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(Mark One)

or

Commission file number 1-32545

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (614) 237-7100

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes

☑ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☑ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.

See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No

The aggregate market value of the registrant's Class A common shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of August 2, 2024, was $286,232,073.

Number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant's classes of common stock, as of March 17, 2025: 40,242,472 Class A common shares and 7,732,733 Class B common shares.

Portions of the registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which statement will be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A no later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

All references to "we," "us," "our," "Designer Brands," "Designer Brands Inc.," or the "Company" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 1, 2025 (this "Form 10-K") mean Designer Brands Inc. and its subsidiaries.

We own many trademarks and service marks. This Form 10-K may contain trademarks, trade dress, and tradenames of other companies. Use or display of other parties' trademarks, trade dress or trade names is not intended to and does not imply a relationship with the trademark, trade dress or trade name owner.

We have included certain website addresses throughout this Form 10-K as inactive textual references only. The information contained on the websites referenced herein is not incorporated into this Form 10-K.

Certain statements in this Form 10-K may constitute forward-looking statements and are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and financial performance. You can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words such as "outlook," "could," "believes," "expects," "potential," "continues," "may," "will," "should," "would," "seeks," "approximately," "predicts," "intends," "plans," "estimates," "anticipates," or the negative version of those words or other comparable words. Any forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K are based upon current plans, estimates, expectations and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. The inclusion of any forward-looking statements should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates, or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. Such forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks, uncertainties, and other factors, many of which are outside of our control, that may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In addition to other factors discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-K, including those factors described under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors, there are a number of important factors that could cause actual results, performance, or achievements to differ materially from those discussed in forward-looking statements that include, but are not limited to, the following:

•uncertain general economic and financial conditions, including economic volatility and potential downturn or recession, supply chain disruptions, new or increased tariffs and other barriers to trade, fluctuating interest rates, unemployment rates, and inflationary pressures, and the related impacts to consumer discretionary spending, as well as our ability to plan for and respond to the impact of these conditions;

•our ability to anticipate and respond to rapidly changing consumer preferences, seasonality, customer expectations, and fashion trends;

•the impact on our consumer traffic and demand, our business operations, and the operations of our suppliers, as we experience unseasonable weather, climate change evolves, and the frequency and severity of weather events increases;

•our ability to execute on our business strategies, including growing our Brand Portfolio segment, enhancing in-store and digital shopping experiences, and meeting consumer demands;

•our ability to successfully and efficiently integrate our recent acquisitions in a manner that does not impede growth;

•our ability to maintain strong relationships with our suppliers, vendors, licensors, and retailer customers;

•risks related to losses or disruptions associated with our distribution systems, including our distribution centers and stores, whether as a result of reliance on third-party providers or otherwise;

•risks related to cyber security threats and privacy or data security breaches or the potential loss or disruption of our information technology ("IT") systems, or those of our vendors;

•risks related to the implementation of new or updated IT systems;

•our ability to protect our reputation and to maintain the brands we license;

•our reliance on our reward programs and marketing to drive traffic, sales, and customer loyalty;

•our ability to successfully integrate new hires or changes in leadership and retain our existing management team, and to continue to attract qualified new personnel;

•risks related to restrictions imposed by our senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility, as amended ("ABL Revolver"), and our senior secured term loan credit agreement, as amended ("Term Loan"), that could limit our ability to fund our operations;

•our competitiveness with respect to style, price, brand availability, shopping platforms, and customer service;

•risks related to our international operations and our reliance on foreign sources for merchandise;

•our ability to comply with laws and regulations, as well as other legal obligations;

•risks associated with climate change and other corporate responsibility issues; and

•uncertainties related to future legislation, regulatory reform, policy changes, or interpretive guidance on existing legislation.

If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results, performance, or achievements may vary materially from what we have projected. Furthermore, new factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all such factors, nor can management assess the impact of any such factor on the business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

Designer Brands Inc., originally founded as DSW Inc., is one of the world's largest designers, producers, and retailers of footwear and accessories. We operate in three reportable segments: the U.S. Retail segment, the Canada Retail segment, and the Brand Portfolio segment. The U.S. Retail segment operates the DSW Designer Shoe Warehouse ("DSW") banner through its direct-to-consumer stores and e-commerce site in the United States ("U.S."). The Canada Retail segment operates The Shoe Co., DSW, and Rubino banners through its direct-to-consumer stores and e-commerce sites in Canada. The Brand Portfolio segment earns revenue from the wholesale of our branded products to retailers and international distributors, the sale of our Vince Camuto, Keds, and Topo brands through direct-to-consumer e-commerce sites, and commissions for serving retailers as the design and buying agent for products under private labels.

On February 4, 2023, we completed the acquisition of the Keds business ("Keds") from Wolverine World Wide, Inc. This acquisition expanded the reach of our Owned Brands offerings, which refers to those brands that we have rights to sell through ownership or license arrangements, into casual and athleisure footwear in the wholesale and direct-to-consumer e-commerce channels. Keds is included within our Brand Portfolio segment. On April 8, 2024, we completed the acquisition of Rubino Shoes Inc. ("Rubino"), a retailer of branded footwear, handbags, and accessories that operates Rubino banner stores and an e-commerce site in Quebec, Canada. The acquisition of Rubino has allowed our Canada Retail segment to expand into the province of Quebec.

Our fiscal year ends on the Saturday nearest to January 31. References to a fiscal year (e.g., "2024") refer to the calendar year in which the fiscal year begins. This reporting schedule is followed by many national retail companies and typically results in a 52-week fiscal year (including 2024), but occasionally will contain an additional week resulting in a 53-week fiscal year (including 2023).

We offer a wide assortment of dress, casual, and athletic footwear and accessories for women, men, and kids in stores and online under the following banners:

•DSW Designer Shoe Warehouse- Our DSW banner, which is offered both in the U.S. and in Canada, is the destination for on-trend and fashion-forward footwear and accessory brands at a great value every single day.

•The Shoe Co.- The Shoe Co. banner in Canada offers on-trend footwear and accessory brands that target every-day family styles at a great value every single day.

•Rubino- Our Rubino banner in Quebec, Canada offers on-trend footwear and accessory brands that target every-day family styles at affordable prices.

Our e-commerce platforms offer customers convenient, 24/7 access to our products through our websites, including mobile-optimized sites, and our mobile applications. Our omni-channel capabilities allow customers to order a wide range of styles, sizes, widths and categories. Online orders in the U.S. and Canada, for the DSW and The Shoe Co. banners, can be fulfilled from our stores or directly from our suppliers for certain products (referred to as "drop ship"). Online orders from the U.S. can also be fulfilled from our distribution center located in New Jersey ("East Coast Logistics Center"), which is a shared facility with the Brand Portfolio segment. Our order routing optimization system determines the best location to fulfill digitally-demanded products, which allows us to optimize our operating profit. To further meet customer demand of how they receive products, we provide our customers the option to buy online and pick up in stores for the majority of our store locations. Likewise, returns may be shipped to us or brought back to any of our store locations.

In the retail segments, we sell a large assortment of national brands and Owned Brands. We believe that offering a robust assortment of our Owned Brands alongside top national brands within the retail segments provides our customers with a unique assortment and allows us to lean into our integrated business model for providing value. We disaggregate our net sales for our retail segments into non-athletic women's, men's and kids' footwear, athletic footwear, and accessories and other. Refer to Note 3, Revenue, of the consolidated financial statements of this Form 10-K for the disaggregation of net sales.

The following table presents certain data about the sourcing of our merchandise for our retail segments:

We invite our U.S. and Canada retail customers to join our DSW and The Shoe Co. VIP rewards programs, which enable members to earn points toward discounts on future purchases. Our VIP rewards programs provide timely customer insights and create stronger customer engagement, while driving a higher-than-average level of customer spend.

The following table presents the number of members enrolled in our VIP rewards programs that have made a purchase over the prior two years and the percentage of retail segments' net sales generated from these members:

For our U.S. Retail segment operations, the majority of our inventory is shipped directly from suppliers to our distribution center located in Columbus, Ohio ("Midwest Logistics Center") and a West Coast facility, previously located in California, that is operated by a third party, where the inventory is then processed, sorted, and shipped to one of our pool locations located throughout the country, and then on to the stores. During March 2025, the West Coast facility in California was replaced with our new distribution center located in Arizona ("West Coast Logistics Center"), which is also operated by a third party. For our Canada Retail segment, we engage a logistics service provider to receive and distribute inventory to the majority of our stores.

Inventory management is important to our business. We manage our inventory levels based on anticipated sales and the delivery requirements of our customers. Our inventory management strategy is focused on continuing to meet consumer demand, while improving our efficiency over the long term by enhancing systems and processes.

The Brand Portfolio segment designs, develops, and sources footwear and accessories of our Owned Brands for the sale of wholesale merchandise to our retail segments and our other retailer customers. In addition, we sell our branded products on direct-to-consumer e-commerce sites for the Vince Camuto, Keds, and Topo brands. We also earn commission-based income for serving retailers as their design and buying agent, while leveraging our overall design and sourcing infrastructure. Refer to Note 3, Revenue, of the consolidated financial statements of this Form 10-K, for the Brand Portfolio segment's total net sales attributable to each channel. During 2024 and 2023, the net sales of Owned Brands for all of our segments combined represented 23.3% and 25.8%, respectively, of consolidated net sales. The Brand Portfolio segment has five customers that made up 38.0% of its segment net sales in 2024, excluding intersegment net sales, and the loss of any or all of these customers could have a material adverse effect on the Brand Portfolio segment.

We have a 40.0% equity investment ownership interest in ABG-Camuto, LLC ("ABG-Camuto"), a joint venture that owns the intellectual property rights of Vince Camuto and other brands. We are party to a licensing agreement with ABG-Camuto, which grants us the exclusive right to design, source, and sell footwear and handbags under the brands that ABG-Camuto owns. In addition, we own the licensing rights for footwear and handbags of the Lucky Brand and the licensing rights for footwear of the Jessica Simpson brand.

We source each of our product lines based on the individual design, style, and quality specifications of the products. Our Brand Portfolio segment does not own or operate manufacturing facilities; rather, we primarily use our sourcing office in China to procure our products from third-party manufacturers. Prior to production, we inspect samples and prototypes of each style and monitor the quality of the production process. We manage our inventory levels based on existing orders and anticipated sales.

