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(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

As of October 27, 2023, there were approximately 41,545,178 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act). All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “target,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan” and “expect,” and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes, are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in Part II. Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise indicates, references to “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references refer to Trupanion, Inc. and its subsidiaries taken as a whole.

Trupanion, Inc. (collectively with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the "Company") provides medical insurance for cats and dogs throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Puerto Rico, and Australia. The Company's data-driven, vertically-integrated approach enables the Company to provide pet owners with products that the Company believes are the highest value medical insurance, priced specifically for each pet’s unique characteristics.

The financial data as of December 31, 2022 was derived from the Company's audited consolidated financial statements. The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and, in management's opinion, have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company's financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders' equity and cash flows for the interim periods. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 16, 2023 (the 2022 10-K). The Company's accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the audited financial statements included in the 2022 10-K. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full fiscal year or any other interim period.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from such estimates. See Note 1 to the audited financial statements included in the 2022 10-K for additional discussion of these estimates and assumptions.

Accounts and Other Receivables

Accounts and other receivables are comprised of trade receivables and other miscellaneous receivables and are carried at their estimated collectible amounts. Trade receivables are primarily related to the Company’s other business segment where the Company generates revenue from underwriting policies through unaffiliated general agents. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company incurred a non-recurring $3.8 million settlement of accounts receivable due to uncollected premiums in connection with the transition of underwriting a third-party business to other insurers.

Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is calculated using the weighted average number of shares of common stock plus, when dilutive, potential shares of common stock outstanding using the treasury-stock method. Potential shares of common stock outstanding include stock options, unvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units.

The following potentially dilutive equity securities were not included in the diluted earnings per share of common stock calculation because they would have had an antidilutive effect:

Goodwill arises from business acquisitions in which the purchase price exceeds the fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired less assumed liabilities.

The following is a summary of goodwill by reportable segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

Available-for sale securities are classified as short-term versus long-term investments based on whether they represent the investment of funds available for current operations. All available-for-sale securities are considered short-term in nature, with the exception of certain long-term investments that are being held for statutory requirements. Held-to-maturity securities are classified as short-term versus long-term investments based on the effective maturity dates. The amortized cost, gross unrealized holding gains and losses, and estimates of fair value of long-term and short-term investments by major security type and class of security were as follows as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Maturities of investments classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity were as follows (in thousands):

The Company does not expect any credit losses from its held-to-maturity investments, considering the composition of the investment portfolio and the credit loss history of these investments. For available-for-sale investments, the Company determined that there were unrealized losses of $1.5 million and $0.6 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, $20.1 million in available-for-sale investments have been in a loss position for more than twelve months, with total unrealized losses of $0.5 million. As of September 30, 2023, $72.4 million available-for-sale investments have been in a loss position for less than twelve months, with total unrealized losses of $1.0 million. These losses relate to interest rate changes. The Company does not expect any credit losses from its available-for-sale investments, considering the composition of the investment portfolio and the credit rating of these investments. For those securities, the Company determined it is not likely to, and does not intend to, sell prior to a potential recovery.

Proceeds from the sales of fixed maturities classified as available-for-sale were $83.9 million and $5.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company has invested $7.0 million in the preferred stock of a variable interest entity, Baystride, Inc., a U.S.-based privately held corporation operating in the pet food industry. The Company does not have power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the variable interest entity and is, therefore, not the primary beneficiary. The Company has the option to purchase all of the outstanding common stock issued by the variable interest entity in August 2027 at an amount approximating its expected fair value. The preferred stock investment in the variable interest entity is accounted for as an available-for-sale debt security, and measured at fair value at each balance sheet date — see Note 6.

