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Q4’2025 Digital asset sales of $64.3 billion and Net income of $(563.6) million

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Bullish posts record Adjusted revenue, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted net income for Q4’2025

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Bullish beats guided range on Subscription, services, & other revenue and in-line with guided range on Adjusted operating expense in Q4’2025

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Q4’2025 Adjusted revenue of $92.5 million and Adjusted EBITDA of $44.5 million

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Bullish options trading surpasses $9B in options trading volume and reaches open interest high of $4B (open interest data through January 31, 2026)

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Digital asset sales were $64.3 billion vs. $66.0 billion

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Net income (loss) was $(563.6) million or $(3.73) per diluted share vs. $158.5 million or $1.37 per diluted share

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Adjusted revenue (non-IFRS) was $92.5 million vs. $55.2 million

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Adjusted transaction revenue (non-IFRS) was $37.9 million vs. $41.0 million

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Adjusted net income (non-IFRS) was $28.9 million vs. $4.0 million

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Adjusted EBITDA (non-IFRS) was $44.5 million vs. $15.8 million

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Digital asset sales were $244.8 billion vs. $250.2 billion

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Net income (loss) was $(785.5) million vs. $79.6 million

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Adjusted revenue (non-IFRS) was $288.5 million vs. $213.9 million

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Adjusted transaction revenue (non-IFRS) was $130.7 million vs. $153.2 million

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Adjusted net income (non-IFRS) was $38.8 million vs. $9.6 million

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Adjusted EBITDA (non-IFRS) was $94.3 million vs. $52.1 million

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Options Launch and Rapid Adoption: Surpassed $9B in options trading volume and reached an open interest high of $4B, establishing Bullish as the #2 exchange for BTC options open interest (open interest data through January 31, 2026)

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ETP Strength: Established position as the #1 Indexer by market share for all indexers of digital assets, winning 15 of 39 digital asset focused ETF listings globally in 4Q’ 2025

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Liquidity Services Growth: Continued momentum from established and emerging asset issuers with new institutional partnerships, driving another quarter of record SS&O revenue

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U.S. Regulatory: Secured Transfer Agent Registration furthering the development of our tokenization stack

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Subscription, services & other revenue (non-IFRS) of $220.0 million to $250.0 million

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Adjusted operating expense (non-IFRS) of $210.0 million to $230.0 million

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Finance expense of $52.0 million to $60.0 million

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Adjusted transaction revenue is a non-IFRS financial measure intended to capture the fees and trading spreads earned from customers trading on our Exchange. We define adjusted transactional revenue as (i) the portion of “Digital asset sales”, as reported in accordance with IFRS, attributable to digital asset sales on our Exchange, less (ii) the “Cost of digital assets derecognized” excluding such costs from sales on venues other than the Exchange, plus (iii) the change in fair value of digital asset inventories, arising from purchase of digital assets on our Exchange (included within reported “Change in fair value of digital assets held, net”), plus (iv) transaction income (included within reported “Other revenues”), plus (v) net spread related income and change in fair value of perpetual futures on the Exchange.

We exclude digital asset sales, and the related cost of digital assets derecognized, from trading activity on venues other than our Exchange. We also exclude subscription and services revenue (included within reported other revenues). In each case, this approach is intended to ensure that our adjusted transaction revenue metric reflects the core performance of our trading operations and provides a clearer understanding of our business activities on our Exchange.

While we include change in fair value of digital asset inventories, specifically the bid-offer spread earned from the purchase of digital assets on our Exchange, as part of our adjusted transaction revenue, we do not include other reported changes in fair value, such as subsequent remeasurements and mark-to-market adjustments. This is because these remeasurements, including impairment losses of digital assets held under intangible assets, are not considered part of our ongoing business operations and do not align with our intention to avoid taking directional trading positions.

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Adjusted revenue is a non-IFRS financial measure intended to reflect the revenues generated by our trading and information services and also from our investing activities. We define adjusted revenue as adjusted transaction revenue, plus (i) subscription and services revenue, which is included in reported other revenues and includes interest and revenues from CoinDesk and CCData, plus (ii) for periods prior to 2024 only, change in fair value of investment in financial assets, plus (iii) the net income from DeFi protocols excluding the fair value change of underlying digital assets, that is reported under OCI.

Specifically, adjusted revenue includes the fees and trading spreads earned from customers trading on our Exchange, excludes gains or losses from the remeasurement of our digital assets and includes other fees such as interest and revenue from CoinDesk and CCData businesses that we acquired in November 2023 and October 2024, respectively.

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Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as income/(loss) after tax adjusted to exclude:

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digital asset sales and the cost of digital assets derecognized on other venues, as these transactions do not directly reflect the core activities of liquidity provision and client facilitation on our Exchange. Excluding these is intended to ensure that our Adjusted EBITDA remains focused on the fundamental operations that drive our business;

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gains or losses from the remeasurement of our digital assets, as these assets are held to facilitate client trading rather than for proprietary trading purposes. Such remeasurement reflects mark-to-market (MTM) adjustments including the impairment losses of digital assets held under intangible assets that are not part of our ongoing business operations and do not align with our intention to avoid taking directional trading positions. The primary focus of our business model is to provide liquidity and facilitate client transactions on our Exchange, with the key performance metric being the bid-offer spread earned from digital asset spot transactions. Including MTM adjustments would introduce volatility that is not reflective of our core operational performance and could mislead stakeholders about the true drivers of our business;

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certain non-cash charges such as share-based compensation expenses and depreciation and amortization because the amount of such expenses in any specific period may not directly correlate to the underlying performance of our business operations;

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provision for or benefit from income tax and finance expenses;

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change in fair value of derivatives and financial liability at FVTPL;

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the change in fair value of investments in financial assets related to digital asset funds. These investments are not central to our core operations, as they do not directly contribute to our primary business activities of liquidity provision and client facilitation. The fair value changes are primarily driven by the mark-to-market (MTM) adjustments of the underlying digital assets within the funds. Including these fair value changes would introduce volatility of digital assets that does not accurately represent the operational metrics that are indicative of our business performance. Our core operating performance focuses on providing liquidity and facilitating client transactions, and we aim to avoid taking directional trading positions;

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certain acquisition-related and integration costs associated with business combinations, various restructuring and other costs, and goodwill impairment charges, all of which are not normal operating expenses. These adjustments aid in the comparability of our results across periods. Acquisition related costs include amounts paid to redeem acquirees’ unvested share-based compensation awards, legal, accounting, valuation, and due diligence costs. Integration costs include advisory and other professional services or consulting fees necessary to integrate acquired businesses. Restructuring and other costs that are not reflective of our core business operating expenses may include severance costs, contingent losses, impairment charges, and certain litigation and regulatory charges; and

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the net income from DeFi protocols, excluding the fair value change of underlying digital assets, which is a component of the “Revaluation of digital assets held as investments” under OCI. Deploying our digital assets in these protocols are a strategic component of our business model, providing additional yield and enhancing our liquidity management capabilities. Including this net income in Adjusted EBITDA reflects the performance of our investment activities and supports our focus on core operations.

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Adjusted net income/(loss) is calculated as income/(loss) after tax adjusted by the same adjustment items taken into account for determining adjusted EBITDA, with further adjustment to add back finance expense and depreciation and amortization, and reduced by tax effect of the adjustments.

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Adjusted operating expense is calculated by taking total operating expenses (which includes Administrative expenses and Other expenses) and excluding items we do not consider representative of our core, ongoing operating performance. These excluded items are Stock-based compensation expense, Depreciation and amortization expense, and certain non-recurring expenses.

We believe Adjusted operating expense is a useful supplemental measure for investors, as it provides a clearer view of our operational efficiency by removing non-cash expenses (depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation) and other items not indicative of ongoing business trends. Management uses this measure to assess business performance and to plan for future periods.

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Subscription, services & other revenue is a non-IFRS financial measure intended to provide a comprehensive view of our diverse revenue streams beyond core transaction fees and spreads. This measure includes revenue from lending and liquidity services, such as interest earned from third-party lending arrangements like credit line facilities and margin loans, interest on our own cash and stablecoins, fees from liquidity services and promotional income, and revenues from CoinDesk services such as sponsorships, event admissions, and index data licensing fees. It also incorporates the net income from DeFi protocols (excluding any fair value changes of the underlying digital assets). This non-IFRS measure is calculated by taking "Subscription and services revenue" (as reported within the "Other revenues") and adding "Net income from DeFi protocols, excluding the fair value change of underlying digital assets" (as reported within “Revaluation of digital assets held as investments”). By consolidating these various income sources, we believe this measure offers a more distinct view of the growth and performance of our service-oriented business lines, separate from our core transaction-based revenues.

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Trading volume represents the notional value of trades, i.e., the product of the quantity of assets transacted and the trade price at the time the spot transaction was executed. The quantity represents the total U.S. dollar equivalent value of matched trades transacted between a buyer and seller through our platform during the period of measurement.

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Average daily volume represents the total Trading volume for the applicable period divided by the number of trading days in such period.

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Average trading spread represents total commissions earned from transactions on the Bullish Exchange for the period, expressed in basis points (bps) of the trading volume for the period. Management reviews this metric, which reflects the cost of trading on the Bullish Exchange, changes in fair value of perpetual futures, and rebates, for insight into the average revenue generated per unit of trading volume on our platform.

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Gross liquid assets is defined as the sum of (i) Digital assets held — inventories, (ii) Digital assets held — intangible assets, (iii) Digital assets held — financial assets, (iv) Loans and other receivables — digital assets, (v) Investments in financial assets, and (vi) Cash and cash equivalents. 

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Net liquid assets is defined as Gross liquid assets, reduced by (i) Digital assets held — inventories, (ii) the portion of Digital assets held — financial assets on our Exchange, (iii) the portion of Cash and cash equivalents on our Exchange, (iv) Borrowings, (v) Borrowings from related parties, and (iv) Digital assets loan payable.