The manufacturers of our products are required to meet our quality, human rights, local compliance, safety, and other standard requirements. These suppliers are expected to respect local laws, rules, and regulations of the countries in which they operate and have pledged to follow the standards set forth in the Company's Vendor Code of Conduct, which details our dedication to human rights, labor rights, environmental responsibility, and workplace safety. The majority of our wholesale inventory is shipped directly from factories in foreign countries to our East Coast Logistics Center where the inventory is then processed, sorted, and provided to our customers' shipping carriers.

The following table presents the percentages of the Brand Portfolio segment's purchases of merchandise units sourced by country:

The footwear market is highly competitive with few barriers to entry. We compete against a diverse group of manufacturers and retailers, including online retailers, single-brand specialty retailers, multi-channel specialty retailers, brand suppliers, department stores, mall-based shoe stores, national chains, independent shoe retailers, and brand-oriented discounters. In addition, our wholesale retailer customers sell shoes purchased from competing footwear suppliers with brands that are well known.

We believe the strength of our workforce is critical to our success. Our associates strive every day to create a welcoming and inclusive environment for themselves and our customers to advance our mission of being shoe obsessed. One of our core talent strategies is to invest in and support our associates who are key to differentiating our products and experiences in the competitive footwear market. We monitor and adapt as necessary to maintain our competitive position, including the following areas of focus:

Our key human capital management objectives are to attract, develop, advance, and retain the highest quality talent. To support these objectives, our human resources programs aim to:

•develop associates to prepare them for critical roles and leadership positions for the future;

•reward and support associates through competitive pay, benefits, and perquisite programs;

•cultivate an associate-centric culture where all associates feel empowered, valued, inspired, and included;

•acquire talent and facilitate internal talent mobility to create a high-performing workforce;

•embrace hybrid and remote work arrangements where possible to utilize flexibility as a competitive advantage; and

•evolve and invest in technology, tools, and resources to support our associates at work.

As of February 1, 2025, we employed approximately 14,000 associates worldwide, approximately 12,000 of whom are employed in the U.S.

To remain an employer of choice and maintain the strength of our workforce, we continually assess the current business environment and labor market to refine our compensation practices, benefit programs, and other associate resources. We have a history of investing in our workforce and offer comprehensive, relevant, and innovative benefits to eligible associates in the U.S.

•We strive to provide market competitive pay targeting the middle of the market in most cases.

•We establish a minimum starting pay rate for each U.S. store that exceeds applicable minimum wage requirements.

•We continually monitor local pay practices for each distribution center and adjust accordingly to remain competitive in those markets.

•We monitor pay equity and invest in pay processes that allow us to assess whether associates with similar roles and experience earn comparable pay for comparable work.

•We require completion of a Compensation Essentials training module that educates and equips managers to facilitate effective conversations about compensation.

•Our incentive plans provide additional cash compensation upon the achievement of results that meet or exceed defined goals for eligible store management, logistics centers, and corporate associates.

•We provide retirement benefits with a safe harbor 401(k) plan that includes an employer matching contribution of up to 4% of associate contributions.

Health & Wellbeing- We understand the importance of taking care of our associates and believe that every associate's journey is unique. We approach health and wellbeing design with a focus on building equitable benefits that support and provide valuable resources needed to care for our associates and their loved ones. We invest in comprehensive health and wellbeing benefits, some of which are highlighted below, that help attract and retain the talent necessary to achieve our goals.

Comprehensive health insurance coverage is available to full-time and Affordable Care Act eligible part-time associates through multiple medical plans. These plans include prescription and vision insurance, as well as:

•Concierge plan advisors who can assist with clinical support for health conditions, locate high-quality physicians, advocate to resolve insurance billing issues, connect members to available community resources, and answer benefits questions.

•Free unlimited access to U.S. board-certified physicians, via phone or video, for general medical, dermatology, and mental health services.

•Specialty prescription drug medications, with many at no cost.

•Concierge support and access to fertility centers across the U.S., as well as up to two cycles of in vitro fertilization or other fertility services in addition to necessary fertility medication and testing.

•Expert nurse care coordinator support provided through our maternity program.

•Medical access travel benefits for those who must travel greater than 100 miles from home to obtain access to covered medical care.

All full-time associates are eligible for:

•Company subsidized dental insurance.

•Company-provided life and accidental death and dismemberment insurance.

•Pay for short-term disability, parental leave, and jury duty.

•Voluntary benefits (long-term disability, accident, hospital indemnity and critical illness) and flexible spending accounts.

•Adoption assistance with reimbursement of up to $10,000 of eligible expenses for each adoption.

•Up to $5,250 in tuition reimbursement annually, plus access to partner schools who offer capped annual tuition to receive a degree at little to no cost when combined with our reimbursement.

All full-time and part-time associates are eligible for:

•Company paid time off, military, and bereavement pay.

•Generous product discounts at DSW, American Eagle Outfitters/Aerie, and American Signature/Value City Furniture.

•Free counseling and support for all associates, their dependents, and their family members, through access to licensed counselors, work/life balance support, and bereavement specialists.

•Free accredited general education college courses as well as discounted tuition offerings through multiple partner schools.

•Free and/or discounted legal support in areas such as civil/criminal needs, family disputes, immigration law, landlord/tenant issues, and basic document preparation.

•Free financial help including debt counseling, lease/purchase guidance, taxes, financial planning, and college funding.

To help our associates succeed in their roles, we emphasize continuous learning and development opportunities. Training provided through our online learning platform includes 269 resources, including videos, self-paced on-demand learning, and virtual instructor-led sessions. A wide variety of resources are designed to address the needs of our entire workforce, from entry-level associates to our most senior executives. During 2024, approximately 7,100 associates completed over 84,000 learning experiences through our online learning platform. We invest resources in professional development and growth as a means of improving associate performance, engagement, and retention. We believe that our continued focus on frequent and constructive performance feedback, talent reviews, succession planning, and retention have contributed to a strong internal promotion rate.

We are committed to good corporate citizenship. Not only do we strive to create positive impacts within our organization, but we also aim to better the communities in which we conduct business. In 2023, we launched our charitable Designer Brands Foundation to expand our corporate giving. The Designer Brands Foundation's mission is to advance empowerment of individuals, removing barriers, and helping them put their best foot forward in the communities in which we live, serve, and work. The Designer Brands Foundation features three primary areas of focus:

1.Empowerment- Support organizations that prioritize empowerment and build self-confidence without discrimination.

2.Inclusion- Support organizations whose key constituents align with our Business Resource Groups ("BRGs").

3.Local Community- As the places where our associates live and work are vitally important to us, we support the organizations that put our local communities first and provide opportunities for our associates to give back through volunteering and donations.

With the Designer Brands Foundation in place, we have been able to significantly expand our Company's giving through the following:

1.Soles4Souls- Soles4Souls creates sustainable jobs and provides relief through the distribution of shoes and clothing around the world, while giving shoes and garments a second life. Since partnering with Soles4Souls in 2018, we are proud to have donated over 11 million pairs of shoes, including 1.8 million pairs in 2024. In 2024, we continued to enhance our shoe donation experience and Soles4Souls store register donation efforts with store register donations generating over $1.6 million in customer-funded donations.

2.Associate Relief Funding- In 2024, we established our DBI Cares Associate Relief Fund to provide financial assistance to DBI associates experiencing unexpected hardships and emergencies. In addition, we partner with Two Ten Footwear Foundation ("Two Ten") to provide scholarships and financial aid, as well as free counseling and community resources, to people working in the footwear industry. Many of our own associates have been beneficiaries of Two Ten's programs. We support Two Ten with corporate financial donations and subject matter expertise to continue to enrich their community programs.

3.Hometown Partnerships- We continue to expand our existing local nonprofit partnerships through volunteering and grants from our Designer Brands Foundation. Through our grants and associate led affinity groups, we aim to support and better the communities in which we live, serve, and work. In 2024, we issued our first round of public community grants totaling $89,000 to nonprofits across the U.S. Our DBI Gives volunteerism-focused Community Interest Group ("CIG") led multi-city volunteer opportunities for associates to come together and participate in community clean ups during Earth Month, as well as gift collection and wrapping during the holiday season.

From the inside out, Designer Brands starts with a workplace where all associates belong and are empowered to be their authentic selves, bringing their unique backgrounds, perspectives, and experiences to the table. We believe that empowering our differences powers up innovation and ignites positive change.

Formal ways for associates, on a voluntary basis, to be involved, ignite innovation, and influence positive changes include:

•BRGs - associate-led groups organized around a common dimension to foster an inclusive work environment where everyone belongs.

•CIGs - associate-led groups based on a common passion or interest to drive a sense of community and shared purpose.

•Field Councils - associate-led groups organized to create a sense of belonging for those who work in our stores and logistics centers.

All groups are inclusive and open to any associate who wants to join, and associates can join as many groups as they choose. Our BRGs, CIGs, and Field Councils provide a unique strategic perspective based on shared experiences, background, and allyship while promoting belonging in our workplace and community in alignment with our business goals. We proudly support nine BRGs, three CIGs, and two Field Councils (one in the U.S. and one in Canada). Our value of We Belong is also reflected in our associate training programs, which address our policies against harassment, bullying, and bias in the workplace. In 2024, we launched the We Belong Microlearning development initiative which aims to create more welcoming workplaces by providing easily digestible training sessions.

We believe in taking strides and making progress towards unity and belonging, turning values into actions. Each step we take brings us closer to realizing our vision. We are committed to continuing to walk the talk and aspire to create conditions for everyone to put their best foot forward without barriers to reach their highest potential.

We believe that paying our associates fairly enables us to deliver on our goal of creating an environment where we can all be ourselves, contribute ideas, and do our best work. To this end, we take several steps to ensure pay rates are fair, competitive, and based on job-related factors. For example, we regularly review external market data, internal pay grades, position of pay in the pay range, as well as individual factors such as performance, training, and prior experience related to the work, to ensure fair pay. We also invest in pay processes that allow us to assess whether associates with similar roles and experience earn comparable pay for comparable work.

