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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    ý  Yes    ¨  No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    ¨  Yes    ý  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ý  Yes    ¨  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ý    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.    ☒  

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.    ☐ Yes    ý  No

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    ☐ Yes    ý  No

State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates at October 1, 2023: $3,859,791,990 (1) (based upon its closing transaction price on the New York Stock Exchange on September 29, 2023).

(1)For this purpose only, “non-affiliates” excludes directors and executive officers.

Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on or about August 1, 2024 are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report.

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Reform Act”) provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of EnerSys. EnerSys and its representatives may, from time to time, make written or verbal forward-looking statements, including statements contained in EnerSys’ filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and its reports to stockholders. Generally, the inclusion of the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “future,” “intend,” “estimate,” “will,” “plans,” or the negative of such terms and similar expressions identify statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that are intended to come within the safe harbor protection provided by those sections. All statements addressing operating performance, events, or developments that EnerSys expects or anticipates will occur in the future, including statements relating to sales growth, earnings or earnings per share growth, and market share, as well as statements expressing optimism or pessimism about future operating results, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Reform Act. The forward-looking statements are and will be based on management’s then-current beliefs and assumptions regarding future events and operating performance and on information currently available to management, and are applicable only as of the dates of such statements.

Forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Although we do not make forward-looking statements unless we believe we have a reasonable basis for doing so, we cannot guarantee their accuracy. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements due to a number of uncertainties and risks, including the risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and other unforeseen risks. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, even if subsequently made available by us on our website or otherwise, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise these statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements for a number of reasons, including the following factors:

•economic, financial and other impacts of the pandemic, global supply chain disruptions, and labor shortages;

•general cyclical patterns of the industries in which our customers operate;

•global economic trends, competition and geopolitical risks, including impacts from the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related sanctions and other measures, changes in the rates of investment or economic growth in key markets we serve, or an escalation of sanctions, tariffs or other trade tensions between the U.S. and China or other countries, and related impacts on our global supply chains and strategies;

•the extent to which we cannot control our fixed and variable costs;

•the raw materials in our products may experience significant fluctuations in market price and availability;

•certain raw materials constitute hazardous materials that may give rise to costly environmental and safety claims;

•legislation regarding the restriction of the use of energy or certain hazardous substances in our products;

•risks involved in our operations such as supply chain issues, disruption of markets, changes in import and export laws, environmental regulations, currency restrictions and local currency exchange rate fluctuations;

•our ability to raise our selling prices to our customers when our product costs increase;

•the extent to which we are able to efficiently utilize our global manufacturing facilities and optimize our capacity;

•changes in macroeconomic and market conditions and market volatility, including inflation, interest rates, the value of securities and other financial assets, transportation costs, costs and availability of electronic components, lead, plastic resins, steel, copper and other commodities used by us, and the impact of such changes and volatility on our financial position and business;

•competitiveness of the battery markets and other energy solutions for industrial applications throughout the world;

•our timely development of competitive new products and product enhancements in a changing environment and the acceptance of such products and product enhancements by customers;

•our ability to adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property, technology and brand names;

•litigation and regulatory proceedings to which we might be subject;

•our expectations concerning indemnification obligations;

•changes in our market share in the business segments where we operate;

•our ability to implement our cost reduction initiatives successfully and improve our profitability;

•quality problems associated with our products;

•our ability to implement business strategies, including our acquisition strategy, manufacturing expansion and restructuring plans;

•our acquisition strategy may not be successful in locating advantageous targets;

•our ability to successfully integrate any assets, liabilities, customers, systems and management personnel we acquire into our operations and our ability to realize related revenue synergies, strategic gains, and cost savings may be significantly harder to achieve, if at all, or may take longer to achieve;

•potential goodwill impairment charges, future impairment charges and fluctuations in the fair values of reporting units or of assets in the event projected financial results are not achieved within expected time frames;

•our debt and debt service requirements which may restrict our operational and financial flexibility, as well as imposing unfavorable interest and financing costs;

•our ability to maintain our existing credit facilities or obtain satisfactory new credit facilities or other borrowings;

•adverse changes in our short and long-term debt levels under our credit facilities;

•our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates on our variable-rate debt;

•our ability to attract and retain qualified management and personnel;

•our ability to maintain good relations with labor unions;

•credit risk associated with our customers, including risk of insolvency and bankruptcy;

•our ability to successfully recover in the event of a disaster affecting our infrastructure, supply chain, or our facilities;

•delays or cancellations in shipments;

•occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or calamities, including health emergencies, the spread of infectious diseases, pandemics, outbreaks of hostilities or terrorist acts, or the effects of climate change, and our ability to deal effectively with damages or disruptions caused by the foregoing; and

•the operation, capacity and security of our information systems and infrastructure.

This list of factors that may affect future performance is illustrative, but by no means exhaustive. Accordingly, all forward-looking statements should be evaluated with the understanding of their inherent uncertainty.

 

EnerSys (the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) is a world leader in stored energy solutions for industrial applications. We design, manufacture, and distribute energy systems solutions, and motive power batteries, specialty batteries, battery chargers, power equipment, battery accessories and outdoor equipment enclosures solutions to customers worldwide. Energy Systems, which combine power conversion, power distribution, energy storage, and thermally managed enclosures, are used in the telecommunication, broadband, data center, and utility industries, uninterruptible power supplies, and numerous applications requiring stored energy solutions. Motive Power batteries and chargers are utilized in electric forklift trucks, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), and other industrial electric powered vehicles. Specialty batteries are used in aerospace and defense applications, large over the road trucks, premium automotive, and medical products. New Ventures provides energy storage and management systems for demand charge reduction, utility back-up power, and dynamic fast charging for electric vehicles. We also provide aftermarket and customer support services to over 10,000 customers in more than 100 countries through a network of distributors, independent representatives, and our internal sales force around the world.

•Energy Systems - uninterruptible power systems, or “UPS” applications for computer and computer-controlled systems used in data centers, as well as telecommunications systems, switchgear and electrical control systems used in industrial facilities and electric utilities, large-scale energy storage and energy pipelines. Energy Systems also includes highly integrated power solutions and services to broadband, telecom, data center, and renewable and industrial customers, as well as thermally managed cabinets and enclosures for electronic equipment and batteries.

•Motive Power - power for electric industrial forklifts used in manufacturing, warehousing and other material handling

•Specialty - premium batteries for starting, lighting and ignition applications in premium automotive and large over-the-road trucks, energy storage solutions for satellites, spacecraft, commercial aircraft, military land vehicles, aircraft,

•New Ventures - energy storage and management systems for demand charge reduction, utility back-up power, and dynamic fast charging for electric vehicles.

See Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on segment reporting.

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, when we refer to our fiscal years, we state “fiscal” and the year, as in “fiscal 2024”, which refers to our fiscal year ended March 31, 2024. The Company reports interim financial information for 13-week periods, except for the first quarter, which always begins on April 1, and the fourth quarter, which always ends on March 31. The four quarters in fiscal 2024 ended on July 2, 2023, October 1, 2023, December 31, 2023, and March 31, 2024, respectively. The four quarters in fiscal 2023 ended on July 3, 2022, October 2, 2022, January 1, 2023, and March 31, 2023, respectively.

EnerSys and its predecessor companies have been manufacturers of industrial batteries for over 125 years. Morgan Stanley Capital Partners teamed with the management of Yuasa, Inc. in late 2000 to acquire from Yuasa Corporation (Japan) its reserve power and motive power battery businesses in North and South America. We were incorporated in October 2000 for the purpose of completing the Yuasa, Inc. acquisition. On January 1, 2001, we changed our name from Yuasa, Inc. to EnerSys to reflect our focus on the energy systems nature of our businesses.

In 2004, EnerSys completed its initial public offering (the “IPO”) and the Company’s common stock commenced trading on the New York Stock Exchange, under the trading symbol “ENS”.

There have been several key stages in the development of our business, which explain to a significant degree our results of operations over the past several years.

In March 2002, we acquired the reserve power and motive power business of the Energy Storage Group of Invensys plc. (“ESGI”). Our successful integration of ESGI provided global scale in both the reserve and motive power markets. The ESGI acquisition also provided us with a further opportunity to reduce costs and improve operating efficiency.

Between fiscal years 2003 through 2024, we made thirty-five acquisitions around the globe. There were no significant acquisitions in fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022.

On May 2, 2024, EnerSys announced that the Company has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Bren-Tronics, Inc. for approximately $208 million, subject to adjustments. Bren-Tronics, Inc is a leading manufacturer of highly reliable portable power solutions, including small and large lithium batteries and charging solutions, for military and defense applications. The acquisition is expected to close by the end of the second quarter of fiscal 2025, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.

We serve over 10,000 customers in over 100 countries, on a direct basis or through our distributors. We are not overly dependent on any particular end market. Our customer base is highly diverse, and no single customer accounts for more than 10% of our revenues.

Our Energy Systems customers consist of both global and regional customers. These customers are in diverse markets including telecommunication and broadband services, data centers, electric utilities, emergency lighting, renewable energy, and industrial utilities.

Our Motive Power products are sold to a large, diversified customer base. These customers include material handling equipment dealers, forklift and heavy truck original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and end users of such equipment. End users include manufacturers, distributors, warehouse operators, retailers, airports, mine operators and railroads.

Our Specialty products are utilized in transportation, primarily in premium automotive and large over-the-road trucking, aerospace and defense and medical markets. The products are sold globally to OEMs, distribution partners, vehicle fleets and directly to government entities such as the United States of America, Germany and the United Kingdom.

Our New Ventures energy storage and management systems are sold to customers who own or manage commercial real estate and own or manage retail operations. The systems are sold globally through our direct sales channel. We received our first system orders in fiscal year 2024 from our launch customer in Canada and other customers based in the United States.

We distribute, sell and service our products throughout the world, principally through company-owned sales and service facilities, as well as through independent manufacturers’ representatives. Our company-owned network allows us to offer high-quality service, including preventative maintenance programs and customer support. Our warehouses and service locations enable us to respond quickly to customers in the markets we serve. We believe that the extensive industry experience of our sales organization results in strong long-term customer relationships.

We manufacture and assemble our products at manufacturing facilities located in the Americas, EMEA and Asia. With a view toward projected demand, we strive to optimize and balance capacity at our battery manufacturing facilities globally, while simultaneously minimizing our product cost. By taking a global view of our manufacturing requirements and capacity, we believe we are better able to anticipate potential capacity bottlenecks and equipment and capital funding needs.

The primary raw materials used to manufacture our products include lead, plastics, steel and copper. We purchase lead from a number of leading suppliers throughout the world. Because lead is traded on the world’s commodity markets and its price fluctuates daily, we periodically enter into hedging arrangements for a portion of our projected requirements to reduce the volatility of our costs.

The industrial energy storage market is highly competitive both among competitors who manufacture and sell industrial energy storage solutions and batteries, energy management solutions, dynamic fast chargers for EVs, and among customers who purchase these solutions. Our competitors range from development stage companies to large domestic and international corporations. Certain of our competitors produce energy storage products utilizing technologies or chemistries different from our own. We compete primarily on the basis of reputation, product quality, reliability of service, delivery lead time and price. We believe that our products and services are competitively priced.

We compete principally with East Penn Manufacturing, Exide Technologies (Stryten), Fiamm, SAFT, New Power, C&D Technologies Inc., Vertiv, ABB, Amphenol, Eltek (a Delta Group company), as well as Chinese producers.