Additionally, the Company has extended a $7.0 million revolving line of credit to the variable interest entity to fund its inventory purchases, which will increase annually by $2.0 million until the note’s maturity in 2027. Borrowing amounts are subject to limitations based on Baystride’s forecasted revenues and inventory balances. The Company's investment and amounts loaned under the line of credit are recorded in other long-term assets on its consolidated balance sheet. The outstanding loan balance under the line of credit, including accrued interest, was $4.6 million and $6.3 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company has also entered into a series of agreements to provide ancillary services to, and receive reimbursement from, the variable interest entity at cost. The Company provided $0.3 million and $0.6 million of these services for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table summarizes, by major security type, the Company's assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and placement within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

The Company measures the fair value of money market funds and foreign deposits, classified as Level 1, based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The Company's fixed maturity investments classified as either Level 1 or Level 2 in the above tables are priced exclusively by external sources, including pricing vendors, dealers/market makers, and exchange-quoted prices. The fair value of the Company's fixed maturity investments classified as Level 2 is based on either recent trades in inactive markets or quoted market prices of similar instruments and other significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. Held-to-maturity investments are carried at amortized cost and the fair value and changes in unrealized gains (losses) are disclosed in Note 4, Investments. The fair value of these investments is determined in the same manner as available-for-sale securities and are considered either a Level 1 or Level 2 measurement.

The Company's preferred stock investment in the variable interest entity (see Note 5) is accounted for as an available-for-sale debt security, and measured at fair value at each balance sheet date. The estimated fair value of the preferred stock investment is a Level 3 measurement, and is based on certain unobservable inputs such as the value of the underlying enterprise, volatility, time to liquidity, and market interest rates. An increase or decrease in any of these unobservable inputs would result in a change in the fair value measurement. The estimated fair value was $4.1 million as of September 30, 2023, unchanged from December 31, 2022, and is recorded in other long-term assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. This investment has maintained an unrealized loss position of $2.9 million for less than twelve months.

The Company's other long-term assets balance also included notes receivable of $7.5 million and $9.3 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, recorded at their estimated collectible amount. The Company estimates that the carrying value of the notes receivable approximates the fair value. The estimated fair value represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy, and is based on market interest rates and the assessed creditworthiness of the third party.

The Company estimates the fair value of long-term debt based upon rates currently available to the Company for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. This is a Level 3 measurement. Based upon the terms of the debt, the carrying amount of long-term debt approximated fair value at September 30, 2023.

The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy on the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. There were no transfers between levels for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022.

From time to time the Company is or may become subject to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, including proceedings against members, other entities or regulatory bodies. Estimated liabilities are recorded when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. At this time, the Company does not believe any such matters to be material individually or in the aggregate. These views are subject to change following the outcome of future events or the results of future developments.

The reserve for veterinary invoices is an estimate of the future amount the Company will pay for veterinary invoices that are dated as of, or prior to, its balance sheet date. The reserve also includes the Company's estimate of related internal processing costs. The reserve estimate involves actuarial projections, and is based on management's assessment of facts and circumstances currently known, and assumptions about anticipated patterns. The Company uses generally accepted actuarial methodologies, such as paid loss development methods, in estimating the amount of the reserve for veterinary invoices. The reserve is made for each of the Company's segments, subscription and other business, and is continually refined as the Company receives and pays veterinary invoices. Changes in management's assumptions and estimates may have a relatively large impact to the reserve and associated expense.

Summarized below are the changes in the total liability for the Company's subscription business segment (in thousands):

The Company had an unfavorable development on veterinary invoice reserves for the subscription business segment of $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and a favorable development on veterinary invoice reserves of $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, both of which were the result of ongoing analysis of recent payment trends.

Summarized below are the changes in total liability for the Company's other business segment (in thousands):

The Company had an unfavorable development on veterinary invoice reserves for the other business segment of $0.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and an unfavorable development on veterinary invoice reserves of $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, both of which were the result of ongoing analysis of recent payment trends.

In the following tables, the reserve for veterinary invoices for each segment is presented as the amount (in thousands) by the year to which the veterinary invoice relates, referred to as the year of occurrence.