Our culture is a towering strength of Designer Brands, and that culture is built upon and codified by a set of unified values that guide how we aspire to operate as a collective organization. The values are a creation of our associates and representative of our global organization, having resulted from a process wherein associates were invited to join conversations to identify and define our organizational values and subsequently discuss how to integrate them into our culture. As a result, they come to life internally for our associates as they are reflected in how: "we love what we do; we own what we do; we do what's right; and we belong."

We provide all associates with the opportunity to share their opinions and feedback in relation to their employment experience through engagement surveys performed on a regular basis across all business segments. Results of the surveys are measured and analyzed at the team, department and Company-wide levels with a goal of enhancing the associate experience, strengthening engagement and retention, and driving positive change. In addition to Company-led surveys, leaders are encouraged to conduct "skip level" touch bases, host roundtable chats, and conduct follow-up activities throughout the year to better understand associate feedback. Upon exiting the Company, associates who voluntarily leave the business are provided with an exit survey to help us measure satisfaction and engagement, in addition to identifying the factors that may have contributed to pursuing another opportunity.

We continue to develop opportunities for associate connection and engagement in the evolving workplace environment by listening to our associates and taking actions on what is most important and impactful to them. One of the things our associates tell us is important to them is recognition. Our "Inspire Greatness" recognition program provides various means to recognize and reward associate accomplishments and work anniversaries, both one-on-one with the associates and during large meeting celebrations.

Our business activities are global and subject to various federal, state, local, and foreign laws, rules, and regulations. For example, substantially all of our import operations are subject to complex trade and customs laws, regulations, and tax requirements, such as sanctions orders or tariffs set by governments through mutual agreements or unilateral actions. In addition, the countries where our products are manufactured or imported from may, from time to time, impose additional duties, tariffs, or other restrictions on our imports or adversely modify existing restrictions. Changes in tax policy or trade regulations, the disallowance of tax deductions on imported merchandise, or the imposition of new tariffs on imported products, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and competitive position. Compliance with these laws, rules, and regulations has not had, and is not expected to have, a material effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations, and competitive position as compared to prior periods. For more information on the potential impacts of government regulations affecting our business, see Item 1A. Risk Factors.

We own numerous trademarks, service marks, and domains in the U.S., Canada, and internationally, such as Crown Vintage®, DSW®, DSW Shoe Warehouse®, DSW Designer Shoe Warehouse®, Keds®, Kelly & Katie®, Mix No.6®, Pro-Keds®, Rubino®, and Topo Athletic®. As of February 1, 2025, we have approximately 850 trademark registrations and pending applications in the U.S., Canada, and internationally. We consider our trademarks, service marks, and domains to have significant value and to be important to building our name recognition.

Our business consists of two principal selling seasons: the spring season, which includes the first and second fiscal quarters, and the fall season, which includes the third and fourth fiscal quarters. Typically, net sales are slightly higher in the fall season than in the spring season. However, this may not hold true when net sales are influenced by global economic conditions, changes in weather conditions, the timing of acquisitions, and our customers' interest in new seasonal styles.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

Information about Designer Brands, including its reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), is available through our website at www.designerbrands.com. Such reports are accessible at no charge through our website and are made available as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed with or furnished to the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

Investing in our Class A common shares involves a high degree of risk. In addition to the other information in this Form 10-K and in our other public filings, investors should carefully consider the following risk factors. The risks described below are not the only risks we face or may face, and investors should not interpret the disclosure of a risk to imply that the risk has not already materialized. The occurrence of any of the following risks, or the occurrence of additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. In such case, the trading price of our Class A common shares could decline, and investors may lose all or part of their original investment. This Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements and estimates that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements and estimates as a result of specific factors, including the risks and uncertainties described below.

Adverse global economic conditions that are caused by events or conditions beyond our control create uncertainties and have in the past impacted our business and may in the future materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. These adverse economic conditions include inflation, economic downturns, recession or slower economic growth, new or increased tariffs and other barriers to trade, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, higher interest rates, high unemployment, decreased consumer confidence in the economy, public health threats, supply chain disruptions, international hostilities, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, conditions affecting the retail environment for products we sell, and other matters that influence consumer confidence. Throughout 2024, our comparable sales declined as we experienced overall lower direct-to-consumer traffic. Consumer spending on discretionary items, including our products, generally declines during periods of economic uncertainty, when disposable income is reduced, or when there is a reduction in consumer confidence. We believe the decrease in comparable sales is a result of ongoing consumer concern of negative and/or uncertain economic conditions, most notably the concern of economic volatility, fluctuations in interest rates, inflationary pressures, and changes in employment levels. Additionally, our major retailer customers for our Brand Portfolio segment may experience a significant downturn in their businesses as a result of macroeconomic conditions and, in turn, these customers may reduce their purchases from us, which may have a material adverse effect on our business. Competitive pricing pressure has been exacerbated by a more promotional retail environment as macroeconomic conditions impact discretionary consumer spending.

The continuation of these trends could have a material adverse effect on our business or operating results. Moreover, we are unable to predict the severity of macroeconomic uncertainty, whether or when such circumstances may improve or worsen, or the full impact such circumstances could have on our business. These factors ultimately could require us to enact further mitigating operating efficiency measures that may not be successful and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, and results of operations. Adverse global economic conditions and disruptions to our business, along with a sustained decline in our stock price, may lead to triggering events that may indicate that the carrying value of certain assets, including inventories, accounts receivables, equity investments, long-lived assets, intangibles, and goodwill, may not be recoverable.

The footwear market is highly competitive with few barriers to entry. We compete against a diverse group of manufacturers and retailers, including online retailers, single-brand specialty retailers, multi-channel specialty retailers, brand suppliers, department stores, mall-based shoe stores, national chains, independent shoe retailers, and brand-oriented discounters. In addition, our wholesale retailer customers sell shoes purchased from competing footwear suppliers with brands that are well known. Our success depends on our ability to remain competitive with respect to assortment, fashion trends, quality, convenience, and value. The performance of our competitors, as well as a change in their promotional and pricing approaches as a result of the current economic environment, marketing activities, and other business strategies, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

E-commerce networks have rapidly evolved and consumer receptiveness to shopping online has substantially increased. Competition from e-commerce players has significantly increased due to their ability to provide improved user experiences, greater ease of buying goods, low or no shipping fees, faster shipping times, and more favorable return policies. Businesses, including our suppliers, can easily launch e-commerce websites and mobile platforms at nominal costs by using commercially available software or partnering with various successful digital marketplace providers. Some of our suppliers use such platforms to compete with us by allowing consumers to purchase products directly from them. Competitors with other revenue sources may also devote more resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing policies, and devote more resources to websites, mobile platforms and applications, and systems development.

Demand for our products fluctuates according to rapid changes in consumer preferences and trends, which are dictated by lifestyle, fashion, and season, and may shift quickly. A variety of factors will affect our ability to maintain the proper mix of products, including economic conditions impacting discretionary consumer spending; unanticipated fashion trends; our ability to provide timely access to popular brands at attractive prices; our success in distributing merchandise to our stores, online customers, and our wholesale retailer customers in an efficient manner; and changes in weather patterns, which, in turn, may affect consumer preferences. In addition, the continuing consumer shift to online and mobile shopping has increased customer expectations of lower shipping costs, improved shipping speeds, and optimized mobile platforms. If we are unable to anticipate trends and fulfill the merchandise needs of our customers, we may experience decreases in our net sales and/or may be forced to increase markdowns in relation to slow-moving merchandise, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The success of our business depends on our ability to obtain products from our suppliers, including third-party manufacturers and national brand suppliers, on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, and to our specifications. If we fail to maintain strong relationships with these suppliers or if they fail to ensure the quality of merchandise that they supply to us, our ability to provide our customers with merchandise they want at favorable prices may be limited, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, any negative brand image, widespread product defects, financial distress, or negative publicity related to our suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and on our business.

We cannot guarantee that any supplier will have sufficient production capacity, meet our delivery expectations, or meet our product safety, social compliance, or quality standards. The loss of any of our major suppliers could disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business. If these third-party manufacturers cease working with us, fail to meet our product safety, social compliance, or quality standards, or are unable to provide us with the materials and services that we need, at prices and on terms that are acceptable to us, then we could experience product delays and shortages. Failure by us to deliver quality products to our customers on a timely basis and any associated damage to our reputation could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Decisions by national brand suppliers to not sell to us or to limit the availability of the products they sell to us could have a negative impact on our business. In addition, our inability to stock our sales channels with desired merchandise at attractive prices could result in lower net sales and decreased customer interest in our sales channels, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. During 2024, three key national brand suppliers together supplied approximately 25% of our retail segments merchandise, with no individual supplier providing more than 10% of our retail merchandise. The loss of, or a reduction in the amount and quality of merchandise supplied by, any of our high-volume suppliers could have an adverse effect on our business. If we are unable to offer suitable alternatives to satisfy product demand, sales could decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

Our operating results depend on the orderly operation of our receiving, distribution, and fulfillment processes, which in turn depend on suppliers' adherence to shipping schedules and our effective management of our facilities. We may not anticipate all of the changing demands on our operations, and events beyond our control may occur, including disruptions in operations due to public health threats, catastrophic events, shortages in labor, or shipping problems, any of which may result in delays in the delivery of merchandise to our stores and customers. We rely on the flow of goods through ports worldwide on a consistent basis from factories and suppliers. Potential or actual disruptions at ports could create significant risks for our business, particularly if these disruptions occur during peak importing times. If we experience significant delays in receiving product, this could result in canceled orders by retailer customers, unanticipated inventory shortages, or receipt of seasonal product after the peak selling season, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

In addition, if our merchandise is not delivered to customers in a timely fashion or is damaged or lost during the delivery process, our customers could become dissatisfied and cease shopping on our websites, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. If we encounter issues with our ability to timely and satisfactorily fulfill customer orders, meet customer expectations, manage inventory, and complete sales, our business may be adversely affected. While we maintain business interruption and property insurance, if any of the points within our distribution systems were to shut down for any reason or if we were to incur higher costs and longer lead times in connection with a disruption, our insurance may not be sufficient to cover the impact to our business.

Our IT systems are an integral part of our strategies for efficiently operating our business, managing operations, and protecting against security risks related to our electronic processing and transmitting of confidential customer and associate data. The requirements to keep our IT systems operating at peak performance may be higher than anticipated and could strain our capital resources, as well as impact our ability to manage any system upgrades, implement new systems, make management process changes for newly implemented systems, and prevent any information security breaches. In addition, any significant disruption of our data center could have a material adverse effect on our operations dependent on those systems, specifically, our store and e-commerce operations, our distribution centers, and our merchandising team. While we maintain business interruption and property insurance, in the event of a data center shutdown, our insurance may not be sufficient to cover the impact to our business.

Our e-commerce operations are important to our business and are subject to various risks of operating online and mobile selling capabilities, such as the failure of our IT infrastructure, including any third-party hardware or software, resulting in downtime or other technical issues; inability to respond to technological changes, such as those related to artificial intelligence; credit card fraud; or other information security breaches. Failure to mitigate these risks could reduce e-commerce sales, damage our reputation, and have a material adverse effect on our business.

Given the nature of our business, we, together with third parties acting on our behalf, receive, collect, process, use, and retain sensitive and confidential customer and associate data and proprietary business information. Our business relies on IT networks and systems to market and sell our products, process financial and personal information, manage a variety of business processes, and comply with regulatory, legal, and tax requirements. We also depend on a variety of information systems to effectively process customer orders and other data, for digital marketing activities, and for electronic communications with our associates, customers, prospective customers, and vendors. Some of our third-party service providers, such as identity verification and payment processing providers, also regularly have access to customer data. Additionally, we maintain other confidential, proprietary, or otherwise sensitive information relating to our business and third parties.

The IT networks and systems operated by us or our vendors may be susceptible to damage, disruptions, data breaches, failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases, or components, power outages, natural disasters, hardware failures, user errors or malfeasance, unauthorized access or attacks, including actions of foreign actors and insider attacks, phishing or denial-of-service attacks, the introduction of computer viruses and/or malicious or destructive code, ransomware or other malware attacks, and other real or perceived cyberattacks or catastrophic events, any of which may not be prevented by our efforts to secure our computer systems. Any of these incidents could lead to interruptions or shutdowns of our platform, disruptions in our ability to process customer orders or to track, record, or analyze the sale of our products, loss or corruption of data, loss of funds, or unauthorized access to or acquisition of personal information or other sensitive information, such as our intellectual property. Such incidents could also lead to widespread technology outages, interruptions or other failures of operational, communication, or other systems globally and across companies and industries. We utilize security tools and controls, which include reasonable efforts to ensure that our third-party vendors maintain sufficient security measures, including encryption and authentication technology, in an effort to reduce our cyber risk and protect personal and other sensitive information. However, none of our or our vendors' security measures can provide absolute security. Advances in computer capabilities, continually evolving and increasingly sophisticated tools and methods used by hackers and cyber terrorists, new discoveries in the field of cryptography, the potential use of artificial intelligence by cyber-attackers to develop malicious code and launch sophisticated phishing attempts, or other developments may result in our or our vendors' failure or inability to adequately protect personal or other sensitive information. In addition, vulnerabilities may be introduced from the use of artificial intelligence by us and our vendors.

Despite our or our vendors' security measures, we may be unable to anticipate cyberattacks or implement adequate preventative measures and could suffer the impacts of a cyberattack, unauthorized access to personal information or other sensitive data, and any such data compromise or unauthorized access may not be discovered in a timely fashion and could persist for an extended period of time.

We rely on associates, contractors, and other third parties who may attempt to circumvent our security measures in order to obtain personal information or other sensitive data and may purposefully or inadvertently cause a breach involving such information. Actual or anticipated attacks may cause us to incur increased costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train associates, pay higher insurance premiums, and engage third-party specialists for additional services. An information security breach involving confidential and personal data could damage our reputation, adversely affect our customers' willingness to purchase from us, and adversely affect our vendors' willingness to supply or provide services to us. In addition, we may incur material liabilities and remediation costs as a result of an information security breach, including potential liability for stolen customer or associate data, costs relating to repairing system damage, or costs of providing credit monitoring or other benefits to customers or associates affected by the breach. If we experience a material information security breach, our insurance may not be sufficient to cover the impact to our business. Although we have developed mitigating security controls to reduce our cyber risk and protect our data from loss or disclosure due to a security breach, including processes designed to reduce the impact of a security breach at a third-party vendor, such measures cannot provide absolute security.

We, and our third-party vendors, regularly experience cyberattacks aimed at disrupting services. Our third-party vendors may be the victim of cyber-related attacks. If they fail to deter, detect, or report cyber incidents in a timely manner, we may suffer from financial and other harm, including to our information, operations, and reputation, and such incidents could lead to operational disruptions that could have an adverse effect on our ability to fulfill customer orders. Security incidents, such as ransomware attacks, are becoming increasingly prevalent and severe, as well as increasingly difficult to detect. We, and our third-party vendors, have been subject to cyber, phishing, and social engineering attacks and other security incidents in the past and may continue to be subject to such attacks in the future. Security breaches can also occur as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent actions by our associates, our third-party vendors, their personnel, or other parties. If we or our third-party service providers experience security breaches that result in a decline in marketplace performance, availability problems, or the loss of, corruption of, unauthorized access to, or disclosure of personal data or confidential information, customers may become unwilling to provide us with the information necessary for such customers to make purchases on our e-commerce websites, and our reputation and market position could be harmed. Existing customers may also decrease their purchases or close their accounts altogether. We could also face potential claims, investigations, regulatory proceedings, liability, and litigation, and could bear other substantial costs in connection with remediating and otherwise responding to any data security breach, all of which may not be adequately covered by insurance, and which may result in an increase in our costs for insurance or insurance not being available to us on economically feasible terms, or at all. Insurers may also deny us coverage as to any future claim. Any of these results could harm our growth prospects, financial condition, business, and reputation.

We, or third parties we rely on, may not be able to fully, continuously, and effectively implement security controls as intended. As described in Item 1C. Cybersecurity, we utilize a risk-based approach and exercise judgment to determine the security controls to implement, and it is possible that we may not implement appropriate controls if we do not recognize or if we underestimate a particular risk. In addition, security controls, no matter how well-designed or implemented, may only mitigate and not fully eliminate risks. Cybersecurity events, when detected by security tools or third parties, may not always be immediately understood or acted upon.

Our success is largely dependent on our ability to provide our customers with a merchandise assortment that they want and our ability to provide a consistent, high-quality customer experience. We believe that maintaining and enhancing the reputation and recognition of our banners and our Owned Brands is critical to our ability to expand and retain our customer base. Any negative publicity about us or the significant brands we offer may reduce demand for our merchandise. Failure to comply with ethical, social, product, labor, health and safety, accounting, or environmental regulations and standards could also jeopardize our reputation and potentially lead to various adverse consumer actions, in addition to potential investigations or actions against us by governmental entities, fines, penalties, or other liabilities. In addition, negative claims or publicity, including on social media, regarding celebrities with whom we have license and endorsement arrangements could adversely affect our reputation and sales, regardless of whether such claims are accurate. Consumer actions could include boycotts and negative publicity through social or digital media. Negative public perception about us or the products we carry, whether justified or not, could impair our reputation, subject us to litigation, damage our brands, or have a material adverse effect on our business.

We hold exclusive licensing rights that allow us to design, source, and sell footwear for certain of our key Owned Brands, including Vince Camuto, Jessica Simpson, and Lucky Brand. We rely on our ability to retain and maintain good relationships with the licensors and their ability to maintain strong, well-recognized brands and trademarks. The terms of our license agreements vary and are subject to renewal with various termination provisions, and we may not be able to renew these licenses. Even our longer-term or renewable licenses are typically dependent upon our ability to market and sell the licensed products at specified levels, and our failure to meet such levels may result in the termination or non-renewal of such licenses. Furthermore, many of our license agreements require minimum royalty payments, and if we are unable to generate sufficient sales and profitability to cover these minimum royalty requirements, we may be required to make additional payments to the licensors, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The demand for the brands we sell may also depend on how we are viewed relative to corporate social responsibility ("CSR") and environmental, social, and governance ("ESG") positions, which may not align with the expectations of our customers, investors, and other stakeholders. Risks associated with these initiatives include any increased public focus, including by governmental and nongovernmental organizations, new laws and regulations, increased costs associated with sustainability efforts and/or compliance with laws and regulations, as well as increased pressure to expand our CSR and ESG disclosures in these areas, make commitments, set targets, or establish additional goals and take actions to achieve such targets and goals. At the same time, there also exists sentiment against such initiatives among certain stakeholders and government institutions, and we may face scrutiny, customer boycotts, reputational risk, lawsuits, or market access restrictions from these parties regarding our CSR or ESG positions. All of the foregoing could expose us to market, operational, and execution costs or risks. Any metrics related to these topics that we disclose, whether based on the standards we set for ourselves or those set by others, or our failure to achieve any metrics that we disclose, may influence our reputation and the demand for the brands that we sell. There is also increased focus, including by customers, investors, and other stakeholders, on these matters, including the use of plastic, energy, waste, worker safety, and products, offerings, and marketing towards certain demographics. Our reputation could be damaged if we do not, or are perceived to not, act responsibly with respect to these matters, which could also have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.

Customer traffic is influenced by our marketing methods and our reward programs. We rely on our reward programs to drive customer traffic, sales, and purchase frequency as members earn points toward discounts on future purchases through our VIP reward programs in the U.S. and Canada. We employ a variety of marketing methods, including email, direct mail, and social media, to communicate product offerings and various promotions and discounts to all of our customers, as well as exclusive offers to our rewards members. As of February 1, 2025, we had 30.8 million members enrolled in our VIP reward programs who have made at least one purchase over the last two years. In 2024, shoppers in the reward programs generated approximately 86% of the combined U.S. Retail and Canada Retail segments' net sales. If our rewards members decrease their purchase frequency or do not continue to shop with us, we fail to add new members, the number of members decreases, or our marketing is not effective in driving customer traffic, such event could have a material adverse effect on our business.

From time to time, we may acquire or invest in businesses, or we may license brands that we believe could complement our business and offer growth opportunities. For example, in the first quarter of 2024, we acquired Rubino. The expected contribution to our business as a result of this and other acquisitions or investments may not materialize. Further, such integrations may disrupt our business or divert the attention of our management. Achieving the expected benefits depends in large part on our successful integration of any new operations, systems, and personnel in a timely and efficient manner. We cannot ensure that all of our integration efforts will be completed on a timely basis, as planned, or without substantial expense, delay, or other operational problems. Until we make substantial progress with our integration efforts, we also face the risk that we may not be able to effectively manage the business and achieve planned results. In addition, the integration process may strain our financial and managerial controls and reporting systems and procedures and may also result in the diversion of management and financial resources from core business objectives. Our integration efforts may not be successful, or we may not realize the anticipated benefits after we complete our integration efforts.

In addition, we may from time to time evaluate and pursue other strategic initiatives, investments, or acquisitions. These strategic initiatives, investments, or acquisitions could involve various inherent risks, and the benefits sought may not be realized, or these strategic initiatives, acquisitions, or investments may not create value or may harm our brand and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The success of our business is dependent on the continuation of an experienced and talented management team. If we were to lose the benefit of the experience, efforts, and abilities of any of our key executives or members of senior management, our business could be adversely affected. We have entered into employment agreements with certain of our key executives and also offer compensation packages designed to attract and retain talent. In addition, our ability to manage our business will require us to continue to train, motivate, and develop our associates to maintain a high level of talent for future challenges and succession planning. Competition for these types of personnel is intense, and we may not be successful in attracting and retaining the personnel required to grow and operate our business.

The success of our retail segments depends, in part, on our ability to secure long-term leases in desirable locations at acceptable terms for our stores and to secure renewals of such leases. No assurance can be given that we will be able to successfully negotiate lease renewals for existing stores or obtain acceptable terms for new stores in desirable locations. Our ability to operate stores on a profitable basis depends on many factors, including our ability to identify suitable markets and sites for our store locations with financially stable co-tenants and landlords; build-out or remodel sites on a timely and effective basis; obtain sufficient financing and capital resources or generate sufficient cash flows from operations to fund store capital expenditures; open new stores or remodel existing stores at costs not significantly greater than those anticipated; successfully open new stores in markets in which we currently have few or no stores; control the costs associated with store openings; and hire, train, and retain qualified managers and store personnel. To the extent that we are opening new stores in our existing markets, we may experience reduced net sales in existing stores in those markets. As a result, the number of customers and financial performance of individual stores may decline and the average sales per square foot at our stores may be reduced. Due to the changing retail landscape, we may want to reduce the size or number of store locations but may be unable to successfully exit lease agreements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Funds drawn under our ABL Revolver may be used for working capital purposes, capital expenditures, share repurchases, other expenditures, and permitted acquisitions, as defined in the ABL Revolver. The amount of credit available under the ABL Revolver is limited to a borrowing base formulated on, among other things, a percentage of the book value of eligible inventory and credit card receivables, as reduced by certain reserves. Consequently, it is possible that, should we need to access any additional funds from our ABL Revolver, such funds may not be available in full. The ABL Revolver requires us to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1:1 when availability is less than the greater of $47.3 million or 10.0% of the maximum borrowing amount.

Our ABL Revolver and Term Loan also contain customary covenants restricting our activities, including limitations on our ability to sell assets, engage in acquisitions, enter into transactions involving related parties, incur additional debt, grant liens on assets, pay dividends, repurchase stock, and make certain other changes. There are specific exceptions to these covenants, including, in some cases, upon satisfying specified payment conditions based on availability. The ABL Revolver and Term Loan contain customary events of default, including failure to comply with certain financial and other covenants. Upon an event of default that is not cured or waived within the applicable cure period, in addition to other remedies that may be available to the lenders, our obligations may be accelerated, outstanding letters of credit may be required to be cash collateralized, and remedies may be exercised against the collateral.

We have key international operations in various locations, including Canada and China, and we face risks inherent in sourcing our merchandise from third-party manufacturers and national brand suppliers with foreign operations. Our operations may be adversely affected by international political, economic, and social instability; local laws and customs; legal and regulatory constraints, including compliance with applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption, labor, trade, and foreign tax laws; local business practices, including compliance with foreign laws and with domestic and international labor standards; and currency laws and regulations. Risks may also include, among others, public health threats, which has in the past materially adversely impacted our business; inclement weather and natural disasters; international hostilities, including the ongoing war in Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East, militant attacks on cargo vessels in the Red Sea, which ultimately could adversely impact supplier deliveries or freight costs, or terrorism; increases in shipping costs; transportation delays and interruptions, including increased inspections of import shipments by domestic authorities or the occurrence of international trade disruptions; labor or supply shortages; work stoppages; expropriation or nationalization; changes in foreign government administration and governmental policies; changes in import duties or quotas; increases in tariffs, sanctions, and other trade barriers or restrictions; cost and difficulties associated with managing operations outside of the U.S.; possible adverse tax consequences from changes in tax laws or the unfavorable resolution of tax assessments or audits; and greater difficulty in enforcing intellectual property rights. Additionally, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may negatively impact our financial results. With a substantial portion of our merchandise being imported from foreign countries, any of these events could result in our failure to obtain merchandise in a timely manner, which ultimately could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We require our business partners to operate in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and our internal requirements. However, we do not control such third parties or their labor and business practices. The violation of labor or other laws by any one of our suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are required to comply with various laws and regulations at the local, regional, state, federal, and international levels. These laws and regulations change frequently, and such changes can impose significant costs and other burdens of compliance on our business and third parties we rely upon. Any changes in regulations, the imposition of additional regulations, or the enactment of any new legislation that affects employment/labor, trade, product safety, transportation/logistics, energy costs, health care, tax, environmental issues, including the impact of climate change, or compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or similar anti-corruption laws could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, changes in enforcement priorities by governmental agencies charged with enforcing existing laws and regulations could increase our cost of doing business. The evolving and at times overlapping regulatory regimes to which the Company is subject may change at any time, including as a result of changes in the U.S. political environment. Failure to achieve or maintain compliance with applicable laws and regulations could subject us to lawsuits and other proceedings and lead to damage awards, fines, penalties, and remediation costs. We are or may become involved in a number of legal proceedings and audits, including grand jury investigations, government and agency investigations, and shareholder, consumer, employment, tort, and other litigation. We cannot predict with certainty the outcomes of these proceedings and other contingencies, including environmental remediation and other proceedings commenced by governmental authorities. The outcome of some of these proceedings, audits, and other contingencies could require us to take, or refrain from taking, actions which could negatively affect our operations or could require us to pay substantial amounts of money, adversely affecting our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, defending against these lawsuits and proceedings may involve significant expense and diversion of management's attention and resources.

We are subject to stringent and changing privacy laws, regulations and standards. State, federal, and foreign governments have enacted and are continuing to enact laws and regulations governing the collection, use, retention, sharing, transfer, and security of personally identifiable information and data. Our business is subject to a variety of federal, state, local, and foreign laws and regulations, orders, rules, codes, regulatory guidance, and certain industry standards regarding privacy, data protection, consumer protection, information security, and the processing of personal information and other data. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("CCPA") imposes certain restrictions and disclosure obligations on businesses that collect personal information about California residents and provides for a private right of action, as well as penalties for noncompliance.

The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations and creates a private right of action for certain data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. In addition, the California Privacy Rights Act amended and expanded the CCPA and placed additional restrictions on the "sharing" of personal information for purposes of cross-context behavioral advertising. We are subject to additional state privacy regulations, including the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, the Colorado Privacy Act, the Connecticut Data Privacy Act, and the Utah Consumer Privacy Act, which regulate the processing of "personal data" regarding their respective residents and which grant residents certain rights with respect to their personal data. State laws are changing rapidly, and new legislation proposed or enacted in a number of other states imposes, or has the potential to impose, additional obligations on companies that process confidential, sensitive and personal information, and will continue to shape the data privacy environment nationally. The U.S. federal government is also significantly focused on privacy matters.

We are subject to other consumer protection laws and the regulatory environment is increasingly demanding with frequent new and changing requirements concerning cybersecurity, information security, and privacy, which may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. Any failure by us or any of our business partners to comply with applicable laws, rules, and regulations may result in investigations or actions against us by governmental entities, private claims and litigation, fines, penalties, or other liabilities. Such events may increase our expenses, expose us to liabilities, and harm our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

While we aim to comply with applicable data protection laws and obligations in all material respects, we could be subject to claims that we have violated such laws and obligations, we may not be able to successfully defend against such claims, and we could be subject to significant fines and penalties in the event of non-compliance. Additionally, to the extent multiple state-level laws are introduced with inconsistent or conflicting standards and there is no federal law to preempt such laws, compliance with such laws could be difficult and costly to achieve, or impossible to achieve, and we could be subject to fines and penalties in the event of non-compliance.

Locations where we operate and that we consider to be material to our business, as set forth in Item 2. Properties of this Form 10-K, as well as locations operated by our vendors, may be subject to natural disasters, other extreme weather conditions, and negative climate change patterns, which may be exacerbated by climate change. Weather-related risks, including resource scarcity, rationing, or unexpected costs from increases in fuel or raw material prices, could disrupt our operations. Such disruptions may result in decreased demand for our products and disruptions in our sales channels and sourcing and distribution networks, which ultimately could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Extreme weather events and changes in weather patterns can also influence customer trends and shopping habits. Because our business is heavily weighted towards dress and seasonal products, unseasonably warm temperatures during our fall selling season or unseasonably cool weather during our spring selling season may diminish demand for our seasonal merchandise. We experienced this during 2024 with respect to unseasonably warm weather during our fall selling season, which adversely impacted our results of operations.

In addition, heavy snowfall, hurricanes, or other severe weather events where our retail stores and the retail stores of our wholesale customers are located may decrease customer traffic in those stores and reduce our sales and profitability. Moreover, natural disasters such as hurricanes, flooding, wildfires and earthquakes, whether occurring in the U.S. or abroad, and their related consequences and effects, including energy shortages and public health issues, could disrupt our operations. In particular, if a natural disaster or severe weather event were to occur in an area in which we or our suppliers, customers, or distribution centers are located, our continued success would depend, in part, on the safety and availability of the relevant personnel and facilities and proper functioning of our or our third parties’ systems and operations. There is growing concern that climate change may increase both the frequency and severity of extreme weather conditions and natural disasters. In addition, the physical changes caused by climate change could result in changes in regulations, consumer preferences, production capabilities, availability of raw materials and costs, which could in turn affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

If we were to experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity event or concurrent events, we could experience operational challenges, depending upon how a local or regional event may affect our human capital across our operations or regarding particular aspects of our operations, such as key executive officers or personnel. Further, if we are unable to find alternative suppliers or shipping channels, replace capacity at key manufacturing or distribution locations or quickly repair damage to our IT systems and networks, including the Internet and third-party services, we could be late in delivering, or be unable to deliver, products to our customers. Any of these events could result in decreased demand for our products and disruptions in our sales channels and manufacturing and distribution networks, including those of our vendors, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation, amended and restated code of regulations, and Ohio state law contain provisions that may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company. This could adversely affect the value of our Class A common shares.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation authorize our Board of Directors (the "Board") to issue up to 100 million preferred shares and to determine the powers, preferences, privileges, rights, including voting rights, qualifications, limitations, and restrictions on those shares, without any further vote or action by the shareholders. The rights of the holders of our Class A common shares will be subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any preferred shares that may be issued in the future. The issuance of preferred shares could have the effect of delaying, deterring, or preventing a change in control of the Company and could adversely affect the voting power of our common shares. In addition, we have issued Class B common shares, which are convertible into Class A common shares on a share-for-share basis and are entitled to eight votes per share on matters submitted to shareholders for approval. Holders of our Class B common shares are able to exert significant control over the Company, as further described below.

In addition, provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation, amended and restated code of regulations, and Ohio law, together or separately, could discourage potential acquisition proposals, delay or prevent a change in control, or limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for our common shares. Among other things, these provisions establish a staggered board, require a super-majority vote to remove directors, and establish certain advance notice procedures for nomination of candidates for election as directors and for shareholder proposals to be considered at shareholders' meetings.

As of February 1, 2025, the Schottenstein Affiliates beneficially owned approximately 31% of the Company's outstanding common shares, representing 67% of the combined voting power, consisting of, in the aggregate, 7.2 million Class A common shares (which are entitled to one vote per share) and 7.7 million Class B common shares (which are entitled to eight votes per share). The Schottenstein Affiliates directly control or substantially influence the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election of directors, approval of mergers or other business combinations, and approval of acquisitions or dispositions of assets. The interests of the Schottenstein Affiliates may differ from or be opposed to the interests of other shareholders, and the Schottenstein Affiliates' level of ownership and voting power in the Company may have the effect of delaying or preventing a subsequent change in control of the Company that may be favored by other shareholders. Additionally, the disproportionate voting rights of our Class B common shares and the Schottenstein Affiliates' substantial holdings of Class B common shares could have an adverse effect on the market price of our Class A common shares.

The Schottenstein Affiliates engage in a variety of businesses, including, but not limited to, business and inventory liquidations, apparel companies, and real estate investments. Opportunities may arise in the area of potential competitive business activities that may be attractive to the Schottenstein Affiliates and us. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation provide that the Schottenstein Affiliates are under no obligation to communicate or offer any corporate opportunity to us. In addition, the Schottenstein Affiliates have the right to engage in similar activities as us, do business with our suppliers and customers, and, except as limited by agreement, employ or otherwise engage any of our executives or associates.

Furthermore, as a "controlled company" within the meaning of the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") rules, the Company qualifies for, and in the future may opt to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements, including having a majority of independent directors, as well as having nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees composed entirely of independent directors.

There is currently no public market for the Company's Class B common shares. We do not intend to list the Class B common shares on any securities exchange or any automated quotation system. As a result, a secondary market for the Company's Class B common shares may not develop, and we do not expect any market makers to participate in a secondary market. Because the Class B common shares are not listed on a securities exchange or an automated quotation system, it may be difficult to obtain pricing information with respect to the Class B common shares. Accordingly, there may be a limited number of buyers if a holder decides to sell its Class B common shares. This may affect the price a holder would receive upon such sale. Alternatively, a holder of such shares could convert the shares into Class A common shares, on a share-for-share basis, prior to selling. However, such conversion could affect the timing of any such sale, which may in turn affect the price a holder may receive upon such sale.

None.

We have developed an information security program that is designed to address material risks from cybersecurity threats. Our information security program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management process, which the Board ultimately oversees. The Board has delegated its responsibility for cybersecurity risk oversight to the Technology Committee of the Board, which is responsible for (i) regularly reviewing with management significant cybersecurity, privacy, artificial intelligence, and IT risks or exposures, and our policies and processes with respect to risk assessment and risk management of the same; (ii) regularly reviewing with management an assessment of the steps management has taken to monitor and control such risks; and (iii) regularly reporting to the full Board on such matters.

As described in further detail below, our information security program is led by our Director of IT Security & Compliance ("DITSC"), who is responsible for our overall information security strategy, policy, security engineering, operations, and cyber threat detection and response. The program includes policies and procedures that guide our implementation and maintenance of security measures and controls. Risk-based analysis and judgment of the DITSC and our management team, along with feedback from internal and third-party audits and assessments, are used to select security controls to address risks. The following factors, among others, are considered when identifying security controls: likelihood and severity of a risk, impact on the Company and others if a risk materializes, feasibility of controls, and impact of controls on operations and others. Third parties also play a role in our cybersecurity, as we engage security firms in different capacities to provide or operate some of these controls and technology systems, including cloud-based platforms and services. For example, third parties are used to conduct assessments, such as vulnerability scans and penetration testing. We use a variety of processes to address and oversee cybersecurity threats related to the use of third-party technology and services, including a vendor risk management program.

We have a written incident response plan and conduct tabletop exercises to enhance incident response preparedness. We have other response protocols to address operating impacts due to disruptions in services and technology, including scenario run books and mitigation plans for key vendors. Employees undergo security awareness training when hired and annually.

The DITSC is the Company's management position with primary responsibility for the development, operation, and maintenance of our information security program. The DITSC offers over 20 years in cybersecurity expertise, cultivated through service in the United States Air Force and subsequent roles in both public and private sectors across diverse industries. The DITSC has obtained multiple industry specific certifications, including the Certified Information Systems Security Professional and Certified Information Security Manager. The DITSC briefs the Technology Committee of the Board regularly and oversees regular cybersecurity training and education opportunities for the Board, which covers topics ranging from the current threat landscape to our cybersecurity program metrics, risks, and roadmap. Management receives regular updates on cybersecurity risks from the DITSC. In the event of a security incident, the DITSC will follow the escalation process in our incident response plan to notify the Company's Crisis Committee, which is composed of a cross-functional group of Company leaders. The Crisis Committee will work with the DITSC to respond to and remediate any actual cybersecurity incidents. Depending on the severity of the security incident, the DITSC and the Crisis Committee are to escalate the security incident to the Company's General Counsel and the Principal Accounting Officer, who will assess materiality in consultation with outside counsel. The General Counsel will notify the Technology Committee and the Board of any potential material incident.

As of the date of this report, the Company has not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, there can be no assurance that the Company, or third parties on which it relies, will not experience a cybersecurity threat or incident in the future, and we continue to closely monitor cyber risk. We may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on us. While we maintain cybersecurity insurance, the costs related to cybersecurity threats or disruptions may not be fully insured. See Item 1A. Risk factors for a discussion of cybersecurity risks.

The following table summarizes the location and general use of our principal properties as of February 1, 2025 that we consider to be material to our business and that we believe will meet our operational needs for the foreseeable future:

(1)    During March 2025, we began operations in the new West Coast Logistics Center in Glendale, Arizona. The West Coast Logistics Center is operated by a third-party and includes dedicated leased space of approximately 276,000 square feet for the U.S. Retail segment.

(2)    Our DSW U.S. stores average approximately 19,700 square feet. Most of the store leases are for a fixed term with options for extension periods, exercisable at our option.

(3)    The Shoe Co., Rubino, and DSW stores in Canada average approximately 7,300 square feet. Most of the store leases are for a fixed term with options for extension periods, exercisable at our option.

The information set forth in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies - Legal Proceedings, of the consolidated financial statements of this Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.

Our Class A common shares are listed for trading on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "DBI." There is currently no public market for the Company's Class B common shares, but the Class B common shares can be converted into the Company's Class A common shares at the election of the holder on a share-for-share basis. Holders of Class A common shares are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common shares are entitled to eight votes per share on matters submitted to shareholders for approval. As of March 17, 2025, there were 187 holders of record of our Class A common shares and 12 holders of record of our Class B common shares. The number of holders of record is based upon the actual number of holders registered at such date and does not include holders of shares in "street names" or persons, partnerships, associates, corporations, or other entities identified in security position listings maintained by depositories.

The payment of any future dividends is at the discretion of our Board and is based on our future earnings, cash flow, financial condition, capital requirements, changes in taxation laws, general economic condition, and any other relevant factors. We anticipate declaring dividends on a quarterly basis.

On August 17, 2017, the Board authorized the repurchase of an additional $500.0 million of Class A common shares under our share repurchase program, which was added to the $33.5 million remaining from the previous authorization. As of February 1, 2025, $19.7 million of Class A common shares remained available for repurchase under the program. The share repurchase program may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time, and we have no obligation to repurchase any amount of our Class A common shares under the program. Shares will be repurchased in the open market at times and in amounts considered appropriate based on price and market conditions.

The following table sets forth the Class A common shares repurchased during the three months ended February 1, 2025:

(1)    The total number of shares repurchased represents shares withheld in connection with tax payments due upon vesting of employee restricted stock awards.

The ABL Revolver and the Term Loan contain customary covenants restricting our activities, including limitations on the ability to pay dividends or repurchase stock. There are specific exceptions to these covenants including, in some cases, upon satisfying specified payment conditions based on availability.

The following graph compares our cumulative total shareholder return on our Class A common shares with the cumulative total returns of the Standard and Poor's ("S&P") MidCap 400 Index and the S&P MidCap 400 Retail Index, both of which are published indices. The comparison of the cumulative total returns for each investment assumes that $100 was invested on February 1, 2020 and that all dividends were reinvested. This comparison includes the period beginning February 1, 2020 and ended February 1, 2025.

This management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations contains forward-looking statements that involve various risks and uncertainties. See Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information for Purposes of the "Safe Harbor" Provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 on page ii for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks, and assumptions associated with these statements. This discussion is best read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, set forth in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Form 10-K. The results of operations for the periods reflected herein are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for future periods, and our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those listed under Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Form 10-K and included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

The following discussion includes a comparison of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources for 2024 and 2023. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2024, we changed our financial statement presentation related to expenses associated with distribution and fulfillment and store occupancy for the U.S. Retail and Canada Retail segments. These expenses were previously included within cost of sales and are now included within operating expenses in order to present all of our operating segments on a consistent basis. Also beginning in the fourth quarter of 2024, we changed the presentation of segment performance by including an operating profit measurement for our reportable segments. Prior period reclassifications were made to conform to the current period presentation in the consolidated statements of operations. For 2023 and 2022, the reclassifications resulted in a decrease to cost of sales and an increase to operating expenses. These reclassifications did not change operating profit, net income, or earnings per share attributable to Designer Brands Inc. As a result of the prior period reclassifications, we have included a discussion of the results of operations of 2023 compared with 2022. A discussion of 2022 liquidity and capital resources may be found in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended February 3, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2024.

For 2024, net sales decreased 2.1% with total comparable sales down 1.7% over last year. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales for 2024 was 40 basis points lower when compared to last year primarily due to a change in mix of products sold as we expanded our athletic and casual offerings, which have lower margins than the seasonal and dress categories.

During April 2024, we completed the acquisition of Rubino, which allowed our Canada Retail segment to expand into the province of Quebec. Beginning in 2024, we changed how the Brand Portfolio segment sources certain Owned Brands for the U.S. Retail segment by transacting using a wholesale model, where intersegment sales and cost of sales are recorded, whereas in 2023 and prior we transacted on a commission model, where intersegment sales were based on a percentage of product cost. This change resulted in an increase in Brand Portfolio intersegment net sales, cost of sales, gross profit, and gross profit as a percentage of net sales and a corresponding increase in the amount of eliminated intersegment net sales, cost of sales, and gross profit with no impact to consolidated net sales, cost of sales, and gross profit.

During 2024, our comparable sales declined as we experienced lower traffic, primarily in the U.S. Retail segment. Consumer spending on discretionary items, including our products, generally declines during periods of economic uncertainty, when disposable income is reduced, or when there is a reduction in consumer confidence. We believe the decrease in comparable sales is a result of ongoing consumer concern of negative and/or uncertain economic conditions, most notably the concern of economic volatility, including an economic downturn, fluctuations in interest rates, inflationary pressures, and changes in employment levels. We are unable to predict the severity of macroeconomic uncertainty, whether or when such circumstances may improve or worsen, or the full impact such circumstances could have on our business. These factors ultimately could require us to enact further mitigating operating efficiency measures that may not have the intended effect and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, and results of operations. Adverse global economic conditions and disruptions to our business, along with a sustained decline in our stock price, may lead to triggering events that may indicate that the carrying value of certain assets, including inventories, accounts receivables, equity investments, long-lived assets, intangibles, and goodwill, may not be recoverable.

In February and March 2025, the U.S. administration announced new tariffs on all imports from China. All of the products manufactured through the Brand Portfolio segment come from third-party facilities outside of the U.S., with 77% of units sourced from China during 2024. In addition to the merchandise sourced through our Brand Portfolio segment, our U.S. Retail and Canada Retail segments also source merchandise from domestic third-party suppliers with many of these suppliers importing a large portion of their merchandise from China. We are closely monitoring this situation and evaluating the actions we plan to take, which may include cost-mitigation measures, sourcing strategies, and price adjustments. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to fully mitigate the impact of such tariffs or new tariffs in China or elsewhere. Future impacts are unknown at this time and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, and results of operations.

For 2024:

•Net sales decreased to $3.0 billion from $3.1 billion last year.

•Gross profit as a percentage of net sales was 42.7% compared to 43.1% in 2023 and 43.9% in 2022.

•Net loss attributable to Designer Brands Inc. was $10.5 million, or $0.20 loss per diluted share, compared to net income attributable to Designer Brands Inc. of $29.1 million, or $0.46 earnings per diluted share, last year.

Comparable Sales Performance Metric- The following table presents the percent change in comparable sales for each segment and in total:

We consider the percent change in comparable sales from the same previous year period, a primary metric commonly used throughout the retail industry, to be an important measurement for management and investors of the performance of our direct-to-consumer businesses. We include in our comparable sales metric sales from stores in operation for at least 14 months at the beginning of the applicable year. Stores are added to the comparable base at the beginning of the year and are dropped for comparative purposes in the quarter in which they are closed. Comparable sales include the e-commerce sales of the U.S. Retail and Canada Retail segments. For calculating comparable sales in 2024, periods in 2023 are shifted by one week to compare similar calendar weeks. Comparable sales for the Canada Retail segment exclude the impact of foreign currency translation and are calculated by translating current period results at the foreign currency exchange rate used in the comparable period of the prior year. Stores added as a result of the Rubino acquisition that will have been in operation for at least 14 months at the beginning of 2025, along with its e-commerce sales, will be added to the comparable base for the Canada Retail segment beginning with the second quarter of 2025. Comparable sales include the e-commerce net sales of the Brand Portfolio segment from the direct-to-consumer e-commerce sites. The calculation of comparable sales varies across the retail industry and, as a result, the calculations of other retail companies may not be consistent with our calculation.

Number of Stores- At the end of the last two fiscal years, we had the following number of stores:

During 2024, net sales decreased in the U.S. Retail segment, primarily due to the decrease in comparable sales of $35.0 million and the additional week of sales during 2023. The decrease in comparable sales for the U.S. Retail segment was largely driven by a decrease in comparable transactions with lower traffic and a lower conversion rate. Net sales increased in the Canada Retail segment due to the addition of Rubino, with $24.6 million of net sales during the period, as well as $7.9 million from the net new stores opened since the end of 2023, partially offset by the decrease in comparable sales of $5.7 million due to lower average sales amounts per transaction, the unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation of $5.0 million, and the additional week of sales in 2023. The increase in net sales for the Brand Portfolio segment was primarily due to the change in how we source certain Owned Brands for the U.S. Retail segment from a commission model, where sales are based on a percentage of product cost, to a wholesale model, where sales and cost of sales are recorded, which added approximately $70.0 million in net sales and also resulted in the increase in intersegment net sales that are eliminated. This increase in the Brand Portfolio segment was partially offset by lower sales to external customers as retail customers pulled back on orders during 2024.

The decrease in gross profit for the U.S. Retail segment was primarily driven by the decrease in net sales during 2024 over last year and at lower margin rates. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales decreased for the U.S. Retail segment when compared to last year primarily due to a change in mix of products sold as we expanded our athletic and casual offerings, which have lower margins than the seasonal and dress categories. The increase in gross profit for the Canada Retail segment was primarily driven by the increase in net sales during 2024 over last year. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales decreased for the Canada Retail segment also due to a change in mix of products sold and a lower margin rate for Rubino as we worked through elevated inventory from the acquisition. The increase in gross profit for the Brand Portfolio segment was primarily driven by the transition of certain Owned Brands sourced for the U.S. Retail segment under a wholesale model, as discussed above, which also resulted in the net elimination of intersegment gross profit during 2024 as compared to the net recognition of intersegment gross profit last year (refer to the table below). Gross profit as a percentage of net sales increased for the Brand Portfolio segment primarily due to the transition of certain Owned Brands sourced for the U.S. Retail segment under a wholesale model, partially offset by higher freight costs as we rerouted supply chain lanes in order to avoid potential disruptions.

The net recognition (elimination) of intersegment gross profit consisted of the following:

During 2024, operating expenses decreased in the U.S. Retail segment primarily due to a $7.1 million decrease in personnel overhead costs with a lower headcount and lower store selling expenses of $4.9 million and distribution costs of $2.6 million in line with lower net sales. Operating expenses increased in the Canada Retail segment primarily driven by the addition of Rubino. Operating expenses decreased in the Brand Portfolio segment primarily due to a $4.7 million decrease in marketing expenses and lower distribution costs of $1.9 million with the decline in external customer wholesale activity. Operating expenses increased for corporate shared services primarily due to higher professional fees and costs for cloud computing arrangements, partially offset by approximately $5.0 million lower stock compensation expense as a result of the CEO transition costs incurred last year. The increase in consolidated operating expenses as a percentage of consolidated net sales over last year was due to the deleverage of our costs on lower net sales.

Impairment charges are not attributed to any of our segments for segment presentation purposes. During 2024, we recorded impairment charges of $9.4 million due to a vacated leased corporate office and other corporate assets, $7.0 million of our equity investment in Le Tigre due to the inability of Le Tigre to generate earnings with expected future losses, $1.3 million due to two underperforming Canada Retail segment stores, and $0.6 million due to an underperforming U.S. Retail segment store. During 2023, we recorded impairment charges of $4.8 million, primarily related to a vacated leased space.

During 2024, operating profit for the U.S. Retail segment decreased due to lower gross profit partially offset by lower operating expenses. For the Brand Portfolio segment, the improvement in operating results was the result of the increase in gross profit and lower operating expenses. Corporate/eliminations increased, which lowers consolidated operating profit, due to an increase in impairments in 2024 and higher eliminations of Brand Portfolio intercompany activity. These changes led to lower consolidated operating profit as a percent of consolidated net sales.

For 2024, interest expense, net, increased by $13.1 million over last year, primarily driven by a higher debt balance.

The effective tax rate was 7.0% for 2024, as compared to 27.3% for 2023. The effective tax rate for 2024 differed from the statutory rate primarily due to non-deductible compensation and other adjustments partially offset by discrete tax benefits recognized, primarily related to the release of tax reserves no longer deemed necessary and state tax planning initiatives. The effective tax rate for 2023 differed from the statutory rate primarily due to non-deductible compensation offset by other permanent adjustments.

During 2023, net sales decreased in the U.S. Retail segment, primarily due to the decrease in comparable sales of $260.3 million, with the additional week of sales during 2023 offset by the impact of net store closures since the end of 2022. The decrease in comparable sales for the U.S. Retail segment was largely driven by a decrease in comparable transactions of approximately 5%, driven by lower traffic, and a decrease in the comparable average sales amounts per transaction of approximately 5% as we were more promotional than we were during 2022. Net sales decreased in the Canada Retail segment due to the decrease in comparable sales of $16.6 million, with the majority of the remaining decrease due to the unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation, partially offset by the additional week of sales in 2023. The decrease in comparable sales for the Canada Retail segment was impacted primarily by lower comparable average sales amount per transaction. Net sales for the Brand Portfolio segment increased due to the net sales added from the acquired Topo and Keds businesses partially offset by lower wholesale sales as retail customers pulled back on orders.

The decrease in consolidated gross profit was primarily driven by the decrease in consolidated net sales during 2023 over 2022, partially offset by lower freight and shipping costs. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales decreased 90 basis points for the U.S. Retail segment when compared to 2022, primarily due to being more promotional, partially offset by lower logistics costs including freight and shipping. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales decreased 160 basis points for the Canada Retail segment in 2023 when compared to 2022, primarily due to a mix shift in sales towards lower margin products. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales increased 450 basis points for the Brand Portfolio segment in 2023 when compared to 2022, primarily due to the change in mix of products sold, improved inventory positions, lower freight costs, and the leverage of higher sales on royalty expense since the acquired businesses do not have any royalty obligations.

The net recognition of intersegment gross profit consisted of the following:

During 2023, operating expenses decreased in the U.S. Retail segment primarily due to a decrease of $17.9 million in depreciation and amortization expense and $8.4 million distribution costs as we realized the benefit of moving our digital fulfillment activities from our Ohio location to our New Jersey location and a decrease of $12.8 million in store selling expenses and the remaining decrease primarily in lower incentive compensation in line with lower net sales. Operating expenses increased in the Brand Portfolio segment primarily due to an increase of $8.2 million in marketing expenses as we invested more in brand awareness and the remaining increase primarily due to the additional expenses from the acquired Keds and Topo businesses. Operating expenses also increased for corporate shared services due to higher professional fees and costs for cloud computing arrangements. The increases in consolidated operating expenses as a percentage of consolidated net sales over 2022 was due to the deleverage of our costs on lower net sales.

Impairment charges are not attributed to any of our segments for segment presentation purposes. During 2023, we recorded impairment charges of $4.8 million, primarily due to a vacated leased space. During 2022, we recorded impairment charges of $4.3 million, primarily due to subleases of vacated leased spaces.

During 2023, operating profit for the U.S. Retail and Canada Retail segments decreased due to lower gross profit partially offset by lower operating expenses. For the Brand Portfolio segment, the increase in operating loss was due to the increase in gross profit being more than offset by higher operating expenses. These factors led to lower operating profit (higher operating loss) as a percentage of net sales for all segments and in total.

For 2023, interest expense, net, increased by $17.3 million over 2022, primarily driven by overall higher interest rates on our debt, with higher rates on the ABL Revolver over 2022 and the addition of the Term Loan, and a higher average debt balance during 2023.

In connection with the settlement of our previous senior secured term loan agreement on February 8, 2022, we incurred a $12.7 million loss on extinguishment of debt, composed of a $6.9 million prepayment premium and a $5.7 million write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs. As a result of the replacement of the ABL Revolver during 2022, we also wrote off $0.2 million of debt issuance costs.

The effective tax rate was a positive 27.3% for 2023, as compared to a negative 2.0% for 2022. The effective tax rate for 2023 differed from the statutory rate primarily due to non-deductible compensation offset by other permanent adjustments. The effective tax rate for 2022 differed from the statutory rate as a result of releasing $55.7 million of the valuation allowance partially offset by the permanent tax adjustments, primarily non-deductible compensation.

Our primary ongoing operating cash flow requirements are for inventory purchases, payments on lease obligations and licensing royalty commitments, other working capital needs, capital expenditures, and debt service. Our working capital and inventory levels fluctuate seasonally. On April 8, 2024, we acquired Rubino for $16.1 million in cash, funded with available cash and borrowings on the ABL Revolver. During 2024, we repurchased 10.3 million Class A common shares at an aggregate cost of $68.6 million. As of February 1, 2025, $19.7 million of Class A common shares remained available for repurchase under the share repurchase program.

The following table summarizes our material undiscounted cash requirements for 2025 and future fiscal years thereafter, and provides reference for each item to the relevant note of the consolidated financial statements of this Form 10-K:

In addition to the above, we have an exclusive call option and the noncontrolling interest holders have a put option with respect to our purchase of the remaining 20.6% ownership interest in Topo upon the occurrence of certain events or after a period of three years following the close of the transaction, which was December 13, 2022. The redemption price is defined in the operating agreement and is based primarily on a fixed multiple of Topo's trailing 12 months of adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and other agreed upon adjustments.

We are committed to a cash management strategy that maintains liquidity to adequately support the operation of the business, pursue our growth strategy, and withstand unanticipated business volatility, including the impacts of the global economic conditions on our results of operations. We believe that cash generated from our operations, together with our current levels of cash, as well as the availability under our ABL Revolver, are sufficient to maintain our ongoing operations, support seasonal working capital requirements, fund acquisitions and capital expenditures, repurchase common shares under our share repurchase program, and meet our debt service obligations over the next 12 months and beyond.

The following table presents the key categories of our consolidated statements of cash flows:

The decrease in net cash provided by operations was largely driven by the decrease in net income recognized after adjusting for non-cash activity, including depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, changes in deferred income taxes and impairment charges, and higher spend on working capital. The increased spend on working capital was the result of an increased investment in inventories and the timing of payments on current liabilities, partially offset by the receipt of income tax refunds of $61.9 million compared to cash paid for income taxes of $17.1 million last year, timing of payments on lease obligations, and no incentive compensation for 2023 being paid in the first quarter of 2024 whereas we did pay incentive compensation for 2022 in the first quarter of 2023.

For 2024, net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to capital expenditures of $50.9 million relating to infrastructure and IT projects and new stores, including relocations, and the acquisition of Rubino for $16.1 million. For 2023, net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to the acquisition of Keds for $127.3 million and capital expenditures of $55.0 million relating to infrastructure and IT projects, new stores, and store improvements.

For 2024, net cash used in financing activities was due to the repurchase of 10.3 million Class A common shares at an aggregate cost of $68.6 million, payments of dividends of $10.5 million, and payments on the Term Loan of $6.8 million, partially offset by the net receipts of $69.0 million from our ABL Revolver. For 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was due to proceeds from the issuance of the Term Loan of $135.0 million and the net receipts of $20.0 million from our ABL Revolver, partially offset by the repurchase of 9.7 million Class A common shares at an aggregate cost of $102.2 million, payments of $17.5 million for taxes for stock-based compensation shares withheld, payments of dividends of $12.2 million, and payments of debt issuance costs of $10.7 million.

ABL Revolver- The ABL Revolver provides a revolving line of credit of up to $600.0 million, including a Canadian sub-limit of up to $60.0 million, a $75.0 million sub-limit for the issuance of letters of credit, a $60.0 million sub-limit for swing-loan advances for U.S. borrowings, and a $6.0 million sub-limit for swing-loan advances for Canadian borrowings. In addition, the ABL Revolver includes a first-in last-out term loan ("FILO Term Loan") of up to $30.0 million. The FILO Term Loan may be repaid in full, but not in part, so long as certain payment conditions are satisfied. Once repaid, no portion of the FILO Term Loan may be reborrowed. The ABL Revolver, which matures in 2027, may be used to provide funds for working capital, capital expenditures, share repurchases, other expenditures, and permitted acquisitions as defined by the credit facility agreement. The amount of credit available is limited to a borrowing base formulated on, among other things, a percentage of the book value of eligible inventory and credit card receivables, as reduced by certain reserves. As of February 1, 2025, the revolving line of credit (excluding the FILO Term Loan) had a borrowing base of $471.4 million, with $340.1 million in outstanding borrowings and $4.0 million in letters of credit issued, resulting in $127.3 million available for borrowings.

Term Loan- On June 23, 2023, we entered into the Term Loan and have since borrowed the maximum aggregate amount of $135.0 million. The Term Loan matures at the earliest of the date the ABL Revolver matures (currently March 2027) or five years from closing of the Term Loan (June 2028).

Debt Covenants- The ABL Revolver requires us to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio covenant of not less than 1:1 when availability is less than the greater of $47.3 million or 10.0% of the maximum borrowing amount. At any time that liquidity is less than $100.0 million, the Term Loan requires a maximum consolidated net leverage ratio as of the last day of each fiscal month of 2.50 to 1.00, calculated on a trailing twelve-month basis. Testing of the consolidated net leverage ratio ends after liquidity has been greater than or equal to $100.0 million for a period of 45 consecutive days. The ABL Revolver and the Term Loan also contain customary covenants restricting certain activities, including limitations on our ability to sell assets, engage in acquisitions, enter into transactions involving related parties, incur additional debt, grant liens on assets, pay dividends or repurchase stock, and make certain other changes. There are specific exceptions to these covenants including, in some cases, upon satisfying specified payment conditions based on availability. As of February 1, 2025, we were in compliance with all financial covenants contained in the ABL Revolver and the Term Loan.

Refer to Note 12, Debt, of the consolidated financial statements of this Form 10-K for further information about our debt arrangements.

During 2025, we expect to spend approximately $45.0 million to $55.0 million that will be capitalized for property and equipment and implementation costs for cloud computing arrangements accounted for as service contracts. Our future investments will depend primarily on the number of stores we open and remodel, infrastructure and IT projects that we undertake, and the timing of these expenditures.

The information related to recently issued accounting pronouncements as set forth in Note 1, Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies - Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements, of the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.

As discussed in Note 1, Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, of the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K, the preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and disclosure of commitments and contingencies at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We base these estimates and judgments on factors we believe to be relevant, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The process of determining significant estimates is fact-specific and takes into account factors such as historical experience, current and expected economic conditions, product mix, and, in some cases, actuarial and valuation techniques. We constantly reevaluate these significant factors and make adjustments where facts and circumstances dictate. While we believe that the factors considered provide a meaningful basis for the accounting policies applied in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements, we cannot guarantee that our estimates and assumptions will be accurate. As the determination of these estimates requires the exercise of judgment, actual results may differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to our consolidated financial statements.

We believe the following represent the most significant accounting policies, critical estimates and assumptions, among others, used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements: