•Net income attributable to Green Plains of $11.9 million, or EPS of $0.17 per diluted share

•Adjusted EBITDA of $52.6 million, inclusive of $25.0 million in 45Z production tax credit value net of discounts and other costs

•On track for $15 - $25 million of 45Z production tax credit monetization value net of discounts and other costs for the fourth quarter

•Carbon capture started up and fully operational at York, Nebraska facility

•Central City and Wood River, Nebraska carbon capture systems are online and ramping up capture volumes providing a distinct carbon intensity advantage for Nebraska-based plants

•45Z tax credit monetization agreement executed, advancing low-carbon ethanol value creation

•Sale of Obion, Tennessee plant completed; proceeds used to fully repay $130.7 million junior mezzanine debt and further strengthen the balance sheet

•Achieved strong utilization in the quarter from the nine operating ethanol plants of 101%

•Disciplined risk management strategy continues to support fourth quarter margins and cash flow

OMAHA, Neb., Nov 5, 2025 (BUSINESS WIRE) - Green Plains Inc. (NASDAQ:GPRE) (“Green Plains” or the “company”) today announced financial results for the third quarter of 2025. Net income attributable to the company was $11.9 million, or $0.17 per diluted share, compared to net income attributable to the company of $48.2 million, or $0.69 per diluted share, for the same period in 2024, with $35.7 million of non-recurring interest expense related to the extinguished junior mezzanine notes being the primary driver of the reduction in third quarter 2025 net income when compared to prior year. Adjusted EBITDA was $52.6 million compared with $53.3 million for the same period in the prior year. The results for the quarter include $26.5 million of year-to-date 45Z production tax credit value net of discounts recorded as income tax benefit and $36.0 million in a gain on sale of assets from the sale of our Tennessee ethanol plant. The company also incurred $2.7 million in restructuring costs related to transformation initiatives. Revenues were $508.5 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared with $658.7 million for the same period last year.

“This quarter marks an important milestone for Green Plains,” said Chris Osowski, President and Chief Executive Officer. “We delivered strong Adjusted EBITDA and operating results, completed the sale of our Obion facility, and used the proceeds to eliminate our near-term junior mezzanine debt. With the recent refinancing and extension of our convertible notes, we have delivered a stronger balance sheet, leaving us positioned to drive continuous improvement across the company and our operations.”

“Operational excellence is our foundation,” added Osowski. “Our plants once again delivered outstanding performance, with strong utilization running at 101% of stated capacity for the nine operating plants, including during the ownership period of Obion. The startup of our three carbon capture facilities in Nebraska over the last month demonstrates our ability to deliver on what we say we will do - safely, efficiently and on schedule.”

45Z production tax credits were recorded as a benefit to income tax in accordance with ASC 740 under U.S. GAAP and were added back to Adjusted EBITDA to reflect the operating benefit of the credits. Based on current production outlook and eligible gallons the company expects to generate $40 to $50 million of 45Z-related Adjusted EBITDA in 2025, net of discounts and applicable operating expenses. Final results will depend on actual production volumes and carbon intensity factors at eligible plants.

“Throughout this year, we’ve narrowed our focus, strengthened near-term liquidity and maximized the carbon opportunity in front of us,” continued Osowski. “With our first production tax credit monetization agreement in place and meaningful 45Z tax benefits already contributing to results, we are well positioned to create sustainable, long-term value for shareholders.”

•On October 27, 2025, successfully completed $200 million in privately negotiated convertible note exchange and subscription transactions enhancing financial flexibility

•Completed the sale of Obion, Tennessee plant for $170 million plus working capital, using the proceeds to eliminate $130.7 million junior mezzanine debt and strengthen corporate liquidity

•On September 17, 2025, executed tax credit monetization agreement for the Advantage Nebraska sites, along with a term sheet to expand program to three additional sites

•On October 14, 2025, announced carbon capture facility in York, Nebraska started up, significantly lowering the carbon intensity of the site

•In late October 2025, carbon capture facilities in Central City and Wood River, Nebraska began commissioning following successful system validation and startup activities

Green Plains’ ethanol production segment sold 197.3 million gallons of ethanol during the third quarter of 2025, compared with 220.3 million gallons for the same period in 2024. The consolidated ethanol crush margin was $59.6 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared with ethanol crush margin of $58.3 million for the same period in 2024. The consolidated ethanol crush margin is the ethanol production segment’s operating income, which includes renewable corn oil and Ultra-High Protein, before depreciation and amortization, and 45Z production tax credits, plus marketing and agribusiness fees, nonrecurring decommissioning costs, and nonethanol operating activities.

Consolidated revenues decreased $150.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared with the same period in 2024, primarily as a result of lower volumes sold and weighted average selling prices on ethanol, as well as the company ceasing a third-party ethanol marketing agreement with Tharaldson Ethanol Plant I LLC effective April 1, 2025.

Net income attributable to Green Plains decreased $36.3 million primarily due to increased non-recurring interest expense of $35.7 million. Adjusted EBITDA decreased $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared with the same period last year, which includes the benefit of 45Z production tax credits in the current year and a reduction in ethanol production operating income due to weaker margins in our ethanol production segment. Interest expense increased $37.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared with the same period in 2024 primarily due to $35.7 million related to the refinancing and extinguishment of the junior mezzanine notes. Income tax benefit was $25.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared with income tax benefit of $0.8 million for the same period in 2024, primarily due to the recognition of 45Z production tax credits on a year-to-date basis during the third quarter of 2025.

The company reports the financial and operating performance for the following two operating segments: (1) ethanol production, which includes the production, storage and transportation of ethanol, distillers grains, Ultra-High Protein and renewable corn oil and (2) agribusiness and energy services, which includes grain handling and storage, commodity marketing and merchant trading for company-produced and third-party ethanol, distillers grains, Ultra-High Protein, renewable corn oil, natural gas and other commodities.

(1) Ethanol production includes inventory lower of cost or net realizable value adjustments of $0.3 million and $10.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) Ethanol production includes margins from a one-time sale of accumulated RINs of $22.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

(3) Depreciation and amortization for agribusiness and energy services includes impairment of property and equipment of $3.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

(4) Depreciation and amortization for corporate activities includes an impairment of a research and development technology intangible asset of $3.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

(5) Ethanol production includes impairment of assets held for sale of $10.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

(6) Corporate activities includes $1.5 million and $13.5 million of restructuring costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, as a result of the company's cost reduction initiative, including severance related to the departure of its former CEO.

(7) Corporate activities include a net pretax gain on sale of assets, net of $36.0 million and $32.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $30.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

(8) Corporate activities include a net pretax gain on sale of assets of $36.0 million and $32.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and a pretax gain (loss) on sale of an equity method investment of $0.8 million and $(26.2) million for the same periods. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, corporate activities included a net pretax gain on sale of assets of $30.7 million.

(9) Other expense includes non-cash expense related to the revaluation of liability-based warrants recorded in other, net on the consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

(10) 45Z production tax credits are recorded within income tax benefit on the consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

* Percentage variances not considered meaningful

(1) Includes gallons from the ethanol production segment.

(1) Ethanol production includes inventory lower of cost or net realizable value adjustments of $0.3 million and $10.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) 45Z production tax credits are recorded within income tax benefit for the three months ended September 30, 2025.

(3) Includes $2.8 million and $(3.8) million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, for certain nonrecurring decommissioning costs and nonethanol operating activities.

As of September 30, 2025, Green Plains had $211.6 million in total cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash, and $325.0 million available under our committed revolving credit agreement, subject to restrictions or other lending conditions based specifically on the availability of sufficient eligible collateral to support additional borrowings. Total corporate liquidity consisting of unrestricted cash and distributable cash from subsidiaries was $136.7 million as of September 30, 2025. Total debt outstanding at September 30, 2025 was $353.4 million, including $45.0 million under working capital revolvers and other short-term borrowing arrangements.

On November 5, 2025, Green Plains Inc. will host a conference call at 9 a.m. Eastern time (8 a.m. Central time) to discuss third quarter 2025 operating results. Domestic and international participants can access the conference call by dialing 888.210.4215 and 646.960.0269, respectively, and referencing conference ID 5027523. Participants are advised to call at least 10 minutes prior to the start time. Alternatively, the conference call and presentation will be accessible on Green Plains’ website https://investor.gpreinc.com/events-and-presentations.

Management uses EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA, segment EBITDA and consolidated ethanol crush margins to measure the company’s financial performance and to internally manage its businesses. EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization excluding the amortization of right-of-use assets and debt issuance costs. Adjusted EBITDA includes adjustments related to restructuring costs, net gain on sale of assets, loss on sale of equity method investment, impairment of assets held for sale, our proportional share of EBITDA adjustments of our equity method investees and 45Z production tax credits. Management believes these measures provide useful information to investors for comparison with peer and other companies. These measures should not be considered alternatives to net income or segment operating income, which are prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). These non-GAAP calculations may vary from company to company. Accordingly, the company’s computation of adjusted EBITDA, segment EBITDA and consolidated ethanol crush margins may not be comparable with similarly titled measures of another company.

Green Plains Inc. (NASDAQ:GPRE) is a leading biorefining company advancing the transition to a low-carbon world through the production of renewable fuels and sustainable, high-impact ingredients. The company leverages agricultural, biological, and fermentation expertise to transform annually renewable crops into low-carbon energy and sustainable feedstocks. Green Plains is actively deploying carbon capture and storage (CCS) solutions at three of its facilities this year. Through innovation and operational excellence, Green Plains is reducing the carbon intensity of its products while delivering value to stakeholders. For more information, visit www.gpreinc.com.

All statements in this press release (and oral statements made regarding the subjects of this communication), including those that express a belief, expectation or intention, may be considered forward-looking statements (as defined in Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended) that involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from projected results. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, forward-looking statements contained in this communication include statements relying on a number of assumptions concerning future events and are subject to a number of uncertainties and factors, many of which are outside the control of the company, which could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. The forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to the expected future growth, dividends and distributions; and plans and objectives of management for future operations. Forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as “believe,” “intend,” “expect,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “anticipate,” “could,” “estimate,” “plan,” “predict,” “project” and variations of these words or similar expressions (or the negative versions of such words or expressions). While the company believes that the assumptions concerning future events are reasonable, it cautions that there are inherent difficulties in predicting certain important factors that could impact the future performance or results of its business. Among the factors that could cause results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements are: the failure to realize the anticipated results from the new products being developed; local, regional and national economic conditions and the impact they may have on the company and its customers; disruption caused by health epidemics, such as the COVID-19 outbreak; conditions in the ethanol and biofuels industry, including a sustained decrease in the level of supply or demand for ethanol and biofuels or a sustained decrease in the price of ethanol or biofuels; competition in the ethanol industry and other industries in which we operate; commodity market risks, including those that may result from weather conditions; the financial condition of the company’s customers; any non-performance by customers of their contractual obligations; changes in safety, health, environmental and other governmental policy and regulation, including changes to tax laws such as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act; the impact of tariffs, renewable fuel programs and low carbon programs; risks related to acquisition and disposition activities and achieving anticipated results; risks associated with merchant trading; the results of any reviews, investigations or other proceedings by government authorities; and the performance of the company.

The foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive. The forward-looking statements in this press release speak only as of the date they are made and the company assumes no obligation and does not intend to update or revise these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by securities and other applicable laws. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and assumptions about future events. While the company’s management considers these expectations and assumptions to be reasonable, they are inherently subject to significant business, economic, competitive, regulatory and other risks, contingencies and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond the company’s control. These risks, contingencies and uncertainties relate to, among other matters, the risks and uncertainties set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and any subsequent reports filed by the company with the SEC. These filings identify and address other important risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events and results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements.

(in thousands)

(unaudited, in thousands except per share amounts)

(1) Excludes amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets and amortization of debt issuance costs.

(2) Other expense includes non-cash expense related to the revaluation of liability-based warrants recorded in other, net on the consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

(3) 45Z production tax credits are recorded within income tax benefit on the consolidated statements of for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

###