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Washington, D.C. 20549

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

For the transition period from [_______ to _______]

Commission file number 001-35492

Alexander & Baldwin, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

808-525-6611

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the Common Stock was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such Common Stock, as of the last business day of the most recently completed second fiscal quarter June 30, 2023: $1,349,372,500

Number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of latest practicable date (February 14, 2024): 72,592,147

Alexander & Baldwin, Inc. ("A&B," the "Company," "we," "our," or "us") is a fully integrated real estate investment trust ("REIT") whose history in Hawai‘i dates back to 1870. Over time, the Company has evolved from a 571-acre sugar plantation on Maui to become one of Hawai‘i's premier commercial real estate companies and the owner of the largest grocery-anchored, neighborhood shopping center portfolio in the state. The Company's commercial real estate portfolio is geographically focused in Hawai‘i, where it benefits from its deep local roots, broad experience base, and strong relationships and reputation in the islands.

The Company's commercial real estate portfolio consists of 22 retail centers, 13 industrial assets, and four office properties, representing a total of 3.9 million square feet of gross leasable area ("GLA"), as well as 142.0 acres of commercial land in Hawai‘i, of which substantially all is leased pursuant to urban ground leases. As of December 31, 2023, the improved portfolio leased occupancy was at 94.7%, which is leased to a mix of national, regional, and local retailers and businesses.

The Company's business objective is to create long-term shareholder value and sustainable income by strategically acquiring, managing, and enhancing a premier portfolio of commercial real estate properties in Hawai‘i . The Company intends to achieve its objective through the following strategies:

Geographic Focus - The Company's commercial real estate strategy focuses on Hawai‘i, where it benefits from its broad experience base, deep relationships and strong reputation in the islands. The Company believes the geographic focus on the Hawai‘i market provides a foundation for strong financial and operational performance and future growth, including showing resilience during economic down cycles.

•High Barriers to Entry - The Hawai‘i market offers high value opportunities for the Company to pursue attractive growth and position itself for long-term stability given its geographic location, high barriers to entry, and lack of urban-entitled lands (at about 5% of land in the state). The entitlement process is lengthy and complex, taking between 9-15 years to complete.

•Stable and Resilient Economy - The Hawai‘i economy benefits both directly and indirectly from stable and consistently high levels of government spending compared to the U.S. Mainland due to Hawai‘i's strategic defense location between the continental U.S. and Asia. The state also benefits from a tourism industry that holds a unique brand that appeals to tourists from varying geographies (e.g., U.S. East Coast, U.S. West Coast, Canada, Asia, Europe).

•Market Knowledge and Deep Local Roots - A&B’s management team is physically in the islands which provides direct insight into the needs of the communities we serve. Being geographically focused allows A&B to create and cultivate unique relationships that lead to value creating opportunities in leasing, vendor relationships, and growth.

Balance Sheet Management and Financing Strategy Positioned for External Growth - The Company intends to grow its commercial real estate portfolio by pursuing accretive acquisitions in our preferred asset classes and other commercial property investment opportunities when they are strategically consistent with the value creation objectives of the Company and we believe they have attractive risk-adjusted returns relative to the Company’s cost of capital, while maintaining a moderate leverage profile and flexible balance sheet. The Company strives to maintain an appropriate debt profile to include well-laddered debt maturities and minimized near-term maturing debt, favorable leverage ratios, a high proportion of fixed-rate debt and longer weighted-average maturity.

Increase Income and Optimize Returns through Internal Growth - The Company strives to be the landlord of choice by providing desirable locations, quality properties, community amenities, and effective leasing and management of our commercial properties; as well as create value through property development and redevelopment in order to increase recurring income streams and optimize returns.

•Development and Redevelopment - The Company employs strong investment and asset management teams to capitalize on embedded internal investment opportunities through the repositioning and redevelopment of existing assets, as well as ground-up development of new commercial properties at an appropriate risk-adjusted return on capital.

•Leasing - With the Company’s in-house leasing capabilities and tenant demand in submarkets in which A&B operates, the Company is positioned to achieve internal growth through increased rental rates on the renewal of expiring leases or the leasing of space to new tenants at higher rental rates while limiting vacancy and down-time. Additionally, the Company is able to drive incremental growth and enhance portfolio returns through attracting high-quality tenants and managing the merchandising mix of our tenant base.

•Property Management - The Company oversees all aspects of asset and property management including execution of effective marketing and leasing strategies to attract quality tenants and increase occupancy and the effective and efficient management of property operations focused on reducing operating expenses and maximizing property cash flows over the long term, thereby enhancing the value of our properties.

The Company operates two segments: Commercial Real Estate ("CRE") and Land Operations. A description of the Company's reportable segments is as follows:

•Commercial Real Estate - This segment functions as a vertically integrated real estate investment company. The Company's preferred asset classes include improved properties in retail and industrial spaces and also urban ground leases. Its focus within improved retail properties, in particular, is on grocery-anchored neighborhood shopping centers that meet the daily needs of Hawai‘i communities. Income from this segment is principally generated by owning, operating and leasing real estate assets.

•Land Operations - This segment includes the Company's legacy landholdings, assets, and liabilities that are subject to the Company's simplification and monetization effort. Financial results from this segment are principally derived from real estate development and land sales, joint ventures, and other legacy business activities.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company's three largest tenants by annualized base rent (“ABR”) were Albertsons Companies (including Safeway), Sam's Real Estate Business Trust, and CVS Corporation (including Longs Drugs), and no single tenant accounted for more than 10% of total commercial real estate revenue in any of the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. Pearl Highlands Center accounted for approximately 11.6%, 10.9%, and 10.8% of total Commercial Real Estate segment revenues for the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Kailua Retail accounted for approximately 10.4%, 10.7%, and 11.1% of total Commercial Real Estate segment revenues for the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

In November 2023, the Company completed the sale of its interests in Grace Pacific, a materials and construction company, and the Company-owned quarry land on Maui (collectively, the “Grace Disposal Group”). Refer to Note 20 – Sale of Business and Note 21 – Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations included within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the Grace Disposal Group, including the assets and liabilities divested and income from discontinued operations.

The Company is subject to a number of federal, state and local laws and regulations. The CRE segment must comply with state and local regulations surrounding the brokering of deals and the management of its commercial real estate portfolio. With respect to land development in both its CRE and Land Operations segments, the Company is subject to laws and regulations that affect the land development process, including zoning and permitted land uses which may impact the Company's development costs. Additionally, the Company is subject to various other regulations such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations, Environmental Protection Agency regulations, and state and county permitting requirements related to its other operations.

The Company is also subject to a number of tax laws and regulations that could materially impact its financial condition and results of operations. For example, the Company frequently utilizes §1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), to obtain tax-deferral treatment when qualifying real estate assets are sold and the resulting proceeds are reinvested in replacement properties within the required time period. This may occur when the Company sells bulk parcels of land in Hawai‘i or commercial properties in Hawai‘i, many of which may have a lower tax basis. Failure to comply with, or a repeal of, or adverse amendment to, §1031 of the Code could impose significant additional costs on the Company in the event of a future transaction with an associated gain.

While recent years have seen intense focus on Environmental, Social, and Governance topics ("ESG"), these principles have been an integral part of the Company's corporate culture and values since its founding over 150 years ago. The Company's deep Hawai‘i roots offer the obligation and privilege to exceed the baseline of corporate responsibility. The Company believes that doing what is right for its employees and communities is critical in achieving its goal to deliver long-term growth and to create value for shareholders.

Additional information regarding the Company’s ESG initiatives is available in the Company’s Corporate Responsibility Report (“CRR”), which can be found on the Company’s website. Information on the Company’s website, including its CRR, is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document filed with the SEC.

The Company understands the importance of environmental stewardship and throughout its history, has been a leader in generating renewable energy and worked to protect and preserve Hawai‘i's unique and precious land and water resources. Today, the Company recognizes the risks that climate change poses to Hawai‘i's island community and business, and strives to own, operate, and develop properties with integrity, and in ways that are environmentally and socially responsible. Its employee-led environmental council develops and implements strategies to address sustainability and shape the Company's agenda for environmental stewardship. Areas of focus include energy efficiency, climate change, water conservation, waste management, and sustainable transportation. The Company is committed to addressing climate risks and leading the effort to understand and mitigate potential risks and vulnerabilities associated with our real estate portfolio. The Company also recognizes the importance of maintaining outreach to further promote sustainability, as tenant practices beyond the Company's control comprise the vast majority of utility consumption and greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions at our properties. In an effort to align its sustainability priorities with tenant activity, its leases contain terms that encourage sustainable practices.

In 2022, the Company completed the installation of a 1.3-megawatt rooftop photovoltaic system at Pearl Highlands Center, the Company's largest retail asset by GLA. In 2023, the Company completed the installation of a 0.5-megawatt photovoltaic system at Kakaako Commerce Center, the Company's second largest industrial asset by GLA.

The Company highlights the following additional achievements related to our environmental sustainability efforts:

•Implemented a CRE benchmarking program that compiles energy and water data in ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. This enables the Company to better track and understand energy and water consumption throughout the CRE portfolio. In addition, the Company collaborated with the City & County of Honolulu and other stakeholders to establish a county-wide energy and water building benchmarking program.

•The Company partnered with Carbon Lighthouse to increase energy efficiency and reduce GHG emissions within the CRE portfolio. Under this partnership, approximately 22% of the Company's portfolio (based on GLA) has undergone performance updates to lighting, heating, and cooling systems, driving energy reductions in 2022 of over 1,000 megawatt-hour.

