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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024

or

For the transition period from                  to                 

Commission file number 001-32587

ALTIMMUNE, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

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(240) 654-1450

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes  ⌧    No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).   Yes  ⌧    No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).   Yes  ☐    No  ⌧

As of November 8, 2024 there were 71,124,625 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding.

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ALTIMMUNE, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

ALTIMMUNE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per-share amounts)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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ALTIMMUNE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per-share amounts)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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ALTIMMUNE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share amounts)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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3

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ALTIMMUNE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share amounts)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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4

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ALTIMMUNE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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ALTIMMUNE, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Nature of Business

Altimmune, Inc., headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States, together with its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “Altimmune”) is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware.

The Company is focused on developing treatments for obesity and liver diseases. The Company’s lead product candidate, pemvidutide (formerly known as ALT-801), is a novel, investigational, peptide-based GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist in development for the treatment of obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (“MASH”), previously termed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”). Since its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to business planning, research and development, recruiting management and technical staff, and raising capital, and has financed its operations through the issuance of common and preferred stock, long-term debt, and proceeds from research grants and government contracts. The Company has not generated any revenues from the sale of any products to date, and there is no assurance of any future revenues from product sales.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for complete consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K which was filed with the SEC on March 27, 2024. In the opinion of management, the Company has prepared the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements, and these consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results of the interim periods presented. The operating results for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year 2024 or any future years or periods.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of continuity of operations, realization of assets, and the satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets and liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, there have been no significant changes to the Company’s summary of significant accounting policies contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC on March 27, 2024.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the valuation of share-based awards, income taxes, and accruals for research and development activities.

The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable. However, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Income Taxes

Due to a full valuation allowance, the Company did not record an income tax expense (benefit) for either of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. The Company calculates its quarterly income tax provision based on estimated, annual effective tax rates applied to ordinary income (or loss) and other known items computed and recognized as they occur. The Company’s total provision is based on the United States statutory rate, increased by state and foreign taxes and reduced by a full valuation allowance on the Company’s deferred tax assets.

3. Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

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The Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

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Short-term investments have been initially valued at the transaction price and subsequently valued at the end of each reporting period utilizing third party pricing services or other market observable data (Level 2). The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches and observable market inputs to determine value.

Short-term investments with quoted prices as of September 30, 2024 as shown below (in thousands):

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Short-term investments with quoted prices as of December 31, 2023 as shown below (in thousands):

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As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, none of the unrealized losses on the Company’s short-term investments are a result of credit loss; therefore, any unrealized losses were recognized in OCI.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, accrued interest on short-term investments included in “Accounts and other receivables” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Separate disclosure is required for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis from those measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis, such as property and equipment and intangible assets are recognized at fair value when they are impaired. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had no significant assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

4. Operating Leases

The Company’s operating lease for office and laboratory space in the United States was set to expire on April 30, 2025. On May 20, 2024, the Company exercised its one-time 60-month renewal option to renew its lease for an additional 60 months. As of May 1, 2024, the Company remeasured its lease liability and recorded $1.4 million additional lease liability and right-of-use asset using an updated incremental borrowing rate of 9.5%. The renewed lease has a term of 72 months and expires on April 30, 2030. The Company reassessed that the renewed lease remains an operating lease under Topic 842.

Rent expense under the Company’s operating leases was $0.1 million and $0.4 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, rent expense under the Company’s operating leases was $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Rent expense includes short-term leases and variable lease costs that are not included in the lease obligation.

Short-term leases are leases having a term of twelve months or less. The Company recognizes short-term leases on a straight-line basis and does not record a related lease asset or liability for such leases.

The cash paid for operating lease liabilities for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $0.4 million.

Supplemental other information related to the operating leases balance sheet information is as follows (in thousands):

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Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

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5. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

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6. Noncurrent Liabilities

The Company’s noncurrent liabilities are summarized as follows (in thousands):

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7. Stockholders’ Equity

The Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (“Charter”), authorizes the Company to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had 71,124,407 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Common stockholders are not entitled to receive dividends, unless declared by the board of directors.

The Charter also authorizes the Company to issue 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.

At-the-Market Offerings

On February 28, 2023, the Company entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the “2023 Agreement”) with Evercore Group L.L.C., JMP Securities LLC and B. Riley Securities, Inc., serving as sales agents (the “Sales Agents”), with respect to an at-the-market offerings program under which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its common stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to $150.0 million (the “Shares”) through the Sales Agents (the “2023 Offering”). All Shares offered and sold in the 2023 Offering will be issued pursuant to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023, which was declared effective immediately, the prospectus supplement relating to the 2023 Offering filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023, and any applicable additional prospectus supplements related to the 2023 Offering that form a part of the Registration Statement. The Company capitalized approximately $0.2 million of other offering costs which will offset the proceeds received from the shares sold under the 2023 Agreement. Since inception through September 30, 2024, the Company has sold 20,454,516 shares of common stock under the 2023 Agreement, resulting in approximately $86.6 million in proceeds, net of $2.8 million commission and other offering costs. No shares were sold under the 2023 Agreement during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and as of September 30, 2024, $60.6 million remained available to be sold under the 2023 Agreement. As of September 30, 2024, there was $0.1 million deferred offering costs included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Warrants

On March 5, 2024, warrant holders exercised 50,000 warrants with an exercise price of $3.21, resulting in the issuance of 50,000 shares of common stock. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had no outstanding warrants.

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8. Stock-Based Compensation

2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Omnibus Plan)

The Company’s Omnibus Plan provides for an annual increase on January 1 of each year, commencing in 2019 and ending on and including January 1, 2027, up to an amount equal to the lowest of (i) 4% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis as of December 31 of the immediately preceding calendar year, and (ii) such number of shares of common stock, if any, determined by the Company’s board of directors. Accordingly, on January 1, 2024, the number of shares of Common Stock reserved and available for issuance under the Omnibus Plan increased by 3,055,006 shares of common stock.

Stock Options

The Company’s stock option awards generally vest over four years and typically have a contractual life of ten years. As of September 30, 2024, there was $18.4 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company granted 1,821,375 stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $8.96 and per share weighted average grant date fair value of $7.24.

Information related to stock options outstanding as of September 30, 2024 is as follows (in thousands, except share, exercise price and contractual term):

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Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company granted 484,600 shares of RSUs with a weighted average grant date fair value of $9.32 which vest over four years. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had unvested RSUs of 784,227 shares with total unrecognized compensation expense of $5.6 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average period of approximately 2.6 years. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company issued 191,883 shares of unrestricted common stock as a result of the vesting of 288,040 RSUs net of 96,157 shares of common stock withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations.

2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)

Under the ESPP, employees purchased 86,857 shares for $0.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. For the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, compensation expense was negligible. During each of the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized compensation expense of $0.1 million.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded $1.0 million incremental stock-based compensation expense as a result of the modifications of stock awards upon termination of the former Chief Financial Officer. The modification changed the vesting conditions of the awards by accelerating the vesting of certain unvested awards that would have otherwise been forfeited upon termination. The incremental costs are included in the Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss under general and administrative expense.

Stock-based compensation expense is classified in the unaudited consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 as follows (in thousands):

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9. Net Loss Per Share

Because the Company has reported net loss attributable to common stockholders for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders in each period are the same.

Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average numbers of shares of common stock outstanding for the period.

Diluted net loss per share is calculated by adjusting weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. As such, all unvested restricted stock, RSUs, common stock and stock options have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding because such securities would have an anti-dilutive impact for all periods presented.

Potential common shares, issuable upon conversion, vesting, or exercise of unvested RSUs, common stock warrants, and stock options, that are excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding, as they are anti-dilutive, are as follows:

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10. Commitments and Contingencies

Spitfire Acquisition

In July 2019, the Company entered into the Spitfire merger agreement to acquire all of the equity interests of Spitfire Pharma, Inc. (“Spitfire”). Spitfire was a privately held, preclinical pharmaceutical company developing novel peptide products for pharmaceutical indications, including pemvidutide for the treatment of MASH. As part of the agreement, the Company is obligated to make payments of up to $80.0 million upon the achievement of specified worldwide net sales of all products developed using the technology acquired from Spitfire Pharma, Inc. (the “Sales Milestone”) within ten years following the approval of a new drug application filed with the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”).

Litigation

On May 6, 2024, a class action complaint was filed in federal district court in the District of Maryland, Southern Division, naming as defendants the Company and three of the Company’s executive officers, which is now captioned In re Altimmune, Inc. Securities Litigation, No. 24-cv-01315 (D. Md.) (the “Class Action”). The complaint alleges that the defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, by making false and misleading statements and omissions of material fact to the investing public including the plaintiff and class members, who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s common stock between December 1, 2023 and April 26, 2024. The plaintiff and class members seek to have the action maintained as a class action under Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and for the defendants to pay damages, interest, and an award of costs, including attorneys’ fees. A substantially similar complaint, captioned Campanile v. Altimmune, Inc., et al., No. 8:24-cv-01918 (D. Md.), was also filed in the same court by another plaintiff on July 1, 2024 against the Company and three of its executive officers, based upon the same general set of allegations and class period. On October 2, 2024, the court consolidated the Campanile action with the Class Action for all purposes and appointed lead plaintiffs for the consolidated litigation. On October 18, 2024, the court entered a scheduling order for the filing of an amended complaint on or by December 16, 2024 and any response to that amended complaint, including motions to dismiss, to follow thereafter. The Company intends to vigorously defend against this class action litigation.

On June 4, 2024, a shareholder derivative complaint was filed in federal district court in the District of Delaware, purportedly on behalf of the Company, naming as defendants three of the Company’s executive officers and eight of the Company’s board members, which is now captioned In re Altimmune, Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation, No. 1:24-cv-669 (D. Del.) (the “Derivative Action”). The complaint is based upon allegations that are similar to those alleged in the Class Action and alleges claims for contribution, breaches of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and waste of corporate assets based on the defendants purportedly making or causing to be made false and misleading statements and omissions of material fact between December 1, 2023 and April 26, 2024.

The complaint seeks unspecified monetary relief, exemplary damages, restitution, contribution, and costs, as well as equitable relief. A similar shareholder derivative complaint, captioned Alaraidah v. Garg, et al., No. 1:24-cv-00772 (D. Del.), was filed in the same court by another plaintiff on July 1, 2024, based upon substantially similar allegations, and alleges claims for contribution, breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, and waste of corporate assets and seeks unspecified monetary relief, restitution, costs, and equitable relief. These actions were consolidated for all purposes on July 18, 2024 into the Derivative Action. On September 12, 2024, the court stayed the Derivative Action until the earlier of the following: (a) the Class Action is dismissed with prejudice, and all appeals related thereto have been exhausted; or (b) defendants file an answer to any complaint in the Class Action. The Company intends to vigorously defend against the Derivative Action.

The Company is a party in various contracts and subject to disputes, litigation, and potential claims arising in the ordinary course of business, none of which are currently reasonably possible or probable of material loss.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on March 27, 2024.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. The words “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “target,” “strategy,” “intend,” “project,” “guidance,” “likely,” “usually,” “potential,” or the negative of these words or variations of such words, similar expressions, or comparable terminology are intended to identify such forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. There are a number of important risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions, and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. A further list and description of risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make is included in the cautionary statements herein and in our other filings with the SEC, including those set forth under Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments that we may make.

We have based the forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on information available to us on the date of this quarterly report, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements, other than as required by law. Although we undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, you are advised to consult any additional disclosures that we may make directly to you or through reports that we, in the future, may file with the SEC, including Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K.

Overview

Altimmune, Inc. is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing treatments for obesity and liver diseases. Our lead product candidate, pemvidutide (formerly known as ALT-801), is a novel, investigational, peptide-based GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist in development for the treatment of obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (“MASH”), previously termed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”). Except where the context indicates otherwise, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Altimmune”, or the “Company” refer to the company and its subsidiaries.

Recent Business Update

Pemvidutide

On November 7, 2024, we announced the successful completion of its End-of-Phase 2 Meeting with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) and agreement on the design of a Phase 3 registrational program for its product candidate, pemvidutide, in the treatment of obesity.

The interaction with the FDA included an extensive review of the preclinical and clinical data generated to date, including data from six completed clinical trials of pemvidutide. The planned registrational program will include four Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trials, each evaluating treatment with pemvidutide over a 60-week period. The Phase 3 program is expected to enroll approximately 5,000 subjects across the four trials. The safety and efficacy of pemvidutide doses of 1.2 mg, 1.8 mg, and 2.4 mg will be evaluated with the intention of obtaining approval for all three doses.

The Phase 3 program is designed to leverage the key attributes of pemvidutide, including the effects of balanced GLP-1/glucagon dual agonism in subjects with overweight and obesity.

On September 30, 2024, we announced the completion of patient enrollment in IMPACT, our Phase 2b biopsy-driven trial evaluating Pemvidutide in MASH, and expect top-line efficacy data in the second quarter of 2025.

On September 10, 2024, we presented results of MRI-based body composition sub-study from our 48-week MOMENTUM Phase 2 obesity trial of pemvidutide in subjects with overweight and obesity at the 60th annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. In an MRI sub-study of 67 subjects from the MOMENTUM Phase 2 obesity trial, 50 of whom were treated with pemvidutide for 48 weeks, the lean loss ratio, defined as the change in lean mass compared to the change in total mass, was 21.9%. Lean mass preservation was greater in subjects aged 60 years and older, in whom the lean loss ratio was only 19.9%. In addition to lean mass preservation, there was a preferential reduction of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), the adipose tissue associated with cardiovascular risk. At the 2.4mg dose of pemvidutide, VAT was reduced by 28.3% at week 48 compared to a 19.5% loss in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

On June 23, 2024, we presented the full results of the body composition analysis from our 48-week MOMENTUM Phase 2 obesity trial of pemvidutide at the American Diabetes Association’s 84th Annual Scientific Sessions. The body composition analysis showed that 78.1% of weight loss was derived from adipose tissue and only 21.9% from lean mass. Historically, lean mass loss has been shown to be approximately 25% from diet and exercise programs.

As announced on November 30, 2023, the trial enrolled 391 subjects with obesity or overweight with at least one co-morbidity and without diabetes. Subjects were randomized 1:1:1:1 to 1.2 mg, 1.8 mg, 2.4 mg pemvidutide or placebo administered weekly for 48 weeks in conjunction with diet and exercise. The 1.2 mg and 1.8 mg doses were administered without dose titration, while a short 4-week titration period was employed for the 2.4 mg dose. At baseline, subjects had a mean age of approximately 50 years, mean body mass index (BMI) of approximately 37 kg/m2, and mean body weight of approximately 104 kg. Approximately 75% of subjects were female.

HepTcell

On March 27, 2024, we announced that the overall response in the Phase 2 trial was deemed to be insufficient to warrant further advancement in clinical trials. As a result, any further development related to HepTcell has been stopped.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

Revenues

We have not generated any revenues from the sale of any products to date. Our revenues in previous years consisted primarily of government and foundation grants and contracts that supported our efforts on specific research projects. We recently closed out one of the remaining such contracts, and the revenue reported during the three months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily from the final indirect rate adjustments.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consisted primarily of expenses related to product candidate development. Research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are summarized as follows:

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The increase in research and development expenses for pemvidutide was primarily due to a $5.9 million increase related to the ramp up of the IMPACT Phase 2b trial in MASH and a $0.7 million increase for other nonclinical studies. These increases were partially offset by a $2.7 million reduction in expense associated with the MOMENTUM Phase 2 trial in obesity, which was ongoing during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and wound down in the year ended December 31, 2023, and a $2.0 million decrease in net manufacturing expenses for production of Good Manufacturing Practice drug substance materials.

The decrease in research and development expenses for HepTcell was primarily due to the winddown and completion of the in-life portion of the Phase 2 trial in 2023. The research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 were due to program winddown activities. In the coming months, we expect to have some additional wrap up costs as we finalize these activities.

The increase in other non-project specific research and development expenses was primarily due to a $0.8 million initial cost for additional research and discovery projects.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $0.5 million, or 10%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to a $0.4 million increase in professional fees.

Total other income (expense), net

Total other income (expense), net increased by $0.1 million, or 3%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The net increase is primarily due to a $0.1 million increase in interest income earned on our cash equivalents and short-term investments.

Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):