On March 25, 2022, the Company entered into a credit agreement with Piper Sandler Finance, LLC, acting as the administrative agent, that provides the Company with $150.0 million in credit (the Credit Facility) consisting of:

(a) an initial term loan in an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million (Initial Term Loan), which was funded at closing; (b) commitments for delayed draw term loans in an aggregate principal amount not in excess of $75.0 million (Delayed Draw Term Loans, and together with the Initial Term Loan, the Term Loans), which may be drawn from time to time until September 25, 2023.

On December 29, 2022, February 17, 2023, and September 21, 2023, the Company borrowed Delayed Draw Term loans of $15.0 million, $35.0 million, and $25.0 million, respectively; and

(c) commitments for revolving loans in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding not in excess of $15.0 million (Revolving Loans), which may be drawn at any time prior to March 25, 2027.

The Credit Facility bears interest at a floating base rate plus an applicable margin. The stated interest rate as of September 30, 2023 was approximately 10.54% for the original $60.0 million term loan and for the aggregate $75.0 million term loans. The Company incurred total debt issuance cost of approximately $5.9 million, which is reported in the consolidated balance sheet as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the Credit Facility, and is amortized as interest expense over the term of five years.

The Credit Facility is secured by substantially all assets of the Company and its subsidiaries. Proceeds from the Credit Facility may be used for permitted acquisitions and investments, working capital and other general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement contains financial and other covenants. As of September 30, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all financial and other covenants.

To the extent not previously paid, the Initial Term Loan is due and payable on March 25, 2027, the Delayed Draw Term Loans are due and payable on the earlier of the five-year anniversary of their initial funding or March 25, 2028, and Revolving Loans are due and payable on March 25, 2027. The Company must repay 0.25% of any then-outstanding Term Loans, together with accrued and unpaid interest, on a quarterly basis.

Future principal payments on outstanding borrowings as of September 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31,						September 30, 2023
2023						$	338
2024						1,350
2025						1,350
2026						1,350
2027						72,113
Thereafter						57,188
Total						$	133,689

Stock-based compensation expense includes stock options and restricted stock units granted to employees and other service providers and has been reported in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations depending on the function performed by the employee or other service provider. Stock-based compensation expense recognized in each category of the consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had 735,163 unvested restricted stock units. Stock-based compensation expenses of $51.1 million related to unvested restricted stock units are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.3 years.

In March 2023, two executives terminated employment with the Company and one executive signed a separation agreement effective June 1, 2023. In conjunction with these departures, the Company accelerated the vesting of certain RSUs as of the termination date and extended the purchase date of certain vested options from 90 to 365 days. These award modifications resulted in the recognition of $4.8 million share-based compensation expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

A summary of the Company's stock option activity is as follows:

As of September 30, 2023, stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 2.3 years.

A summary of the Company’s restricted stock award and restricted stock unit activity is as follows:

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had 100,000,000 shares of common stock authorized and 41,627,208 shares of common stock outstanding. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote on each matter properly submitted to the stockholders of the Company except those related to matters concerning possible outstanding preferred stock. At September 30, 2023, the Company had 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock authorized for future issuance and did not have any outstanding shares of preferred stock. The holders of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by the board of directors of the Company (the Board), whenever funds are legally available. These rights are subordinate to the dividend rights of holders of any senior classes of stock outstanding at the time. The Company does not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

In April 2021, the Board approved a share repurchase program, pursuant to which the Company may, between May 2021 and May 2026, repurchase outstanding shares of the Company's common stock. The Company repurchased no shares during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 62 and 95,021 shares during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

A summary of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is as follows (in thousands):

The Company has two reporting segments: subscription business and other business. The subscription business segment consists of products that have been created to meet the needs of their distribution channels and have similar target margin profiles. This segment generates revenue primarily from subscription fees related to the Company's direct-to-consumer products. The other business segment generates revenue primarily by underwriting policies on behalf of third parties. The Company does not undertake marketing efforts for these policies and has a business-to-business relationship with these third-parties. The other business segment also includes other products and insurance software solutions that have a different margin profile from the Company’s subscription business segment.