•In 2022, the Company conducted comprehensive American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Level 2 audits on eight properties, representing 1.1 million square feet of GLA, or nearly 30% of our portfolio based on GLA. These audits provided data identifying feasible short-, mid-, and long-term energy conservation and efficiency opportunities.

•The Company continues to implement sustainable energy and conservation features at its properties, to include installing energy efficient LED lighting, rooftop photovoltaic (“PV”) systems and electric vehicle (“EV”) charging stations, as well as incorporating the use of cool roofs, water efficient fixtures and reclaimed water, pedestrian friendly open spaces, ride and bike share transportation options, and native Hawaiian and environmentally friendly plants and

landscaping, among other initiatives. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has converted the common area lighting to LED at 25 properties, installed EV charging stations at 14 properties, and entered into agreements to add EV charging stations at three additional properties within the next twelve months.

As "Partners for Hawai‘i," the Company is dedicated to its employees, collectively the A&B family, who are all critical in achieving its mission to serve the communities in which it lives and operates, and create value for all stakeholders. The Company seeks to attract, develop, and retain employees with diverse backgrounds and perspectives, and to support those employees in their pursuit to further their careers, provide for their families, enjoy their work, and give back.

The Company does the following to support these efforts:

•Offers a competitive compensation and benefits program;

•Maintains a hybrid onsite/remote work environment with flexible scheduling and incentives for onsite work;

•Utilizes leading industry software and other technology to facilitate communication, document management, collaboration, and other business processes;

•Brings the A&B family together and foster a diverse and inclusive environment by hosting in-person and virtual engagement activities through employee-led social and environmental councils, and in partnership with the human resources department;

•Provides learning and development opportunities that support the advancement of employees;

•Launched an employee-led wellness program to support the continued health and wellness of employees.

The Company had 104 employees (including 3 part-time employees) as of December 31, 2023, compared to 141 employees (including 1 part-time employee) in its continuing operations in the prior year. Nearly 93.3% of our employees are based in Hawai'i, and the Company has maintained a hybrid onsite/remote work environment. As a result of the 2023 dispositions of the Grace Disposal Group and the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary Kahului Trucking & Storage, Inc. ("KT&S"), the Company no longer has any employees covered by collective bargaining agreements as of December 31, 2023.

The Company recognizes that its employees drive the success of the Company and are one of its most valuable resources. To expand its reach for talent, the Company utilizes diverse resources to recruit employees that embody A&B's core values of integrity, collaboration, respect, decisiveness, adaptability, and accountability. The Company's compensation and benefits program is designed to attract, reward, and retain talented individuals who possess the skills necessary to support our business objectives, assist in the achievement of strategic goals, and create long-term value for our shareholders. The Company provides employees with competitive total rewards packages that include, in addition to base compensation, meaningful benefits such as health (medical, dental and vision) and life insurance, paid time off, flexible spending reimbursements account, a corporate wellness program, gain sharing opportunities, and a 401(k) plan with a generous Company contribution and Company match. Certain employees are eligible to receive annual incentive bonuses and long-term equity awards tied to the value of the Company's common stock price. In addition, the Company provides meaningful learning and development opportunities for employees to encourage both their personal and professional growth, offering a wide variety of formal and informal training programs and professional development stipends to be used towards qualified workshops, conferences, forums, and classes. The Company also offers a tuition reimbursement program that is available to employees wishing to obtain a qualified higher education degree.

The Company believes that a fair and competitive compensation and benefits program with both short-term and long-term features aligns employee and shareholder interests by incentivizing business and individual performance (i.e., pay for performance), motivating based on long-term company performance, and integrating compensation with its business plans. Our employees have an average tenure of approximately 7.5 years and, for the year ended December 31, 2023, our overall turnover rate was 9.3% (which is lower than the average of 19% for REITs belonging to the National Association or Real Estate Investment Trusts).

The Company strives to keep its employees engaged by communicating regularly through various channels, including town halls, learning and development trainings, community and social events, and frequent communication through an employee intranet, monthly employee newsletters, and email updates. In 2023, the Company held Collaboration and Learning Day, an all-day event for employees that provided an opportunity to revitalize A&B’s corporate culture, foster connections with colleagues, and enhance professional development. The Company also conducts a confidential, annual employee survey to better understand employee perspectives on topics including employee experience, workplace culture, employee engagement and the direction and leadership of the Company.

In 2023, the Company had an 82% participation rate. Results of the survey are reviewed carefully by senior leadership and have resulted in specific actions, including increased recognition programs and the development of the Company’s vision, mission, and values statements.

The Company has a long history of giving back to the communities it serves and that its employees are a part of and it believes that this commitment helps in its efforts to attract and retain talent. Further, the Company supports its employees' investments in their communities through its matching gifts program (which matches its employees' personal gifts with Company contributions to eligible community non-profit organizations); through its volunteer initiatives (which offers employees paid time off for employee community service, as well as cash grants to such eligible organizations); and through corporate sponsorship of charities supported by our employees.

The Company has two employee-led councils, social and environmental, which are comprised of diverse, cross-functional teams of individuals from all levels of the Company and focused on workplace culture and community impact. In 2021, the Company launched an employee-led wellness program to support the health and wellness of employees. The program provides support and resources to employees on a variety of topics including mental, physical, and emotional health; sleep, fitness, and nutrition habits; stress and change-management; self-care; financial well-being, and other wellness topics with programs, presentations, and challenges throughout the year. Employees can access tools, activities, and online courses through the Company's wellness platform, and track their progress toward earning wellness incentives.

The Company believes that an equitable and inclusive environment with diverse teams fosters more creativity and produces more opportunities to create value through its assets, people, and relationships, and is crucial to its efforts to attract and retain key talent. The Company is focused on building an inclusive culture through a variety of diversity and inclusion initiatives. This commitment starts at the top, with its highly skilled and ethnically and gender diverse Board. As part of its commitment to DEI, the Company launched the Partners for Equality program in 2021, which highlights and champions DEI and social justice issues at the Company. Events are planned quarterly to include speakers, panels, educational materials, group discussions and appropriate community service projects. In 2023, the Company conducted a live, facilitated DEI training for managers to introduce basic concepts and facilitate discussion around common challenges to embracing DEI at work, responsibilities of a supervisor, and how managers can contribute to a culture of DEI.

The following diversity representation data as of December 31, 2023 was gathered voluntarily and reflects the information provided by the participating respondents.

The Company prioritizes sound principles of corporate governance. The Company's Board of Directors, which is entirely independent, with the exception of the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), stand for re-election every year and is comprised of a diverse group of directors with broad and complementary skill sets. The Company has been recognized with a "1" ranking, which is the highest score available, in governance by Institutional Shareholder Services.

The Company is committed to conducting its business in accordance with the highest ethical standards. The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to the CEO, Chief Financial Officer, and Controller, and a Code of Conduct which is applicable to all directors, officers, and employees, establishing the importance of ethical behavior and compliance with all federal, state, and local laws and regulations. All directors and employees sign and reaffirm their understanding of the Code of Conduct on an annual basis. In order to ensure a fair workplace for our employees, the Company also has strict policies to protect against unlawful discrimination and harassment. Employees have access to a 24-hours ethics hotline that allows for anonymous reporting of suspected violations of the Code of Conduct, or other ethical or legal violations.

The Audit Committee receives a report on hotline calls at each meeting.

The Company's leadership team and the Board of Directors are committed to ESG issues. ESG consideration is a meaningful component of the Company's operating and strategic plans and is integrated into its operations and informs how the Company pursues opportunities and manage risks. The Board of Directors provides oversight and receives regular reports on ESG topics, including diversity and climate risk, at both its Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee meetings and Board meetings. The Company also values the views of its shareholders and regularly seeks input from its investors on ESG and other topics.

The Company files reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The reports and other information filed include annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and other reports and information filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”).

The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding the Company and other issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

The Company makes available, free of charge, on or through its Internet website, its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after it electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The Company’s website address is www.alexanderbaldwin.com. The information found on the Company's website, including the Company's CRR, is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document filed with the SEC.

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties and an investment in our common stock may involve various risks. Such risks, including, but not limited to, the following summarized risks, should be carefully considered before making an investment in our common stock:

•Because qualification as a REIT involves highly technical and complex provisions of the Code, there can be no assurance that we will remain qualified as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

•U.S. federal, state and local legislative, judicial or regulatory tax changes could have an adverse effect on our shareholders and us.

•Complying with the REIT requirements may cause us to sell assets or forgo otherwise attractive investment opportunities.

•We may be required to borrow funds, sell assets or raise equity to satisfy our REIT distribution requirements, which could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and grow.

•Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.

•The REIT ownership limitations and transfer restrictions contained in our articles of incorporation may restrict or prevent certain transfers of our common stock, could have unintended antitakeover effects and may not be successful in preserving our qualification for taxation as a REIT.

•Our cash distributions are not guaranteed and may fluctuate.

•Certain of our business activities may be subject to corporate-level income tax and other taxes, which would reduce our cash flows, and would cause potential deferred and contingent tax liabilities.

•The tax imposed on REITs engaging in “prohibited transactions” may limit our ability to engage in transactions that would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.

•The ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification, without shareholder approval, may cause adverse consequences to our shareholders.

•Changes in economic conditions, particularly in Hawai‘i, may adversely affect our Commercial Real Estate and Land Operations segments.

•We may face new or increased competition.

•Although we intend to market and sell non-strategic assets, many of the assets are relatively illiquid, and it may not be possible to dispose of such assets in a timely manner or on favorable terms, which could delay our strategic agenda and/or adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, cash flows and may result in additional non-cash impairment charges.

•We may face potential difficulties in obtaining operating and development capital.

•We may raise additional capital in the future on terms that are more stringent to us, which could provide holders of new issuances rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those currently held by our common shareholders, or that could result in dilution of common stock ownership.

•Failure to comply with certain restrictive financial covenants contained in our credit facilities could impose restrictions on our business segments, capital availability or the ability to pursue other activities.

•Increasing interest rates would increase our overall interest expense.

•Significant inflation and continuing increases in the inflation rate, could adversely affect our business and financial results.

•An increase in fuel prices and energy costs may adversely affect our operating environment and costs.

•Changes to federal, state or local law or regulations, including environmental laws and regulations, may adversely affect our business.

•Security breaches through cyber attacks or intrusions, or other significant disruptions of the Company's information technology ("IT") networks, communications, and related systems could impair our ability to operate, adversely affect our financial condition, and damage our reputation.

•The Company's business and operations could suffer in the event of system failures or interruptions.

•Weather, natural disasters and the impacts of climate change may adversely affect our business.

•Political crises, public health crises and other events beyond our control may adversely impact our operations and profitability.

•We are subject to, and may in the future be subject to, disputes, legal or other proceedings, or government inquiries or investigations, that could have an adverse effect on us.

•Impairment in the carrying value of long-lived assets could negatively affect our operating results.

•We are subject to a number of factors that could cause CRE segment profitability to decline.

•The bankruptcy or loss of key tenants in our commercial real estate portfolio may adversely affect our cash flows and profitability.

•A shift in retail shopping from brick and mortar stores to online shopping may have an adverse impact on our cash flow, financial condition and results of operations.

•We may be unable to renew leases, lease vacant space, or re-lease space as leases expire, thereby increasing or prolonging vacancies, which would adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

•Increases in operating expenses would adversely affect our operating results.

•Our retail centers may depend on anchor stores or major tenants to attract shoppers and could be adversely affected by the loss of, or a store closure by, one or more of these tenants.

•Certain of our leases at our retail centers contain “co-tenancy” or “go-dark” provisions, which, if triggered, may allow tenants to pay reduced rent, cease operations, or terminate their leases, which could adversely affect our performance or the value of the applicable retail property.

•The value of our commercial properties is affected by a number of factors.

•We may be unable to identify and complete acquisitions of properties that meet our criteria, which may impede our growth.

•We face competition for the acquisition and development of real estate properties, which may impede our ability to grow our operations or may increase the cost of these activities.

•We are subject to risks associated with real estate construction and development.

•Commercial real estate investments are relatively illiquid.

We have determined that we operated in compliance with the REIT requirements commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2017. However, qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Code, for which there may be only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and depends on our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, various requirements concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature of our assets, the diversity of our share ownership and the amounts we distribute to our shareholders. Our ability to satisfy the asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control can potentially affect our ability to continue to qualify as a REIT. In addition, no assurance can be given that future legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions will not significantly change the requirements for qualification as a REIT or adversely affect the federal income tax consequences of such qualification. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends, in part, on the actions of third parties, over which we have no control or only limited influence. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification.

Although we intend to operate in a manner consistent with the REIT requirements, we cannot be certain that we will remain so qualified. Under current law, if we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to shareholders in computing our net taxable income. In addition, our taxable income would be subject to U.S. federal and state income tax at the regular corporate rates. Also, unless we are entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we would also be disqualified from re-electing REIT status for the four taxable years following the year during which we failed to qualify as a REIT. Cash available for distribution to our shareholders would be significantly reduced for each year in which we do not qualify as a REIT. In that event, we would not be required to continue to make distributions.

Although we currently intend to continue to qualify as a REIT, it is possible that future economic, market, legal, tax or other considerations may cause us, without the consent of our shareholders, to revoke the REIT election or to otherwise take action that would result in disqualification.

The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of REITs and their shareholders may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial or administrative action at any time, which could affect the U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in us. The U.S. federal income tax rules dealing with REITs are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and the U.S. Treasury Department, which results in statutory changes as well as frequent revisions to regulations and interpretations. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect our investors or us. Revisions in U.S. federal income tax laws and interpretations thereof could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as a REIT and the tax considerations relevant to an investment in us, or could cause us to change our investments and commitments.

At the state level, the Hawai‘i State legislature has repeatedly considered, and could consider in the future, legislation that would (i) eliminate (i.e., repeal) the REIT dividends paid deduction for Hawai‘i State income tax purposes related to income generated in Hawai‘i for a number of years or permanently, and/or (ii) mandate withholding of Hawai‘i State income tax on dividends paid to out-of-state shareholders. These provisions could result in double taxation of REIT income in Hawai‘i under the Hawai‘i tax code, reduce returns to shareholders and make our stock less attractive to investors, which could in turn lower the value of our stock.

You are urged to consult with your tax advisor with respect to the status of legislative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on an investment in our stock.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must continually satisfy various requirements concerning, among other things, the nature of our assets, the sources of our income and the amounts we distribute to our shareholders. For example, we must ensure that, at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our total assets consists of some combination of “real estate assets” (as defined in the Code), cash, cash items and U.S. government securities. The remainder of our investments (other than government securities, qualified real estate assets and securities issued by a taxable REIT subsidiary ("TRS")) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our total assets (other than government securities, qualified real estate assets and securities issued by a TRS) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by securities of one or more TRS. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to sell assets or forgo otherwise attractive investment opportunities. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income, amounts available for distribution to our shareholders and amounts available for making payments on our indebtedness.

We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains, to maintain our qualification as a REIT. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement and qualify as a REIT but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, including any net capital gains, we will be subject to tax at ordinary corporate tax rates on the retained portion. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we distribute to our shareholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal tax laws. We intend to make distributions to our shareholders to comply with the REIT requirements of the Code and avoid corporate income tax and the 4% annual excise tax.

From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our cash flow as a result of differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash or the effect of nondeductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required debt or amortization payments. If we do not have other funds available in these situations, we could be required to borrow funds on unfavorable terms, sell assets at disadvantageous prices or distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, to make distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity or adversely impact our ability to raise short- and long- term debt. Furthermore, the REIT distribution requirements may increase the financing we need to fund capital expenditures and further growth and expansion initiatives. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to grow, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

Whether we issue equity, at what price and the amount and other terms of any such issuances will depend on many factors, including alternative sources of capital, our then-existing leverage, our need for additional capital, market conditions and other factors beyond our control. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities or debt convertible into equity securities, the percentage of stock owned by our existing shareholders may be reduced. In addition, new equity securities or convertible debt securities could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our current shareholders, which could substantially decrease the value of our securities owned by them. Depending on the share price we are able to obtain, we may have to sell a significant number of shares to raise the capital we deem necessary to execute our long-term strategy, and our shareholders may experience dilution in the value of their shares as a result.

The maximum U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to income from “qualified dividends” payable to U.S. shareholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is currently 20%, exclusive of the 3.8% investment tax surcharge. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates applicable to qualified dividends. Although these rules do not adversely affect the taxation of REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our common stock. However, for taxable years that begin before January 1, 2026, shareholders that are individuals, trusts or estates are generally entitled to a deduction equal to 20% of the aggregate amount of ordinary income dividends received from a REIT, subject to certain limitations.

For us to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, among other requirements, not more than 50% of the value of outstanding shares of our capital stock may be owned, beneficially or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year beginning with our 2018 taxable year. Also, such shares must be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year beginning with our 2018 taxable year. In addition, a person actually or constructively owning 10% or more of the vote or value of the shares of our capital stock could lead to a level of affiliation between the Company and one or more of its tenants that could cause our revenues from such affiliated tenants to not qualify as rents from real property. Our articles of incorporation include certain restrictions regarding transfers of our shares of capital stock and ownership limits that are intended to assist us in satisfying these limitations, among other purposes.

Subject to certain exceptions, our articles of incorporation prohibit any shareholder from owning, beneficially or constructively, more than (i) 9.8% in value of the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our capital stock or (ii) 9.8% in value or number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our capital stock. Additionally, the constructive ownership rules for these limits are complex and groups of related individuals or entities may be deemed a single owner and consequently in violation of the share ownership limits. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our outstanding common stock (or the outstanding shares of any class or series of our stock) by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity, or another individual or entity, to own constructively in excess of the relevant ownership limits. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our common stock, or of any of our other capital stock in violation of these restrictions, may result in the shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust or may be void. As a result, if a violative transfer were made, the recipient of the shares would not acquire any economic or voting rights attributable to the transferred shares.

The transfer restrictions and ownership limits may prevent certain transfers of our common stock. These restrictions and limits may not be adequate in all cases, however, to prevent our qualification for taxation as a REIT from being jeopardized, including under the affiliated tenant rule. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to enforce the ownership limits. If the restrictions in our articles of incorporation are not effective and, as a result, we fail to satisfy the REIT tax rules described above, then absent an applicable relief provision, we will fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT.

The ownership limits contained in our articles of incorporation may have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change of control of us that might involve a premium price for our stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our shareholders. As a result, the overall effect of the ownership limitations and transfer restrictions may be to render more difficult or discourage any attempt to acquire us, even if such acquisition may be favorable to the interests of our shareholders. This potential inability to obtain a premium could reduce the price of our common stock.

A REIT generally is required to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its shareholders (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains). Generally, we expect to distribute all, or substantially all, of our REIT taxable income, including net capital gains, so as to not be subject to the income or excise tax on undistributed REIT taxable income. Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, will determine on a quarterly basis the amount of cash to be distributed to our shareholders based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, our results of operations, cash flow and capital requirements, economic conditions, tax considerations, borrowing capacity and other factors, including debt covenant restrictions, that may impose limitations on cash payments and plans for future acquisitions and divestitures. Consequently, our distribution levels may fluctuate.

Our TRS assets and operations will continue to be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at regular corporate rates. We also may be subject to a variety of other taxes, including payroll taxes and state, local, and foreign income, property, transfer and other taxes on assets and operations. In addition, we could, in certain circumstances, be required to pay an excise or penalty tax, which could be significant in amount, in order to utilize one or more relief provisions under the Code to maintain qualification for taxation as a REIT. We also could incur a 100% excise tax on transactions with a TRS, if they are not conducted on an arm’s length basis, or we also could be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently contemplated. Any of these taxes would decrease our earnings and our available cash.

In addition, the IRS and any state or local tax authority may successfully assert liabilities against us for corporate income taxes for taxable years prior to the time we qualified as a REIT, in which case we will owe these taxes plus applicable interest and penalties, if any. Moreover, any increase in taxable income for these pre-REIT periods will likely result in an increase in pre-REIT accumulated earnings and profits, which could cause us to pay an additional taxable distribution to our shareholders after the relevant determination.

A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. The term “prohibited transaction” generally includes a sale or other disposition of property (including mortgage loans, but other than foreclosure property, as discussed below) that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our trade or business. We might be subject to this tax if we were to dispose of or securitize loans in a manner that was treated as a prohibited transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We intend to conduct our operations so that no asset that we own (or are treated as owning) will be treated as, or as having been, held for sale to customers, and that a sale of any such asset will not be treated as having been in the ordinary course of our business. As a result, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans at the REIT level, and may limit the structures we utilize for our securitization transactions, even though the sales or structures might otherwise be beneficial to us. In addition, whether property is held “primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business” depends on the particular facts and circumstances. No assurance can be given that any property that we sell will not be treated as property held for sale to customers, or that we can comply with certain safe-harbor provisions of the Code that would prevent such treatment. The 100% prohibited transaction tax does not apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax in the hands of the corporation at regular corporate rates. We intend to structure our activities to prevent prohibited transaction characterization.

Our articles of incorporation provide that the board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our shareholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we cease to be a REIT, we will not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to shareholders in computing our taxable income, and we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates, which may have adverse consequences on our total return to our shareholders.

Our business, including our assets and operations, is concentrated in Hawai‘i, which exposes us to more concentrated risks than if our assets and operations were more geographically diverse. A weakening of economic drivers in Hawai‘i, which include tourism, military and consumer spending, public and private construction starts and spending, personal income growth, and employment, or the weakening of consumer confidence, market demand, or economic conditions on the Mainland and elsewhere, may adversely affect the level of real estate leasing activity in Hawai‘i, the demand for or sale of Hawai‘i real estate. In addition, an increase in interest rates or other factors could reduce the market value of our real estate holdings, as well as increase the cost of buyer financing that may reduce the demand for our real estate assets.

There are numerous other developers, buyers, managers and owners of commercial and residential real estate and undeveloped land that compete or may compete with us for management and leasing revenues, land for development, properties for acquisition and disposition, and for tenants and purchasers of properties. Intense competition could lead to increased supply of space, which could then increase vacancies, the need for increased tenant incentives, decreased rents, sales prices or sales volume, or lack of development opportunities. Additionally, our tenants may face increased competition and/or shifts in market preferences and demand that adversely impact their performance, ability to pay rent or even their business viability.

Our ability to dispose of non-strategic assets on advantageous terms, including pricing, depends on factors beyond our control, including but not limited to, competition from other sellers, insufficient infrastructure capacity or availability (e.g., water, sewer and roads) for real estate assets, the availability of attractive financing for potential buyers and market conditions. As a result, we may be unable to realize our strategy through dispositions, we may be unable to do so on advantageous terms, or we may not be able to execute the strategy in a timely manner, which could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and/or cash flows and may result in additional non-cash impairment charges.

In addition, many of the non-strategic assets are relatively illiquid. Illiquid assets typically experience greater price volatility, as a ready market does not exist, and can be more difficult to value. In addition, validating third party pricing for illiquid assets may be more subjective than more liquid assets. As a result, we may record additional non-cash impairment charges and/or realize significantly less than the value at which we have previously recorded such assets.

The successful execution of our strategy requires substantial amounts of operating and development capital. Sources of such capital could include banks, life insurance companies, public and private offerings of debt or equity, including rights offerings, sale of certain assets and joint venture partners. If our investment or credit profile deteriorates significantly, our access to the debt or equity capital markets may become restricted, our cost of capital may increase, or we may not be able to refinance debt at the same levels or on the same terms. Further, we rely on our ability to obtain and draw on a revolving credit facility to support our operations. Volatility in the credit and financial markets or deterioration in our credit profile may prevent us from accessing funds. There is no assurance that any capital will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all, to satisfy our short or long-term cash needs.

As noted above, the successful execution of our strategy requires substantial amounts of operating and development capital. If our capital needs are not able to be filled through our existing liquidity sources (e.g., our revolving credit facility), we may require additional capital. If we incur additional debt or raise equity, the terms of the debt or equity issued may give the holders rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock, particularly in the event of liquidation. The terms of any new debt may also impose additional and more stringent restrictions on our operations than currently in place. If we issue additional common equity, either through public or private offerings or rights offerings, existing common shareholders' percentage ownership in us would decline if they do not participate on a ratable basis.

Our credit facilities and term debt contain certain restrictive financial covenants. If we breach any of the covenants and such breach is not cured in a timely manner or waived by the lenders, and such event results in default, our access to credit may be limited or terminated and the lenders could declare any outstanding amounts immediately due and payable. We further may be limited in our ability to make distributions to our shareholders in event of default.

Although a significant amount of our outstanding debt has fixed interest rates, we borrow funds at variable interest rates under our credit facility. Interest expense on our floating-rate debt increases as interest rates rise. Additionally, the interest expense associated with fixed-rate debt could rise in future periods when the debt matures and is refinanced. Furthermore, the value of our commercial real estate portfolio and the market price of our stock could decline if market interest rates increase and investors seek alternative investments with higher distribution rates.

Recent substantial increases in the rate of inflation and potential future elevated rates of inflation, both real and anticipated, may impact our results of operations. In a highly inflationary environment, we may be unable to raise rental rates at or above the rate of inflation, which could reduce our profit margins. Increased inflation could also adversely affect us by increasing construction costs, including tenant improvements and capital projects, and operating costs. Many of the Company's leases require tenants to pay an allocable portion of operating expenses, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes and insurance, resulting in a mitigating impact on increased costs and operating expenses due to inflation. However, unreimbursed increased operating expenses may adversely affect the Company’s operating results and cash flows.

Fuel prices have a direct impact on the health of the Hawai‘i economy. Increases in the price of fuel may result in higher transportation costs to Hawai‘i and adversely affect visitor counts and the cost of goods shipped to Hawai‘i, thereby affecting the strength of the Hawai‘i economy and its consumers. Increases in energy costs for our leased real estate portfolio are typically recovered from lessees, although our share of energy costs increases as a result of lower occupancies, and higher operating cost reimbursements impact the ability to increase underlying rents. Rising fuel prices also may increase the cost of construction, including delivery costs to Hawai‘i, and the cost of materials that are petroleum-based, thus affecting our real estate development projects and margins.

We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations, including government rate, land use, environmental, climate-related and tax laws and regulations. Compliance or noncompliance with, or changes to, the laws and regulations governing our business could impose significant additional costs on us and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. For example, our real estate-related segments are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations, which, if changed or not complied with, may adversely affect our business.

We frequently utilize §1031 of the Code to defer taxes when selling qualifying real estate and reinvesting the proceeds in replacement properties. This often occurs when we sell bulk parcels of land in Hawai‘i or commercial properties in Hawai‘i, all of which typically have a very low tax basis. A repeal of, or adverse amendment to, §1031 of the Code could impose significant additional costs on us.

The Company’s operations and properties are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations concerning the protection of the environment, including Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations; Environmental Protection Agency regulations; and state and county permits related to our operations. Under some environmental laws, a current or previous owner or operator of real estate may be required to investigate and clean up hazardous or toxic substances released at a property. The owner or operator may also be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage or personal injuries and for investigation and clean-up costs incurred by those parties because of the contamination. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of the release of the substances or caused the release. The presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination may impair the Company’s ability to sell or lease real estate or to borrow using the real estate as collateral. Other laws and regulations govern indoor and outdoor air quality including those that can require the abatement or removal of asbestos-containing materials in the event of damage, demolition, renovation or remodeling and also govern emissions of and exposure to asbestos fibers in the air. The maintenance and removal of lead paint and certain electrical equipment containing polychlorinated biphenyls (“PCBs”) and underground storage tanks are also regulated by federal and state laws. The Company is also subject to risks associated with human exposure to chemical or biological contaminants such as molds, pollens, viruses and bacteria which, above certain levels, can be alleged to be connected to allergic or other health effects and symptoms in susceptible individuals. The Company could incur fines for environmental compliance and be held liable for the costs of remedial action with respect to the foregoing regulated substances or tanks or related claims arising out of environmental contamination or human exposure to contamination at or from its properties. Identification of compliance concerns or undiscovered areas of contamination, changes in the extent or known scope of contamination, discovery of additional sites, human exposure to the contamination or changes in cleanup or compliance requirements could result in significant costs to the Company.

Moreover, compliance with new laws or regulations such as those related to climate change, including compliance with “green” building codes, or more stringent laws or regulations or stricter interpretations of existing laws may require material expenditures by the Company.

We rely extensively on information technology and communication systems to process transactions and to operate and manage our business and face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside the Company or persons with access to systems inside the Company. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. The Company’s IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of its business and its ability to perform day-to-day operations. Furthermore, a significant subset of our employees partially operate in a remote work environment, which may exacerbate certain risks to our businesses, including an increased risk of cybersecurity attacks and increased risk of unauthorized dissemination of proprietary or confidential information.

Despite our implementation of security measures, there can be no assurance that our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our systems will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our systems could result in improper uses of our systems and interruptions in our operations, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our income, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, the ability to service debt obligations, the market price of our common stock and our ability to pay dividends and other distributions to shareholders. We may also incur significant costs to remedy damages caused by security breaches.

These risks require continuous and likely increasing attention and other resources to identify and quantify these risks, upgrade, and expand the Company’s technologies, systems and processes to adequately address them and provide periodic training for the Company’s employees to assist them in detecting phishing, malware and other schemes. Such attention diverts time and other resources from other activities and there is no assurance that the Company’s efforts will be effective. Additionally, the Company relies on third-party service providers for certain aspects of the Company’s business. The Company can provide no assurance that the networks and systems that the Company’s third-party vendors have established or use will be effective. As the Company’s reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks posed to the Company’s information systems, both internal and those provided by the Company and third-party service providers.

In the normal course of business, the Company and its service providers collect and retain certain personal information provided by employees, tenants and vendors, and relies extensively on IT systems to process transactions and manage its business. The Company can provide no assurance that the data security measures designed to protect confidential information on the Company’s systems established by the Company and the Company’s service providers will be able to prevent unauthorized access to this personal information or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging.

The Company’s internal IT systems are vulnerable to damage from any number of sources, including computer viruses, unauthorized access, energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication failures, reliability issues, and integration and compatibility concerns. Further, we may experience failures caused by the intentional or inadvertent acts and errors by our employees or vendors. The Company has implemented policies and procedures around its IT systems, including security measures, employee training, system redundancies, and the existence of a disaster recovery plan. However, any system failure or accident that causes interruptions in the Company’s operations could result in a material disruption to its business. The Company may incur additional costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions, as well as increased demand for information technology resources to support employees operating in a partially remote work environment.

As a result of climate change, we may experience extreme weather and changes in precipitation and temperature, including natural disasters. Should the impact of climate change be significant or occur for lengthy periods of time, our financial condition or results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our Commercial Real Estate and Land Operations segments are vulnerable to natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, sea level rise, wildfires, tornadoes and unusually heavy or prolonged rain, which could cause personal injury and loss of life. In addition, natural disasters could damage our real estate holdings, which could result in substantial repair or replacement costs to the extent not covered by insurance, a reduction in property values, or a loss of revenue, and could have an adverse effect on our ability to develop, lease and sell properties. The occurrence of natural disasters could also cause increases in property insurance rates and deductibles, which could reduce demand for, or increase the cost of, owning or developing our properties.

Drought, greater than normal rainfall, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, sea level rise, wildfires, other natural disasters, agricultural pestilence, or negligence or intentional malfeasance by individuals, may also adversely impact the conditions of the land and thereby harm the prospects for the Land Operations segment and our land infrastructure and facilities, including dams and reservoirs.

We maintain casualty insurance under policies we believe to be adequate and appropriate. These policies are generally subject to large retentions and deductibles. Some types of losses, such as losses resulting from physical damage to dams, generally are not insured. In some cases, we retain the entire risk of loss because it is not economically prudent to purchase insurance coverage or because of the perceived remoteness of the risk. Other risks are uninsured because insurance coverage may not be commercially available. Finally, we retain all risk of loss that exceeds the limits of our insurance.

Political crises (including but not limited to heightened security measures, war, actual or threatened terrorist attacks, efforts to combat terrorism or other acts of violence) and public health crises (including, but not limited to, pandemics) may cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease, or may affect the ability or willingness of tourists to travel to Hawai‘i, thereby adversely affecting Hawai‘i’s economy and us. Further, as our business is concentrated in Hawai‘i, an attack on Hawai‘i as a result of war or terrorism may severely or irreparably harm the Company.

Such events beyond our control could adversely affect trade and global and local economies and may lead to actions limiting trade and population movement and the movement of goods through the supply chain, as well as other impacts to business and consumer demand, which may adversely affect the Company’s business, operating results and financial condition.

The nature of our business exposes us to the potential for disputes, legal or other proceedings, or government inquiries or investigations, relating to labor and employment matters, contractual disputes, personal injury and property damage, environmental matters, construction litigation, business practices, and other matters, as discussed in the other risk factors disclosed in this section. These disputes could harm our business by distracting our management from the operation of our business. If these disputes develop into proceedings, these proceedings could result in significant expenditures or losses by us. Further, as a real estate developer, we may face warranty and construction defect claims, as described below under “Risks Relating to Our Land Operations Segment.”

We have a significant amount of long-lived assets on our consolidated balance sheet and have recorded non-cash impairment charges in the past. Under generally accepted accounting principles, long-lived assets are required to be reviewed for impairment whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate a possible impairment. If business conditions or other factors cause profitability and cash flows to decline, we may be required to record additional non-cash impairment charges. Events and conditions that could result in further impairment in the value of our long-lived assets include changes in the industries in which we operate, particularly the impact of a downturn in the global or Hawai‘i economy, as well as competition and advances in technology, adverse changes in the regulatory environment, or other factors leading to reduction in expected long-term sales or profitability.

We own a portfolio of commercial real estate assets. Factors that may adversely affect the portfolio’s profitability include, but are not limited to: (i) a significant number of our tenants are unable to meet their obligations; (ii) increases in non-recoverable operating and ownership costs; (iii) we are unable to lease space at our properties when the space becomes available; (iv) the rental rates upon a renewal or a new lease are significantly lower than prior rents or do not increase sufficiently to cover increases in operating and ownership costs; (v) the providing of lease concessions, such as free or discounted rents and tenant improvement allowances; and (vi) the discovery of hazardous or toxic substances, or other environmental, culturally-sensitive, or related issues at the property.

We may derive significant cash flows and earnings from certain key tenants. If one or more of these tenants declares bankruptcy or voluntarily vacates from the leased premise and we are unable to re-lease such space (or to re-lease it on comparable or more favorable terms), we may be adversely impacted. Additionally, we may be further adversely impacted by an impairment or “write-down” of intangible assets, such as lease-in-place value, favorable lease asset, or a deferred asset related to straight-line lease rent, associated with a tenant bankruptcy or vacancy.

Although many of the retailers operating at our properties sell groceries and other necessity-based soft goods or provide services, the shift to online shopping may cause declines in brick-and-mortar sales generated by certain of our tenants and/or may cause certain of our tenants to reduce the size or number of their retail locations in the future. As a result, our cash flow, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to renew leases, lease vacant space, or re-let space as leases expire. In addition, we may need to offer substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights, or below-market renewal options to retain existing tenants or attract new tenants. If the rental rates for our properties decrease, our existing tenants do not renew their leases, or we do not re-let our available space, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows would be adversely affected.

Our operating expenses include, but are not limited to, property taxes, insurance, utilities, repairs, and the maintenance of the common areas of our commercial real estate. We may experience increases in our operating expenses, some or all of which may be out of our control. Most of our leases require that tenants pay for a share of property taxes, insurance, and common area maintenance costs. However, if any property is not fully occupied, or if recovery income from tenants is not sufficient to cover operating expenses, then we could be required to expend our own funds for operating expenses. In addition, we may be unable to renew leases or negotiate new leases with terms requiring our tenants to pay all the property tax, insurance, and common area maintenance costs that tenants currently pay, which would adversely affect our operating results.

Some of our retail centers are anchored by large tenants. At any time, our tenants may experience a downturn in their business that may significantly weaken their financial condition. As a result, our tenants, including our anchor and other major tenants, may fail to comply with their contractual obligations to us, seek concessions in order to continue operations, or declare bankruptcy, any of which could result in the termination of such tenants’ leases and the loss of rental income attributable to the terminated leases. In addition, certain of our tenants may cease operations while continuing to pay rent, which could decrease customer traffic, thereby decreasing sales for our other tenants at the applicable retail property. In addition, mergers or consolidations among retail establishments could result in the closure of existing stores or the duplication or geographic overlapping of store locations, which could include stores at our retail centers.

Loss of, or a store closure by, an anchor store or major tenant could significantly reduce our occupancy level or the rent that we receive from our retail centers. We may be unable to re-lease vacated space or to re-lease it on comparable or more favorable terms, or at all.

In the event of default by an anchor store or major tenant, we may experience delays and costs in enforcing our rights as landlord to recover amounts due to us under the terms of our agreements with such parties.

Certain of the leases at our retail centers contain “co-tenancy” provisions that establish conditions related to a tenant’s obligation to remain open, the amount of rent payable, or a tenant’s obligation to continue occupying space, including (i) the presence of an anchor tenant, (ii) the continued operation of an anchor tenant’s store, and (iii) minimum occupancy levels at the applicable property. If a co-tenancy provision is triggered by a failure of any of these conditions, a tenant could have the right to cease operations, to terminate its lease early, or to a reduction of its rent. In addition, certain of the leases at our retail centers contain “go-dark” provisions that allow the tenant to cease operations while continuing to pay rent. This could result in decreased customer traffic at the property, thereby decreasing sales for our other tenants at such property, which may result in our other tenants being unable to pay their minimum rents or expense recovery charges. Such provisions may also result in lower rental revenue generated under the applicable leases. To the extent co-tenancy or go-dark provisions in our leases result in lower revenue or tenant sales, tenants’ rights to terminate their leases early, or to a reduction of their rent, our performance and/or the value of the applicable retail center could be adversely affected.

We have significant investments in various commercial real estate properties. Weakness in the real estate sector, especially in Hawai‘i, difficulty in obtaining or renewing financing, and changes in our investment and redevelopment strategy, among other factors, may affect the fair value of these real estate assets. If the undiscounted cash flows of our commercial properties, or redevelopment projects, were to decline below the carrying value of those assets, we would be required to recognize an impairment loss if the fair value of those assets were below their carrying value.

Our business strategy involves the acquisition of retail, industrial, and other properties. These activities require us to identify suitable acquisition candidates or investment opportunities that meet our criteria. We evaluate the market of available properties and may attempt to acquire properties when strategic opportunities exist. We may be unable to acquire properties that we have identified as potential acquisition opportunities due to various factors, including but not limited to, the inability to (i) negotiate terms agreeable to the parties involved, (ii) satisfy conditions to closing, or (iii) finance the acquisition on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, we may incur significant costs and divert management attention in connection with evaluating and negotiating potential acquisitions, including ones that we are subsequently not able to complete. If we are unable to acquire properties on favorable terms, or at all, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow could be adversely affected.

We compete with many other entities for the acquisition of commercial real estate and land suitable for new developments, including other REITs, private institutional investors, and other owner-operators of commercial real estate. Larger REITs may enjoy competitive advantages that result from a lower cost of capital. These competitors may increase the market prices we would have to pay in order to acquire properties. If we are unable to acquire properties that meet our criteria at prices we deem reasonable, our ability to grow may be adversely affected.

Our redevelopment and development-for-hold projects are subject to risks relating to our ability to complete our projects on time and on budget. Factors that may result in a development project exceeding budget or being prevented from completion include, but are not limited to: (i) our inability to secure sufficient financing or insurance on favorable terms, or at all; (ii) construction delays, defects, or cost overruns, which may increase project development costs; (iii) an increase in commodity or construction costs, including labor costs; (iv) the discovery of hazardous or toxic substances, or other environmental, culturally-sensitive, or related issues; (v) an inability to obtain, or a significant delay in obtaining, zoning, construction, occupancy and other required governmental permits and authorizations; (vi) difficulty in complying with local, city, county and state rules and regulations regarding permitting, zoning, subdivision, utilities, and water quality, as well as federal rules and regulations regarding air and water quality and protection of endangered species and their habitats; (vii) insufficient infrastructure capacity or availability (e.g., water, sewer and roads) to serve the needs of our projects; (viii) an inability to secure tenants necessary to support the project or maintain compliance with debt covenants; (ix) failure to achieve or sustain anticipated occupancy levels; (x) condemnation of all or parts of development or operating properties, which could adversely affect the value or viability of such projects; and (xi) instability in the financial industry could reduce the availability of financing.

Significant instability in the financial industry may result in declining property values and increasing defaults on loans. This, in turn, could lead to increased regulations, tightened credit requirements, reduced liquidity and increased credit risk premiums for virtually all borrowers. Deterioration in the credit environment may also impact us in other ways, including the credit or solvency of vendors, tenants, or joint venture partners, the ability of partners to fund their financial obligations to joint ventures and our access to mortgage financing for our own properties.

Our ability to promptly sell one or more properties in our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial and investment conditions is limited. The real estate market is affected by many factors, such as general economic conditions, supply and demand, availability of financing, interest rates and other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot be certain that we will be able to sell any property for the price and other terms we seek, or that any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be acceptable to us. We also cannot estimate with certainty the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser and to complete the sale of a property. Factors that impede our ability to dispose of properties could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

Our development-for-sale projects are subject to risks that are similar to those described in the “We are subject to risks associated with real estate construction and development” risk factor above, under the “Risks Relating to Our Commercial Real Estate Segment” section.

Significant instability in the financial industry may result in declining property values and increasing defaults on loans. This, in turn, could lead to increased regulations, tightened credit requirements, reduced liquidity and increased credit risk premiums for virtually all borrowers. Fewer loan products and strict loan qualifications make it more difficult for borrowers to finance the purchase of units in our projects. Additionally, more stringent requirements to obtain financing for buyers of commercial properties make it significantly more difficult for us to sell commercial properties and may negatively impact the sales prices and other terms of such sales. Deterioration in the credit environment may also impact us in other ways, including the credit or solvency of customers, vendors, or joint venture partners, the ability of partners to fund their financial obligations to joint ventures and our access to mortgage financing for our own properties.

We are subject to laws and regulations that affect the land development process, including zoning and permitted land uses. Government entities have adopted or may approve regulations or laws that could negatively impact the availability of land and development opportunities. It is possible that requirements will be imposed on developers that could adversely affect our ability to develop projects in the affected markets or could require that we satisfy additional administrative and regulatory requirements, which could delay development progress or increase the development costs to us.

In our development-for-sale projects, we are subject to warranty and construction defect claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The amounts payable under these claims, both in legal fees and remedying any construction defects, can be significant and could exceed the profits made from the project. As a consequence, we may maintain liability insurance, obtain indemnities and certificates of insurance from contractors generally covering claims related to workmanship and materials, and create warranty and other reserves for projects based on historical experience and qualitative risks associated with the type of project built. Because of the uncertainties inherent in these matters, we cannot provide any assurance that our insurance coverage, contractor arrangements and reserves will be adequate to address some or all of our warranty and construction defect claims in the future. For example, contractual indemnities may be difficult to enforce, we may be responsible for applicable self-insured retentions, and certain claims may not be covered by insurance or may exceed applicable coverage limits. Additionally, the coverage offered, and the availability of liability insurance for construction defects, could be limited or costly. Accordingly, we cannot provide any assurance that such coverage will be adequate, available at an acceptable cost, or available at all.

It is crucial to have access to sufficient, reliable and affordable sources of water in order to conduct sustainable agricultural activity. Water availability is critical to the successful implementation of farming plans on those lands purchased from us by Mahi Pono Holdings LLC ("Mahi Pono") in conjunction with our sale of certain agricultural landholdings on Maui. As described in our public filings associated with that sale, as well as Note 11 – Revenue and Contract Balances of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this report, if Mahi Pono is unable to secure sufficient water to support the agricultural plans for which it purchased the lands, this could trigger certain financial obligations.

We are subject to inspections and regulations that apply to certain of our dams, reservoirs, and other water infrastructure. Certain of these facilities have deficiencies noted by the State of Hawai‘i, which we are working with the regulators to resolve. It is possible that current or future requirements imposed on landowners and dam owners/operators may require that we satisfy additional administrative and regulatory requirements and thereby increase the holding costs to us and/or decrease the operational utility of the subject facilities.

None.

Cybersecurity, and in particular cybersecurity risk management, is an important part of operations and a focus area for the Company. Cybersecurity risks are evaluated on an ongoing basis by the Company’s Technology department, both internally and with the assistance of external firms.

The Company engages a national security firm in an effort to improve its cybersecurity posture and keep current with evolving cybersecurity risks. The Company’s cybersecurity program is examined on a regular basis, and new procedures and tools are adopted on an ongoing basis to address the changing cybersecurity landscape. The Company’s technology team tests the effectiveness of its tools with periodic exercises, such as an extensive, simulated attack exercise.

The Company’s Board of Directors oversees the overall risk management process, including cybersecurity risks, which it administers in part through its Audit Committee. One of the Audit Committee’s responsibilities involves reviewing the Company’s policies regarding risk assessment and risk management, including with respect to cybersecurity risks. Risk oversight plays a role in all major decisions of the Company’s Board of Directors, and the evaluation of risk is a key part of its decision-making process.

Cybersecurity risks are considered as part of the risk management process across all levels of the organization but are also facilitated through a formal process in which the Company identifies significant risks through regular discussions with management and also develops responses and mitigating actions to address such risks. In conjunction with the Company’s Internal Audit department, management compiles a report of significant, enterprise risks that is shared with the Company’s Board of Directors and its Audit Committee annually or as needed. In addition, cybersecurity and information security risks are among the matters presented by the Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”) for discussion with the Company’s Board of Directors annually and its Audit Committee quarterly or as needed. The CTO, who reports to the Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for leading the assessment and management of cybersecurity risks. The Company's current CTO has more than twenty years of experience managing technology initiatives in diverse industries, and he designed and led the approach for the modernization of the Company's technology platforms and security posture since 2017.

As many security threats involve social engineering, the Company has a multifaceted security training program for its employees. Mandatory cybersecurity training classes are administered semi-annually. Tests of employees’ ability to thwart attacks are run successively throughout the year, and remedial refresher courses are required when employees fail the tests. In addition, security awareness assessment is required as part of the annual employee review process.

The Company does not believe that any risks from cybersecurity threats to date, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents of which the Company is aware, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial conditions. Refer to the risk factor captioned, “Security breaches through cyber attacks or intrusions, or other significant disruptions of the Company's information technology ("IT") networks, communications, and related systems could impair our ability to operate, adversely affect our financial condition, and damage our reputation,” in Part I, Item IA. “Risk Factors” for additional description of cybersecurity risks and potential related impacts on the Company.

The Company owns and operates a portfolio of improved properties within three asset classes in Hawai‘i (retail, industrial and office). The following table presents a summary of GLA square footage ("SF") by the improved property asset class and location as of December 31, 2023:

The Company also owns 142.0 acres of land in Hawai‘i, of which substantially all is leased pursuant to urban ground leases as of December 31, 2023.

Most of the Company's improved retail, industrial and office properties are located on Oahu and Maui, with a smaller number of holdings on Kauai and Hawai‘i (island). The occupancy for the improved properties portfolio (i.e., the percentage of square footage leased and commenced to gross leasable space at the end of the period reported, "Leased Occupancy") was 94.7% as of December 31, 2023, and 95.0% as of December 31, 2022. For properties in the portfolio, the Company presents annualized base rent ("ABR") for each of its improved properties on a total and per-square-foot ("PSF") basis; ABR is calculated by multiplying the current month's contractual base rent by twelve.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company's commercial real estate improved property assets were as follows (dollars in thousands, except PSF data):

The Company's portfolio of commercial ground leases at December 31, 2023, was as follows (dollars in thousands):

The Company's Land Operations segment primarily consists of the Company's non-commercial real estate landholdings and other legacy assets and liabilities.

At December 31, 2023, the Company's real estate investments related to its Land Operations segment were as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, the Company's Land Operations segment has one remaining active, core real estate development-for-sale project, Maui Business Park (Phase II) ("MBP II"). MBP II represents the second phase of the Company's Maui Business Park project in Kahului, Maui, and is zoned for light industrial, retail, and office use. A summary of the Company's MBP II project as of December 31, 2023, is as follows:

MBP II activity during the year ended December 31, 2023, included the transfer of 2.4 acres slated for a build-to-suit development to the Commercial Real Estate segment.

In connection with the Company's simplification efforts, during the quarter ended June 30, 2022, the Company completed the disposal of approximately 18,900 acres of primarily conservation and agricultural land on the island of Kauai and 100% of the Company's ownership interest in McBryde Resources, Inc., the operator of hydroelectric power facilities on Kauai, to an unrelated third party. Additionally, during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company completed the sale of its ownership interest in KT&S, a legacy trucking and storage business on Maui.

The information set forth under the "Legal proceedings and other contingencies" section in Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this report, is incorporated herein by reference.

The information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K (17 CFR 229.104) is included in Exhibit 95 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The common stock of Alexander & Baldwin, Inc. ("A&B" or the "Company") is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ALEX. As of February 14, 2024, there were approximately 1,771 shareholders of record. In addition, Cede & Co., which appears as a single record holder, represents the holdings of thousands of beneficial owners of the Company's common stock.

The Company elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for US federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2017. As a REIT, the Company is generally required to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its shareholders (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains). The Company has distributed and intends to continue to distribute REIT taxable income, including net capital gains, to its shareholders that will enable the Company to meet the distribution requirements applicable to REITs under the Code. The Company's Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, will determine on a quarterly basis the amount of cash to be distributed to the Company's shareholders based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the Company's results of operations, cash flow and capital requirements, economic conditions, tax considerations, borrowing capacity and other factors, including debt covenant restrictions, that may impose limitations on cash payments and plans for future acquisitions and divestitures.

In October 2021, the Company's Board of Directors reauthorized the Company to repurchase up to $150 million of its common stock beginning on January 1, 2022, and ending on December 31, 2023. During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 89,781 shares of our common stock in the open market for an aggregate purchase price, including commissions, of $1.5 million. These shares were retired upon repurchase. On December 31, 2023, $142.4 million expired under the stock repurchase program. In October 2023, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to $100.0 million of its common stock beginning on January 1, 2024, and ending on December 31, 2025.

The following summarizes the Company's purchases of equity securities and use of proceeds for the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Execution Date						Total Number of Shares Purchased			Average Price Paid per Share¹			Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs			Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs2
															(in thousands)
October 1-31, 2023						89,781			$	16.34		458,501			$	142,400
November 1-30, 2023						—			$	—		458,501			$	142,400
December 1-31, 2023						—			$	—		458,501			$	—
Total						89,781			16.34			458,501			$	—

    

1The average price paid per share includes $0.02 commission fee per share.

2The share repurchase plan beginning on January 1, 2022, expired on December 31, 2023. A new plan authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $100.0 million of its common stock began on January 1, 2024.

There were no unregistered equity securities sold by the Company during 2023 or 2022.

The graph below compares the cumulative total return on the Company’s common stock with that of the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index (“S&P 500”) and two industry peer group indices, FTSE Nareit All Equity REITs and FTSE Nareit Equity Shopping Centers, from December 31, 2018, through December 31, 2023. The stock price performance graph assumes that an investor invested $100 in each of the Company and the indices, and the reinvestment of any dividends. The comparisons in the graph are provided in accordance with the SEC disclosure requirements and are not intended to forecast or be indicative of the future performance of the Company's shares of common stock.

Statements in this Form 10-K that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the relevant forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding possible or assumed future results of operations, business strategies, growth opportunities and competitive positions. Such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statements were made and are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by the forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K under the heading "Risk Factors." The information in this Form 10-K should be evaluated in light of these important risk factors. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

The risk factors discussed in "Risk Factors" could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements. There may be other risks and uncertainties that we are unable to predict at this time or that we currently do not expect to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Any such risks could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements.

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This section generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022; and provides additional material information about the Company's business, recent developments and financial condition; its results of operations at a consolidated and segment level; its liquidity and capital resources including an evaluation of the amounts and certainty of cash flows from operations and from outside sources; and how certain accounting principles, policies, and estimates affect its financial statements. Discussions of 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. MD&A is organized as follows:

•Business Overview: This section provides a general description of the Company's business, as well as recent developments that management believes are important in understanding its results of operations and financial condition or in understanding anticipated future trends.

•Consolidated Results of Operations: This section provides an analysis of the Company's consolidated results of operations.

•Analysis of Operating Revenue and Profit by Segment: This section provides an analysis of the Company's results of operations by business segment.

•Liquidity and Capital Resources: This section provides a discussion of the Company's liquidity, financial condition and an analysis of its cash flows, including a discussion of the Company's ability to fund its future commitments and ongoing operating activities in the short-term (i.e., over the next twelve months from the most recent fiscal period end) and in the long-term (i.e., beyond the next twelve months) through internal and external sources of capital. It includes an evaluation of the amounts and certainty of cash flows from operations and from outside sources.

•Critical Accounting Estimates: This section identifies and summarizes the significant judgments or estimates on the part of management in preparing the Company's consolidated financial statements that may materially impact the Company's reported results of operations and financial condition.

Amounts in the MD&A section are rounded to the nearest tenth of a million. Accordingly, a recalculation of totals and percentages, if based on the reported data, may be slightly different.

The Company operates two segments: Commercial Real Estate and Land Operations. A description of each of the Company's reportable segments is as follows:

•Commercial Real Estate ("CRE") - This segment functions as a vertically integrated real estate investment company with core competencies in investments and acquisitions (i.e., identifying opportunities and acquiring properties); construction and development (i.e., designing and ground-up development of new properties or repositioning and redevelopment of existing properties); and in-house leasing and property management (i.e., executing new and renegotiating renewal lease arrangements, managing its properties' day-to-day operations and maintaining positive tenant relationships). The Company's preferred asset classes include improved properties in retail and industrial spaces and also urban ground leases. Its focus within improved retail properties, in particular, is on grocery-anchored neighborhood shopping centers that meet the daily needs of Hawai‘i communities. Through its core competencies and with its experience and relationships in Hawai‘i, the Company seeks to create special places that enhance the lives of Hawai‘i residents and to provide venues and opportunities that enable its tenants to thrive. Income from this segment is principally generated by owning, operating, and leasing real estate assets.

•Land Operations - This segment includes the Company's legacy landholdings, assets, and liabilities that are subject to the Company's simplification and monetization effort. Financial results from this segment are principally derived from real estate development and land sales, joint ventures, and other legacy business activities.

As a REIT focused on Hawaii commercial real estate, the Company has pursued the monetization and disposition of legacy, non-core assets and landholdings in order to simplify its business and allocate its capital resources to commercial real estate.

In November 2023, the Company completed the sale of its interests in Grace Pacific, a materials and construction company, and the Company-owned quarry land on Maui (collectively, the "Grace Disposal Group"), marking the last major step in the Company's simplification efforts that began in 2016. The assets and liabilities associated with the Grace Disposal Group were classified as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, and financial results are classified as discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations and cash flows for all periods presented.

Related to the Land Operations segment, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company completed the sale of approximately 460 acres of land holdings on Maui and Kauai for $12.3 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of approximately 18,900 acres of primarily conservation and agricultural land on the island of Kauai and 100% of the Company's ownership interest in McBryde Resources, Inc., the operator of hydroelectric power facilities on Kauai, for $76.0 million. In connection with the sale, the Company recognized a net gain on disposition of $54.0 million and received cash proceeds of $73.9 million. Excluding this transaction, the Company completed real estate disposals involving approximately 1,300 acres of land holdings on Maui and Kauai for $19.9 million.

On February 23, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a plan to effect the termination of the A&B Retirement Plan for Salaried Employees of Alexander & Baldwin, LLC and the Pension Plan for Employees of A&B Agricultural Companies (collectively, the “Defined Benefit Plans”), which became effective on May 31, 2021. In June 2022, the Company completed the termination of the Defined Benefit Plans. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company made cash contributions of $28.7 million to employee benefit plans, and in connection with the termination process recorded a pre-tax settlement charge of $76.9 million within Pension termination in the consolidated statements of operations, which represents the acceleration of deferred charges previously included within accumulated other comprehensive loss and the impact of remeasuring the plan assets and obligations at termination. In addition, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $18.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, to reclassify the tax effects in accumulated other comprehensive loss upon completion of the termination of the Defined Benefit Plans.

For an understanding of the significant factors that influenced our performance during fiscal 2023 and 2022, the following analysis of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included in Part II, Item 8. of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The causes of material changes in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, are described below or in the Analysis of Operating Revenue and Profit by Segment sections below.

Operating revenue for 2023 decreased 9.4%, or $21.6 million, to $208.9 million due primarily to lower revenues from Land Operations segment land sales and legacy business activities sold in the second quarter of 2022 and first quarter of 2023, partially offset by higher rental income and tenant recoveries from the Commercial Real Estate segment.

Cost of operations for 2023 decreased 19.8%, or $26.3 million, to $106.6 million due primarily to a decrease in costs incurred by the Land Operations segment from legacy business activities sold in the second quarter of 2022 and first quarter of 2023 and lower development property sales, partially offset by higher property operating costs from the Commercial Real Estate segment.

Selling, general and administrative costs for 2023 decreased 5.3%, or $1.9 million, to $34.0 million due primarily due to higher pension service cost and professional services expense in the prior year.

Impairment of assets of $4.8 million during 2023 consisted of the abandonment of potential CRE development projects and impairment of a CRE improved property that was triggered by changes in expected holding period assumptions.

Gain (loss) on disposal of assets, net of $1.1 million for 2023 was primarily due to the sale of the Company's ownership interest in a legacy trucking and storage business on Maui. Gain (loss) on disposal of assets, net of $54.0 million for 2022 was due to the sale of approximately 18,900 acres of primarily agricultural and conservation land on the island of Kauai and 100% of the Company's ownership interest in McBryde Resources, Inc., the operator of hydroelectric power facilities on Kauai. Both of these legacy activities were part of the Land Operations segment.

Pension termination loss of $76.9 million in 2022 resulted from the termination of the Defined Benefit Plans and represents the acceleration of deferred charges previously included within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and the impact of remeasuring the plan assets and obligations at termination.

Interest and other income (expense), net for 2023 decreased $3.1 million to a net expense of $2.7 million due primarily to the de-designation of hedging relationships for two forward interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2023, which resulted in the reclassification of $2.7 million of losses from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to Interest and other income (expense), net.

Income tax benefit of $18.3 million for 2022, was due primarily to the termination of the Company’s Defined Benefit Plans and the reclassification of the tax effects in accumulated other comprehensive loss upon completion of the termination of the Defined Benefit Plans.

Loss from discontinued operations (net of income taxes) of $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, consists of the loss on disposal of $13.2 million related to the sale of the Grace Disposal Group in November 2023, partially offset by $5.4 million in income from the Grace Disposal Group operations in 2023 prior to disposal. Loss from discontinued operations (net of income taxes) of $86.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily consists of impairment of $89.8 million recorded in 2022, upon the Grace Disposal Group's classification as held for sale and measurement at its fair value less costs to sell.

The following analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto.

Commercial Real Estate operating revenue increased 3.6% or $6.8 million, to $194.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Operating profit decreased 0.4%, or $0.3 million, to $81.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in segment operating revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, was primarily driven by higher base rents and recoveries from tenants. Operating costs and expenses increased 2.3% or $2.3 million to $101.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year due primarily to higher property operating costs and property taxes. Impairment of assets of $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, related to the abandonment of potential CRE development projects and changes in the expected holding period assumptions for a CRE improved property.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company's acquisitions and transfers of commercial real estate properties were as follows (dollars in millions):

There were no dispositions of CRE improved properties or ground lease interests in land during the year ended December 31, 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company signed 83 new leases and 150 renewal leases for its improved properties across its three asset classes, covering 623,600 square feet of GLA. The 83 new leases consist of 181,300 square feet with an average annual base rent of $30.37 per-square-foot. Of the 83 new leases, 35 leases with a total GLA of 67,400 square feet were considered comparable (i.e., leases executed for units that have been vacated in the previous 12 months for comparable space and comparable lease terms) and, for these 35 leases, resulted in a 8.0% average base rent increase over comparable expiring leases. The 150 renewal leases consist of 442,300 square feet with an average annual base rent of $31.76 per square foot. Of the 150 renewal leases, 113 leases with a total GLA of 254,300 were considered comparable and resulted in a 7.6% average base rent increase over comparable expiring leases. The Company signed six new ground lease renewals during the year ended December 31, 2023, of which two were considered comparable and resulted in a 37.8% base rent increase over the comparable expiring lease.

Leasing activity summarized by asset class for the year ended December 31, 2023, was as follows:

The Company reports three types of occupancy: "Leased Occupancy," "Physical Occupancy," and "Economic Occupancy."

The Leased Occupancy percentage calculates the square footage leased (i.e., the space has been committed to by a lessee under a signed lease agreement) as a percentage of total available improved property square footage as of the end of the period reported.

The Physical Occupancy percentage calculates the square footage leased and commenced (i.e., measured when the lessee has physical access to the space) as a percentage of total available improved property space at the end of the period reported.

The Economic Occupancy percentage calculates the square footage under leases for which the lessee is contractually obligated to make lease-related payments (i.e., subsequent to the rent commencement date) to total available improved property square footage as of the end of the period reported.

The Company's improved portfolio occupancy metrics as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows:

For further context, the Company's Leased Occupancy and Economic Occupancy metrics for its improved portfolio summarized by asset class – and the corresponding occupancy metrics for a category of properties that were owned and operated for the entirety of the prior calendar year and current period, to date ("Same-Store" as more fully described below) – as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows:

The asset class mix of real estate sales in any given period can be diverse and may include developable subdivision lots, undeveloped land or property sold under threat of condemnation. Further, the timing of property or parcel sales can significantly affect operating results in a given period.

Operating profit reported in each period for the Land Operations segment does not necessarily follow a percentage of sales trend because the cost basis of property sold can differ significantly between transactions. For example, the sale of undeveloped land and vacant parcels in Hawai‘i may result in higher margins than the sale of developed property due to the low historical cost basis of the Company's Hawai‘i landholdings.

As a result, direct year-over-year comparison of the Land Operations segment results may not provide a consistent, measurable indicator of future performance. Further, Land Operations revenue trends, cash flows from the sales of real estate, and the amount of real estate held for sale on the Company's consolidated balance sheet do not necessarily indicate future profitability trends for this segment.

2023: Land Operations revenue of $14.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, was primarily driven by the sale of approximately 460 acres of unimproved and other land holdings on Maui and Kauai for $12.3 million. Revenue also included other operating revenue related to the Company's legacy business activities in the Land Operations segment (primarily trucking services and licensing and leasing of non-core legacy lands).

Operating costs and expenses for this segment decreased primarily due to lower cost of sales associated with unimproved and other landholdings and Maui Business Park II lot sales, the favorable resolution of contingent liabilities related to prior year land sales, and lower costs related to legacy business activities. Selling, general, and administrative expenses declined primarily due to lower payroll and related costs resulting from simplification efforts and a decrease in pension service costs related to the 2022 pension termination. Additionally, the Company completed the sale of its ownership interest in a legacy trucking and storage business on Maui during the year ended December 31, 2023, which resulted in a gain on disposal of $1.1 million.

2022: Land Operations revenue of $43.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily driven by sales of six development parcels at Maui Business Park for $8.1 million, as well as unimproved and other land sales on the islands of Maui and Kauai of approximately 1,300 acres for $19.9 million. Revenue also included other operating revenue related to the Company's legacy business activities in the Land Operations segment (primarily trucking service, licensing and leasing of non-core legacy agricultural lands, and renewable energy).

Operating costs and expenses for this segment is composed of costs related to the Company's legacy business activities and legacy land holding costs, including a $5.0 million impairment charge related to conservation and agriculture zoned land on Oahu, as well as costs associated with the sales of Maui Business Park II lots and unimproved and other landholdings.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of approximately 18,900 acres of primarily agricultural and conservation land on the island of Kauai and 100% of the Company's ownership interest in McBryde Resources, Inc., the operator of hydroelectric power facilities on Kauai, which resulted in a gain on disposal of $54.0 million.

Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the segment incurred a settlement charge of $62.2 million in connection with the termination of the Defined Benefit Plans.

The Company uses non-GAAP measures when evaluating operating performance because management believes that they provide additional insight into the Company's and segments' core operating results, and/or the underlying business trends affecting performance on a consistent and comparable basis from period to period. These measures generally are provided to investors as an additional means of evaluating the performance of ongoing core operations. The non-GAAP financial information presented herein should be considered supplemental to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP.

FFO is presented by the Company as a widely used non-GAAP measure of operating performance for real estate companies. National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("Nareit") defines FFO as follows: net income (loss) available to A&B common shareholders (calculated in accordance with GAAP), excluding (1) depreciation and amortization related to real estate, (2) gains and losses from the sale of certain real estate assets, (3) gains and losses from change in control, (4) impairment write-downs of certain real estate assets and investments in entities when the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of depreciable real estate held by the entity, and (5) income (loss) from discontinued operations that are incidental to CRE.

The Company believes that, subject to the following limitations, FFO provides a supplemental measure to net income (calculated in accordance with GAAP) for comparing its performance and operations to those of other REITs. FFO does not represent an alternative to net income calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, FFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, nor does it represent cash available to pay distributions and should not be considered as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities, determined in accordance with GAAP, as a measure of the Company’s liquidity. The Company presents different forms of FFO: