; certain state government agencies in Maryland; and technology-oriented government contracting firms in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Through an acquisition in December 2021, SMC expanded its business footprint into the Tidewater area of Virginia. In November 2024, we hired a new chief executive officer for SMC who brings over 25 years of industry experience and will focus on expanding the market presence of the business segment.

The revenues of SMC were $13.5 million, $14.3 million and $16.2 million for Fiscal 2025, Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023, respectively, or approximately 2%, 2% and 4% of our consolidated revenues for the corresponding years, respectively. 

The combined operations of SMC operate in the fragmented and competitive telecommunication and infrastructure services industry. We compete with providers ranging from regional companies to larger firms servicing multiple regions, as well as large national and multi-national contractors. We believe that we compete favorably with the other companies in our market space by emphasizing our high-quality reputation, outstanding customer base, security-cleared personnel and highly motivated work force in competing for larger and more diverse contracts.

Employees

The total number of personnel employed by us is subject to the volume of construction in progress and the relative amount of work performed by subcontractors. We had 1,595 employees at January 31, 2025, substantially all of whom were full-time. We believe that our employee relations are generally good.

Financing Arrangements

Previously, we were a party to an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Expired Credit Agreement”) that provided us a lending commitment of $50.0 million, including a revolving loan and an accordion feature which allowed for an additional commitment amount of $10.0 million, subject to certain conditions. The expiration date of the Expired Credit Agreement was May 31, 2024.

On May 24, 2024, we executed the Second Amended and Restated Replacement Credit Agreement with an expiration date of May 31, 2027 (the “New Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A. (the “Bank”). The New Credit Agreement supersedes the Expired Credit Agreement, reduces the base lending commitment amount from $50.0 million to $35.0 million, increases the letter of credit fees to be consistent with current market conditions, and establishes the interest rate for revolving loans at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 1.85%. In addition to the base commitment, the new facility includes an accordion feature that allows for an additional commitment amount of $30.0 million, subject to certain conditions. We may use the borrowing ability to cover other credit instruments issued by the Bank for our use in the ordinary course of business as defined in the New Credit Agreement. Further, on May 31, 2024, we entered into a companion facility, in the amount of $25.0 million, pursuant to which the Company’s Irish subsidiary, APC, may cause the Bank’s European entity to issue letters of credit on its behalf that are secured by a blanket parent company guarantee issued by Argan to the Bank. Despite the reduction in the base amount of the credit commitment provided by the New Credit Agreement, the increased accordion amount and the addition of the companion facility provide us with greater flexibility in managing our credit requirements, at a potentially lower cost.

At January 31, 2025 and 2024, we did not have any borrowings outstanding under the New Credit Agreement or the Expired Credit Agreement, respectively. At January 31, 2025, there were no outstanding letters of credit issued under the credit facilities.

We have pledged the majority of the Company’s assets to secure its financing arrangements. The Bank’s consent is not required for acquisitions, divestitures, cash dividends or significant investments as long as certain conditions are met. The New Credit Agreement requires that we comply with certain financial covenants at its fiscal year-end and at each fiscal quarter-end. The New Credit Agreement includes other terms, covenants and events of default that are customary for a credit facility of its size and nature, including a requirement to achieve positive adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as defined, over each rolling twelve-month measurement period. As of January 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the financial covenants and other requirements of the New Credit Agreement.

Safety, Risk Management, Insurance and Performance Bonds

We are committed to ensuring that the employees of each of our businesses perform their work in a safe environment. We regularly communicate with our employees to promote safety and to instill safe work habits. GPS, APC, TRC and SMC each has an experienced full-time safety director committed to ensuring a safe work place, as well as compliance with applicable permits, insurance and laws. Our OSHA reportable incident rates, weighted by hours worked for all of our subsidiaries, were 0.56, 0.43, 0.60, 0.48 and 0.55 for calendar years 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively; our rates were significantly lower than the national average rates in our industry (NAICS – 2379) for those years.

In Fiscal 2024, we added a senior vice president, legal, to our headquarters staff. Among other duties, he contributes to and enhances our ongoing process of standardizing and minimizing the amount of commercial risk that our different operations accept in their customer contracts. His legal and operations experiences in the construction industry represent solid qualifications for this effort.

We retain qualified insurance brokerage assistance in the regular evaluation of the adequacy of insurance coverage amounts and the annual negotiation of premium amounts in the areas of property and casualty insurance, general liability, umbrella coverage, director and officer insurance, cybersecurity insurance and other specialty coverages. In Fiscal 2023, we purchased specialty insurance related to the full recovery of the research and development tax credits we claimed in our amended federal income tax returns for the year ended January 31, 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”) and the year ended January 31, 2021 (“Fiscal 2021”) (see Note 12 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). We believe that our insurance coverage amounts are adequate, but not excessive, and provide the proper amounts of coverage where we believe insurable risks may exist.

Contracts with customers in each of our reportable business segments may require performance bonds, payment bonds, or other means of financial assurance to secure contractual performance. We maintain material amounts of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, and, as indicated above, we have the commitment of the Bank to issue irrevocable standby letters of credit up to an aggregate amount of $60.0 million under the credit facilities, with an accordion feature that would provide an additional Bank commitment of $30.0 million.

As of January 31, 2025, the estimated amount of our unsatisfied bonded performance obligations, covering all of our subsidiaries, was approximately $0.7 billion. As of January 31, 2025, the outstanding amount of bonds covering other risks, including warranty obligations and contract payment retentions related to completed activities, was $25.2 million. Not all of our projects require bonding.

Responsible Business

Our on-going commitment to environmental, health and safety, community outreach, corporate governance, and other public policy matters relevant to us is being supported by the responsible business committee of our board of directors. Its charter requires it to assist our senior management in: (a) setting our general strategy relating to responsible business matters, as well as developing, implementing, and monitoring initiatives and policies for us based on that strategy; (b) overseeing communications with employees, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to responsible business matters; and (c) anticipating and monitoring developments relating to, and improving management’s understanding of, responsible business matters.

A summary of our responsible business accomplishments in various areas over the past three years follows:  

More information about our responsible business accomplishments can be found in the sustainability section of our website.

Several of our recent projects reflect our ongoing contributions to renewable power generation. During Fiscal 2024, we completed the Maple Hill Solar project, which is among the largest solar-powered energy plants in Pennsylvania, and we commenced activities on three solar and battery projects in Illinois. During Fiscal 2025, we commenced activities on a 405 MW solar project, also located in Illinois, leveraging pre-existing transmission and utility infrastructure from a nearby retired coal plant. During Fiscal 2025, we entered into an EPC contract for the construction of an approximately 300 MW biofuel power plant located in County Kerry, Ireland that will run on 100% sustainable biofuels, specifically hydrotreated vegetable oil, with the potential to convert its fuel source to hydrogen in the future. For Fiscal 2025, Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023, the amounts of revenues earned by us and associated with renewable energy projects were 40.1%, 6.9% and 9.6%, respectively, of corresponding revenues for the power industry services segment. Based on our current project backlog of renewable projects in the amount of $578 million as of January 31, 2025, we expect that revenues associated with the performance of renewable energy projects will continue to represent meaningful portions of our power industry services segment and consolidated revenues over the coming years, although it is expected to decrease as a percentage of our consolidated revenues due to the expected growth of our non-renewable revenues.

Meanwhile, we believe that our gas-fired power plant construction business is valuable to the achievement of the net carbon emission reduction goals of the U.S., Ireland and the U.K. as we are recognized as an accomplished, dependable and cost-effective provider of construction services to gas-fired power plant owners. Like the U.S., Ireland and the U.K. are committed to the increase in energy consumption sourced from the sun and the wind on the pathway to net zero emissions. Other technologies will be required to support these renewable power sources and to provide electricity when power demands exceed the amount of electricity supplied by renewable energy sources. Maintaining necessary power reserves during the long transition period to zero emissions will require reliable conventional power generation sources, often natural gas-fired power plants.

For example, the Irish government’s policy related to the security of the electricity supply in Ireland confirms the requirement for the development of new support technologies to deliver on its commitment to have 80% of the country’s electricity generated from renewables by 2030. The policy emphasizes that this will require a combination of conventional generation (typically powered by natural gas), interconnection to other jurisdictions, demand flexibility and other technologies such as energy storage (i.e., batteries) and generation from renewable gases (i.e., biomethane and/or hydrogen produced from renewable sources). The Irish government has announced that the development of new conventional generation (including gas-fired generation) is a national priority and should be permitted and supported in order to ensure the security of electricity supply while supporting the growth of renewable electricity generation.

In the U.S., the Energy Information Administration (“EIA”) indicates that carbon emissions from the electric power sector declined by approximately 41% during the period 2005 through 2024. The primary reason for this decline was the replacement of coal-fired power plants with efficient gas-fired power plants. Natural gas is relatively clean burning, cost-effective, reliable and abundant.

Finally, we note that the natural-gas fired power plants that we build are not sprawling facilities covering hundreds of acres. They can be constructed closer to where power is consumed, leading to fewer transmission lines and reduced line losses. They are constructed on relatively small sites and, once completed, typically have minimal impact on the surrounding green areas.

Materials Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”)

The public may read any materials that we file with the SEC at its public reference room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the public reference room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including us, at http://www.sec.gov.

We maintain a website on the Internet at www.arganinc.com that includes access to financial data. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this 2025 Annual Report. Copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as well as our Proxy Statements, are available, as soon as reasonably practicable, after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC, without charge and upon written request provided to our Corporate Secretary at Argan, Inc., 4075 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 440, Arlington, Virginia 22203.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Our business is challenged by a changing environment that involves many known and unknown risks and uncertainties. The risks described below discuss factors that have affected and/or could affect us in the future. There may be others. We may be affected by risks that are currently unknown to us or are immaterial at this time. If any such events did occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected in a material manner. Our future results may also be impacted by other risk factors listed from time to time in our future filings with the SEC, including, but not limited to, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. As the most significant portion of our consolidated entity is represented by the power industry services reportable business segment, the risk factor discussions included below are focused on that business. However, as a large number of these same risks exist for our other reportable segments, the industrial construction services segment and the telecommunications infrastructure services segment, a review and assessment of the following risk factors should be performed with those similarities in mind.

This section of our 2025 Annual Report may include projections, assumptions and beliefs that are intended to be “forward-looking statements.” They should be read in light of our cautionary statement regarding “forward-looking statements” presented at the beginning of this 2025 Annual Report.

Risks Related to Our Business

Demand for our services may decrease during economic downturns or unpredictable economic cycles, which would most likely affect our businesses adversely.

Substantial portions of the revenues and profits earned by our reportable business segments are generated from construction-type projects, the awarding and/or funding of which we do not directly control. The engineering and construction industry is prone to cyclical fluctuations influenced by factors such as economic recessions, downturns in project owners’ business cycles, material shortages, subcontractor price hikes, interest rate changes, regulatory and political change, and other external economic factors.

When the general level of economic activity deteriorates, uncertainty about future business prospects increases, prompting clients to potentially delay or cancel projects. This includes new construction projections, maintenance on major power plant components, repairs to damaged or worn equipment or other plant outage work. The adverse financial condition of the industry could diminish our customers’ ability and willingness to fund capital expenditures or pursue significant projects in the future. Furthermore, specific economic, regulatory and market conditions affecting our clients may lead to a decrease in demand for our services, causing delays, reductions, or cancellations of projects essential to our future business forecasts.

Future revenues are dependent on the awards of utility-scale natural gas-fired and renewable energy EPC projects to us, the receipt of corresponding full notices-to-proceed and our ability to successfully complete the projects that we start.

The majority of our consolidated revenues relate to performance by the power industry services segment, which represented 79%, 73% and 76% of consolidated revenues for Fiscal 2025, Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023, respectively. GPS, the major business component of this segment, earns the substantial portion of its revenues from execution on long-term natural gas-fired EPC services contracts with project owners. A significant portion of our consolidated revenues each year is generally derived from EPC services provided to a small number of customers, which can vary from year to year (see Note 16 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements).

We have successfully built utility-scale solar and wind farms, biomass-fueled power plants and biodiesel energy facilities in the past, and we have renewed the pursuit of renewable energy projects that will complement our natural gas-fired EPC services projects, which will remain the core business development focus going forward.

At times, we may be awarded contracts for which commencement of project activities are delayed or canceled. Our ability to sustain revenues depends on many factors including the ability of the power industry services business to not only win the awards of significant new EPC projects, but to obtain the corresponding full notices-to-proceed and to complete its projects successfully. Failure to obtain future awards for the construction of utility-scale energy facilities and the corresponding notices to proceed with contract activities, as well as any failure to successfully complete such projects, would have adverse effects on our future revenues, profits and cash flows.

Our dependence on large construction contracts may result in uneven financial results.

Our power industry services activities in any one fiscal reporting period are concentrated on a limited number of large construction projects for which we recognize revenues over time as we transfer control of the project asset to the customer. To a substantial extent, our contract revenues are based on the related amounts of costs incurred. As the timing of equipment purchases, subcontractor services and other contract events may not be evenly distributed over the terms of our contracts, the amount of total contract costs may vary from quarter to quarter, creating uneven amounts of quarterly and/or annual consolidated revenues. In addition, the timing of contract commencements and completions may exacerbate the uneven pattern. As a result of the foregoing, future reported amounts of consolidated revenues, cash flow from operations, net income and earnings per share may vary in uneven patterns and may not be indicative of the operating results expected for any other fiscal period; thus, rendering consecutive quarter comparisons of our consolidated operating results a less meaningful way to assess the growth of our business.

Actual results could differ from the assumptions and estimates used to prepare our consolidated financial statements.

To prepare consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., we are required to make estimates, assumptions and judgments as of the date of such financial statements, which affect the reported values of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities.

For each of our fixed-price customer contracts, we recognize revenues over the life of the contract as performance obligations are completed by us based on the proportion of costs incurred to date compared with the total costs estimated to be incurred for the entire project, and by using the resulting percentage to update the recorded amounts of project-to-date revenues. We review and make necessary revisions to the amounts of estimated future costs on a monthly basis. In addition, contract results may be impacted by our estimates of the amounts of change orders that we expect to receive and our assessment of any contract disputes that may arise. The effects on revenues of changes to the amounts of contract values and estimated costs are recorded as catch-up adjustments when the amounts are known and can be reasonably estimated. These revisions can occur at any time and could be material. Given the uncertainties associated with the types of customer contracts that we are awarded, it is possible for contract values and actual costs to vary from estimates previously made, which may result in reductions or reversals of previously recorded revenues and profits. Our disclosures of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates (see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) include an expanded discussion of the estimates, judgments and assumptions that our revenue recognition accounting may require.

Among the other areas that could require significant estimates by our management are the following:

Our actual business and financial results could differ from our estimates, which may impact future profits.

Project backlog amounts may be uncertain indicators of future revenues as project realization may be subject to unexpected adjustments, delays and cancellations.

Project cancellations or scope modifications may occur that could reduce the amount of our project backlog and the associated revenues and profits that we actually earn. Our projects generally provide our customers the right to terminate existing contracts unilaterally at their convenience as long as they compensate us for work already completed and compensate us for the additional costs incurred by us to terminate corresponding subcontract, terminate equipment orders, and demobilize and vacate construction sites. These costs would most likely be meaningful. Should any unexpected delay, suspension or termination of the work under such projects occur, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Although we believe that the customer commitments represented by project backlog are firm, we cannot guarantee that amounts in project backlog will be recognized as future revenues or will result in profitable operating results.

Unsuccessful efforts to develop energy plant projects could result in write-offs and the loss of future business.

The development of a power plant construction project is expensive. The developers of power projects may form single purpose entities, such as limited liability companies, limited partnerships or joint ventures, to perform the development activities, which are typically funded by external sources. Periodically, we provide financial support to new projects during their development phase to improve their viability and enhance our likelihood of securing the EPC contract for power plant construction.

We have provided funding to special-purpose entities for gas-fired power plant projects during the development phase, leading to the return of our initial investment, the awarding of EPC contracts with authorization to start construction, and the receipt of success fees. While some of these initiatives have yielded positive results, others have not, resulting in the write-off of loan and interest balances and the loss of potential construction projects. In Fiscal 2025, we funded a loan to a special purpose entity in the amount of $5.0 million to support the development phase of a natural gas-fired power plant project (see Note 18 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements).

Future bonding requirements may adversely affect our ability to compete for new energy plant construction projects.

Our construction contracts frequently require that we obtain payment and/or performance bonds from surety companies on behalf of project owners as a condition to the contract award. Historically, we have had a strong bonding capacity. Under standard terms, surety companies issue bonds on a project-by-project basis and can decline to issue bonds at any time or require the posting of additional collateral as a condition to issuing any bonds. Not all of our projects require bonding.

Market conditions, changes in our performance or financial position, changes in our surety’s assessment of its own operating and financial risk, or larger future projects could cause our surety company to decline to issue, or substantially reduce, the amount of bonding available for our work and/or could increase our bonding costs. These actions can be taken on short notice. If our surety company were to limit or eliminate our access to new bonds, our alternatives would include seeking bonding capacity from other surety companies, joint venturing with other construction firms, increasing business with clients that do not require bonds or posting other forms of collateral for project performance, such as letters of credit or cash. We may be unable to make alternative arrangements in a timely manner, on acceptable terms, or at all. Accordingly, if we were to experience an interruption, reduction or other alteration in the availability of bonding capacity, we may be unable to compete for or work on certain projects.

Our results could be adversely affected by natural disasters, human-made disasters or other catastrophic events.

Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, floods and other adverse weather conditions; or other catastrophic events such as fires, public health crises, pandemics, geopolitical conflicts, terrorism and civil disturbances could disrupt our operations or the operations of one or more of our vendors or customers. In particular, these types of events could shut down our construction job sites or fabrication facility for indefinite periods of time, disrupt our product supply chain or could cause our customers to delay or cancel projects. To the extent any of these events occur, our operations and financial results could be adversely affected.

The adverse effects of the war in Ukraine spread globally. The prolonged disruption by Russia of the supply and prices of oil and natural gas provided to Western European nations adversely affected the economies of those countries. Western European nations were forced to search for alternative supplies of oil and natural gas at higher prices or through more complicated transit routes, further disrupting global supply chains. Many resorted to seeking alternative energy sources, such as liquefied natural gas (“LNG”), which involves infrastructure challenges and elevated costs. In addition to energy supply disruptions, activities conducted by Yemen-based terrorist groups significantly endangered the key shipping route between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. These actions led to rerouting shipping vessels, longer transit times, and increased freight costs, compounding global supply chain challenges.

We have protections in our contracts with major customers that provide certain relief that helps to mitigate certain financial risks. However, the effectiveness of these protections may be limited by factors including the financial strength of the customer. The extent to which natural disasters, human-made disasters or other catastrophic events could harm us depends on the impact on our customers, supply chains, labor forces and numerous other evolving factors.

Continuing disruptions to capacity auctions and corresponding prices could reduce the demand for power plants in a primary business region.

Historically, a number of our EPC service contracts related to the construction of natural gas-fired power plants located within the Mid-Atlantic geographic footprint of the electric power system operated by PJM Interconnection LLC (“PJM”). This entity operates a capacity market to ensure long-term grid reliability by securing the appropriate amount of power supply resources needed to meet forecasted energy demands. Capacity payments represent meaningful portions of the revenue streams of qualifying power plants. As a result of delays and changes to the capacity auction process, energy prices resulting from the auctions have fluctuated. The PJM capacity auction process continues to change due to inputs from various stakeholders and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”). Uncertainty in this market, including the difficulties experienced by PJM in implementing a capacity auction design that all of its stakeholders consider to be fair, may discourage potential power plant owners from commencing the development of new power plants in this area, thereby reducing potential new business opportunities for us.

Artificial intelligence poses risks that could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, data science, and similar technologies (collectively, “AI”) in our business presents risks and challenges that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Currently, our use of AI is limited, but we may expand its integration into our business processes and solutions in the future. AI, including third-party AI tools, may be used in areas such as knowledge retention, risk detection, and virtual assistance. While these technologies have the potential to enhance efficiency and decision-making, they also pose significant risks, including reliability issues, data security concerns, regulatory challenges, and unintended consequences. AI algorithms may be flawed or biased. As a result, the content, analysis, or recommendations generated by these tools may be inaccurate, incomplete, or misleading. Unauthorized or improper use of AI tools—whether by employees, vendors, or third parties—could lead to breaches of confidentiality, data privacy violations, or the loss of proprietary information, potentially resulting in competitive harm, reputational damage, regulatory investigations, and legal liability. Additionally, we may have limited control or visibility into how third-party AI tools and AI-powered features in third-party products process and protect our data, even where we have sought contractual protections. As our reliance on AI evolves, we will continue to assess and mitigate these risks accordingly.

Finally, our competitors may adopt and implement AI technologies more effectively or rapidly than we do, potentially giving them a competitive advantage. If we are unable to adopt and integrate AI tools in a cost-effective and timely manner, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Market

If the price of natural gas increases, the demand for our construction services could decline.

The growth of our power business has been substantially based on the number of combined cycle gas-fired power plants built by us, as many coal-fired plants have been shut down. The use of coal as a power source has been adversely affected significantly by the plentiful supply of inexpensive natural gas that is available through the combined use of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. However, the share of electricity generated by natural gas is particularly reactive in the short term to changing natural gas prices. Even though current natural gas prices are generally low, higher than expected natural gas prices in the future, even for just the short term, could have adverse effects on the ability of independent power producers to obtain construction and permanent financing for new natural gas-fired power plants. Additionally, the increasing exports of LNG from the U.S. to global markets may impact the overall price of natural gas domestically. As LNG exports grow to meet international demand, the domestic supply of natural gas could tighten, potentially driving up prices and increasing market volatility. Such price increases could further affect the economic feasibility of new domestic natural gas-fired power plants.

Soft demand for electrical power may cause deterioration in our financial outlook.

Forecasts generally indicate a significant surge in electricity demand in the United States for the foreseeable future, driven largely by the expansion in the number of data centers, the increase in electric vehicle sales, and the onshoring of manufacturing facilities. We believe that these trends have resulted in increased demands for our EPC contract services. However, future softness in the demand for electrical power in the U.S. could result in the delay, curtailment or cancellation of future gas-fired power plant projects, thus decreasing the overall demand for our EPC services and adversely impacting the financial outlook for our power industry services business.

Intense global competition for engineering, procurement and construction contracts could reduce our market share.

The competitive landscape in the EPC services market for natural gas-fired power plants was altered several years ago as certain significant competitors announced their exit from the market for a variety of reasons. Others have announced intentions to avoid entering into fixed-price contracts citing the disproportionate financial risks borne by contractors. However, the market remains dynamic, and remaining competitors include committed multi-billion-dollar companies with thousands of employees. As utilities and developers seek to expand generation capacity, more firms may re-enter the market, either by restarting their EPC operations, expanding their capabilities, or shifting their contracting strategies to re-engage in bidding.

Competing effectively in our market requires substantial financial resources, the availability of skilled personnel and equipment when needed and the effective use of technology. Meaningful competition is expected to continue in the domestic market, and could increase in the Irish and U.K markets, presenting us with significant challenges to our achieving strong growth rates and acceptable profit margins. If we are unable to meet these competitive challenges and to win the awards of new projects that provide desirable margins, we could lose market share to our competitors, experience overall reductions in future revenues and profits or incur losses.

The continuous rise in renewables could possibly reduce the number of future gas-fired power plant projects.

The net amount of electricity generation in the U.S. provided by utility-scale solar and wind facilities continues to rise. Impetus for this growth has been provided by various factors including laws and regulations that discourage new fossil-fuel burning power plants, federal support for new carbon-reduction technologies, environmental activism, income tax advantages that promote the growth of solar and wind power, the decline in the costs of renewable power plant components and power storage, and the increase in the scale of energy storage capacity. Should the pace of development for renewable energy facilities, including solar and wind power plants, accelerate at faster rates than projected or drive a faster migration from base load to peak load power plants, the number and/or value of future natural gas-fired construction project opportunities for us may fall, which could adversely affect our future revenues, profits and cash flows.

Unexpected and adverse changes in the foreign countries in which we operate could result in project disruptions, increased costs and potential losses.

Our business is subject to overseas economic and political conditions that change for reasons which are beyond our control. Such changes may have unfavorable consequences for us. Operating in the European marketplace, which for us exists primarily in Ireland and the U.K., may expose us to a number of risks including:

Our level of exposure to these risks will vary on each significant project we perform overseas, depending on the location and the particular stage of the project. To the extent that our international business is affected by unexpected and adverse foreign economic changes, including trade retaliation from certain countries, we may experience project disruptions and losses which could significantly reduce our consolidated revenues and profits, or could cause losses reflected at the consolidated level.

Risks Related to the Regulatory Environment

We are required to comply with environmental laws and regulations that may add unforeseen costs to our businesses.

Our operations are subject to compliance with federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, including those relating to discharges to air, water and land, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous waste, and the cleanup of properties affected by hazardous substances. Certain environmental laws impose substantial penalties for non-compliance and others, such as the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), impose strict, retroactive, and joint and several liability upon persons responsible for releases of hazardous substances. We continually evaluate whether we must take additional steps to ensure compliance with environmental laws; however, there can be no assurance that these requirements will not change and that compliance will not add costs to our projects that could adversely affect our operating results in the future.

Regulations surrounding greenhouse gas emissions disclosures and sustainability reporting continue to evolve rapidly, with compliance requirements varying by jurisdiction. In the jurisdictions we operate, governments and regulatory bodies vary in their support of or opposition to sustainability matters, leading to rapid shifts in reporting obligations. For instance, the European Union adopted the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (“CSRD”) in late 2022, requiring comprehensive disclosures on a broad spectrum of sustainability topics. Similarly, in October 2023, California enacted emissions and climate risk legislation with distinct and comprehensive reporting mandates. In March 2024, the SEC introduced regulations requiring public companies to incorporate detailed climate risk disclosures in their annual reports and registration statements, with certain disclosures subject to phased-in assurance requirements. However, the future of these rules remains uncertain due to ongoing legal challenges. Notably, in April 2024, the SEC issued an order staying implementation of the new disclosure regulations pending the resolution of certain challenges. Compliance with and monitoring of these evolving requirements may result in additional costs and resource allocation, potentially diverting management’s focus from other critical operational and financial priorities.

Expectations of customers and investors may change with respect to sustainability practices, which may impose costs or impact our ability to obtain financing.

Customer and investor standards, which are ever-evolving, may include a focus on environmental, social and governance practices of the companies with which they work or in which they invest. Customers may require that we meet their standards before granting us projects, which may create additional costs to us. If our sustainability practices do not ultimately meet customer expectations, we may not win projects. Investors, who may become wary of funding power services ventures with sustainability practices unacceptable to them, may decide to reallocate capital to other enterprises.

Investors and lenders may be generally unwilling to provide capital for energy projects to increase the domestic production and transmission of oil and natural gas.

The imposition of tariffs by the Trump Administration may impact the construction of power plants or other construction projects of our subsidiaries.

President Trump has proposed heavy tariffs on imports from several nations, including a significant levy on imports from Canada, Mexico and China. These measures are expected to increase the cost of essential construction materials, such as steel and aluminum, which are critical components in power plant construction and often integral components to the industrial construction projects we build. Tariff measures may also cause import delays, increasing lead times necessary for materials to arrive at our construction sites. The resulting rise in material costs and delivery delays could lead to higher overall project expenses and changes to project timelines, as companies may need to seek alternative suppliers or renegotiate contracts. The uncertainty surrounding trade policies may deter investment in new power plant or industrial construction projects, as stakeholders assess the financial viability amid fluctuating costs. As trade negotiations continue and new policies are introduced, the tariff situation remains fluid, adding to the unpredictability of material costs and supply chain stability. These factors collectively pose a risk to our business operations, potentially affecting project timelines, budgets, and profitability.

Future construction projects may depend on the continuing acceptability of the hydraulic fracturing process in certain states.

The viability of the gas-fired power plants that we build is based substantially on the availability of inexpensive natural gas supplies provided through the use of hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling techniques. The increased supply of natural gas generally lowered the price of natural gas in the U.S. and reduced its volatility. However, the process of hydraulic fracturing is controversial due to concerns about wastewater disposal, the possible contamination of nearby water supplies and the risk of seismic activity. Should future evidence confirm these concerns, the use of hydraulic fracturing may be suspended, limited, or curtailed by additional state and/or federal authorities. As a result, the supply of inexpensive natural gas may not be available in the future and the economic viability of gas-fired power plants that we build may be jeopardized.

The inability of power project developers to receive or to avoid delay in receiving the applicable regulatory approvals relating to energy projects, including new natural gas pipelines, may result in lost or postponed revenues for us.

The commencement and/or execution of the types of projects performed by our power industry services reporting segment are subject to numerous regulatory permitting processes. Applications for the variety of clean air, water purity and construction permits may be opposed by individuals or environmental groups, resulting in delays and possible denial of the permits. There are no assurances that our project owner customers will obtain the necessary permits for these projects, or that the necessary permits will be obtained in order to allow construction work to proceed as scheduled. More importantly, a project may confront difficulties in securing an interconnection service commitment from a transmission organization establishing a connection to the electricity grid. Without such a commitment, the project might be delayed or even terminated.

The viability of new natural gas-fired power plants depends on the availability of nearby sources of natural gas for fuel which may require the construction of new pipelines for the delivery of natural gas to a power plant location. Approval delays and public opposition to new oil and gas pipelines have been major potential hurdles for the developers of gas-fired power plants and other fossil-fuel facilities. In particular, pipeline projects have been delayed by onsite protest demonstrations, indecision by local officials and lawsuits. Failure to commence or complete construction work as anticipated by fossil-fuel project owners could have material adverse impacts on our future revenues, profits and cash flows.

Work stoppages, union negotiations and other labor problems could adversely affect us.

The performance of certain large-scale construction contracts results in the hiring of employees in the U.S. and overseas who are represented by labor unions. We make sincere efforts to maintain favorable relationships and conduct good-faith negotiations with union officials. However, there can be no assurances that such efforts will eliminate the possibilities of unfavorable conflicts in the future. A lengthy strike or the occurrence of other work disputes, slowdowns or stoppages at any of our current or future construction project sites could have an adverse effect on us, resulting in cost overruns, schedule delays or even lawsuits that could be significant.

In addition, labor incidents could result in negative publicity for us thereby damaging our business reputation and perhaps harming our prospects for the receipt of future construction contract awards in certain locales.

Risks Related to Our Operational Execution

We may experience reduced profits or incur losses under fixed-price contracts if costs increase above estimates.

Primarily, our business is performed under long-term, fixed-price contracts at prices that reflect our estimates of corresponding costs and schedules. Inaccuracies in these estimates may lead to cost overruns that may not be paid by our project owner customers. If we fail to accurately estimate the resources required and time necessary to complete these types of contracts, or if we fail to complete these contracts within the costs and timeframes to which we have agreed, there could be material adverse impacts on our actual financial results, the accuracy of forecasted future results, as well as our business reputation.

Factors that could result in contract cost overruns, project delays or other problems for us may include:

These risks tend to be exacerbated for longer-term contracts because there is increased risk that the circumstances under which we based our original cost estimates or project schedules will change. In such events, our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

We try to mitigate these risks by reflecting in our overall cost estimates the reasonable possibility that a number of different and potentially unfavorable outcomes might occur. There are no assurances that our estimates will be sufficient. If not, our misjudgments may lead to decreased profits or losses. In some cases, as certain risk scenarios are eliminated or our concerns regarding certain potential cost and/or schedule issues diminish, we may estimate that the likelihood of an unforeseen cost overrun has reduced and, accordingly, we may increase the estimated gross margin on the project by decreasing the remaining overall cost estimate.

If we guarantee the timely completion or the performance of a project, we could incur additional costs to fulfill such obligations.

In certain of our fixed-price long-term contracts, we guarantee that we will complete a project by a scheduled date. We sometimes provide that the project, when completed, will also achieve certain performance standards. Subsequently, we may fail to complete the project on time or equipment that we install may not meet guaranteed performance standards. In those cases, we may be held responsible for costs incurred by the customer resulting from any delay or any modification to the plant made in order to achieve the performance standards, generally in the form of contractually agreed-upon liquidated damages or obligations to re-perform substandard work. If we are required to pay such costs, the total costs of the project would likely exceed our original estimate, and we could experience reduced profits or a loss related to the applicable project.

We may be involved in litigation, liability claims and contract disputes which could reduce our profits and cash flows.

We build large and complex energy plants where design, construction or systems failures can result in substantial injury or damage to third parties. In addition, the nature of our business results in project owners, subcontractors and vendors occasionally presenting claims against us for recovery of costs for which they believe they are not contractually liable. In other cases, project owners may withhold retention and/or contract payments that they believe they do not contractually owe us, or they believe offset amounts owed to them by us. They may even terminate the contract. We have been, and may be in the future, named as a defendant in legal proceedings where parties may allege breach of contract and seek recovery for damages or other remedies with respect to our projects or other matters (see Item 3, Legal Proceedings). These legal matters generally arise in the normal course of our business. In addition, from time to time, we and/or certain of our current or former directors, officers or employees could be named as parties to other types of lawsuits.

Litigation can involve complex factual and legal questions, and proceedings may occur over several years. Any claim that is successfully asserted against us could result in our payment of significant sums for damages and other losses. Even if we were to prevail, any litigation may be costly and time-consuming, and would likely divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations over multi-year periods. Either outcome may result in adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and our reputation.

In accordance with customary industry practices, we maintain insurance coverage against some, but not all, potential losses in order to protect against the risks we face. When it is determined that we have liability, we may not be covered by insurance or, if covered, the dollar amount of any liability may exceed our policy limits or self-insurance reserves. Further, we may elect not to carry insurance related to particular risks if our management believes that the cost of available insurance is excessive relative to the risks presented. In addition, we cannot insure fully against pollution and environmental risks. Our management liability insurance policies are on a “claims-made” basis covering only claims actually made during the policy period currently in effect. In addition, even where insurance is maintained for such exposures, the policies have deductibles resulting in our assuming exposure for a layer of coverage with respect to any such claims. Any liability not covered by our insurance, in excess of our insurance limits and self-insurance reserves or, if covered by insurance but subject to a high deductible, could result in a significant loss for us, which claims may reduce our future profits and cash available for operations.

Our failure to recover adequately on contract variations submitted to project owners could have a material effect on our financial results.

We may submit contract variations to project owners for additional amounts exceeding the contract price or for amounts not included in the original contract price. Variations occur due to matters such as owner-caused delays or changes from the initial project scope, both of which may result in additional costs. At times, contract variation submissions can be the subject of lengthy negotiation, arbitration or litigation proceedings, and it is difficult to accurately predict when these differences will be fully resolved. When these types of events occur and unresolved matters are pending, we have used existing liquidity to cover cost overruns pending their resolution. The aggregate amount of contract variations included in the transaction prices that were still pending customer acceptance at January 31, 2025 was $8.0 million. A failure to promptly recover on these types of customer submissions could have a negative impact on our revenues, liquidity and profitability in the future.

The shortage of skilled craft labor may negatively impact our ability to execute on our long-term construction contracts.

Increased infrastructure spending and general economic expansion may increase the demand for employees with the types of skills needed for the completion of our projects. There is a risk that our construction project schedules become unachievable or that labor expenses will increase unexpectedly as a result of a shortage in the supply of skilled personnel available to us. Increased labor costs may influence our customers’ decisions regarding the feasibility or scheduling of specific projects, potentially leading to delays or cancellations that could materially affect our business adversely. Labor shortages, productivity decreases or increased labor costs could impair our ability to maintain our business or grow our revenues. In general, we have been effective in staffing our projects with the necessary resources and managing labor costs. However, the inability to hire and retain qualified skilled employees in the future, including workers in the construction crafts, could negatively impact our ability to complete our long-term construction contracts successfully.

Our dependence upon third parties to complete many of our contracts may adversely affect our performance under current and future construction contracts.

Certain of the work performed under our energy plant construction contracts is actually performed by third-party subcontractors we hire. We also rely on third-party manufacturers or suppliers to provide much of the equipment and most of the materials (such as copper, concrete and steel) needed to complete our construction projects. If we are unable to hire qualified subcontractors or to find qualified equipment manufacturers or suppliers, our ability to successfully complete a project could be adversely impacted. If the price we are required to pay for subcontractors or equipment and supplies exceeds the corresponding amount that we have estimated, we may suffer a reduction in the anticipated amount of gross profit or even a loss on the contract. If a supplier, manufacturer or subcontractor fails to provide supplies, equipment or services as required under a negotiated contract for any reason, we may be required to self-perform unexpected work or obtain these supplies, equipment or services on an expedited basis or at a higher price than anticipated from a substitute source, which could impact contract profitability in an adverse manner. Unresolved disputes with a subcontractor or supplier regarding the scope of work or performance may escalate, resulting in arbitration proceedings or legal actions. Unfavorable outcomes of such disputes may also impact contract profitability in an adverse manner. In addition, if a subcontractor fails to pay its subcontractors, suppliers or employees, liens may be placed on our project requiring us to incur the costs of reimbursing such parties in order to have the liens removed or to commence litigation.

Failure to maintain safe work sites could result in significant losses as we work on projects that are inherently dangerous.

Our project sites can place our employees and others near large and/or mechanized equipment, high voltage electrical equipment, moving vehicles, dangerous processes or highly regulated materials, and in challenging environments. Consequently, safety is a primary focus of our business and is critical to our reputation. Many of our customers require that we meet certain safety criteria to be eligible to bid on contracts. Further, regulatory changes implemented by OSHA or similar government agencies could impose additional costs on us. We maintain programs with the primary purpose of implementing effective health, safety and environmental procedures throughout our Company. If we fail to implement appropriate safety procedures and/or if our procedures fail, our employees or others may suffer injuries or illness. The failure to comply with such procedures, client contracts or applicable regulations could subject us to losses and liability, and adversely impact our ability to complete awarded projects as planned or to obtain projects in the future.

Future acquisitions and/or investments may not occur, which could limit the growth of our business, and the integration of acquired companies may not be successful.

We may make additional opportunistic acquisitions and/or investments by identifying companies with significant potential for profitable growth and realizable synergies with one or more of our existing businesses. However, we may have more than one industrial focus depending on the opportunity and/or needs of our customers. Companies meeting our criteria and that provide products and/or services in growth industries and that are available for purchase at attractive prices are difficult to find. Discussions with the principal(s) of potential acquisition targets may be protracted and ultimately terminated for a variety of reasons. Further, due diligence investigations of attractive target companies may uncover unfavorable data, and the negotiation and consummation of acquisition agreements may not be successful.

We cannot readily predict the timing or size of any future acquisitions or the capital we will need for these transactions. However, it is likely that any potential future acquisition or strategic investment transaction would require the use of cash and/or shares of our common stock. Using cash for acquisitions may limit our financial flexibility and make us more likely to seek additional capital through future debt or equity financings. Our ability to obtain such additional financing in the future may depend upon prevailing capital market conditions, the strength of our future operating results and financial condition as well as conditions in our business, and the amount of outside financing sought by us. These factors may affect our efforts to arrange additional financing on terms that are acceptable to us. Our ability to use shares of our common stock as future acquisition consideration may be limited by a variety of factors, including the future market price of shares of our common stock and a potential seller’s assessment of the liquidity of our common stock. If adequate funds or the use of our common stock are not available to us, or are not available on acceptable terms, we may not be able to take advantage of desirable acquisitions or other investment opportunities that would benefit our business. Even if we do complete acquisitions in the future, acquired companies may fail to achieve the results we anticipate including the expected gross profit percentages.

In general, we keep each of our subsidiary operations in a self-sustaining mode. However, we do attempt to integrate certain aspects to drive synergies and cost reductions, as well as to share best practices, processes and procedures. In the future, we may not be able to successfully integrate such acquired companies with our other operations without substantial costs, delays or other operational or financial problems including:

Further, we may conclude that the divestiture of a troubled or unrelated business will satisfy the best interests of our stockholders. There is risk that we would be unable to complete such a transaction with terms and timing that are acceptable for us, or at all. Any divesting transaction could also result in a material loss for us.

In summary, integrating acquired companies may involve unique and significant risks. Our failure to overcome such risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and future results of operations, and could cause damage to our Company’s reputation.

Our failure to protect our management information systems against security breaches could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our information systems face the threat of unauthorized access, computer hackers, viruses, malicious code, cyberattacks, phishing and other security incursions and system disruptions, including attempts to improperly access our confidential and proprietary information as well as the confidential and proprietary information of our customers and other business partners. Techniques used to attempt to obtain unauthorized access to information systems change frequently, and the rapid development of AI poses new cybersecurity risks that we may not timely anticipate. A party who circumvents our security measures, or those of our clients, contractors or other vendors, could misappropriate confidential or proprietary information, improperly manipulate data, or cause damage or interruptions to systems.

Furthermore, we are heavily reliant on computer, information and communications technology and related systems, some of which are hosted by third party providers. We may experience system availability disruptions. Unplanned interruptions could delay or prevent necessary operations. While we believe that our reasonable safeguards will protect us from serious disruptions in the availability of our information technology assets, these safeguards may not be sufficient. We may also be required to expend significant resources to protect against or alleviate damage caused by systems interruptions and delays.

Various privacy and security laws in the U.S. and abroad, including the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in the European Union, require us to protect sensitive and confidential information and data from disclosure and we are bound by our client and other contracts, as well as our own business practices, to protect confidential and proprietary information and data from unauthorized disclosure. We believe that we have deployed industry-accepted security measures and technologies to securely maintain confidential and proprietary information retained within our information systems, including compliance with GDPR, specifically at APC. However, these measures and technologies may not adequately prevent unanticipated security breaches. There can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent these intrusions. Further, as these security threats continue to evolve, we may be required to devote additional resources to protect, prevent, detect and respond against such threats. We believe that our business represents a low value target for cyberextortionists as we are not a company in the high technology space and we do not maintain large files of sensitive or confidential personal information. However, we are a company with large balances of cash that could encourage bad actors to attempt to breach the security of our systems, particularly by using social engineering schemes. We do maintain a cybersecurity insurance policy to help protect ourselves from various types of losses relating to computer security breaches; however, it may not cover all types of breaches or a meaningful portion of any loss incurred.

As previously disclosed, we were targeted by a complex criminal scheme in Fiscal 2024, which resulted in fraudulently-induced outbound wire transfers to a third-party account (see Note 18 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). We are unaware of any other significant security breaches at any of our business locations. That does not suggest that we may not be victimized by an additional breach in the future.

Any significant future breach of our information security could damage our reputation, result in litigation and/or regulatory fines and penalties, or have other material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

We may be subject to increased corporate taxes in the future.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. A change in tax laws, treaties or regulations, or their interpretation, in any country where we operate could result in a higher tax burden or could increase our cost of tax compliance.

We may continue to be impacted in varying degrees by the Global Intangible Low Tax Income (“GILTI”) provision based on the results of our foreign operations. GILTI is a federal tax calculation that determines the amount of the current earnings of foreign subsidiaries that are included in the computation of the corporate tax of U.S. parent companies. GILTI is an unfavorable permanent component of our federal taxable income in the U.S. when our foreign operations are profitable, and it may become more meaningfully unfavorable to us if our operations in Ireland and the U.K. increase their profitability in the future.

Certain of our tax positions may be successfully challenged by tax authorities which could result in additional income tax expense.

Significant judgment is required in order to determine our worldwide provision for income taxes for each quarterly and annual reporting period. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our tax estimates and tax positions could be materially affected by many factors including the final outcome of tax audits and related appeals, the introduction of new tax accounting standards, legislation, regulations and related interpretations, our global mix of earnings, the realization of deferred tax assets, changes in uncertain tax positions and changes in our tax strategies.

The results of current or future income tax return examinations could result in unfavorable adjustments to the amounts of income taxes previously recorded and/or paid. Any such future event or determination related to income taxes could have a material impact on our net earnings and cash flows from operations. See Note 12 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for discussion of our current income tax return examinations.

We could be adversely affected by violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws.

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to officials or others for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. While we believe that our policies and oversight in this area are comprehensive and effective, we cannot provide assurances that our internal controls and procedures always will protect us from the possible reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or others. If we are found to be liable for anti-bribery law violations (either due to our own acts or our inadvertence, or due to the acts or inadvertence of others including our partners, subcontractors or suppliers), we could suffer from criminal or civil penalties or other sanctions, including contract cancellations or debarment, and damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Litigation or investigations relating to alleged or suspected violations of anti-bribery laws, even if such litigation or investigations demonstrate ultimately that we did not violate anti-bribery laws, could be costly and could divert management’s attention away from other aspects of our business.

Our continued success requires us to retain and hire talented personnel.

Undoubtedly, unforeseen future changes in our management will occur. Therefore, we cannot be certain that any key executive or manager will continue in such capacity while performing at a high level for any particular period of time, nor can we be certain that events will permit us to complete smooth management transitions should they occur. Our ability to operate productively and profitably, particularly in the power industry, is dependent on our ability to attract, employ, retain and train skilled personnel necessary to meet our future requirements. We cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain experienced management teams and adequately skilled groups of employees necessary to execute our long-term construction contracts successfully and to support our future growth strategy. The loss of key personnel, the inability to complete management transitions without significant loss of effectiveness, or the inability to hire and retain qualified employees in the future could negatively impact our ability to manage our business in the future.

Risks Related to an Investment in Our Securities

Our acquisition strategy may result in dilution to our stockholders.

We may make future acquisitions of other businesses that require the use of cash and issuances of common stock. To the extent that we intend to use cash for any acquisition, we may be required to raise additional equity and/or obtain debt financing. Stock issuances and financing, if obtained, may not be on terms favorable to us and could result in substantial dilution to our stockholders at the time(s) of these transactions.

Future stock option exercises and restricted stock issuances will dilute the ownership of the Company’s current stockholders.

We award stock options and restricted stock units to directors, executives and other key employees (see Note 11 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). Future exercises of options to purchase shares of common stock at prices below prevailing market prices will result in ownership dilution for current stockholders. Additionally, the number of shares of our common stock that will ultimately be issued in connection with the restricted stock unit awards is not known. Any issuance will result in the dilution of the stock ownership of current stockholders.

Our officers, directors and certain unaffiliated stockholders have meaningful control over the Company.

As of January 31, 2025, our executive officers and directors as a group directly owned approximately 4.1% of our voting shares. In addition, two other stockholders owned approximately 13.5% of our shares in total as of December 31, 2024. These groups of stockholders may have meaningful influence over corporate actions such as the election of directors, amendments to our certificate of incorporation, the consummation of any merger, the sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other actions requiring stockholder approval.

We may not pay cash dividends in the future.

Our board of directors evaluates our ongoing operational and financial performance in order to determine what role strategically aligned dividends should play in creating shareholder value. We have paid regular and special cash dividends in the past. Since Fiscal 2019, we have paid quarterly cash dividends (see Note 14 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). There can be no assurance that the evaluations of our board of directors will result in the payment of regular or special cash dividends in the future.

We may discontinue the repurchase of our common stock in the future.

Under our share repurchase program, our board of directors has authorized us to repurchase shares of our common stock in the open market or through investment banking institutions, privately negotiated transactions, or direct purchases. We began to repurchase shares of our common stock in November 2021, and we have repurchased shares of our common stock during each fiscal year since then (see Item 5 in Part II of this 2025 Annual Report and Note 14 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). The timing and amount of stock repurchase transactions depend on market and business conditions, applicable legal and credit requirements and other corporate considerations. We have no obligation to repurchase any amount of our common stock under the share repurchase program. The share repurchase program may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time, and we cannot guarantee that we will continue to make common stock repurchases up to the authorized amount.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and Delaware law could deter takeover attempts.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and Delaware law could delay, prevent, or make more difficult a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving us. Among other things, our board of directors may issue up to 500,000 shares of our preferred stock and may determine the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting and conversion rights, of these shares. The issuance of preferred stock by us could adversely affect the rights of holders of common stock by, among other factors, establishing dividend rights, liquidation rights and voting rights that are superior to the rights of the holders of the common stock. In addition, Delaware law limits transactions between us and persons that acquire significant amounts of our stock without approval of our board of directors.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Our approach to managing cybersecurity risk involves a comprehensive program established at each subsidiary and our corporate headquarters. This strategy intends to pinpoint entity-specific risks associated with both our digital and physical assets with the objective of employing effective measures that ensure the security of our infrastructure, systems, data, business partners, customers, and financial information against potential cyber incidents. Corporate management of the holding company oversees the cybersecurity risk program at each of the subsidiaries to ensure the collective cohesively responds to organization-wide risks.

Administered by information security, information technology, and compliance professionals and managed by senior management at each of our subsidiaries, our cybersecurity program is integrated into our broader enterprise risk management process and aligns with recognized frameworks and industry standards, as applicable, and complies with various legal and regulatory requirements.

The audit committee of our board of directors oversees management’s cybersecurity program and ensures timely reporting and management of cyber incidents.

Risk Management and Strategy

As our business objectives and operational needs change, our cybersecurity professionals continuously evaluate and refine the measures taken to address our identified risks for each subsidiary. Our technical measures, based on each subsidiary’s environment, may include firewalls, segmented networks, intrusion detection and prevention systems, encryption, anti-malware tools, and configuration controls, to shield our information systems from cybersecurity incidents. Additionally, we apply strong access controls, enforce multi-factor authentication, and regularly update software and patches against vulnerability exploitation.

We use managed endpoint detection and response tools to proactively monitor, detect, and respond to security threats across all endpoints, including desktops, laptops, and mobile devices. These tools provide real-time visibility into endpoint activities, allowing us to identify suspicious behavior, such as malware infections, unauthorized access attempts, and abnormal system processes.

We maintain business continuity plans that define how our critical operations will continue during disruptions, ensuring minimal downtime and seamless access to vital services. Our comprehensive disaster recovery plans include regularly testing backup systems and clear procedures for restoring critical business applications in the event of data loss, cyberattacks, or natural disasters. This multi-faceted approach ensures that, even in the face of unexpected incidents, our subsidiaries and organization can quickly recover, maintain operational resilience, and protect the data and services that are essential to our success.

Acknowledging the dynamic and complex landscape of cybersecurity threats, we engage with various external specialists to evaluate and strengthen our information security practices and procedures. Such engagements differ across our subsidiaries, as they are tailored to the specific risk profile of each subsidiary, ensuring that each entity works with experts most suited to their specific cybersecurity needs. These engagements, which may encompass regular audits, risk assessments, gap assessments, social engineering and penetration testing, and consultations on security enhancements, enable us to align with industry best practices. Significant results and recommendations of these assessments are reported to the audit committee and, as necessary, the board of directors, leading to adjustments in our cybersecurity approach to ensure our defenses remain robust and effective.

During Fiscal 2025, GPS hired a cybersecurity engineer whose mission is to design and implement a comprehensive cybersecurity architecture that elevates the current risk management and strategy while leveraging existing platforms, policies and best practices.

Recognizing the importance of human factors in cybersecurity, we prioritize conducting regular security and awareness training for employees that emphasizes common threats, such as phishing, social engineering, sensitive data exposure, and insider risks. These initiatives are designed to ensure that employees understand the latest security threats, best practices, and how to recognize potential risks. In addition to regular training sessions, we also perform simulated exercises, such as phishing drills, to reinforce learning and test employees' ability to respond to real-world threats. Lastly, we regularly share security updates and reminders through internal communications and provide dedicated means for employees to report attempted threats.

To mitigate cybersecurity risks linked to our engagement with third-party service providers, we perform security screening and review for prospective vendors that require access to our information systems. Based on the subsidiary and the vendor, this process may include reviewing the vendor’s data protection policies, assessing their ability to meet our security requirements, and ensuring that they have adequate safeguards in place to prevent and respond to breaches. For our ongoing relationships with regular vendors, we may conduct annual risk assessments to re-evaluate their security posture, identify any changes or emerging risks, and ensure that they continue to meet our standards. Additionally, to further protect our operations and enhance our cybersecurity risk management process, we maintain cybersecurity risk insurance obtained from industry leading underwriters.

Our strategy for responding to cybersecurity incidents involves a well-defined plan at each subsidiary that prescribes dedicated cross-functional personnel to each response team, ensuring a coordinated and premeditated response. These plans, which undergo regular review, assert the ability of system recovery processes and provide response frameworks for escalating issues. The plans are designed to minimize the impact to our operations and stakeholders, initiate appropriate communications both within and outside of the organization, and identify recommendations for improvement.

Governance and Oversight

While our management team is tasked with the day-to-day handling of risks facing our organization, the audit committee, as delegated by the board of directors and documented in the committee’s charter, specifically oversees cybersecurity risk and governance. Management provides the audit committee regular updates covering information security issues, recent organizational developments and IT initiatives, vulnerability assessments, third-party evaluations, and emerging best practices. The audit committee also engages with our internal audit firm and other external specialists about organizational risks related to cybersecurity, as well as the policies and controls designed to mitigate these risks. In January 2024, our board of directors participated in a cybersecurity training session provided by our internal audit firm. Our audit committee or the board of directors is actively involved in strategic cybersecurity decisions, providing guidance and concurrence for significant or pervasive projects. This ensures that cybersecurity is seamlessly integrated into our strategic planning, aligning with our broader organizational goals.

Additionally, we have established a cross-organizational IT steering committee, comprising senior and executive leadership, enterprise risk management representatives, and IT management, many of whom have over 15 years of experience and hold professional certifications in their respective fields. In an effort to build a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy across the organization, this committee convenes as needed to discuss ongoing cybersecurity initiatives, emerging regulatory requirements and industry standards, and results of risk assessments.

Cybersecurity incidents are regularly reported to cross-functional teams at each subsidiary through the dedicated means we have in place, and events deemed critical are reported to the chief executive officer and chief financial officer. Moreover, the audit committee and the board of directors are promptly informed of any significant cybersecurity incident, along with continuous updates until resolution.

Cybersecurity Risks, Threats and Material Incidents

Despite our endeavors to safeguard the security and integrity of our networks, systems, and the sensitive information they contain or transmit, including the adoption of numerous cybersecurity policies and protocols aimed at mitigating the risk of cybersecurity breaches or disruptions as previously outlined, it is impossible to guarantee the complete effectiveness of these measures. There remains a possibility that efforts to thwart cybersecurity threats may not be entirely successful, potentially resulting in successful breaches or disruptions that could be harmful. Refer to “Our failure to protect our management information systems against security breaches could adversely affect our business and results of operations” in Item 1A. Risk Factors.

As previously disclosed, we were targeted by a complex criminal scheme early in Fiscal 2024, which resulted in fraudulently-induced outbound wire transfers to a third-party account (see Note 18 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). The Company promptly self-discovered the fraudulent activity and contacted the remitting bank, receiving bank, dispute resolution experts, and federal and local law enforcement authorities. Moreover, we quickly informed the audit committee and regularly provided them with updates during investigation and recovery efforts. As a result of the fraud loss, net with funds recovered, and professional fees incurred related to an independent forensic investigation and efforts to recover the funds, we recognized $2.7 million of loss.

We are unaware of any other significant security breaches at any of our business locations.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

In February 2025, we moved our corporate headquarters to Arlington, Virginia, where we lease approximately 3,678 square feet of office space. Prior to our move, our corporate headquarters were based in Rockville, Maryland.

GPS owns and occupies a three-story office building (23,380 square feet) and the underlying land (1.75 acres), located in Glastonbury, Connecticut, that serves as its headquarters.

TRC owns and occupies a one-story industrial fabrication and warehouse facility (90,000 square feet), containing approximately 5,400 square feet of office space, and the underlying land (12.16 acres), located in Winterville, North Carolina. TRC also leases three offices (approximately 5,073 square feet in total) that are located close to one another in Winterville, North Carolina.

APC owns the top two floors (3,500 square feet) and leases an additional floor (2,000 square feet) of an office building located in Limerick, Ireland, that serves as its headquarters. In addition, APC owns an operations support facility in Nenagh, Ireland, that includes approximately 10,663 square feet of warehouse and a small amount of office space.

SMC is primarily located in Tracys Landing, Maryland, and leases facilities that include approximately five acres of land, a 2,400 square foot maintenance facility and approximately 3,900 square feet of office space. SMC also leases office space (3,570 square feet) and warehouse space (11,460 square feet) in Hampton, Virginia.

We consider the Company’s owned and leased properties to be sufficient for continuation of our operations for the foreseeable future. Our operations in the field may require us to occupy additional facilities for project support, staging or on customer premises or job sites. Accordingly, we may rent local office space, construction offices on or near job sites, storage yards for equipment and materials and temporary housing units; all under arrangements that are temporary or short-term in nature. These costs are expensed as incurred and are included substantially in the cost of revenues.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

In the normal course of business, we may be involved in legal proceedings and other incidental matters related to pending claims. It is our opinion, based on information available at this time, that any current claim or proceeding will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements (see Note 10 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements).

In March 2025, APC’s subsidiary in the U.K., Atlantic Projects Company (UK) Limited (“APC UK”), sued EP NI Energy Limited and EP UK Investment Limited (together referred to as “EP”) in the High Court of Justice, Business and Property Courts of England and Wales for EP’s breach of contract and failure to remedy various events which negatively impacted the schedule and costs of a project to construct a 2 x 330 MW natural gas-fired power plant in Carrickfergus (the “Kilroot Project”), resulting in EP receiving the benefits of the construction efforts of APC UK and the corresponding progress on the project without making payments for the value received. As previously disclosed, APC UK provided 14 days’ notice to terminate as a result of project owner breaches of the contract. Those breaches were not resolved during that 14-day period, as a result of which the contract terminated on May 3, 2024. APC UK has significant billable receivables, unresolved contract variations and claims for extensions of time, among other issues, related to the Kilroot Project. The project owner has asserted counterclaims that APC UK disputes. APC UK will vigorously assert its rights and claims in order to recover its lost value and collect any remaining monies owed.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Shares of our common stock trade under the symbol AGX on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”). As of March 21, 2025, we had approximately 49 stockholders of record. This number does not include shareholders for whom shares were held in “street name.”

Dividends

Since Fiscal 2019, we have paid consecutive quarterly cash dividends. The regular dividend amount was increased from $0.25 per share of our common stock to $0.30 per share for the quarter ended October 31, 2023, and to $0.375 per share for the quarter ended October 31, 2024. Each quarter, our board of directors evaluates the Company’s ongoing operational and financial performance in determining the amount of the regular dividend and any special dividend. There can be no assurance that these evaluations will result in the payments of cash dividends in the future.

Share Repurchase Program

In November 2021, we began to repurchase shares of our common stock pursuant to a program approved by our board of directors. During Fiscal 2023, our board of directors authorized an increase in our share repurchase program from $100 million to $125 million, and in June 2024, our board of directors authorized to extend the program to January 2027. The repurchases may occur in the open market or through investment banking institutions, privately negotiated transactions, or direct purchases. The timing and amount of stock repurchase transactions will depend on market and business conditions, applicable legal and credit requirements and other corporate considerations. In accordance with the SEC’s Rule 10b5-1, and pursuant to our share repurchase plan, we have allowed, and may in the future allow, the repurchase of common stock during trading blackout periods by an investment banking firm or other institution agent acting on our behalf pursuant to predetermined parameters.

Information related to our share repurchases for the fiscal quarter ended January 31, 2025 is as follows:

For the month ended November 30, 2024, we accepted 5,488 shares of our common stock at the average price per share of $157.58 for the exercise price and/or tax withholding in connection with stock option exercises and restricted stock unit settlements that occurred during the month. For the month ended December 31, 2024, we accepted 38,450 shares of our common stock at the average price per share of $147.24 for the exercise price and/or tax withholding in connection with stock option exercises and restricted stock unit settlements that occurred during the month. For the month ended January 31, 2025, we accepted 6,539 shares of our common stock at the average price per share of $170.98 for the exercise price and/or tax withholding in connection with stock option exercises and restricted stock unit settlements that occurred during the month.

Common Stock Price Performance Graph

The graph presented below compares the percentage change in the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock for the last five years with the S&P 500, a broad market index, and the Dow Jones US Heavy Construction TSM Index, a group index of companies where their focus is limited primarily to heavy civil construction. The returns are calculated assuming that an investment with a value of $100 was made in our common stock and in each index at January 31, 2020, and that all dividends were reinvested in additional shares of common stock. The graph lines merely connect the measuring dates and do not reflect fluctuations between those dates. The stock performance shown on the graph is not intended to be indicative of future stock performance.

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Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

This section of our 2025 Annual Report may include projections, assumptions and beliefs that are intended to be “forward-looking statements.” They should be read in light of our cautionary statement regarding “forward-looking statements” presented at the beginning of this 2025 Annual Report. The following discussion summarizes the financial position of Argan, Inc. and its subsidiaries as of January 31, 2025, and the results of their operations for Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024, and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in Item 8 of this 2025 Annual Report.

Please see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 31, 2024, that was filed with the SEC on April 11, 2024, for a discussion of financial trends, variance drivers and other significant matters for Fiscal 2024 as compared with Fiscal 2023.

Overview

The Company is primarily a construction firm that conducts operations through its wholly owned subsidiaries, GPS, APC, TRC and SMC across three distinct reportable business segments.

Power Industry Services: Through GPS and APC, we provide a full range of engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning, maintenance, project development and technical consulting services to the power generation market, including the renewable energy sector, for a wide range of customers, including independent power project owners, public utilities, power plant heavy equipment suppliers and other commercial firms with significant power requirements. Projects are located in the U.S., Ireland and the U.K.

Industrial Construction Services: Through TRC, we provide primarily field services that support new plant construction and additions, maintenance turnarounds, shutdowns and emergency mobilizations for industrial plants primarily located in the Southeast region of the U.S. and that may include the fabrication, delivery and installation of steel components such as piping systems and pressure vessels.

Telecommunications Infrastructure Services: Through SMC, which conducts business as SMC Infrastructure Solutions, we provide project management, construction, installation and maintenance services to commercial, local government and federal government customers primarily in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.

Project Backlog

At January 31, 2025 and 2024, our consolidated project backlog amount of $1.4 billion and $0.8 billion, respectively, consisted substantially of projects within our power industry services reporting segment.

Our reported amount of project backlog at a point in time represents the total value of projects awarded to us that we consider to be firm as of that date less the amounts of revenues recognized to date on the corresponding projects. Typically, we include the total value of EPC services and other major construction contracts in project backlog upon receiving a notice to proceed from the project owner. When provided with an LNTP, we usually record only the value of the contract related to the LNTP initially. Nevertheless, the inclusion of contract values in project backlog may require management judgment based on the facts and circumstances. It is important to note that the start of new projects is primarily controlled by project owners and that delays may occur that are beyond our control.

We are committed to the construction of state-of-the-art, natural gas-fired power plants, as important elements of our country’s electricity-generation mix now and in the future. We target natural gas-fired power plant, renewable energy plant and industrial construction opportunities in the U.S., Ireland and the U.K. Our vision is to safely contribute to the construction of the energy infrastructure and state-of-the-art industrial facilities that are essential to future economic prosperity in the areas where we operate. We intend to realize this vision with motivated, creative, high-energy and customer-driven teams that are committed to delivering the best possible project results each and every time.

Tarbert Next Generation Power Station

In January 2025, APC entered into an EPC services contract for an approximately 300 MW biofuel power plant located in County Kerry, Ireland. The Tarbert Next Generation Power Station will consist of Ansaldo Energia’s AE94.3A turbine that will run on 100% sustainable biofuels, specifically hydrotreated vegetable oil, with the potential to convert to hydrogen. The flexible power generated at the Tarbert Next Generation Power Station will help to support Ireland’s energy security while delivering a renewables-led system. Enabling works are now underway ahead of full construction commencing Fiscal 2026 with planned completion towards the end of calendar year 2027.

700 MW Combined-Cycle Project

In December 2024, GPS entered into an EPC services contract and received the corresponding FNTP with a customer for an approximately 700 MW combined-cycle natural gas-fired power plant located in the United States. Project activity commenced in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2025.

405 MW Midwest Solar Project

In April 2024, GPS executed an LNTP with a customer to construct a utility-scale solar field in Illinois with the capacity to provide 405 MW of electrical power (the “405 MW Midwest Solar Project”). In August 2024, GPS received a full release for the activities on the EPC contract. The unique, multi-phased project includes solar-tracking panels that can be stowed by remote command for expected adverse weather events and will use pre-existing transmission and utility infrastructure from a nearby retired coal power plant. Project completion is scheduled for the first half of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2027 (“Fiscal 2027”).

Trumbull Energy Center

In October 2022, GPS added to project backlog the EPC services contract value of the Trumbull Energy Center, a 950 MW natural gas-fired power plant now under construction in Lordstown, Ohio (the “Trumbull Energy Center”). We received the FNTP from the project owner, Clean Energy Future-Trumbull, LLC, in November 2022. This combined cycle power station will consist of two Siemens Energy SGT6-8000H gas-fired, high efficiency, combustion turbines with two heat recovery steam generators and a single steam turbine. Project completion is scheduled for the first quarter of Fiscal 2027.

Midwest Solar and Battery Projects

In August 2023, GPS executed LNTPs for three solar and battery projects in Illinois (the “Midwest Solar and Battery Projects”). Under the LNTPs, GPS commenced early engineering and design activities as well as procurement of major equipment for construction of state-of-the-art solar energy and battery energy storage facilities. Between January and early May 2024, GPS received FNTPs on all three of the solar and battery projects. The three projects will cumulatively represent 160 MW of electrical power and 22 MW of energy storage. Two of these projects were completed in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2025. Completion of the final project is expected in Fiscal 2026.

Louisiana LNG Facility

In June 2024, GPS entered into a subcontract and received FNTP for the installation of five 90 MW gas turbines for the dedicated supply of power to a liquified natural gas (“LNG”) facility in Louisiana. This project, led by GPS, is a collaboration with TRC and APC. Project completion is scheduled for the first half of Fiscal 2026.

Shannonbridge Power Project

APC entered into an EPC services contract with GE Vernova for the construction and commissioning of an open-cycle thermal power facility in County Offaly, Ireland, that has the capacity to generate approximately 264 MW of temporary emergency electrical power (the “Shannonbridge Power Project”). In August 2023, APC received the FNTP on this project. Substantial completion of this project, that is defined in the corresponding contract as system turnover for commissioning, occurred in March 2024, and as of January 31, 2025, no amounts related to this project remained in project backlog.

ESB FlexGen Peaker Plants

In May 2022, APC entered into engineering and construction services contracts with the ESB to construct three 65 MW aero-derivative gas turbine flexible generation power plants in and around the city of Dublin, Ireland (“ESB FlexGen Peaker Plants”). Two of the power plants, the Poolbeg and Ringsend FlexGen Power Plants, are located on the Poolbeg Peninsula, and the Corduff FlexGen Power Plant is located in nearby Goddamendy. Substantial completion of each power facility occurred during the third quarter of Fiscal 2025, and as of January 31, 2024, no amounts related to these projects remained in project backlog.

TRC Project Backlog

As of January 31, 2025, TRC’s project backlog was approximately $53.2 million as compared to $127.5 million on January 31, 2024. For Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024, TRC generated $167.6 million and $142.8 million in revenues, respectively. The increase in revenues for the current year from the comparative prior period highlights the results of our successful business development efforts in recent years with both new and recurring clients, particularly in securing larger industrial field service construction projects. Despite the decrease in the amount of TRC’s project backlog during the current year, we are encouraged by the number and size of opportunities in our project pipeline, and we expect the TRC project backlog will grow in Fiscal 2026.

Other Activity Subsequent to Year-end

In February 2025, an EPC services contract was awarded to GPS by Sandow Lakes Energy Company, LLC for a 1.2 GW ultra-efficient natural gas-fired power plant in Lee County, Texas. This project will be added to backlog upon receipt of a FNTP. Construction of this plant, which will be powered by two gas-fired turbines supplied by Siemens Energy, is scheduled to commence later this year and the project owner expects to commence power generation in 2028.

Contract Termination

In October 2021, APC UK was contracted to construct a 2 x 330 MW natural gas-fired power plant in Carrickfergus that is near Belfast, Northern Ireland, in an existing structure that was initially designed to enclose coal-fired power plant units. As previously disclosed, there were a number of challenges related to the Kilroot Project that adversely impacted our ability to execute as expected, including supply chain delays, material changes to the project, the COVID-19 omicron outbreak, the war in Ukraine and extreme weather. Unresolved variations and claims disrupted the execution and harmed the cash flow of this project.

APC UK provided 14 days’ notice to terminate as a result of project owner breaches of the contract. Those breaches were not resolved during that 14-day period, as a result of which the contract terminated on May 3, 2024. Subsequently, the project owner made a draw for the full amount of a $9.2 million irrevocable letter of credit, or on-demand performance bond, issued by the Company’s bank. This amount is now part of the open and disputed claims related to this project because APC UK and the Company believe the project owner initiated the draw without cause and, therefore, the amount should be refunded. This amount is included in accounts receivable as of January 31, 2025.

We have recognized an estimated contract loss related to the Kilroot Project in the amount of approximately $13.4 million, of which $3.4 million was recorded during Fiscal 2025 and the remainder was recorded in the prior fiscal year. APC UK has significant billable receivables, unresolved contract variations and claims for extensions of time, among other issues, related to the Kilroot Project. The project owner has asserted counterclaims that APC UK disputes. APC UK will continue to pursue all of its rights under the contract (see Note 10 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements).

Market Outlook

Growing Power Demand

Since 2007, total annual U.S. electricity demand has fluctuated, where eight of the years during that period experienced year-over-year decreases in energy consumption. However, U.S. electricity demand has since reached its highest level in two decades, reflecting a surge in consumption driven by emerging technologies and economic shifts. One prominent driver of this surge in energy demand is the rapid increase in the number of data centers, which are expanding to support the growing adoption of AI technologies. These facilities require substantial amounts of electricity to power advanced computing infrastructure, positioning them as a major contributor to future electricity demand. Technology companies with AI ambitions have begun exploring deals to bring more power to the grid in order to secure long-term power contracts to address their significant electricity demand.

However, advancements in AI efficiency—as highlighted by DeepSeek, a generative AI model—could reduce the power required per computation, potentially moderating the overall anticipated surge in electricity demand. If these efficiency gains outpace current expectations, the anticipated expansion of data center power needs might be significantly lower than forecasted.

Other factors contributing to the projected growth of electricity demand in the U.S. are the accelerating shift toward electric vehicles (“EVs”) and the trend of onshoring manufacturing facilities. As more drivers transition to EVs, the need for electricity to power charging networks will grow significantly, further straining grid capacity. Meanwhile, companies relocating production to the U.S. to enhance supply chain resilience are increasing the energy requirements of industrial operations. Combined, these factors underscore a growing imperative for the U.S. energy sector to adapt to rising electricity demands in the coming decades.

Keeping up with growing energy demand is further challenged by the aging fleet of traditional power facilities that are at or nearing the end of their operational life. Throughout the U.S., the risk of electricity shortages grows as the retirement of traditional power plants outpaces their replacement. While renewable energy sources like solar and wind are expanding, they often cannot provide the same level of consistent, around-the-clock power generation as the retiring fossil-fuel plants. Electric-grid operators are warning that power-generating capacity is struggling to keep up with demand, a gap that could lead to additional rolling blackouts during heat waves or other peak power periods. As demand for electricity continues to surge—driven by factors such as an increase in data center development, industrial expansion, and the increasing electrification of transportation—these closures could place even greater strain on an already burdened grid, heightening reliability concerns across multiple regions.

Natural Gas Power

The overall growth of our power business has been substantially based on the number of combined cycle and simple cycle gas-fired power plants built by us, as many coal-fired plants have been shut down in the U.S. In 2010, coal-fired power plants accounted for about 45% of net electricity generation in the U.S. For 2024, coal fueled approximately 16% of net electricity generation. It has been reported that the average age of the active plants in the coal-fired fleet approximates 45 years old with an average life span of 50 years; the last coal-fired power plant built in the U.S. was constructed in 2015. On the other hand, natural-gas fired power plants provided approximately 42% of the electricity generated by utility-scale power plants in the U.S. in 2024, representing an increase of 70% in the amount of electrical power generated by natural gas-fired power plants since 2010. Natural gas-fired power plants provided approximately 24% of net electricity generation in 2010.

There exist certain headwinds confronting a significant resurgence in the pace of planning new developments of gas-fired power plants. Persistent supply chain constraints, which delay critical equipment delivery, and interconnect challenges that complicate grid integration delay project timelines and strain the availability of project financing. In addition, various cities, counties and states have adopted clean energy and carbon-free goals or objectives with achievement expected by a certain future date, typically 10 to 30 years out.

However, there appears to be a growing realization that such carbon-free goals present risks to the reliability of the electricity grids. For example, in November 2023, Texas voters approved the $10 billion Texas Energy Fund (“TEF”), thereby establishing a pool of funds intended to provide financing to projects that will enhance grid reliability and incentivize new dispatchable power generation projects, with a significant focus on natural gas-fired power plants. Shortly thereafter, the Public Utility Commission of Texas selected 17 natural gas-fired generation projects, totaling nearly 10 GW, to advance through a due diligence review, representing $5.4 billion in potential state-backed loans. Initial disbursements for the projects are expected to begin in late 2025, with construction on several sites already underway.

Solar, Wind, and Battery Power

The net amount of electricity generation in the U.S. provided by utility-scale solar photovoltaic and wind facilities continues to rise. Together, such power facilities provided approximately 16%, 15% and 13% of the net amount of electricity generated by utility-scale power facilities in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The EIA projected that new renewable power capacity will continue to be added to the utility-scale power fleet in the U.S. at a brisk pace, attributable to declines in costs of components for renewable power plants and power storage, an increase in the scale of energy storage capacity (i.e., battery farms and other energy storage technologies), and the availability of valuable tax credits.

Battery storage has become a critical component in integrating renewable energy into the grid, addressing the intermittency of solar and wind power. In 2024, U.S. battery storage capacity nearly doubled, with developers adding 14.3 GW to the existing 15.5 GW. This rapid expansion enhances grid reliability and flexibility, allowing excess energy generated during peak production periods to be stored and used when demand is high or production is low. The integration of battery storage systems not only supports the stability of the power grid but also contributes to the economic viability of renewable energy projects.

Declining capital costs for solar panels, wind turbines and battery storage, as well as government subsidies like those included in the IRA, were projected to result in renewables becoming increasingly cost effective compared with the alternatives when the costs of building new power capacity were considered. The EIA indicated that for 2024, of the approximately 62.8 gigawatts of new utility-scale electric-generating capacity that was planned to be added to U.S. power grids, approximately 58% was expected to come from solar facilities, and 23% from battery storage.

Nuclear Power

Over the last several decades, the number of operating nuclear reactors has declined, with only four reactors entering commercial operation in the past 30 years—the most recent being Vogtle Units 3 and 4 in Georgia, which became operational in July 2023 and April 2024, respectively. These projects faced significant cost overruns—more than twice their initial estimates—and substantial delays, prompting the industry to shift its focus toward smaller, more economical designs such as small modular reactors. There is growing interest in expanding nuclear power production due to its minimal carbon footprint, but the limited industry activity over the past three decades has created challenges in ramping up development. As a result, it is widely expected that it could take up to a decade before the nuclear sector begins actively adding new plants to the power grid at scale.

The Regulatory Landscape

President Donald Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Climate Agreement in January 2025 has significantly influenced the nation's energy production landscape. This move, coupled with a series of executive orders, has shifted federal policies to favor fossil fuel industries, impacting both renewable energy initiatives and the broader energy market. On his first day in office, President Trump declared a national energy emergency, aiming to boost domestic oil and gas production. This declaration has led to the suspension of certain environmental regulations, expedited approvals for fossil fuel projects, and the lifting of moratoriums on offshore drilling. The administration also established the National Energy Dominance Council to further streamline energy infrastructure projects and reduce regulatory barriers. These actions are intended to enhance energy independence and stimulate economic growth within traditional energy sectors. However, regulatory changes under the current administration are occurring at a rapid pace, which poses risks that the industry is unable to adapt in a timely manner.

In August 2022, President Biden signed the IRA, a bill that funds hundreds of billions of dollars in tax subsidies intended to combat climate change among other measures, with the receipt of the majority of the tax subsidies conditioned on the extent that taxpayers “buy American” and/or pay prevailing wages, among other requirements. Existing supply chains and skilled labor pools could lack the capacity to meet the demand that the incentives were intended to create. Therefore, the subsidies may not have provided the economic incentives to renewable and other energy project owners to the extent that was expected. Upon taking office in January 2025, President Trump initiated a 90-day review of aspects of the IRA and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. This action has paused disbursements of certain funds, including grants and loans, pending a review to ensure alignment with the new administration’s energy policies. This pause introduces additional uncertainty for ongoing and planned projects that rely on IRA incentives.

In May 2023, the Biden administration proposed new rules for the Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) that were intended to drastically reduce greenhouse gases from coal- and gas-fired power plants that officials admit will cost such plants billions of dollars to comply fully by 2042. In April 2024, the EPA issued final rules that require coal-fired power plants that are expected to operate beyond 2039 to reduce their carbon emissions by 90% prior to 2032. For new gas-fired power plants, the rules require a sliding scale of carbon capture up to 90% based on the operational load of the individual power plant. Rules for existing natural gas power plants have been delayed until 2025 in response to concern that such rules could affect grid reliability. President Trump has expressed strong opposition to the EPA’s emissions-regulating rules and has pledged to abolish them.

In June 2023, President Biden signed a bill that included reforms for certain elements of the permitting process for energy projects. Following the 2024 presidential election, President Trump has taken more significant steps to modify the permitting process. In January 2025, he signed executive orders prioritizing oil, gas, nuclear, coal, hydropower, biofuel, and critical mineral projects, while notably excluding wind and solar initiatives. These orders aim to expedite permitting for specific energy sectors by proposing changes to the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) to facilitate faster approvals.

In May 2024, the Biden administration launched the Federal-State Modern Grid Deployment Initiative, a collaborative measure between the federal government and twenty-one states intended to prioritize efforts that support the adoption of modern grid solutions to expand grid capacity and build modern grid capabilities for both new and existing transmission and distribution lines.

Changes in U.S. trade policy, particularly the introduction of higher and fluctuating tariffs, have created economic uncertainty, raising concerns in the construction sector about material price inflation and delivery delays. In January 2025, the U.S. announced new tariffs on imports from several nations, including Mexico, Canada, and China. Some of these tariffs were later postponed or modified. While intended to support broader policy objectives, these tariffs could disrupt supply chains, impact trade agreements, and increase costs while limiting access to materials essential for project execution. As trade negotiations continue and new policies are introduced, the tariff situation remains fluid, adding to the unpredictability of material costs and supply chain stability. The uncertainty surrounding trade policies may deter investment in new power plant or industrial construction projects, as stakeholders assess the financial viability amid fluctuating costs.

Behind-the-Meter Power Generation

The energy sector continues to experience significant shifts driven by evolving regulatory policies, technological advancements, evolving utility rate structures, and increasing customer demand for energy resilience and sustainability. A key trend influencing the market is the growing adoption of behind-the-meter (“BTM”) power generation assets, which allow commercial, industrial, and residential customers to generate electricity on-site rather than relying solely on the traditional grid. As BTM resources increase, grid operators may require more flexible and fast-ramping natural gas plants to balance intermittent generation from solar and other distributed energy resources, creating a role for gas-fired plants as reliability assets.

The adoption of BTM power generation is accelerating among commercial businesses, particularly data centers, seeking greater energy resilience, cost control, and sustainability. Most importantly, BTM power generation enables data centers and other commercial enterprises to connect to power more quickly, bypassing lengthy interconnection processes and delays associated with grid upgrades. Many companies are investing in on-site generation, such as solar-plus-storage and combined heat and power systems, to mitigate grid reliability risks, reduce peak demand charges, and meet corporate sustainability goals. While BTM generation offers businesses greater control over their energy use, it also challenges traditional utilities, requiring adjustments in grid management and revenue models.

Outlook for Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants

We believe that the lower operating costs of natural gas-fired power plants, the higher energy generating efficiencies of modern gas turbines, and the requirements for grid resiliency should sustain the demand for modern combined cycle and simple cycle gas-fired power plants in the future. We believe that the benefits of natural gas as a source of power are compelling, especially as a complement to the deployment of solar and wind-powered energy sources, and that the future long-term prospects for natural gas-fired power plant construction remain favorable as natural gas continues to be the primary source for power generation in our country. The future availability of less carbon-intense, higher efficiency and inexpensive natural gas in the U.S. should be a significant factor in the economic assessment of future power generation capacity additions, although the pace of new opportunities emerging may be restrained and the starts of awarded EPC projects may be delayed or canceled due to the challenges described above.

The current scramble for electricity, regardless of source, may indicate that the 100% transition to renewable energy is in the distant future and has prompted, in part, renewed interest in not only carbon capture techniques, but carbon removal technologies as well. Governments, including the U.S., are taking initial steps to boost this industry. The success of this industry could reduce the climate-change fear associated with natural gas-fired power plants. We intend to execute an “all-of-the-above” approach in pursuing the construction of future facilities that support the energy transition, which we see as a continuation of our historical commitment to building cleaner energy plants.

International Power Markets

The foregoing discussion in this “Market Outlook” has focused on the state of the domestic power market as the EPC services business of GPS historically provides the predominant portion of our revenues. However, overseas power markets may continue to provide important new power construction opportunities for APC, especially across Ireland and the U.K.

The Irish government has issued a policy statement on the security of the electricity supply in Ireland which confirms the requirement for the development of new support technologies to deliver on its commitment to have 80% of the country’s electricity generated from renewables by 2030. The report emphasizes that this will require a combination of conventional generation (typically powered by natural gas), interconnection to other jurisdictions, demand flexibility and other technologies such as battery storage and generation from renewable gases.

Whereas in the U.K., prior to the elections in July 2024, the government had expressed support for new gas-fired power plants to offset the retirement of coal-fired plants, the retirement of aging gas plants, and the intermittency of renewable energy plants. However, with the general election in July 2024, the Labour Party, led by Prime Minister Keir Starmer, has shifted focus toward accelerating the transition to renewable energy while still acknowledging the role of gas as a transitional fuel.

APC is actively pursuing business opportunities for natural gas-fired power generation projects with its existing and new clients. GPS has been providing top management guidance and project management expertise to APC. Currently, APC is undergoing a comprehensive operational review, in collaboration with GPS, to enhance project management processes.

Industrial Construction Services Outlook

Industrial field services typically represent the majority of TRC’s annual revenues with the remaining revenues contributed by projects consisting primarily of metal fabrication. Although TRC has worked on projects throughout the U.S., the primary business footprint for TRC encompasses the Southeast region of the U.S. where there are many local and state governments that welcome industrial production facilities with ideal locations and with serious economic development programs and incentives. The national focus on infrastructure improvements, biotechnology advancements, energy storage and clean water have resulted in firms that are focused on these trends recently choosing TRC to participate in major construction projects in the region. Other important factors and trends include low state corporate tax rates, favorable labor migration patterns, the surface transportation infrastructure and the ready access to modern seaports.

Economic data supports our belief that TRC is ideally located in a leading manufacturing growth area of the U.S., which should continue to provide it with project opportunities going forward that will expand its business and industrial construction capabilities. Despite headwinds such as rising labor costs and skilled labor shortages, it is likely that the near-term will see a boost to construction associated with manufacturing, as well as the transportation and clean energy infrastructures, as funds from three key pieces of national legislation passed in 2021 and 2022 are still expected to flow into the industry. These bills include the Infrastructure and Jobs Act, the IRA and the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors Act, and they appear to be sustaining high construction industry confidence for the near future.

Results of Operations

We reported net income of $85.5 million, or $6.15 per diluted share, for Fiscal 2025. For the prior fiscal year, we reported net income of $32.4 million, or $2.39 per diluted share.

The following schedule compares our operating results for Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Revenues

Power Industry Services

The revenues of the power industry services business increased by 66.5%, or $276.8 million, to $693.0 million for Fiscal 2025 compared with revenues of $416.3 million for Fiscal 2024, as the current year construction activities increased for the Midwest Solar and Battery Projects, the Trumbull Energy Center, the 405 MW Midwest Solar Project and the Louisiana LNG Facility. The increase in revenues between years was partially offset by decreased construction activities associated with the Guernsey Power Station project, the ESB FlexGen Peaker Plants, the Shannonbridge Power Project and the Kilroot Project, as those projects have concluded. The revenues of this business represented approximately 79.3% of consolidated revenues for Fiscal 2025 and 72.6% of consolidated revenues for the prior year. The project backlog amounts for the power industry services reportable segment as of January 31, 2025 and 2024 were $1.3 billion and $0.6 billion, respectively.

Industrial Construction Services

The revenues of industrial construction services increased by $24.8 million, or 17.4%, to $167.6 million for Fiscal 2025 compared with revenues of $142.8 million for Fiscal 2024 as the amounts of field services construction activities increased meaningfully between periods, partially offset by decreased supporting vessel fabrication work between periods. The revenues of this business represented approximately 19.2% of consolidated revenues for Fiscal 2025 and 24.9% of consolidated revenues for the prior fiscal year.

Telecommunications Infrastructure Services

The revenues of telecommunications infrastructure services were $13.5 million for Fiscal 2025 compared with revenues of $14.3 million for Fiscal 2024.

Cost of Revenues

Due primarily to the increase in consolidated revenues for Fiscal 2025 compared with revenues for Fiscal 2024, consolidated cost of revenues also increased. These costs were $733.2 million and $492.5 million for Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024, respectively.

Gross Profit

For Fiscal 2025, we reported a consolidated gross profit of approximately $141.0 million, which represented a gross profit percentage of approximately 16.1% of corresponding consolidated revenues. For Fiscal 2024, we reported a consolidated gross profit of approximately $80.8 million, which represented a gross profit percentage of approximately 14.1% of corresponding consolidated revenues. The gross profit percentage increased between periods primarily due to the changing mix of projects and contract types. Additionally, during Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024, gross profit was negatively impacted by losses recorded on the Kilroot Project, which reduced margins by approximately $3.4 million and $10.0 million, respectively. The gross profit percentages of corresponding revenues for the power industry services, industrial construction services and telecommunications infrastructure services segments for Fiscal 2025 were 16.7%, 13.3% and 23.8%, respectively.

The gross profit percentages of corresponding revenues for the power industry services, industrial construction services and telecommunications infrastructure services segments for Fiscal 2024 were 14.1%, 12.9% and 26.5%, respectively.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $52.8 million and $44.4 million for Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024, respectively, representing 6.0% and 7.7% of consolidated revenues for the corresponding periods, respectively.

Other Income, Net

For Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024, the net amounts of other income were $23.0 million and $12.5 million, respectively, which represented an increase of 84.4% between the comparable periods, as the weighted average balances of investments are meaningfully higher this year, and earnings related to cash and cash equivalent balances increased during Fiscal 2025 as well. Earnings on invested funds and interest-bearing cash accounts for Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024 were $21.2 million and $14.1 million, respectively. Offsetting other income in the prior year was the wire-transfer fraud loss of $3.0 million that occurred in the first quarter of Fiscal 2024 (see Note 18 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements).

Income Tax Expense

We recorded income tax expense for Fiscal 2025 in the net amount of approximately $25.7 million primarily due to our reporting pre-tax income for financial reporting purposes in the amount of $111.2 million for the year. Our annual effective income tax rate for Fiscal 2025 was 23.2%. This tax rate differed from the statutory federal tax rate of 21% due to the unfavorable effect of state income taxes and the unfavorable effects of certain nondeductible expense amounts. Partially offsetting these unfavorable effects were the investment tax credit effect recorded in Fiscal 2025 related to our solar fund investments and the windfall benefit from stock-based compensation.

We recorded income tax expense for Fiscal 2024 in the net amount of approximately $16.6 million primarily due to our reporting pre-tax income for financial reporting purposes in the amount of $48.9 million for the year. Our annual effective income tax rate for Fiscal 2024 was 33.9%. This tax rate differed from the statutory federal tax rate of 21% due to the net operating loss of APC’s subsidiary in the U.K. that was not tax effected with benefit. Partially offsetting this unfavorable tax effect were the benefits provided by foreign tax rate differentials.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At January 31, 2025 and 2024, our balances of cash and cash equivalents were $145.3 million and $197.0 million, respectively, which represented a decrease of $51.7 million between years.

The net amount of cash provided by operating activities for Fiscal 2025 was $167.6 million. Our net income for Fiscal 2025, adjusted favorably by the net amount of non-cash income and expense items, represented a source of cash in the total amount of $99.7 million. The temporary increase in contract liabilities of $118.2 million represented a source of cash, primarily due to the net effect of the early phase of construction activities on certain projects. The increase in the combined level of accounts payable and accrued expenses in the amount of $66.2 million represented a meaningful source of cash during the period as well.

The decrease in contract assets of $19.8 million represented a source of cash, primarily due to the completion of projects during the period. The increase of accounts receivable in the amount of $128.6 million, which represented a use of cash during the period, was due primarily to the increase in revenues during the period and timing of billings, but also related to the Kilroot Project. The increase in other assets of $7.7 million represented a use of cash during the period.

During Fiscal 2025, we used $120.7 million, net of maturities, to invest in available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities consisting primarily of U.S. Treasury notes. We also used $45.0 million, net of maturities, to invest in CDs issued by the Bank. We used $16.3 million to invest in a new solar tax credit entity and fund our remaining capital contribution obligation to a solar energy project we invested in during the prior year. We also used $6.6 million for the purchases of property, plant and equipment.

For Fiscal 2025, we used $26.1 million cash in financing activities, including $18.3 million used for the payment of regular cash dividends and $1.5 million used to repurchase shares of common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program. We also used $6.3 million for share-based award settlements, which represented the net of payments of $12.7 million for withholding taxes reimbursed by shares of common stock and $6.5 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options during the period. As of January 31, 2025, there were no restrictions with respect to intercompany payments between the holding company, GPS, TRC, APC and SMC.

At January 31, 2025, a portion of our balance of cash and cash equivalents was invested in a money market fund with most of its net assets invested in cash, U.S. Treasury obligations, other obligations issued by U.S. Government agencies and sponsored enterprises, and repurchase agreements secured by U.S. government obligations. The major portion of our domestic operating bank account balances are maintained with the Bank. We do maintain certain Euro-based bank accounts in Ireland and certain pound sterling-based bank accounts in the U.K. in support of the operations of APC.

In order to monitor the actual and necessary levels of liquidity for our business, we focus on working capital, or net liquidity, in addition to our cash balances. Our net liquidity increased by $56.5 million to $301.4 million as of January 31, 2025 from $244.9 million as of January 31, 2024, due primarily to our net income for the fiscal year, partially offset by the payment of cash dividends, common stock repurchases, and net cash paid for withholding taxes due to stock-based award net settlements. As we have no debt service, as our fixed asset acquisitions in a reporting period are typically low, and as our net liquidity includes our short-term investments and AFS investments, our levels of working capital are not subjected to the volatility that affects our levels of cash and cash equivalents.

We believe that cash on hand, our cash equivalents, cash that will be provided from the maturities of short-term investments and other debt securities and cash generated from our future operations, with or without funds available under our New Credit Agreement, will be adequate to meet our general business needs in the foreseeable future. In general, we maintain significant liquid capital in our consolidated balance sheet to ensure the maintenance of our bonding capacity and to provide parent company performance guarantees for EPC and other construction projects.

However, any significant future acquisition, investment or other unplanned cost or cash requirement, may require us to raise additional funds through the issuance of debt and/or equity securities. There can be no assurance that such financing will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

Financing Arrangements

On May 24, 2024, we executed with the Bank the New Credit Agreement with an expiration date of May 31, 2027. The New Credit Agreement supersedes the Expired Credit Agreement, reduces the base lending commitment amount from $50.0 million to $35.0 million, increases the letter of credit fees to be consistent with current market conditions, and establishes the interest rate for revolving loans at SOFR plus 1.85%. In addition to the base commitment, the new facility includes an accordion feature that allows for an additional commitment amount of $30.0 million, subject to certain conditions. We may use the borrowing ability to cover other credit instruments issued by the Bank for our use in the ordinary course of business as defined in the New Credit Agreement. Further, on May 31, 2024, we entered into a companion facility, in the amount of $25.0 million, pursuant to which the Company’s Irish subsidiary, APC, may cause the Bank’s European entity to issue letters of credit on its behalf that are secured by a blanket parent company guarantee issued by Argan to the Bank. Despite the reduction in the base amount of the credit commitment provided by the New Credit Agreement, the increased accordion amount and the addition of the companion facility provide us with greater flexibility in managing our credit requirements, at a potentially lower cost.

At January 31, 2025 and 2024, we did not have any borrowings outstanding under the New Credit Agreement or the Expired Credit Agreement, respectively. At January 31, 2025, there were no outstanding letters of credit issued under the credit facilities.

We have pledged the majority of the Company’s assets to secure its financing arrangements. The Bank’s consent is not required for acquisitions, divestitures, cash dividends or significant investments as long as certain conditions are met. The New Credit Agreement requires that the we comply with certain financial covenants at its fiscal year-end and at each fiscal quarter-end. The New Credit Agreement includes other terms, covenants and events of default that are customary for a credit facility of its size and nature, including a requirement to achieve positive adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as defined, over each rolling twelve-month measurement period. As of January 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the covenants and other requirements of the New Credit Agreement.

Contractual Obligations

During Fiscal 2025, there was no significant change in the nature or amounts of our contractual obligations. We estimate that the balance of such contractual obligations as of January 31, 2025 was less than $20.0 million. The two largest items in this estimate, operating leases and deferred compensation, are amounts included as liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. The remainder of such obligations relate primarily to open service arrangements. Outstanding commitments represented by open purchase orders and subcontracts related to our construction contracts have not been included in the estimated amounts of contractual obligations as such amounts are expected to be funded through contract billings to customers. We do not have any significant obligations for materials or subcontracted services beyond those required to complete construction contracts awarded to us.

Performance Bonds and Guarantees

In the normal course of business and for certain major projects, we may be required to obtain surety or performance bonding, to provide parent company guarantees, or to cause the issuance of letters of credit (or some combination thereof) in order to provide performance assurances to clients on behalf of one of our subsidiaries.

If our services under a guaranteed project would not be completed or would be determined to have resulted in a material defect or other material deficiency, then we could be responsible for monetary damages or other legal remedies. As is typically required by any surety bond, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of any surety bond provided on behalf of a subsidiary for any cash payments made thereunder. The commitments under performance bonds generally end concurrently with the expiration of the related contractual obligation. Not all of our projects require bonding.

As of January 31, 2025, the estimated amount of our unsatisfied bonded performance obligations, covering all of our subsidiaries, was approximately $0.7 billion. In addition, as of January 31, 2025, the outstanding amount of bonds covering other risks, including warranty obligations and contract payment retentions related to completed activities, was $25.2 million.

When sufficient information about claims related to performance on projects would be available and monetary damages or other costs or losses would be determined to be probable, we would record such losses. As our subsidiaries are wholly owned, any actual liability related to contract performance is ordinarily reflected in the financial statement account balances determined pursuant to the Company’s accounting for contracts with customers. Any amounts that we may be required to pay in excess of the estimated costs to complete contracts in progress as of January 31, 2025 are not estimable.

Solar Energy Project Investments

We make investments in limited liability companies that make equity investments in solar energy projects that are eligible to receive energy tax credits, for which we have received substantially all of the income tax benefits associated with those investments. During Fiscal 2024, we made an investment of approximately $5.1 million cash in a solar tax credit entity, and during the first quarter of Fiscal 2025, we paid $3.3 million in cash to satisfy our remaining capital contribution obligation.

Later in Fiscal 2025, we evaluated and entered into an investment opportunity in an additional solar tax credit entity, where we contributed $13.0 million in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2025. As of January 31, 2025, we have $11.5 million remaining of cash investment commitments related to this solar fund, which we expect to fulfill in Fiscal 2026. It is likely that we will evaluate opportunities to make other solar energy investments of this type in the future.

Development Financing

We selectively participate in power plant project development and related financing activities 1) to maintain a proprietary pipeline for future EPC services contract opportunities, 2) to secure exclusive rights to EPC contracts, and 3) to generate profits through interest income and project development success fees. As is common in our industry, EPC contractors and third parties periodically form joint ventures, limited partnerships and limited liability companies for purposes of executing a project or program for a project owner. These teaming arrangements are typically dissolved upon completion of the project or program. In addition, we may obtain interests in VIEs formed by its owners for a specific purpose. The evaluation of whether such interests represent our financial control of a VIE requires analysis and judgment.

In Fiscal 2023, we deconsolidated a VIE that had been formed for the purpose of developing a natural gas-fired power plant in Virginia (see Note 15 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). GPS had provided development financing to this special purpose entity pursuant to a promissory note. However, the project owner was unable to obtain the necessary equity financing for the project, and the special purpose entity dissolved.

We have entered into similar support arrangements with other independent parties in the past that resulted in the successful development and our construction of three separate gas-fired power plant projects. We were paid project development fees for each project and our loans to the development entities were repaid in full plus interest. In each of these cases, we deconsolidated the corresponding VIE when we were no longer the primary beneficiary.

In Fiscal 2025, we funded a loan to a special purpose entity in the amount of $5.0 million to support the development phase of a natural gas-fired power plant (see Note 18 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). We may enter into other support arrangements in the future in connection with power plant development opportunities when they arise and when we are confident that providing early financial support for the projects will lead to the award of the corresponding EPC contracts to us.

Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”)

We believe that EBITDA is a meaningful presentation that enables us to assess and compare our operating performance on a consistent basis by removing from our operating results the impacts of our capital structure, the effects of the accounting methods used to compute depreciation and amortization and the effects of operating in different income tax jurisdictions. Further, we believe that EBITDA is widely used by investors and analysts as a measure of performance.

However, as EBITDA is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we do not believe that this measure should be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, the results of our operations presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP that are included in our consolidated financial statements. In addition, our EBITDA does not necessarily represent funds available for discretionary use and is not necessarily a measure of our ability to fund our cash needs.

The following table presents the determinations of EBITDA for Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024, respectively (amounts in thousands).

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Our consolidated balance sheet as of January 31, 2025 includes net deferred tax assets in the amount of approximately $0.6 million. The components of our deferred taxes are presented in Note 12 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

These amounts reflect differences in the periods in which certain transactions are recognized for financial and income tax reporting purposes.

We consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. Our ability to realize our deferred tax assets depends primarily upon the generation of sufficient future taxable income to allow for the realization of our deductible temporary differences. If such estimates and assumptions regarding income amounts change in the future, we may be required to record additional valuation allowances against some or all of the deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense in our consolidated statement of earnings.

During Fiscal 2020, a valuation allowance in the amount of $7.1 million was established against the deferred tax asset amount created by the NOL of APC UK. During Fiscal 2023, APC UK continued a turnaround of its operating results such that we believed it had a stable earnings history upon which APC UK could reliably forecast future profitable operations. Accordingly, we reversed a portion of the corresponding allowance during Fiscal 2023 in the amount of $2.6 million. However, the unexpected difficulties with one construction project and the loss that was recorded by APC UK related to it caused management to increase the amount of the allowance by $2.1 million in Fiscal 2024. During Fiscal 2025, the valuation allowance was increased by $1.4 million related to additional operating losses incurred by APC UK during the fiscal year. As of January 31, 2025, the potential income tax benefits associated with the NOLs of APC UK are fully offset by a valuation allowance.

A deferred tax asset in the amount of $8.3 million was recorded as of January 31, 2020 associated with the income tax benefit of our domestic NOL for Fiscal 2020 without any corresponding valuation allowance. Among other changes, the CARES Act re-established a carryback period for certain losses to five years. The NOLs eligible for carryback under the CARES Act include our domestic loss for Fiscal 2020, which was approximately $39.5 million. The carryback provided a favorable rate benefit for us as the loss, which was incurred in a year where the statutory federal tax rate was 21%, has been carried back to tax years where the tax rate was higher. The net amount of this additional income tax benefit, which we recorded in Fiscal 2021, was $4.4 million. We have made the appropriate filings with the IRS requesting carryback refunds of income taxes paid in prior years. With the enactment of the CARES Act, the asset amount, which totals $12.7 million, was moved to income taxes receivable. The IRS has not completed the examination of our refund request.

At this time, we believe that the historically strong earnings performance of our power industry services segment will provide sufficient income during the years when most of our other deferred tax assets become deductible in the U.S. in order for us to realize the applicable temporary income tax differences. Accordingly, we believe that it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefit of significantly all of our net deferred tax assets.

Critical Accounting Policies

Critical accounting policies are those related to the areas where we have made what we consider to be particularly subjective or complex judgments in arriving at estimates and where these estimates can significantly impact our financial results under different assumptions and conditions.

These estimates, judgments, and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and equity, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets, liabilities and equity that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results and outcomes could differ from these estimates and assumptions. We do periodically review these critical accounting policies and estimates with the audit committee of our board of directors.

We consider the accounting policies related to revenue recognition on long-term construction contracts to be most critical to the understanding of our financial position and results of operations.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenues are primarily derived from construction contracts that can span several quarters or years. We enter into EPC and other long-term construction contracts principally on the basis of competitive bids or in conjunction with our support of the development of power plant projects. The types of contracts may vary. However, the EPC contracts of our power industry services reporting segment, and most other large contracts awarded to our other companies, are fixed-price contracts.

Revenues are recognized primarily over time as performance obligations are satisfied due to the continuous transfer of control to the project owner or other customer. The accuracy of our revenues and profit recognition in a given period depends on the accuracy of our estimates of the forecasted contract value, or transaction price, and the cost to complete the work for each project.

Central to accounting for revenues from contracts with customers is a five-step revenue recognition model that requires reporting entities to:

The guidance focuses on the transfer of the control of the goods and/or services to the customer, as opposed to the transfer of risk and rewards. Major provisions cover the determination of which goods and services are distinct and represent separate performance obligations, the appropriate treatment of variable consideration, and the evaluation of whether revenues should be recognized at a point in time or over time. In general, application of the rules requires us to make important judgments and meaningful estimates that may have significant impact on the amounts of revenues recognized by us for any reporting period.

Revenues from fixed-price contracts, including portions of estimated gross profit, are recognized as services are provided, based on costs incurred and estimated total contract costs using the cost-to-cost approach. The cost and profit estimates are re-forecasted monthly for all significant contracts pursuant to a detailed determination and review process. The results of the process are subjected to reviews by senior management with the applicable project management personnel at each subsidiary. The depth of the reviews may vary between projects depending on the percentage-of-completion for the projects, among other factors. The cost-to-cost method measures the ratio of costs incurred and accrued to date for each contract to the estimated, or forecasted, total cost for each contract at completion. This requires us to prepare on-going estimates of the forecasted cost to complete each contract as the project progresses. In preparing these estimates, we make significant judgments and assumptions about our significant costs, including materials, labor and equipment, and we evaluate contingencies based on possible schedule variances, major equipment delivery delays, construction delays, weather or other productivity factors.

Actual costs may vary from the costs we estimate. Variations from estimated contract costs, along with other risks inherent in fixed-price contracts, may result in actual revenues and gross profits differing from those we estimate and could result in losses on projects or other significant unfavorable impacts on our operating results for any fiscal quarter or year. If a current estimate of total contract cost indicates a loss on a contract, the projected loss is recognized in full when determined, without regard to the percentage of completion. There are a number of factors that can contribute to changes in estimated contract costs, revenues and profitability. The most significant of these are identified in the first item included in the Risks Related to our Operational Execution section of Part I, Item 1A. of this Annual Report entitled Risk Factors.

Crucial to the compliance with the accounting standard covering the recognition of revenues on contracts with customers is the identification of the promises made to the customer by us that are included in the contract. If a promise is distinct, as that concept is defined in the accounting standard, it represents a separate performance obligation. Contracts may have multiple promises. The amounts of revenue associated with each promise are recognized when, or as, the performance obligations are satisfied. However, complex contracts may include only one performance obligation if the multiple promises are not distinct within the context of the contract. For example, if the promises that could be considered distinct are interrelated or require us to perform integration so that the customer receives a complete product, the contract is considered to include only one performance obligation. Most of our long-term contracts have a single performance obligation as the promises to transfer individual goods or services are not separately identifiable from other promises within the context of the contract. Our EPC contracts require us to deliver a complete and functioning power plant, not just functioning components.

The transaction price of a contract represents the value used to determine the amount of revenues recognized as of the balance sheet date. It may reflect amounts of variable consideration, which could be either increases or decreases to the transaction price.

These adjustments can be made from time-to-time during the period of contract performance as circumstances evolve related to such items as variations in the scope and price of contracts, claims, incentives and liquidated damages.

We may include an estimated amount of variable consideration in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenues recognized on the particular contract will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The Company’s determination of the amount of variable consideration to be included in the transaction price of a particular contract is based largely on an assessment of the Company’s anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. The effect of any revisions to the transaction price on the amount of previously recognized revenues that is due to the addition or reduction of variable consideration is recorded currently as an adjustment to revenues on a cumulative catch-up basis. In the event that any amounts of variable consideration that are reflected in the transaction price of a contract are not resolved in the Company’s favor, there could be reductions in, or reversals of, previously recognized revenues. In most significant instances, modifications to our contracts do not represent the addition of new performance obligations.

Contract results may be impacted by estimates of the amounts of contract variations that we expect to receive. The effects of any resulting revisions to revenues and estimated costs can be determined at any time and they could be material. As of January 31, 2025 and 2024, the aggregate amounts of contract variations reflected in estimated transaction prices that were pending customer approval were $8.0 million and $8.4 million, respectively.

Substantially all of our customer contracts include the right for customers to terminate contracts for convenience as disclosed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. The value of future work that companies are contractually obligated to perform pursuant to active customer contracts should not be included in the disclosure of remaining unsatisfied performance obligations (“RUPO”) when the corresponding contracts include termination for convenience clauses without substantial penalties accruing to the customers upon such terminations. In the application of this guidance, we assess whether the nature of the work being performed under contract is largely service-based and repetitive and should be considered a succession of one-month contracts for the duration of the identified term of the contract. Predominantly, our customers contract with us to construct assets, to fabricate materials or to perform emergency maintenance or outage services where we believe a substantial penalty or cost would be incurred upon a termination for convenience. We believe that in substantially all cases, there would be substantial costs incurred by a customer if it terminated a contract with us for convenience including the costs of terminating subcontracts, canceling purchase orders, returning or otherwise disposing of delivered materials and equipment and restarting the effort with another contractor. Further, to the best of management’s knowledge, the Company has never had a customer terminate a material contract with us for convenience. Therefore, our disclosure in Note 2 of the value of RUPO on active customer contracts represents an amount based on contracts or orders received from customers that the Company believes are firm and where the parties are acting in accordance with their respective obligations.

Our long-term contracts typically have schedule dates and other performance obligations that, if not achieved, could subject us to liquidated damages. These contract requirements generally relate to specified activities that must be completed by an established date or by achievement of a specified level of output or efficiency. Each contract defines the conditions under which a project owner may make a claim for liquidated damages. The amounts of liquidated damages owed to a project owner pursuant to the terms of a contract would represent reductions of the transaction price of the corresponding contract.

At the outset of each of the Company’s contracts, the potential amounts of liquidated damages typically are not subtracted, from the transaction price as the Company believes that it has included activities in its contract plan, and has reflected the associated costs in its forecasts of completed contract costs, that will be effective in preventing such damages. Of course, circumstances may change as the Company executes the corresponding contract. The transaction price is reduced by an applicable amount when the Company no longer considers it probable that a future reversal of revenues will not occur when the matter is resolved. In general, we consider potential liquidated damages, the costs of other related items and potential mitigating factors in determining the estimates of forecasted revenues and the adequacy of our estimates of the cost to complete contracts.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the accompanying consolidated financial statement for discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

Interest Rate Risk

In the normal course of business, our results of operations may be subject to risks related to fluctuations in interest rates. As of January 31, 2025, we had no outstanding borrowings under our financing arrangements with the Bank (see Note 8 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements), which provide a revolving loan with a maximum borrowing amount of $35.0 million, which also includes an accordion feature that allows for an additional commitment amount of $30.0 million subject to certain conditions, with interest at SOFR plus 1.85%.

We maintain a substantial amount of our temporarily investable cash in certificates of deposit, a money market fund and U.S. Treasury notes (see Note 3 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements). As of January 31, 2025, the weighted average number of days remaining until maturity for the certificates of deposit and U.S. Treasury notes was 618 days. The weighted average annual interest rate of our certificates of deposit of $150.0 million, the money market fund balance of $93.1 million and the U.S. Treasury notes with face value of $230.0 million was 4.1%. Based on the current rates of our invested funds as of January 31, 2025, an increase or decrease of 100 basis points in interest rates would change our annual investment earnings by $4.7 million.

Foreign Exchange Risk

The majority of our operations are based in the U.S. and, accordingly, the majority of transactions are denominated in U.S. Dollars. Our foreign subsidiaries operate in either the British Pound or the Euro. Changes in the value of the U.S. Dollar to these currencies will impact our operating results and the value of our balance sheet items translated from their functional currencies.

The effects of translation are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is net of tax when applicable. APC remeasures transactions and financial statement amounts denominated in local currencies to Euros. Gains and losses on the remeasurements are recorded in the other income, net, line of our consolidated statement of earnings.

Contract Costs Risk

In the “Risk Factors” section of this 2025 Annual Report (see Item 1A), we have included discussion of the risks to our fixed-price contracts if actual contract costs rise above the estimated amounts of such costs that support corresponding contract prices. Identified as factors that could cause contract cost overruns, project delays or other unfavorable effects on our contracts, among other circumstances and events, are delays in the scheduled deliveries of machinery and equipment ordered by us or project owners, unforeseen increases in the costs of labor, warranties, raw materials, components or equipment or the failure or inability to obtain resources when needed.

Recent U.S. trade policies, including increased and fluctuating tariffs on imports from Canada, Mexico, and China, have introduced uncertainty in supply chains and material costs. These tariffs, aimed at broader policy objectives, risk inflating prices for essential construction materials, such as steel and aluminum, causing import delays and disrupting project timelines. As trade negotiations continue and policies evolve, the tariff situation remains fluid, adding further unpredictability to material costs and supply chain stability. The resulting uncertainty may deter investment in power plant and industrial construction, impacting budgets, schedules, and overall profitability.

We are subject to fluctuations in prices for construction commodities including steel products, copper, concrete and fuel. Although we attempt to secure firm quotes from our suppliers, we generally do not hedge against increases in prices for these commodities. Commodity price risks may have an impact on our results of operations due to the fixed-price nature of many of our contracts. We attempt to include the anticipated amounts of price increases or decreases in the costs of our bids. In times of increased supply cost volatility, we may take other steps to reduce our risks. For example, we may hold quotes related to materials in our industrial construction services segment for very short periods. For major fixed-price contracts in our power industry services segment, we may mitigate material cost risks by procuring the majority of the equipment and construction supplies during the early phases of a project and include certain commercial protections in our contracts.

The profitability of our active jobs has not suffered meaningfully from fluctuations in construction material costs.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

See the Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements on page 51 of this 2025 Annual Report.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Attached as exhibits to this 2025 Annual Report are certifications of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), which are required in accordance with Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act. This “Controls and Procedures” section includes information concerning the controls and controls evaluation referred to in the certifications and a reference to the report of Grant Thornton LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, regarding its audit of our internal control over financial reporting. The information in this Item 9A should be read in conjunction with the certifications and the report of Grant Thornton LLP for a more complete understanding of the topics presented.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (“Disclosure Controls”) as of the end of the year covered by this 2025 Annual Report. The controls evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our CEO and CFO. Disclosure Controls are controls and procedures designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act, such as this 2025 Annual Report, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure Controls are also designed to reasonably assure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our quarterly evaluation of Disclosure Controls includes an evaluation of some components of our internal control over financial reporting, which is separately evaluated on an annual basis for purposes of providing the management report that is set forth below.

Based on the controls evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of the end of the year covered by this 2025 Annual Report, our Disclosure Controls were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC, and the material information related to Argan and its consolidated subsidiaries is made known to management, including the CEO and CFO, particularly during the periods when our periodic reports are being prepared.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Management assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2025, the end of the fiscal year, based on assessment criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management’s assessment included evaluation of elements such as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies, and our overall control environment.

Based on its assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the fiscal year to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We reviewed the results of management’s assessment with the audit committee of our board of directors. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we will evaluate any changes to our internal control over financial reporting to determine if material change occurred.

Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2025 has been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, who also audited our consolidated financial statements included in this 2025 Annual Report, as stated in their reports which appear with our accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Changes in Internal Controls

No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended January 31, 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

The Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, does not expect that our Disclosure Controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls.

The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.

During the quarter ended January 31, 2025, no director or officer of the Company (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (in each case, as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K).

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.

Information required by this item will be incorporated by reference to our 2025 Proxy Statement, which is expected to be filed by us pursuant to Regulation 14A, within 120 days after the close of our fiscal year.

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We have adopted an insider trading policy and related procedures governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of our securities by our directors, officers and employees that we believe are reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws, and the rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange listing standards. A copy of our insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this report.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.

Information required by this item will be included in our 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table sets forth certain information, as of January 31, 2025, concerning securities authorized for issuance under options to purchase our common stock.

The number of issuable shares of our common stock under outstanding stock options presented in the chart above does not include an estimated 271,633 shares of our common stock covered by outstanding restricted stock units awarded pursuant to the terms of the Stock Plans. See Note 11 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this 2025 Annual Report for a description of the restricted stock units including the various vesting terms related to the awards.

The additional information required by this item will be included in our 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.

Information required by this item will be included in our 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.

Information required by this item will be included in our 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

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* Management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY.

None.

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SIGNATURES

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In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

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ARGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

JANUARY 31, 2025

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The following financial statements (including the notes thereto and the Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm with respect thereto), are filed as part of this 2025 Annual Report.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Argan, Inc.

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Argan, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of January 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of earnings, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of January 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 27, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical audit matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue recognition for certain fixed-price contracts

As described in Notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes revenues for fixed-price contracts over time using a cost-to-cost input method in which the extent of progress is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion. In addition, the revenue recognition process requires the Company to determine the transaction price representing the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled, which can require estimation of variable consideration related to matters surrounding change orders, claims, bonuses and penalties.

The principal consideration for our determination that revenue recognition for certain fixed-price contracts is a critical audit matter is that the estimation of total costs at completion and/or of the total transaction price is subject to considerable management judgment which can be challenging, subjective and complex to audit.

In addition, future results related to such estimates may vary significantly from past estimates due to changes in facts and circumstances.

Our audit procedures related to the auditing of certain fixed-price contract revenues included, among others:

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Argan, Inc.

Opinion on internal control over financial reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Argan, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of January 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended January 31, 2025, and our report dated March 27, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

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ARGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED JANUARY 31,

(In thousands, except per share data)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ARGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

JANUARY 31,

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ARGAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED JANUARY 31, 2025, 2024 AND 2023

(Dollars in thousands)

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