The chief operating decision maker reviews revenue and operating income (loss) to evaluate segment performance. Revenue, veterinary invoice expense, other cost of revenue, and new pet acquisition expenses are generally directly attributed to each segment. Other operating expenses, such as technology and development expense, general and administrative expense, and depreciation and amortization, are generally allocated proportionately based on revenue in each segment. Interest and other expenses and income taxes are not allocated to the segments, nor included in the measure of segment profit or loss. The Company does not analyze discrete segment balance sheet information related to long-term assets.

Operating income (loss) of the Company’s segments were as follows (in thousands):

The following table presents the Company’s revenue by geographic region of the member (in thousands):

Substantially all of the Company’s long-lived assets were located in the United States as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

In August 2018, the Company invested $0.3 million in a limited liability entity in exchange for a 17.5% ownership interest. The investee is considered to be a related party, as the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over the investee. In February 2020, the Company entered into a service agreement with the investee, under which the Company incurred $1.9 million and $2.5 million of expenses for consulting services provided by the investee related to pet acquisition during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, recorded as new pet acquisition expense on the Company's consolidated statement of operations.

We provide medical insurance for cats and dogs throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Puerto Rico, and Australia. Through our data-driven, vertically-integrated approach, we develop and offer high value medical insurance products, priced specifically for each pet’s unique characteristics and coverage level. Our growing and loyal membership base provides us with highly predictable and recurring revenue.

We operate in two business segments: subscription business and other business. Our subscription business segment consists of products that have been created to meet the needs of their distribution channels and have similar target margin profiles. This segment generates revenue primarily from subscription fees related to the Company's direct-to-consumer products. We operate our subscription business segment similar to other subscription-based businesses, with a focus on achieving a target margin prior to our new pet acquisition expense and aiming to acquire as many pets as possible at our targeted average estimated internal rate of return. We generate revenue in our other business segment primarily by underwriting policies on behalf of third parties that do not carry reference to the Trupanion brand. We do not undertake the marketing efforts for these policies and have a business-to-business relationship with these third parties. Our other business segment also includes other products and insurance software solutions that have a different margin profile from our subscription business.

We generate leads for our subscription business segment from a diverse set of member acquisition channels, which we then convert into members through our contact center, website and other direct-to-consumer activities. These channels include leads from third-parties such as veterinarians and referrals from existing members. Veterinary hospitals represent our largest referral source. We engage our “Territory Partners” to have face-to-face visits with veterinarians and their staff. Territory Partners are dedicated to cultivating direct veterinary relationships and building awareness of the benefits of high quality medical insurance to veterinarians and their clients. Veterinarians then educate pet owners, who visit our website or call our contact center to learn more about, and potentially enroll in, Trupanion. We also receive a significant number of new leads from existing members adding pets and referring their friends and family members. Our direct-to-consumer acquisition channels serve as important resources for pet owner education and drive new member leads and conversion. We monitor average pet acquisition cost to evaluate the efficiency in acquiring new members and measure effectiveness based on our targeted return on investment.

The following tables set forth total pets enrolled and key operating metrics for our subscription business for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and for each of the last eight fiscal quarters.

Total pets enrolled and total subscription pets enrolled include pet enrollments in European markets, where policies are currently underwritten by third parties and Trupanion is acting as an insurance broker. Per pet metrics, however, exclude these European policies, as their revenue is currently earned from commissions, as opposed to the gross underwriting premiums earned by the remainder of our subscription business.

Total pets enrolled. Total pets enrolled reflects the number of subscription pets or pets enrolled in one of the insurance products offered in our other business segment at the end of each period presented. We monitor total pets enrolled because it provides an indication of the growth of our consolidated business.

Total subscription pets enrolled. Total subscription pets enrolled reflects the number of pets in active memberships at the end of each period presented. We monitor total subscription pets enrolled because it provides an indication of the growth of our subscription business.

Monthly average revenue per pet. Monthly average revenue per pet is calculated as amounts billed in a given period for subscriptions divided by the total number of subscription pet months in the period. Total subscription pet months in a period represents the sum of all subscription pets enrolled for each month during the period. We monitor monthly average revenue per pet because it is an indicator of the per pet unit economics of our subscription business.

Lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses. Lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses, is calculated based on subscription revenue less cost of revenue from our subscription business segment for the 12 months prior to the period end date excluding stock-based compensation expense related to cost of revenue from our subscription business segment, sign-up fee revenue and the change in deferred revenue between periods. This amount is also reduced by the fixed expenses related to our subscription business, which are the pro-rata portion of general and administrative and technology and development expenses, less stock-based compensation, based on revenues. This amount, on a per pet basis, is multiplied by the implied average subscriber life in months. Implied average subscriber life in months is calculated as the quotient obtained by dividing one by one minus the average monthly retention rate. We monitor lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses, to estimate the value we might expect from new pets over their implied average subscriber life in months, if they behave like the average pet in that respective period. When evaluating the amount of pet acquisition expenses we may want to incur to attract new pet enrollments, we refer to the lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses, as well as our estimated internal rate of return calculation for an average pet, which also includes an estimated surplus capital charge, to inform the amount of acquisition spend in relation to the estimated payback period.

Average pet acquisition cost. Average pet acquisition cost (PAC) is calculated as net acquisition cost divided by the total number of new subscription pets enrolled in that period. Net acquisition cost, a non-GAAP financial measure, is calculated in a reporting period as new pet acquisition expense, excluding stock-based compensation expense, other business segment expense, offset by sign-up fee revenue. We exclude stock-based compensation expense because the amount varies from period to period based on number of awards issued and market-based valuation inputs. We offset sign-up fee revenue because it is a one-time charge to new members collected at the time of enrollment used to partially offset initial setup costs, which are included in new pet acquisition expenses. We exclude other business segment pet acquisition expense because that does not relate to subscription enrollments. We monitor average pet acquisition cost to evaluate the efficiency in acquiring new members and measure effectiveness based on our targeted return on investment.

Average monthly retention. Average monthly retention is measured as the monthly retention rate of enrolled subscription pets for each applicable period averaged over the 12 months prior to the period end date. As such, our average monthly retention rate as of September 30, 2023 is an average of each month’s retention from October 1, 2022 through September 30, 2023. We calculate monthly retention as the number of pets that remain after subtracting all pets that cancel during a month, including pets that enroll and cancel within that month, divided by the total pets enrolled at the beginning of that month. We monitor average monthly retention because it provides a measure of member satisfaction and allows us to calculate the implied average subscriber life in months.

In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe the following non-GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use the following non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance. However, non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for, the directly comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

We calculate these non-GAAP financial measures by excluding certain non-cash or non-recurring expenses. We exclude non-recurring transactions and restructuring expenses as they are not indicative of our operating performance. We exclude stock-based compensation as it is non-cash in nature. Although stock-based compensation expenses are expected to remain recurring expenses for the foreseeable future, we believe excluding them allows investors to make meaningful comparisons between our recurring core business operating results and those of other companies. We define non-GAAP development expenses as operating expenses incurred to develop new products and offerings that are pre-revenue. We define non-GAAP fixed expenses as the total of technology and development expense and general and administrative expense, less stock-based compensation expense, non-recurring transaction and restructuring expense, and development expenses related to exploring and developing new products and offerings that are in the pre-revenue stage.

The following tables present the reconciliation of our non-GAAP financial measures from corresponding GAAP measures for the periods presented (in thousands):