Our primary global competitors in traditional lead-acid include East Penn Manufacturing, Exide Technologies (Stryten), Hoppecke, Eternity, Midac, Sunlight and TAB, as well as a number of domestic Chinese manufacturers.

Additionally, while lithium-ion battery technology in the motive power space has traditionally been relegated to smaller material handling applications, we have seen the entrance of a number of companies into larger battery types, acting as lithium cell packagers or integrators of cells sourced primarily from Asia. The integrators include forklift original equipment manufacturers either directly or through partnership with other entities.

We compete globally within the transportation, aerospace and defense markets and specialized lithium technologies used in these critical applications. Our thin plate pure lead (TPPL) technology is a significant player in the applications using absorbed glass materials (AGM). Our major competitors in AGM technology are Clarios, East Penn Manufacturing, Exide Technologies (Stryten), Fiamm, Banner and Atlas. In the Aerospace and Defense specialized markets our main competitors are Eagle Picher and SAFT.

We compete globally within the energy storage system and DC fast charging market with specialized lithium technologies offering solutions that combine energy management for commercial and retail buildings and dynamic fast charging for EVs. Our primary competitors are Jule, Tritium, and ABB.

Warranties for our products vary geographically and by product type and are competitive with other suppliers of these types of products. Generally, our Energy Systems product warranties range from one to twenty years, our Motive Power product warranties range from one to five years and from one to four years for Specialty transportation batteries. The length of our warranties is varied to reflect regional characteristics and competitive influences. In some cases, our warranty period may include a pro rata period, which is typically based around the design life of the product and the application served. Our warranties generally cover defects in workmanship and materials and are limited to specific usage parameters.

We have numerous patents and patent licenses in the United States and other jurisdictions but do not consider any one patent to be material to our business. From time to time, we apply for patents on new inventions and designs, but we believe that the growth of our business will depend primarily upon the quality of our products and our relationships with our customers, rather than the extent of our patent protection.

We believe we are the leader in TPPL technology. We believe that a significant capital investment would be required by any party desiring to produce products using TPPL technology for our markets.

We own or possess exclusive and non-exclusive licenses and other rights to use a number of trademarks in various jurisdictions. We have obtained registrations for many of these trademarks in the United States and other jurisdictions. Our various trademark registrations currently have durations of approximately 10 to 20 years, varying by mark and jurisdiction of registration and may be renewable. We endeavor to keep all of our material registrations current. We believe that many such rights and licenses are important to our business by helping to develop strong brand-name recognition in the marketplace.

Our business generally does not experience significant quarterly fluctuations in net sales as a result of weather or other trends that can be directly linked to seasonality patterns, although transportation and power electronics can experience seasonality in colder months. Despite that, historically our fourth quarter is our best quarter with higher revenues and generally more working days while our second quarter is the weakest due to the summer holiday season in Western Europe and North America.

Our product and process development efforts are focused on the creation of new energy storage products, and integrated power systems and controls. We allocate our resources to the following key areas:

•the design and development of new products;

•optimizing and expanding our existing product offering;

•waste and scrap reduction;

•production efficiency and utilization;

•capacity expansion without additional facilities; and

•quality attribute maximization.

At March 31, 2024, we had approximately 10,797 employees. Of these employees, approximately 28% were covered by collective bargaining agreements. Employees covered by collective bargaining agreements that expire in the next twelve months were approximately 7% of the total workforce. The average term of these agreements is 2 years, with the longest term being 4 years. We consider our employee relations to be good. We did not experience any significant labor unrest or disruption of production during fiscal 2024.

As of May 22, 2024, our executive officers are:

David M. Shaffer, age 59, President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Shaffer has been a director of EnerSys and has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer since April 2016. Prior thereto, he served as President and Chief Operating Officer since November 2014. From January 2013 through October 2014, he served as our President-EMEA. From 2008 to 2013, Mr. Shaffer was our President-Asia. Prior thereto he was responsible for our telecommunications sales in the Americas. Mr. Shaffer joined EnerSys in 2005 and has worked in various roles of increasing responsibility in the industry since 1989. Mr. Shaffer received his Masters of Business Administration degree from Marquette University and his Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Illinois.

Andrea J. Funk, age 54, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Ms. Funk joined EnerSys in December 2018 and served as Vice President Finance, Americas. She was promoted to Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer effective April 1, 2022. Ms. Funk holds a Master of Business Administration degree from The Wharton School of Business, and a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Villanova University and was a certified public accountant. Previously, Ms. Funk served as Chief Financial Officer and then Chief Executive Officer of Cambridge Lee Industries LLC from 2010-2018. Prior, she served in positions of increasing responsibility at Carpenter Technology, Arrow International, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Bell Atlantic Corporation and Ernst & Young. Since July 2017, Ms. Funk has served on the Board of Directors of Crown Holdings Inc., whose shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange, and is a member of their Audit and Compensation Committees.

Joern Tinnemeyer, age 51, Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer. Mr. Tinnemeyer has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer since October 2017. He joined EnerSys in August 2016 as its Vice President and Chief Technology Officer. Mr. Tinnemeyer is responsible for global engineering, global quality, and technology development. His primary focus of expertise includes energy storage systems, system design optimization, safety topologies and control theory. He has worked on some of the most advanced lithium battery packs for major automotive OEMs. He currently also serves as Chairman of NaatBatt, North America’s foremost organization to foster advanced energy storage systems. Mr. Tinnemeyer studied applied mathematics and electrical engineering at the University of Toronto and holds a MSc in Astronautics and Space Engineering.

Shawn M. O’Connell, age 51, President, Energy Systems Global. Since November 2023, Mr. O’Connell serves as our President, Energy Systems Global. Prior thereto, Mr. O’Connell served as President, Motive Power Global since July 2020. From April 2019 through July 2020, he served as our President, Motive Power, our Vice President – Reserve Power Sales and Service for the Americas from February 2017, and Vice President, EnerSys Advanced Systems from December 2015 to January 2017. Mr. O’Connell joined EnerSys in 2011, serving in various sales and marketing capacities in several areas of our business. Mr. O’Connell received his Master of Business Administration degree in International Business from the University of Redlands, CA and his Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature from the California State University, San Bernardino. Mr. O’Connell is a veteran of the U.S. Army’s 82nd Airborne Division (Paratroopers) where he served as a Signals Intelligence Analyst, Spanish Linguist, and held a Top-Secret security clearance.

Andrew M. Zogby, age 64, Former President, Energy Systems Global. Mr. Zogby served as President, Energy Systems Global from July 2020 through November 2023. Prior thereto, from April 2019, he served as President, Energy Systems–Americas.

He joined EnerSys upon completion of the acquisition of Alpha Technologies in December 2018. Mr. Zogby served as President of Alpha Technologies since 2008 and brings over 30 years of experience in global broadband, telecommunications and renewable energy industries. He has held corporate leadership positions with several leading technology firms. Mr. Zogby received his Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial and Labor Relations from LeMoyne College, Syracuse, New York, and his Master of Business Administration degree from Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. He is active in the US Chamber of Commerce, and serves on the C_TEC, Chamber Technology Engagement Center Committee.

Chad C. Uplinger, age 52, President Motive Power Global. Mr. Uplinger has served as our President, Motive Power Global since November 2023. Prior to that, he served as Vice President, Motive Power, Americas since November 2017, General Manager of Motive Power Specialty Markets since April 2013, and District Manager in the Mid-Atlantic Region since April 2002. Mr. Uplinger began his career with EnerSys in 1999 and has held various roles in sales and marketing throughout the Motive Power business. Mr. Uplinger earned a Bachelor of Science in Marketing Management from PennWest California.

We are committed to the protection of the environment and train our employees to perform their duties accordingly. In the manufacture of our products throughout the world, we process, store, dispose of and otherwise use large amounts of hazardous materials, especially lead and acid. As a result, we are subject to extensive and evolving environmental, health and safety laws and regulations governing, among other things: the generation, handling, storage, use, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials; emissions or discharges of hazardous materials into the ground, air or water; and the health and safety of our employees. In addition, we are required to comply with the regulation issued from the European Union called Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals or “REACH”. Under the regulation, companies that manufacture or import more than one ton of a covered chemical substance per year are required to register it in a central database administered by the European Chemicals Agency. The registration process requires the submission of information to demonstrate the safety of chemicals as used and could result in significant costs or delay the manufacture or sale of our products in the European Union. Additionally, industry associations and their member companies, including EnerSys, have scheduled meetings with the European Union member countries to advocate for their support of an exemption for lead compounds. Compliance with these laws and regulations results in ongoing costs. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations, or to obtain or comply with required environmental permits, could result in fines, criminal charges or other sanctions by regulators. From time to time, we have had instances of alleged or actual noncompliance that have resulted in the imposition of fines, penalties and required corrective actions. Our ongoing compliance with environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permits could require us to incur significant expenses, limit our ability to modify or expand our facilities or continue production and require us to install additional pollution control equipment and make other capital improvements. In addition, private parties, including current or former employees, can bring personal injury or other claims against us due to the presence of, or their exposure to, hazardous substances used, stored, transported or disposed of by us or contained in our products.

Eighteen of our facilities in the Americas, EMEA and Asia are certified to ISO 14001 standards. ISO 14001 is a globally recognized, voluntary program that focuses on the implementation, maintenance and continual improvement of an environmental management system and the improvement of environmental performance. Eight facilities in EMEA and Asia are certified to ISO 45001 standards. The ISO 45001 is a globally recognized occupational health and safety management systems standard.

The potential impact of climate change on our operations is uncertain. The changing climate may result in new and erratic weather patterns, increases in the frequency or severity of storms, increased and decreased temperatures and rising sea levels. As discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including in Item 1A. Risk Factors, our operating results are significantly influenced by weather, and major changes in historical weather patterns could have a notable impact on our future operating results. For example, if climate change results in drier weather and more accommodating temperatures over a significant period of time, we may be able to increase our productivity, which could positively impact our revenues and gross margins. Conversely, if climate change results in a greater amount of rainfall, snow, ice or other less accommodating weather conditions, we could experience reduced productivity, which could negatively impact our revenues and gross margins. Further, while an increase in severe weather events, such as hurricanes, tropical storms, blizzards and ice storms, can create a greater amount of emergency restoration service work (an area of potential revenue generation), it often also can result in delays or other negative consequences for our manufacturing operations, or challenges to the consistent delivery of materials from our supply chain or of our products to distributors, which could negatively impact our financial results. Climate change may also affect the conditions in which we operate, and in some cases, expose us to potentially increased liabilities associated with those environmental conditions. Concerns about climate change could also result in new regulations, regulatory actions or requirements to invest in energy efficiency, any of which could result in increased costs associated with our operations. We are aware of the proposed rules on climate disclosure released by the SEC in March of last year. While we are following the progression of the rule, we are pleased to note that we are preparing to meet many of its conditions in advance. We released comprehensive Sustainability Reports in both 2022 and 2023, which are aligned with GRI and SASB standards. Included in these reports, we announced key, measurable environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) goals and objectives aimed at advancing progress in sustainability, reducing our environmental footprint and creating an inclusive and empowering workplace for all employees. We also issued our second Task Force of Climate Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) Report in January 2024. As part of our growing sustainability commitment, we announced during fiscal year 2022 that we joined the United Nations Global Compact, Alliance to Save Energy, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Better Plants Program (through which we committed to reducing our energy intensity by 25% over the next 10 years (from a calendar year 2020 baseline)), the United Nations CEO Water Mandate and the CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion. In calendar 2023, we also submitted our CDP Climate Change disclosure to maintain transparency with our stakeholders and track our progress towards a low carbon society. We have conducted and published a climate risk analysis and have published our Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions annually. We have set net-neutral goals for Scopes 1 (2040) and 2 (2050) and have marked consistent decreases in both overall carbon emissions as well as carbon intensity. For FY24 sustainability metrics were incorporated into the annual goals of our CEO and certain elements of employee compensation.

We strive to operate our facilities in a manner that protects the environment and the health and safety of our employees, customers and communities. We have established required sustainability training for identified employees and incorporate climate and other sustainability considerations into our formal decision-making processes. We have implemented company-wide environmental, health and safety policies and practices, which includes monitoring, training and communication of these policies.

We utilize a global strategy for quality management systems, policies and procedures, the basis of which is ISO 9001:2015, a worldwide recognized quality standard. We believe in the principles of this standard and reinforce the same by requiring mandatory certification to the ISO 9001 standard for all manufacturing locations globally. We also focus on plant certifications that serve specific industries such as AS9100 (Aerospace), ISO13485:2016 (Medical Devices), ISO/TS 22163:2017 (Rail), IATF 16949:2016 (Automotive). We have also acquired our first Lithium-Ion product certification in accordance with ISO 26262 (Product Safety).

This strategy enables us to provide consistent quality products and services to meet our customers’ needs.

EnerSys believes that human capital management, including attracting, developing and retaining a high-quality workforce, is critical to our long-term success. We are committed to fostering a culture of innovation, collaboration and continuous learning, driving sustainable growth and long-term value creation for our shareholders, employees and stakeholders alike.

We consider our talent management lifecycle and creating a positive employee experience key to a highly stable and engaged workforce and a critical element to meet strategic business goals. Our Board of Directors, through the Compensation Committee and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, retains oversight of our human capital management process, including demographics, talent development, employee retention, material aspects of employee compensation, as well as diversity, equity and inclusion, as well as talent recruitment, development and retention. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee reports on human capital matters at each regularly scheduled Board of Directors meeting. The most significant human capital measures, objectives and initiatives include the following:

Health, Safety, and Wellness: Our fundamental responsibility as an employer is to provide a safe and healthy workplace for all our employees. This undertaking is explained further in our Safety and Health Policy. Our health and safety programs are designed around global standards with appropriate variations addressing the multiple jurisdictions and regulations, specific hazards and unique working environments of our manufacturing and production facilities, service centers and headquarter operations. Above all else, we are dedicated to the safety and well-being of our employees.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) Strategy: We believe in attracting and retaining top talent from diverse backgrounds. Our recruitment process ensures that we not only hire individuals that possess the requisite capabilities and skills but also align with our Company values. This includes active promotion and activity in diversity and inclusion initiatives, striving to create a work environment where every employee feels valued, respected and empowered to contribute their unique perspectives. We do not tolerate discrimination or harassment of any nature. Individuals are evaluated based on merit, without concern for race, color, religion, national origin, citizenship, marital status, gender (including pregnancy), gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, age, disability, veteran status, or other characteristics protected by law. We are committed to providing equal and equitable opportunities to every member of our workforce. We have an executive DEI steering committee, are committed to the CEO Action for Diversity and Inclusion and cultivate our inclusive culture with robust business resource groups.

Philanthropy and Volunteerism: Through our Charitable Giving Program, EnerSys is strongly committed to being an outstanding corporate citizen on a global basis in all the countries and communities where we do business. This commitment is reflected in a strong ethic for charitable contributions, endorsement of community activities, encouraging employees to give freely of their own time to serve on boards or committees for non-profit organizations and supporting educational programs in schools and colleges.

We established a Corporate Giving Committee to assist the Company in its philanthropic endeavors that support the communities in which we live and work. Additionally, we regularly sponsor volunteer events and fundraising campaigns, to encourage our employees to give back to our communities.

Training, Career Development, and Performance Management: We are committed to developing a qualified and motivated workforce to power our continued innovation and growth. We provide opportunities for employees to gain the skills and knowledge they need to advance in the Company and fulfill their personal career goals.

We encourage continuous feedback between employees and managers, and employees receive formal development feedback from their manager through a quarterly 1:1 review meeting. These discussions encourage an open dialogue to identify and cultivate skills and opportunities and plan for career growth. We encourage and train our leaders to facilitate effective conversations and measure the effectiveness of these conversations by surveying our employees to monitor leadership effectiveness. In addition to training and development opportunities, all new employees are required to participate in trainings to introduce them to the EnerSys business, our strategy, culture and philosophies. We encourage all our employees to engage in ongoing training, professional development and educational advancement programs. Through our established EnerSys Academy, we provide employees worldwide with resources to expand their skills and knowledge on a broad scope of relevant topics, to promote their growth and development.

Compensation and Benefits: To attract, retain and recognize talent, we aim to ensure merit-based compensation practices and strive to provide competitive compensation and benefit packages to our workforce. We provide employee wages that are consistent with employee positions, skill levels, experience, knowledge and geographic location. We align our executives’ and eligible employees’ annual bonus opportunity and long-term equity compensation with our stockholders’ interests by linking realizable pay with company financial performance.

In addition, we perform annual pay equity studies to evaluate our global pay practices across the organization.

At EnerSys, we understand that an effective business strategy must also be one that evaluates and addresses environmental and social risk factors as well as opportunities to leverage sustainable operations and ethical behavior as a means of driving business value. To that end, we have been integrating the fundamental values of sustainability into our everyday operations and future business strategies. Our Sustainability Team coordinates environmental, social and governance our efforts with respect to climate change management, product sustainability, operations, and supply chain management.

Sustainability, reliability and resilience are at the core of who we are and what we do at EnerSys every day. Our products help tackle some of our world’s most significant challenges, be it addressing the impacts of climate change, decarbonization, efficient and affordable distribution of goods, grid reliability, telecommunications, and even medical safety. Our batteries and energy storage solutions are part of building a resilient, low-carbon future.

Sustainability at EnerSys is, however, about more than just the benefits and impacts of our products. Our commitment encompasses essential environmental, social and governance issues fundamental to how we manage our own operations. Minimizing our environmental footprint and providing a safe and inclusive workplace for our employees are top priorities for EnerSys. Being an excellent neighbor and good corporate citizen in the communities where we work and live is extremely important as well. Our products facilitate positive environmental, social and economic impacts around the world. We believe that the power systems and energy management sector have a key role to play in finding innovative solutions to address global climate change. Our Climate Change policy underscores our goal to carry out all business activities in a sustainable manner. Our Environmental Policy and practices aim to protect, conserve, and sustain the world’s natural resources, as well as to protect our customers and the communities in which we live and operate. As one example of this, we offer a complete battery recycling program to assist our customers in preserving our environment and comply with recycling and waste disposal regulations.

Relationships between EnerSys and our suppliers must be based on mutual respect and integrity. Our purchasing and quality teams strive to maintain the highest standards and principles of business ethics, courtesy and competence in dealings and transactions with suppliers. Our code of supplier conduct reflects our commitment to the values of honesty, integrity, respect, and responsibility. We expect our suppliers will share and embrace our values, as well as our commitment to regulatory compliance.

We have an ESG steering committee, which includes members of senior management and funded additional staffing to further support the ongoing development of our sustainability program. Our Board of Directors oversees our programs related to matters of corporate responsibility and sustainability performance, including climate change, through the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. We publish an annual Sustainability Report, including environmental, social and governance data, as well as a Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures report and submission to the CDP. We are members of United Nations Global Compact, Alliance to Save Energy, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Better Plants Program (through which we committed to reducing our energy intensity by 25% over the next 10 years (from a calendar year 2020 baseline)), and the United Nations CEO Water Mandate. These actions demonstrate the strength and commitment to sustainability throughout the organization worldwide.

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. These filings are available to the public on the Internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

Our Internet address is http://www.enersys.com. We make available free of charge on http://www.enersys.com our annual, quarterly and current reports, and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practical after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

The following are certain risk factors that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and our results of operations and could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations and projections. Stockholders are cautioned that these and other factors, including those beyond our control, may affect future performance and cause actual results to differ from those which may, from time to time, be anticipated. The risks that are described below are not the only ones that we face. These risk factors should be considered in connection with the matters discussed herein under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and other information included and incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K as well as in other reports and materials that we file with the SEC. All forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf are qualified by the risks described below. Although the risks are organized by headings and by category, many risks are interrelated. You should not interpret the disclosure of any risk factor to imply that the risk has not already materialized.

We compete with a number of major international manufacturers and distributors, as well as a large number of smaller, regional competitors. Due to excess capacity in some sectors of our industry and consolidation among industrial battery purchasers, we have been subjected to significant pricing pressures. We anticipate continued competitive pricing pressure as foreign producers are able to employ labor at significantly lower costs than producers in the U.S. and Western Europe, expand their export capacity and increase their marketing presence in our major Americas and European markets. Several of our competitors have strong technical, marketing, sales, manufacturing, distribution and other resources, as well as significant name recognition, established positions in the market and long-standing relationships with OEMs and other customers. In addition, certain of our competitors own lead smelting facilities which, during periods of lead cost increases or price volatility, may provide a competitive pricing advantage and reduce their exposure to volatile raw material costs. Our ability to maintain and improve our operating margins depends on our ability to control and reduce our costs in addition to our ability to maintain business relationships with customers. If we are unable to offset pricing pressures, our profitability and cash flows could be adversely affected. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to control our operating expenses, to raise or maintain our prices or increase our unit volume, in order to maintain or improve our operating results.

We depend on third parties, including suppliers, distributors, lead toll operators, freight forwarders, insurance brokers, commodity brokers, major financial institutions and other third party service providers, for key aspects of our business, including the provision of derivative contracts to manage risks of commodity cost volatility, foreign currency exposures and interest rate volatility. Failure of these third parties to meet their contractual, regulatory and other obligations to us, or the development of factors that materially disrupt our relationships with these third parties, could expose us to the risks of business disruption, higher commodity and interest costs, unfavorable foreign currency rates and higher expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our plan to grow the volume and profitability of our energy storage products depends on significant lithium-ion battery cell production, including by our partner Verkor SAS at a proposed gigafactory in South Carolina. If we are unable to commence, or, when opened, otherwise do not maintain and grow, our respective operations, or if we are unable to do so cost-effectively or hire and retain highly-skilled personnel there, our ability to manufacture our products profitably would be limited, which may harm our business and operating results. Additionally, the start-up of operations after such project has been completed is also subject to risk. In addition, in order to complete the construction of the proposed gigafactory, we are relying upon, among other things, short-term and long-term incentive packages through South Carolina and Greenville County, federal funding and benefits under Section 45X of the Inflation Reduction Act. Our ability to realize and procure these benefits is subject to a variety of market, operational, regulatory and labor-related factors. Any failure to complete these projects, or any delays or failure to achieve the anticipated results from the implementation of this project, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

From time to time, we may experience increases in the cost or a sustained interruption in the supply or shortage of our components. For example, a global shortage and component supply disruptions of electronic and other battery components is currently being reported, and the full impact to us is not yet known. Other shortages and component supply disruptions could affect the supply of electronic components and raw materials (such as resins and other raw metal materials) that go into the production of our products. Cost increases or supply interruptions could materially and negatively impact our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. The prices for our components fluctuate depending on market conditions and global demand and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. For instance, we are exposed to multiple risks relating to price fluctuations for battery cells. These risks include, but are not limited to:

•supply shortages caused by the inability or unwillingness of our suppliers and their competitors to build or operate component production facilities to supply the numbers of battery components required to support the rapid growth of the electric vehicle industry and other industries in which we operate as demand for such components increases;

•disruption in the supply of electronic circuits due to quality issues or insufficient raw materials;

•a decrease in the number of manufacturers of battery components; and

•an increase in the cost of raw materials.

We are dependent on the continued supply of battery components for our products. To date, we have a limited number of fully qualified suppliers, and have limited flexibility in changing suppliers, though we are actively engaged in activities to qualify additional suppliers. Any disruption in the supply of battery components could temporarily disrupt production of our products until a different supplier is fully qualified.

The cost of our battery products depends in part upon the prices and availability of raw materials such as lead, lithium, nickel, cobalt or other metals. Lead is our most significant raw material and is used along with significant amounts of plastics, steel, copper and other materials in our manufacturing processes. We estimate that raw material costs account for over half of our cost of goods sold. The prices for these materials fluctuate and their available supply may be unstable, depending on market conditions and global demand for these materials, including as a result of increased global production of electric vehicles and energy storage products. Additionally, our suppliers may not be willing or able to reliably meet our timelines or our cost and quality needs, which may require us to replace them with other sources. Furthermore, fluctuations or shortages in petroleum and other economic conditions may cause us to experience significant increases in freight charges and other transportation costs. Any reduced availability of these raw materials or substantial increases in their prices may increase the cost of our components and consequently, the cost of our products. There can be no assurance that we will be able to recoup increasing costs of our components by increasing prices, which in turn could damage our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Volatile raw material costs can significantly affect our operating results and make period-to-period comparisons difficult. To reduce the volatility of our costs, we periodically enter into hedging arrangements for a portion of our projected lead requirements. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to either hedge the costs or secure the availability of our raw material requirements at a reasonable level or, even with respect to our agreements that adjust pricing to a market-based index for lead, pass on to our customers the increased costs of our raw materials without affecting demand or that limited availability of materials will not impact our production capabilities. Our inability to raise the price of our products in response to increases in prices of raw materials due to pricing pressure, contract terms or other factors or to maintain a proper supply of raw materials could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

We are engaged in a multi-year implementation of a global enterprise resource planning system (“ERP”). The ERP is designed to standardize business processes to efficiently maintain our financial records and provide critical operational information to our management team. The ERP will continue to require significant investment of human and financial resources. In our prior efforts implementing the ERP, we experienced significant production and shipping delays, increased costs and other difficulties. Any significant disruption or deficiency in the design and implementation of the ERP could adversely affect our ability to process orders, ship products, send invoices and track payments, fulfill contractual obligations or otherwise operate our business. Even with our investment of significant resources into the ERP system, additional and significant implementation issues may arise. In addition, our efforts to centralize various business processes and functions within our organization in connection with our ERP implementation may disrupt our operations, divert management’s attention and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, we have implemented efficiency and cost reduction initiatives intended to improve our profitability and to respond to changes impacting our business and industry. These initiatives include relocating manufacturing to lower cost regions, consolidating and closing facilities, working with our material suppliers to lower costs, product design and manufacturing improvements, personnel reductions and voluntary retirement programs, and strategically planning capital expenditures and development activities. In the past we have recorded net restructuring charges to cover costs associated with our cost reduction initiatives involving restructuring. These costs have been primarily composed of employee separation costs, including severance payments, and asset impairments or losses from disposal. We also undertake restructuring activities and programs to improve our cost structure in connection with our business acquisitions, which can result in significant charges, including charges for severance payments to terminated employees and asset impairment charges.

We cannot assure you that our efficiency and cost reduction initiatives will be successfully or timely implemented, or that they will materially and positively impact our profitability. Because our initiatives involve changes to many aspects of our business, the associated cost reductions could adversely impact productivity and sales to an extent we have not anticipated. In addition, our ability to complete our efficiency and cost-savings initiatives and achieve the anticipated benefits within the expected time frame is subject to estimates and assumptions and may vary materially from our expectations, including as a result of factors that are beyond our control. Furthermore, our efforts to improve the efficiencies of our business operations and improve growth may not be successful. Even if we fully execute and implement these activities and they generate the anticipated cost savings, there may be other unforeseeable and unintended consequences that could materially adversely impact our profitability and business, including unintended employee attrition or harm to our competitive position. To the extent that we do not achieve the profitability enhancement or other benefits of our efficiency and cost reduction initiatives that we anticipate, our business, financial position and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

Many new energy storage technologies have been introduced over the past several years. For certain important and growing markets, including markets served by our Motive Power and Energy Storage business segments, lithium-based battery technologies have a growing market share. Our ability to achieve significant and sustained penetration of key developing markets, including markets served by our Motive Power and Energy Storage business segments, will depend upon our success in developing or acquiring these and other technologies and related raw materials and components, either independently, through joint ventures or through acquisitions. If we fail to develop or acquire, and manufacture and sell, products that satisfy our customers’ demands, or we fail to respond effectively to new product announcements by our competitors by quickly introducing competitive products, then market acceptance of our products could be reduced and our business could be adversely affected. We cannot assure you that our portfolio of primarily lead-acid products will remain competitive with products based on new technologies.

We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws, non-disclosure agreements and other confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to establish, protect and maintain our proprietary intellectual property and technology and other confidential information. Certain of these technologies, especially thin plate pure lead (“TPPL”) technology, are important to our business and are not protected by patents. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary intellectual property and technology and other confidential information, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. Successful cybersecurity attacks, data breaches, unauthorized exfiltration, unapproved use of machine learning or artificial intelligence tools, or other security incidents could result in the loss of intellectual property and key technological advantages. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and technology, we may lose any technological advantage we currently enjoy and may be required to take an impairment charge with respect to the carrying value of such intellectual property or goodwill established in connection with the acquisition thereof. In either case, our business, financial position and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

The trend by a number of our North American and Western European customers to move manufacturing operations and expand their businesses in faster growing and lower labor-cost markets may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These territories may be farther from our manufacturing plants, and there is a risk that these customers will source their energy storage products from competitors located in those territories and will cease or reduce the purchase of products from us. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete effectively with our competitors located in those territories, whether by establishing or expanding our manufacturing operations in those territories or acquiring existing manufacturers in those territories.

The success of our business depends upon the quality of our products and our relationships with customers. In the event that our products fail to meet our customers’ standards, our reputation could be harmed. This could result in the loss of customers, a decrease in revenue and a loss of market share. We cannot assure you that our customers will not experience quality problems with our products. Warranty, recall or product liability claims could also materially adversely affect our business and reputation. In our business, we are exposed to warranty and product liability claims. In addition, we may be required to participate in the recall of a product. If we fail to meet customer specifications for their products, we may be subject to product quality costs and claims, as well as adverse reputational impacts. A successful warranty or product liability claim against us, or a requirement that we participate in a product recall, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely upon a combination of trademark, licensing and contractual covenants to establish and protect the brand names of our products. We have registered many of our trademarks in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in other countries. In many market segments, our reputation is closely related to our brand names. Monitoring unauthorized use of our brand names is difficult, and we cannot assure you that the steps we have taken will prevent the unauthorized use of our brand names, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the U.S. We cannot assure you that our brand names will not be misappropriated or utilized without our consent. In the event of any such actions, our reputation and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

As part of our growth strategy, we depend on acquisitions of other product lines, technologies or facilities that complement or expand our existing business. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including:

•inability to overcome significant competition for acquisition targets in the stored energy industry;

•inability to identify suitable acquisition candidates or negotiate attractive terms;

•difficulty obtaining the financing necessary to complete transactions we pursue, as our credit facilities restrict the amount of additional indebtedness that we may incur to finance acquisitions and place other restrictions on our ability to make acquisitions (and exceeding any of these restrictions would require the consent of our lenders);

•failure to identify all material issues through a customary due diligence investigation, and that material issues will arise later;

•difficulties in the assimilation of the operations, systems, controls, technologies, personnel, services and products of the acquired business;

•potential loss of key employees, customers, suppliers and distributors of the acquired business;

•diversion of our management’s attention from other business concerns;

•incurrence of additional debt or adverse tax and accounting consequences in connection with any acquisitions;

•failure to successfully integrate the acquired businesses in a timely manner, or at all;

•incurrence of significant unanticipated expenses associated with integration activities; and

•anticipated benefits of an acquisition not being realized fully or at all, or taking longer to realize than we expect.

The materialization of any of the foregoing risks could impair our ability to successfully execute our acquisition growth strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Future acquisitions may involve the issuance of our equity securities as payment, in part or in full, for the businesses or assets acquired. Any future issuances of equity securities may dilute our stockholders’ proportionate ownership interests in EnerSys. In addition, the benefits derived by us from an acquisition might not outweigh or exceed the dilutive effect of any issuance of equity securities in connection with the acquisition. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of any future acquisitions or related issuances of equity securities. Our stockholders bear the risk of any such future offerings reducing the market price of our stock and diluting their proportionate ownership interests in EnerSys.

We and our business partners maintain significant amounts of data electronically in locations around the world. This data relates to all aspects of our business, including current products and services and future products and services under development. This data also contains certain customer, supplier, partner and employee information. We maintain systems and processes designed to protect this data. However, notwithstanding such protective measures, there is a risk of intrusion, cyberattacks, tampering, theft, misplaced or lost data, programming or human errors that could compromise the integrity and privacy of this data, improper use of our systems, software solutions or networks, power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, failure of critical computer systems, unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification or destruction of information, defective products, production downtimes and operational disruptions, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We provide confidential and proprietary information to our third-party business partners in certain cases where doing so is necessary to conduct our business. While we obtain assurances from those parties that they have systems and processes in place to protect such data and, where applicable, that they will take steps to assure the protections of such data by third parties, those partners may be subject to the same risks as we are.

In particular, we and our third-party business partners experience cybersecurity incidents of varying degrees from time-to-time, including ransomware and phishing attacks as well as distributed denial of service attacks and the theft of data. Cyber threats are constantly evolving, are becoming more sophisticated and are being made by groups and individuals with a wide range of expertise and motives, and this increases the difficulty of detecting and successfully defending against them.

Any compromise of the confidential data of our customers, suppliers, partners, employees or ourselves, or failure to prevent or mitigate the loss of or damage to this data through breach of our information technology systems or other means could substantially disrupt our operations, harm our customers, employees and other business partners, damage our reputation, violate applicable laws and regulations, subject us to potentially significant costs and liabilities and result in a loss of business that could be material.

The software and related services that we offer are highly technical and complex. Our services or any other products that we may introduce in the future may contain undetected software bugs, hardware errors and other vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities can manifest in any number of ways in our products, including through diminished performance, security vulnerabilities, malfunctions, or even permanently disabled products. We have a practice of regularly updating our products, and some errors in our products may be discovered only after a product has been used. In some cases, any vulnerabilities may only be detected under certain circumstances or after extended use. Any errors, bugs or other vulnerabilities discovered in our code or backend after release could damage our reputation, alienate users, allow third parties to manipulate or exploit our software, lower revenue and expose us to claims for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business. Additionally, errors, bugs or other vulnerabilities may, either directly or if exploited by third parties, affect our ability to make accurate royalty payments. We also could face claims for product liability, tort or breach of warranty as a result. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, is costly and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect our reputation and our business. In addition, if our liability insurance coverage proves inadequate or future coverage is unavailable on acceptable terms or at all, our business could be seriously harmed.

Our business continues to demand the use of sophisticated systems and technology. These systems and technologies must be refined, updated and replaced with more advanced systems on a regular basis in order for us to meet our customers’ demands and expectations. We expect that new technologies applicable to our business will continue to emerge and may be superior to, or render obsolete, the technologies we currently use in our products and services.

We cannot predict the effects of technological changes on our business, which technological developments or innovations will become widely adopted, and how those technologies may be regulated. Developing and incorporating new or updated systems and technologies into new and existing products and services may require significant investment, take considerable time and may not ultimately be successful. If we are unable to do so on a timely basis or within reasonable cost parameters, or if we are unable to appropriately and timely train our employees to operate any of these new systems or technologies, our business could be adversely affected. We also may not achieve the benefits that we anticipate from any new system or technology and a failure to do so could result in higher than anticipated costs and adversely affect our results of operations.

A work stoppage at one or more of our facilities, whether caused by fire, flooding, epidemics, pandemics, military hostilities, government-imposed shutdowns, severe weather, including that caused by climate change, other natural disaster or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, some of our employees are represented by labor unions or works councils under collective bargaining agreements with varying durations and terms. Although we believe that our relations with our employees are strong, if our unionized workers were to engage in a strike, work stoppage or other slowdown in the future, we could experience a significant disruption of our operations. No assurances can be made that we will not experience work stoppages due to government directives, employee health concerns, and other types of conflicts with labor unions, works councils, and other similar groups in the future.

A work stoppage at one or more of our suppliers could also materially and adversely affect our business if an alternative source of supply is not readily available. In addition, if one or more of our customers were to experience a work stoppage, that customer could cease or limit purchases of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the credit and default risk or bankruptcy of customers or suppliers as a result of work stoppages could likewise materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Public health epidemics or outbreaks could adversely impact our global operations. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic caused disruption to the global economy, including economic slowdowns and supply chain disruptions that adversely affected our business, financial position and results of operations. In response to public health epidemics or outbreaks, countries imposed prolonged quarantines and travel restrictions, which may significantly impact the ability of our employees to get to their places of work to produce products, may make it such that we are unable to obtain sufficient components or raw materials and component parts on a timely basis or at a cost-effective price or may significantly hamper our products from moving through the supply chain.

We rely on our production facilities, as well as third-party suppliers and manufacturers, in the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”), the United Kingdom and other countries that were significantly impacted by COVID-19. Shutdowns of certain businesses in many of these countries resulted in disruptions or delays to our supply chain or reduction in demand for certain products. Although disruptions may continue to occur and the future impact of the outbreak is uncertain, the impacts of the public health epidemics or outbreaks (or events similar to COVID-19 in the future) cannot be reliably quantified at this time.

The rapid spread of a contagious illness such as COVID-19, poses the risk that our employees, contractors, suppliers and customers may be prevented from conducting business, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

Our operating results are directly affected by the general global economic conditions of the industries in which our major customer groups operate. Our products are heavily dependent on the end markets that we serve and our operating results will vary by location, depending on the economic environment in these markets. Sales of our motive power products, for example, depend significantly on demand for new electric industrial forklift trucks, which in turn depends on end-user demand for additional motive capacity in their distribution and manufacturing facilities. The uncertainty in global economic conditions varies by geographic location and can result in substantial volatility in global credit markets, particularly in the United States, where we service the vast majority of our debt. Moreover, Federal Reserve Bank of the United States policy, including with respect to rising interest rates and the decision to end its quantitative easing policy, may also result in market volatility or a return to unfavorable economic conditions.

These conditions affect our business by reducing prices that our customers may be able or willing to pay for our products or by reducing the demand for our products, which could in turn negatively impact our sales and earnings generation and result in a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations and financial position.

As we operate in various locations around the world, our operations in certain countries are subject to significant governmental scrutiny and may be adversely impacted by the results of such scrutiny. The regulatory environment with regard to our business is evolving, and officials often exercise broad discretion in deciding how to interpret and apply applicable regulations. From time to time, we receive formal and informal inquiries from various government regulatory authorities, as well as self-regulatory organizations, about our business and compliance with local laws, regulations or standards.

Any determination that our operations or activities, or the activities of our employees, are not in compliance with existing laws, regulations or standards could result in the imposition of substantial fines, interruptions of business, loss of supplier, vendor, customer or other third-party relationships, termination of necessary licenses and permits, or similar results, all of which could potentially harm our business and reputation. Even if an inquiry does not result in these types of determinations, regulatory authorities could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business, and it potentially could create negative publicity which could harm our business and reputation.

We currently have significant manufacturing and distribution facilities outside of the United States, in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, India, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, the PRC, Poland, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Our global operations are dependent upon products manufactured, purchased and sold in the U.S. and internationally, including in countries with political and economic instability or uncertainty. This includes, for example, the uncertainty related to the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union (commonly known as “Brexit”) the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine, ongoing terrorist activity, the adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, including the occurrence or escalation of a “trade war,” or other governmental action related to tariffs or trade agreements or policies among the governments of the United States, the PRC and other countries and other global events. The global credit and financial markets have recently experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. Sanctions imposed by the United States and other countries in response to such conflicts, including the one in Ukraine, may also adversely impact the financial markets and the global economy, and any economic countermeasures by affected countries and others could exacerbate market and economic instability. There can be no assurance that further deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Recent effects of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine includes writing off $4 million in net assets located in Russia during fiscal 2022. Furthermore, Brexit could cause disruptions to, and create uncertainty surrounding our business, including affecting our relationships with our existing and future customers, suppliers and associates, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial results and operations. Effects of Brexit include changes in customs regulations, shortages of truck drivers in the U.K., and administrative burdens placed on transportation companies have led to challenges and delays in moving inventory across U.K. or EU borders, and higher importation, freight and distribution costs. If such trends continue, we may experience further cost increases.

Some countries have greater political and economic volatility and greater vulnerability to infrastructure and labor disruptions than others. Our business could be negatively impacted by adverse fluctuations in freight costs, limitations on shipping and receiving capacity, and other disruptions in the transportation and shipping infrastructure at important geographic points of exit and entry for our products. Operating in different regions and countries exposes us to a number of risks, including:

•multiple and potentially conflicting laws, regulations and policies that are subject to change;

•changes in international treaties or trade unions, which may make our products or our customers' products more costly to export or import;

•imposition of currency restrictions, restrictions on repatriation of earnings or other restraints imposition of burdensome import duties, tariffs or quotas, which may make our products more costly to export or import;

•changes in trade agreements;

•disadvantages of competing against companies from countries that are not subject to U.S. laws and regulations, including the FCPA;

•compliance with data protection regulations;

•imposition of new or additional trade and economic sanctions laws imposed by the U.S. or foreign governments;

•war or terrorist acts; and

•political and economic instability or civil unrest that may severely disrupt economic activity in affected countries.

The occurrence of one or more of these events may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We invoice our foreign sales and service transactions in local and foreign currencies and translate net sales using actual exchange rates during the period. We translate our non-U.S. assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars using current exchange rates as of the balance sheet dates. Approximately 40% of net sales were generated outside of the United States in fiscal 2024. Because a significant portion of our revenues and expenses are denominated in foreign currencies, changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies, including the effects of inflation, primarily the euro, British pound, Polish zloty, Chinese renminbi, Mexican peso and Swiss franc, may adversely affect our revenue, cost of goods sold and operating margins. For example, foreign currency depreciation against the U.S. dollar will reduce the value of our foreign revenues and operating earnings as well as reduce our net investment in foreign subsidiaries. In addition, we have balance sheet foreign currency positions that benefit from a stronger U.S. dollar and weak euro and may impact other income expense and equity on the balance sheet.

Most of the risk of fluctuating foreign currencies is in our European operations, which comprised approximately one-fifth of our net sales during the last three fiscal years. The euro is the dominant currency in our EMEA operations. In the event that one or more European countries were to replace the euro with another currency, our sales into such countries, or into Europe generally, would likely be adversely affected until stable exchange rates are established.

If foreign currencies depreciate against the U.S. dollar, it would make it more expensive for our non-U.S. subsidiaries to purchase certain of our raw material commodities that are priced globally in U.S. dollars, while the related revenue will decrease when translated to U.S. dollars. Significant movements in foreign exchange rates can have a material impact on our results of operations and financial condition. We periodically engage in hedging of our foreign currency exposures, but cannot assure you that we can successfully hedge all of our foreign currency exposures or do so at a reasonable cost.

We quantify and monitor our global foreign currency exposures. Our largest foreign currency exposure is from the purchase and conversion of U.S. dollar-based lead costs into local currencies in Europe. Additionally, we have currency exposures from intercompany financing and intercompany and third party trade transactions. On a selective basis, we enter into foreign currency forward contracts and purchase option contracts to reduce the impact from the volatility of currency movements; however, we cannot be certain that foreign currency fluctuations will not impact our operations in the future.

If we are unable to effectively hedge against currency fluctuations, our operating costs and revenues in our non-U.S. operations may be adversely affected. This, in turn, would have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

In August 2022, President Biden signed the IRA into law. The IRA provides for substantial tax credits and incentives for the development of critical minerals, renewable energy, clean fuels, electric vehicles, and supporting infrastructure, among other provisions. Section 45X of the IRA contains a production tax credit equal to 10% of certain eligible production costs, including, without limitation, labor, energy, depreciation and amortization and overhead expenses. On December 14, 2023, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service released proposed rules to provide guidance on the production tax credit requirements under Internal Revenue Code Section 45X (the "Proposed Regulations"). The Proposed Regulations provide guidance on rules that taxpayers must satisfy to qualify for the Section 45X tax credit.

While Section 45X of the IRA provides for substantial tax benefits for us, the Proposed Regulations have not been finalized and remain subject to public comment. There is uncertainty as to how the provisions under the IRA will be interpreted and implemented. The Company's ability to ultimately benefit from IRA tax credits is not guaranteed and is dependent to a large degree upon the final scope, terms and conditions of the Proposed Regulations. Certain provisions of the IRA have been the subject of substantial public interest and have been subject to debate, and there are divergent views on potential implementation, guidance, rules, and regulatory principles by a diverse group of interested parties.

There can be no assurance that our domestic production of battery cells and battery modules with an energy density of not less than 100 watt-hours per liter will fully qualify for the benefits under the IRA. As a result, the final interpretation and implementation of the provisions in the IRA could have a material adverse impact us. Furthermore, future legislative enactments or administrative actions could limit, amend, repeal, or terminate IRA policies or other incentives that we currently hope to leverage. Any reduction, elimination, or discriminatory application or expiration of the IRA may materially adversely affect our future operating results and liquidity.

Our ability to continue our ongoing business operations and fund future growth depends on our ability to maintain adequate credit facilities and to comply with the financial and other covenants in such credit facilities or to secure alternative sources of financing. However, such credit facilities or alternate financing may not be available or, if available, may not be on terms favorable to us. If we do not have adequate access to credit, we may be unable to refinance our existing borrowings and credit facilities when they mature and fund future acquisitions, which may reduce our flexibility in responding to changing industry conditions and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As of March 31, 2024, we had $833 million of total consolidated debt (including finance leases). This level of debt could:

•increase our vulnerability to adverse general economic and industry conditions, including interest rate fluctuations, because a portion of our borrowings bear, and will continue to bear, interest at floating rates;

•require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to debt service payments, which would reduce the availability of our cash to fund working capital, capital expenditures or other general corporate purposes, including acquisitions;

•limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry;

•restrict our ability to introduce new products or technologies or exploit business opportunities;

•place us at a disadvantage compared with competitors that have proportionately less debt;

•limit our ability to borrow additional funds in the future, if we need them, due to financial and restrictive covenants in our debt agreements;

•limit our operating and financial flexibility due to financial and restrictive covenants in our debt agreements; and

•have a material adverse effect on us if we fail to comply with the financial and restrictive covenants in our debt agreements.

In addition, our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. Any failure to make scheduled payments could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our income tax obligations are based in part on our corporate operating structure and intercompany arrangements, including the manner in which we operate our business, develop, value, manage, protect, and use our intellectual property and the valuations of our intercompany transactions. We may also be subject to additional indirect or non-income based taxes. The tax laws applicable to our business, including the laws of the United States and other jurisdictions, are subject to interpretation, and certain jurisdictions are aggressively interpreting their laws in new ways in an effort to raise additional tax revenue from multi-national companies like us. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our tax positions and methodologies for valuing developed technology or intercompany arrangements, which could increase our worldwide effective tax rate and adversely impact our business, financial position and results of operations. Although we believe that our provision for income taxes is reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made. In addition, our future income tax rates could be adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions that have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions that have higher statutory tax rates, by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, or by changes in tax laws, regulations, or accounting principles.

The income and non-income tax regimes to which we are subject or under which we operate are unsettled and may be subject to significant change. Changes in tax laws or tax rulings, or changes in interpretations of existing laws, could materially affect our business, financial position and results of operations.

In addition, many countries in Europe, as well as a number of other countries and organizations, have recently proposed or recommended changes to existing tax laws or have enacted new laws that could significantly increase our tax obligations in many countries where we do business or require us to change the manner in which we operate our business. For example:

•On August 16, 2022, the U.S. Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), which, among other provisions, creates a new corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) of at least 15% for certain large corporations that have at least an average of $1 billion in adjusted financial statement income over a consecutive three-year period effective after December 31, 2022. The IRA also includes a 1% excise tax on certain stock repurchases beginning in 2023. We do not expect to meet the CAMT threshold in the near term. However, we expect a material portion of our U.S. produced batteries and battery cells, including our proprietary TPPL batteries, will qualify for production tax credits under Section 45X of the IRA. For more information, see “The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") contains production tax credits for certain battery cells and battery modules. The Company's ability to benefit from Section 45X production tax credits is not guaranteed and is dependent upon the federal government's ongoing implementation, guidance, regulations, and/or rulemakings that have been the subject of substantial public interest and debate.” above.

•In 2021, the Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (the “OECD”), through an association of more than 140 countries, announced a consensus around a two-pillar approach to address tax challenges presented by digital commerce. “Pillar 1” focuses on nexus and profit allocation, and “Pillar 2” focuses on a minimum global effective tax rate of 15%. On December 15, 2022, the European Union adopted the Pillar Two directive and EU member states were expected to implement Pillar Two into domestic law by December 31, 2023.

We closely monitor these developments in the countries where we operate. Changes to the statutory tax rate may occur at any time, and any related expense or benefit recorded may be material to the fiscal quarter and year in which the law change is enacted. The European Commission has conducted investigations in multiple countries focusing on whether local country tax rulings or tax legislation provides preferential tax treatment that violates European Union state aid rules and concluded that certain countries, have provided illegal state aid in certain cases. These investigations may result in changes to the tax treatment of our foreign operations. Due to the large and expanding scale of our international business activities, many of these types of changes to the taxation of our activities could increase our worldwide effective tax rate and adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations. Such changes may also apply retroactively to our historical operations and result in taxes greater than the amounts estimated and recorded in our financial statements.

In connection with the OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, companies are required to disclose more information to tax authorities on operations around the world, which may lead to greater audit scrutiny of profits earned in other countries. We regularly assess the likely outcomes of our tax audits and disputes to determine the appropriateness of our tax reserves. However, any tax authority could take a position on tax treatment that is contrary to our expectations, which could result in tax liabilities in excess of reserves.

As a global business, we are subject to extensive environmental liability on our operations due to current environmental laws and regulations in the jurisdictions we operate.

If convicted or found liable for violation of a law or regulation, we could be subject to significant fines, penalties, repayments or other damages. Laws and regulations may also change from time to time, as may related interpretations and other guidance, resulting in potentially higher expenses and payments and affect how we conduct our operations and structure our investments.

We process, store, dispose of and otherwise use large amounts of hazardous materials, especially lead and acid in the manufacturing of our products. As a result, we are subject to extensive and changing environmental, health and safety laws and regulations governing, among other things: the generation, handling, storage, use, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials; remediation of polluted ground or water; emissions or discharges of hazardous materials into the ground, air or water; and the health and safety of our employees. Failure to comply with these laws or regulations, or to obtain or comply with required environmental permits, could result in fines, criminal charges or other sanctions by regulators. From time to time we have had instances of alleged or actual noncompliance that have resulted in the imposition of fines, penalties and required corrective actions. Our ongoing compliance with environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permits could require us to incur significant expenses, limit our ability to modify or expand our facilities or continue production and require us to install additional pollution control equipment and make other capital improvements.

In addition, private parties, including current or former employees, could bring personal injury or other claims against us due to the presence of, or exposure to, hazardous substances used, stored or disposed of by us or contained in our products.

Certain environmental laws assess liability on owners or operators of real property for the cost of investigation, removal or remediation of hazardous substances at their current or former properties. These laws may also assess costs to repair damage to natural resources. We may be responsible for remediating damage to our properties caused by former owners. Soil and groundwater contamination has occurred at some of our current and former properties and may occur or be discovered at other properties in the future. In accordance with regulatory permits, we are currently investigating and monitoring soil and groundwater contamination at several of our properties, in most cases as required by regulatory permitting processes. We may be required to conduct these operations at other properties in the future. In addition, we have been, and in the future, may be liable to contribute to the cleanup of locations owned or operated by other persons to which we or our predecessor companies have sent waste for disposal, pursuant to federal and other environmental laws. Under these laws, the owner or operator of contaminated properties and companies that generated, disposed of or arranged for the disposal of wastes sent to a contaminated disposal facility can be held jointly and severally liable for the investigation and cleanup of such properties, regardless of fault. Additionally, our products may become subject to fees and taxes in order to fund cleanup of such properties, including those operated or used by other lead-battery industry participants.

Changes in environmental and climate-related laws and regulations could lead to new or additional investment in production designs and could increase environmental compliance expenditures. For example, the European Union has enacted greenhouse gas emissions legislation, and continues to expand the scope of such legislation. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has promulgated regulations applicable to projects involving greenhouse gas emissions above a certain threshold, and the United States and certain states within the United States have enacted, or are considering, limitations on greenhouse gas emissions.

Changes in climate change concerns, or in the regulation of such concerns, including greenhouse gas emissions, could subject us to additional costs and restrictions, including increased energy and raw materials costs. Additionally, we cannot assure you that we have been or at all times will be in compliance with environmental laws and regulations or that we will not be required to expend significant funds to comply with, or discharge liabilities arising under, environmental laws, regulations and permits, or that we will not be exposed to material environmental, health or safety litigation.

We are subject to a wide variety of domestic and foreign laws and regulations, and legal compliance risks, including securities laws, tax laws, data privacy laws, employment and pension-related laws, competition laws, U.S. and foreign export and trade laws, government procurement regulations, and laws governing improper business practices. We are affected by both new laws and regulations, and changes to existing laws and regulations which may continue to evolve through interpretations by courts and regulators. Furthermore, the laws and regulations to which we are subject may differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, further increasing the cost of compliance and the risk of noncompliance.

In particular, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA applies to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents. Under the FCPA, U.S. companies may be held liable for actions taken by strategic or local partners or representatives. The FCPA also imposes accounting standards and requirements on publicly traded U.S. corporations and their foreign affiliates, which are intended to prevent companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Certain of our customer relationships outside of the U.S. are with governmental entities and are therefore subject to such anti-bribery laws. Our policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws. Despite meaningful measures that we undertake to facilitate lawful conduct, which include training and internal control policies, these measures may not always prevent reckless or criminal acts by our employees or agents. As a result, we could be subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement, further changes or enhancements to our procedures, policies and controls, personnel changes or other remedial actions. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our operations, involve significant management distraction and result in a material adverse effect on our competitive position, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

We are currently subject to conflict mineral disclosure regulations in the U.S. and may be affected by new regulations concerning conflict and similar minerals adopted by other jurisdictions where we operate. U.S. legislation included disclosure requirements regarding the use of conflict minerals mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries and procedures regarding a manufacturer’s efforts to prevent the sourcing of such conflict minerals.

In addition, the European Union adopted an EU-wide conflict minerals rule under which most EU importers of tin, tungsten, tantalum, gold and their ores will have to conduct due diligence to ensure the minerals do not originate from conflict zones and do not fund armed conflicts. We have and will continue to incur added costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to determining the source of such minerals used in our products. We may not be able to ascertain the origins of such minerals that we use and may not be able to satisfy requests from customers to certify that our products are free of conflict minerals. These requirements also could constrain the pool of suppliers from which we source such minerals. We may be unable to obtain conflict-free minerals at competitive prices which will increase costs and may materially and adversely affect our manufacturing operations and profitability.

There are new and emerging data privacy laws, as well as frequent updates and changes to existing data privacy laws, in most jurisdictions in which we operate. Given the complexity of these laws and the requirements they place on businesses regarding the collection, storage, handling, use, disclosure, transfer and security of personal data, it is important for us to understand their impact and respond accordingly. Failure to comply with data privacy laws can result in substantial fines or penalties, legal liability or reputational damage.

In Europe, the General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), which came into effect in 2018, places stringent requirements on companies when handling personal data and there continues to be a growing trend of other countries adopting similar laws, including Canada. Additionally, there continues to be significant uncertainty with respect to the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2020, and imposes additional obligations on companies regarding the handling of personal information and provides certain individual privacy rights to persons whose information is collected. Both the GDPR and the CCPA are continuously evolving and developing and may be interpreted and applied differently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and may create inconsistent or conflicting requirements. For example, the California Privacy Rights Act, which was approved by California voters as a ballot initiative in November 2020, modifies the CCPA significantly, further enhancing and extending an individual’s rights over their personal data and the obligations placed on companies that handle this data. The resulting new regulations became effective on January 1, 2023. Most notably, employee and business data were brought into scope, which raises the compliance requirements for us significantly, in terms of internal controls, processes and governance requirements. Furthermore, since 2020, several other U.S. states have enacted (and additional U.S. states are considering) stringent consumer privacy laws, which may impose varying standards and requirements on our data collection, use and processing activities. Continued state by state introduction of privacy laws could lead to significantly greater complexity in our compliance requirements globally, which could result in complaints from data subjects or action from regulators.

If we are not able to respond, adapt and implement the necessary requirements to ensure compliance with data privacy laws, this could adversely impact our reputation and we could face exposure to fines levied by regulators. As a result, our business, financial position and results of operations could be material adversely affected.

Federal, state, local and foreign government bodies provide incentives to owners, end-users, distributors, system integrators and manufacturers of energy systems and batteries in the form of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives. However, these incentives may expire on a particular date, end when the allocated funding is exhausted, or may be reduced or terminated as a matter of regulatory or legislative policy.

For example, the IRA expanded and extended the tax credits and other tax benefits available to energy systems projects and the battery supply chain. We believe this law will bolster and extend future demand for our products in the United States. However, we note that implementing regulations for this law are still in process, which creates uncertainty about the extent of its impact on us and our industry. For more information, see “The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") contains production tax credits for certain battery cells and battery modules. The Company's ability to benefit from Section 45X production tax credits is not guaranteed and is dependent upon the federal government's ongoing implementation, guidance, regulations, and/or rulemakings that have been the subject of substantial public interest and debate.” above.

In addition, similar incentives may exist in, or be developed outside of, the United States, which could impact demand for our products and services as we expand our business into foreign jurisdictions. Our international customers and end-users may have access to tax deductions and grants toward equipment purchases. Our ability to successfully penetrate new geographic markets may depend on new countries adopting, to the extent such incentives are not currently in place and maintaining such incentives.

There can be no assurance that we will continue to declare cash dividends at all or in any particular amounts, and any reduction in or elimination of our dividend payment could reduce the market price of our stock.

We intend to pay quarterly cash dividends subject to capital availability and periodic determinations by our Board of Directors that cash dividends are in the best interest of our stockholders. Future payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend on our common shares will be subject to, among other things, our results of operations, cash balances and future cash requirements, financial condition, statutory requirements of Delaware law, compliance with the terms of existing and future indebtedness and credit facilities, changes in federal and state income tax laws, changes in our business model and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant. Our dividend payments may change from time to time, and we cannot assure you that we will continue to declare dividends at all or in any particular amounts. A reduction in or elimination of our dividend payments could have a negative effect on our share price.

Our Board of Directors has authorized one share repurchase program. This program authorizes the repurchase of up to $150 million of our common stock, of which authority. The other program authorizes the repurchase of up to such number of shares as shall equal the dilutive effects of any equity-based award granted during such fiscal year and the number of shares exercised through stock option awards during such fiscal year. As of March 31, 2024, approximately $98.9 million remains available under the two programs. Although our Board of Directors has authorized these share repurchase programs, the programs do not obligate us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares. We cannot guarantee that the programs will be fully consummated or that they will enhance long-term stockholder value. The programs could affect the trading price of our stock and increase volatility, and any announcement of a termination of these programs may result in a decrease in the market price of our stock. In addition, these programs could diminish our cash reserves.

Our success depends in part on our ability to attract, retain and motivate senior management and other key employees. Achieving this objective may be difficult due to many factors, including fluctuations in global economic and industry conditions, competitors’ hiring practices, cost reduction activities, and the effectiveness of our compensation programs. Competition for qualified personnel can be very intense. We must continue to recruit, retain and motivate senior management and other key employees sufficient to maintain our current business and support our future projects. We are vulnerable to attrition among our current senior management team and other key employees. A loss of any such personnel, or the inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we are unsuccessful in our succession planning efforts, the continuity of our business and our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our most recent evaluation resulted in our conclusion that, as of March 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. We believe that we currently have adequate internal control procedures in place for future periods, including processes related to newly acquired businesses. However, if our internal control over financial reporting is found to be ineffective, investors may lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which may adversely affect our results of operations or stock price.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. Any change in these principles could have a significant effect on our reported financial position and financial results. The adoption of new or revised accounting principles may require us to make changes to our systems, processes and internal controls, which could have a significant effect on our reported financial results and internal controls, cause unexpected financial reporting fluctuations, retroactively affect previously reported results or require us to make costly changes to our operational processes and accounting systems upon our following the adoption of these standards. Any of these results could adversely affect our business.

None.

We are dedicated to safeguarding our invaluable assets and ensuring the well-being of personnel, as demonstrated through the preparation of our cybersecurity program.

Our cyber risk management program is designed to comprehensively address the spectrum of cybersecurity threats that confront our organization. Within this program, we integrate an analysis of the risks facing the organization to guide our preparedness against cybersecurity threats to ensure a holistic approach that encompasses cross-functional and geographical visibility under the oversight of executive leadership through regular risk management meetings.

To aid our cybersecurity risk management strategy, we contract with dedicated third-party firms and assessors to identify risks and threats to our organization. These assessments adhere to leading cybersecurity standards such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework aligning with industry best practices. Additionally, our organization adheres to compliance with the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) and is undergoing International Organization for Standardization (ISO) accreditation, further demonstrating our commitment to adhering to rigorous cybersecurity standards. To oversee incident response and mitigation we utilize our incident response plan and processes to standardize our processes for assessing, identifying, and managing cybersecurity incidents. This includes a comprehensive reporting structure and analysis processes to provide visibility and determine incident business impact. Were a cybersecurity incident to occur, we have also implemented a cross-functional business team to aid in the determination of incident impact, severity, and materiality, with the support of standing external counsel and third-party incident response advisors. Additional to our third-party incident response advisors and support contracts, we undergo regular penetration tests to bolster our readiness in the event of cybersecurity incidents. Furthermore, we have also obtained cybersecurity insurance coverage to enhance protection and minimize potential financial losses arising from cyber threats.

We prioritize cybersecurity within our supply chain, both nationally and globally, by assessing our third-party cybersecurity posture to provide secure visibility with our partnerships. As part of our due diligence processes, we conduct security questionnaires and service provider reviews, to align our cybersecurity standards on the onset of our partnerships. Additionally, we collaborate closely with a third-party vendor to enhance supply chain resilience. This collaboration involves leveraging their expertise to inform decision-making and enhance risk oversight processes, ensuring greater robustness, and adaptability in managing supply chain challenges.

While we maintain a strong cybersecurity posture, we continuously strive for improvement and vigilance to mitigate evolving threats within this dynamic environment and protect our stakeholders’ interests. Our organization has not experienced any unauthorized access resulting from cybersecurity incidents with a materially adverse effect on our business, operations, or financial condition and we remain cognizant of the potential impact of insufficient cybersecurity measures on our operations. For further insights into additional organizational risks, please refer to the General Risk Factors section of Item 1(A) Risk Factors.

The Board delegated primary oversight authority to the Audit Committee who plays a pivotal role in ensuring the effectiveness of our cybersecurity strategy. Through regular updates provided by our leadership team, the committee actively evaluates the organization's cybersecurity posture and aids in prioritizing risk mitigation efforts aligned with our strategic objectives. These updates encompass detailed quarterly reports during audit committee meetings, covering key metrics, ongoing initiatives, and any cybersecurity incidents. Additionally, on an annual basis, the entire board receives updates on the progress of our cybersecurity program and strategy, including insights into emerging risks and industry trends. Moreover, the board benefits from supplementary educational briefings delivered by both internal and external experts, providing invaluable global threat visibility and enhancing the Board's understanding of cybersecurity challenges and opportunities.

Overseeing our cybersecurity initiatives is our CIO and Director of Global Cybersecurity, who provide invaluable expertise in managing cybersecurity risks and leading our cybersecurity operations. Both the CIO and Director of Global Cybersecurity possess extensive expertise in information technology and program management, with a wealth of experience, including over 19 combined years of dedicated service within our corporate information security organization. Furthermore, the executive leadership team is active in security operations, overseeing implementation of policies, procedures, and policies related to cybersecurity, technology, and vendors.

Both the Audit Committee of the Board as well as executive leadership team will be notified and updated in the event of an incident, with incident updates, mitigation efforts, and impact, as deemed appropriate.

The Company’s worldwide headquarters is located in Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Headquarters for our Americas and EMEA operations are located in Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., and Zug, Switzerland, respectively. The following sets forth the Company’s principal owned or leased facilities:

(1) Certain properties are shared between the different segments

(2) Industrial Includes manufacturing and assembly properties

We consider our plants and facilities, whether owned or leased, to be in satisfactory condition and adequate to meet the needs of our current businesses and projected growth. Information as to material lease commitments is included in Note 3 - Leases to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

From time to time, we are involved in litigation incidental to the conduct of our business. See Litigation and Other Legal Matters in Note 19 - Commitments, Contingencies and Litigation to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The Company’s common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “ENS” since it began trading on July 30, 2004. Prior to that time, there had been no public market for our common stock.

As of May 17, 2024, there were approximately 617 record holders of common stock of the Company. Because many of these shares are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, the Company is unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, we did not issue any unregistered securities.

During fiscal 2024, the Company’s quarterly dividend was $0.175 per share in the first quarter and $0.225 in the second, third, and fourth quarter. The Company declared aggregate regular cash dividends of $0.85, $0.70, and $0.70 per share in each of the years ended March 31, 2024, March 31, 2023 and 2022 respectfully.

The Company anticipates that it will continue to pay quarterly cash dividends in the future. However, the payment and amount of future dividends remain within the discretion of the Board and will depend upon the Company's future earnings, financial condition, capital requirements, restrictions under existing or future credit facilities or debt and other factors. See “There can be no assurance that we will continue to declare cash dividends at all or in any particular amounts.” Under Item 1A. Risk Factors for additional information.

The following table summarizes the number of shares of common stock we purchased from participants in our equity incentive plans, as well as repurchases of common stock authorized by the Board of Directors. As provided by the Company’s equity incentive plans, (a) vested options outstanding may be exercised through surrender to the Company of option shares or vested options outstanding under the Company’s equity incentive plans to satisfy the applicable aggregate exercise price (and any withholding tax) required to be paid upon such exercise and (b) the withholding tax requirements related to the vesting and settlement of equity awards may be satisfied by the surrender of shares of the Company’s common stock.

 

(1) The Company's Board of Directors has authorized the Company to repurchase up to such number of shares as shall equal the dilutive effects of any equity based awards issued during such fiscal year under the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan and the number of shares exercised through stock option awards during such fiscal year, approximately $34.0 million.

(2) On March 9, 2022, the Company announced the establishment of a $150.0 million stock repurchase authorization, with no

expiration date.

The following graph compares the changes in cumulative total returns on EnerSys’ common stock with the changes in cumulative total returns of the New York Stock Exchange Composite Index, a broad equity market index; and the Dow Jones US Electrical Components and Equipment index ("DJUSEC"). The Company determined that the DJUSEC index provides a publicly available index of industry peers with similar market capitalization.

*$100 invested on March 31, 2019 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.

EnerSys (the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) is a world leader in stored energy solutions for industrial applications. We design, manufacture, and distribute energy systems solutions and motive power batteries, specialty batteries, battery chargers, power equipment, battery accessories and outdoor equipment enclosure solutions to customers worldwide. Energy Systems, which combine power conversion, power distribution, energy storage, and enclosures, are used in the telecommunication, broadband, data center and utility industries, uninterruptible power supplies, and numerous applications requiring stored energy solutions. Motive Power batteries and chargers are utilized in electric forklift trucks, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), and other industrial electric powered vehicles. Specialty batteries are used in aerospace and defense applications, large over the road trucks, premium automotive and medical products. New Ventures provides energy storage and management systems for demand charge reduction, utility back-up power, and dynamic fast charging for electric vehicles. We also provide aftermarket and customer support services to over 10,000 customers in more than 100 countries through a network of distributors, independent representatives and our internal sales force around the world.

•Energy Systems - uninterruptible power systems, or “UPS” applications for computer and computer-controlled systems used in data centers, as well as telecommunications systems, switchgear and electrical control systems used in industrial facilities and electric utilities, large-scale energy storage and energy pipelines. Energy Systems also includes highly integrated power solutions and services to broadband, telecom, data center, and renewable and industrial customers, as well as thermally managed cabinets and enclosures for electronic equipment and batteries.

•Motive Power - power for electric industrial forklifts used in manufacturing, warehousing and other material handling

•Specialty - premium batteries for starting, lighting and ignition applications in premium automotive and large over-the-road trucks, energy storage solutions for satellites, spacecraft, commercial aircraft, military land vehicles, aircraft,

•New Ventures - energy storage and management systems for demand charge reduction, utility back-up power, and dynamic fast charging for electric vehicles

We evaluate business segment performance based primarily upon operating earnings exclusive of highlighted items. Highlighted items are those that the Company deems are not indicative of ongoing operating results, including those charges that the Company incurs as a result of restructuring activities, impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles and other assets, acquisition activities and those charges and credits that are not directly related to operating unit performance, such as significant legal proceedings, ERP system implementation, amortization of recently acquired intangible assets and tax valuation allowance changes, including those related to the adoption of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Because these charges are not incurred as a result of ongoing operations, or are incurred as a result of a potential or previous acquisition, they are not as helpful a measure of the performance of our underlying business, particularly in light of their unpredictable nature and are difficult to forecast. All corporate and centrally incurred costs are allocated to the business segments based principally on net sales. We evaluate business segment cash flow and financial position performance based primarily upon capital expenditures and primary operating capital levels.

Our management structure, financial reporting systems, and associated internal controls and procedures, are all consistent with our four lines of business. We report on a March 31 fiscal year-end. Our financial results are largely driven by the following factors:

•global economic conditions and general cyclical patterns of the industries in which our customers operate;

•changes in our selling prices and, in periods when our product costs increase, our ability to raise our selling prices to pass such cost increases through to our customers;

•the extent to which we are able to efficiently utilize our global manufacturing facilities and optimize our capacity;

•the extent to which we can control our fixed and variable costs, including those for our raw materials, manufacturing, distribution and operating activities;

•changes in our level of debt and changes in the variable interest rates under our credit facilities; and

•the size and number of acquisitions and our ability to achieve their intended benefits.

The economic climate in North America, China and EMEA in calendar year 2023 was marked by a mix of challenges with some momentum made toward recovering from a slowed economy in 2022. All regions experienced a moderate rise in inflation in calendar 2023 compared to 2022 and continue to be negatively impacted by regional conflicts around the world, including the war in Ukraine. We expect interest rates to continue to stay elevated and potentially decrease in the second half of calendar year 2024 in the U.S. and the Euro zone. China’s slowing economy faced further headwinds caused by pressure on the renminbi and the impact from its zero COVID polices that were relaxed in August of 2023, but started to see some brights spots entering calendar year 2024 as a result of increasing travel and consumer spending, despite ongoing geopolitical tensions in the region.

Supply chain disruptions and cost spikes in certain materials that impacted EnerSys during calendar year 2022 and the beginning of calendar year 2023 started to stabilize during the second quarter of calendar year 2023. While there are still pockets of supply chain challenges and some elevated materials costs such as plastic resins, electronic components, and copper, other costs such as transportation have returned to pre-COVID levels. However, recent geopolitical tensions between Hamas and Israel have begun to disrupt shipments in the Red Sea. As a result, some ocean freight costs and transit times may temporarily increase until shipping in the region returns to normal. In addition, we have broadly achieved our hiring and labor retention goals in certain locations that were facing challenges at the beginning of the year. Generally, our mitigation efforts and ongoing lean initiatives have tempered the impact of the pandemic-related challenges. The market demand in our Motive Power and Specialty segments remains healthy. Cyclical capex pauses in the communication networks market has decreased demand in the Energy Systems segment since our fiscal second quarter, while demand in other end-markets such as data center and industrials were robust.

Our most significant commodity and foreign currency exposures are related to lead and the Euro, respectively. Historically, the volatility of commodity costs and foreign currency exchange rates have caused large swings in our production costs. Since the beginning of fiscal year 2024, we have experienced a range in lead prices from approximately $1.05 per pound to approximately $0.90 per pound. We are experiencing elevated costs in some of our other raw materials such as plastic resins, steel, copper, acid, separator paper and electronics. However, these increased costs have moderated during fiscal year 2024.

Our selling prices fluctuated during the last several years to offset the volatile cost of commodities. Approximately 25% of our revenue is now subject to agreements that adjust pricing to a market-based index for lead. Customer pricing changes generally lag movements in lead prices and other costs by approximately six to nine months. In fiscal 2024, customer pricing has increased due to certain commodity prices and other costs having increased throughout the year.

Based on the current commodity markets, it is difficult to predict with certainty whether commodity prices will be higher or lower in fiscal 2025 versus fiscal 2024. However, given the lag related to increasing our selling prices for inflationary cost increases, on average our selling prices should be higher in fiscal 2025 versus fiscal 2024. As we concentrate more on energy systems and non-lead chemistries, the emphasis on lead will continue to decline.

As part of managing the performance of our business, we monitor the level of primary operating capital, and its ratio to net sales. We define primary operating capital as accounts receivable, plus inventories, minus accounts payable. The resulting net amount is divided by the trailing three month net sales (annualized) to derive a primary operating capital percentage. We believe these three elements included in primary operating capital are most operationally driven, and this performance measure provides us with information about the asset intensity and operating efficiency of the business on a company-wide basis that management can monitor and analyze trends over time. Primary operating capital was $852.9 million (yielding a primary operating capital percentage of 23.4%) at March 31, 2024 and $1,057.0 million (yielding a primary operating capital percentage of 26.7%) at March 31, 2023. The primary operating capital percentage of 23.4% at March 31, 2024 is 330 basis points lower than that for March 31, 2023, and 530 basis points lower than that for March 31, 2022. The change in the ratio is primarily due to a reduction in accounts receivable and inventory as a result of targeted collections and improved inventory management actions.

Primary Operating Capital and Primary Operating Capital percentages at March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are computed as follows:

We believe that our financial position is strong. We have substantial liquidity with $333 million of available cash and cash equivalents and available and undrawn, under all its lines of credit of approximately $938 million at March 31, 2024 to cover short-term liquidity requirements and anticipated growth in the foreseeable future. The nominal amount of credit available is subject to a leverage ratio maximum of 4.0x EBITDA, as discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company entered into a third amendment to the 2017 Credit Facility (as amended, the “Third Amended Credit Facility”). The Third Amended Credit Facility provided new incremental delayed-draw senior secured term loan up to $300 million (the “Third Amended Term Loan”), which was available to draw until March 15, 2023. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company drew $300 million in the form of the Third Amended Term Loan. The funds will mature on September 30, 2026, the same as the Company's Second Amended Term loan and Second Amended Revolver. In connection with the agreement, the Company incurred $1.2 million in third party administrative and legal fees recognized in interest expense and capitalized $1.1 million in charges from existing lenders as a deferred asset. Additionally, the Company derecognized the capitalized deferred asset and recognized the $1.1 million as a deferred financing costs.

On January 11, 2024, we issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.625% Senior Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Notes”). Proceeds from this offering, net of debt issuance costs were $297.0 million and were utilized to pay down the Fourth Amended Credit Facility. We plan to use the remaining net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including to repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings under the revolving portion of its existing credit facility (without a reduction in commitment).

During fiscal 2024, our operating cash flow provided cash of $457.0 million, compared to $279.9 million in the prior year. The change in the operating cash flows in fiscal 2024 was primarily due to the decreases in primary operating capital dollars, compared to the prior year, reflecting the impact sold receivables as a part of our asset securitization agreement and less of an increase in inventory compared to the prior year.

In fiscal 2024 and 2023, we repurchased 1,002,415 and 358,365 shares of common stock for $95.7 million and $22.9 million, respectively. In fiscal 2022, we repurchased 1,966,334 shares of common stock for $156.4 million.

A substantial majority of the Company’s cash and investments are held by foreign subsidiaries. The majority of that cash and investments is expected to be utilized to fund local operating activities, capital expenditure requirements and acquisitions. The Company believes that it has sufficient sources of domestic and foreign liquidity.

The Federal Reserve Bank has discontinued quantitative easing, raised interest rates in response to inflation concerns. It is unclear when it is expected to reduce interest rates. The increase in short-term interest rates has increased EnerSys’ variable cost of borrowing under the Fourth Amended Credit Facility.

We believe that our strong capital structure and liquidity affords us access to capital for future capital expenditures, acquisition and stock repurchase opportunities and continued dividend payments.

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. In preparing our financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that, among other things, affect the reported amounts in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are most significant where they involve levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or matters susceptible to change, and where they can have a material impact on our financial condition and operating performance. We discuss below the more significant estimates and related assumptions used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. If actual results were to differ materially from the estimates made, the reported results could be materially affected.

In accordance with ASC 606, we recognize revenue only when we have satisfied a performance obligation through transferring control of the promised good or service to a customer. The standard indicates that an entity must determine at contract inception whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time through analysis of the following criteria: (i) the entity has a present right to payment, (ii) the customer has legal title, (iii) the customer has physical possession, (iv) the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership and (v) the customer has accepted the asset. Our primary performance obligation to our customers is the delivery of finished goods and products, pursuant to purchase orders. Control of the products sold typically transfers to our customers at the point in time when the goods are shipped as this is also when title generally passes to our customers under the terms and conditions of our customer arrangements.

Management believes that the accounting estimates related to revenue recognition are critical accounting estimates because they require reasonable assurance of collection of revenue proceeds and completion of all performance obligations. Also, revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. These estimates are based on our past experience. For additional information see Note 1 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

We test for the impairment of our goodwill and indefinite-lived trademarks at least annually and whenever events or circumstances occur indicating that a possible impairment has been incurred.

We assess whether goodwill impairment exists using both qualitative and quantitative assessments. The qualitative assessment involves determining whether events or circumstances exist that indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If, based on this qualitative assessment, we determine it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect not to perform a qualitative assessment, a quantitative assessment is performed to determine whether a goodwill impairment exists at the reporting unit.

We perform our annual goodwill impairment test on the first day of our fourth quarter for each of our reporting units based on the income approach, also known as the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method, which utilizes the present value of future cash flows to estimate fair value. We also use the market approach, which utilizes market price data of companies engaged in the same or a similar line of business as that of our company, to estimate fair value. A reconciliation of the two methods is performed to assess the reasonableness of fair value of each of the reporting units.

The future cash flows used under the DCF method are derived from estimates of future revenues, operating income, working capital requirements and capital expenditures, which in turn reflect our expectations of specific global, industry and market conditions. The discount rate developed for each of the reporting units is based on data and factors relevant to the economies in which the business operates and other risks associated with those cash flows, including the potential variability in the amount and timing of the cash flows. A terminal growth rate is applied to the final year of the projected period and reflects our estimate of stable growth to perpetuity. We then calculate the present value of the respective cash flows for each reporting unit to arrive at the fair value using the income approach and then determine the appropriate weighting between the fair value estimated using the income approach and the fair value estimated using the market approach. Finally, we compare the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its respective carrying value in order to determine if the goodwill assigned to each reporting unit is potentially impaired. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not impaired and no further testing is required. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

Significant assumptions used include management’s estimates of future growth rates, the amount and timing of future operating cash flows, capital expenditures, discount rates, as well as market and industry conditions and relevant comparable company multiples for the market approach. Assumptions utilized are highly judgmental, especially given the role technology plays in driving the demand for products in the telecommunications and aerospace markets.

Based on the results of the annual impairment test as of January 1, 2024, we determined that there was no goodwill impairment.

The indefinite-lived trademarks are tested for impairment by comparing the carrying value to the fair value based on current revenue projections of the related operations, under the relief from royalty method. Any excess carrying value over the amount of fair value is recognized as impairment.

Any impairment would be recognized in full in the reporting period in which it has been identified.

Based on the results of the annual impairment test as of January 1, 2024, we determined that there were impairments to two indefinite-lived trademarks. For additional information see Note 7 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

With respect to our other long-lived assets other than goodwill and indefinite-lived trademarks, we test for impairment when indicators of impairment are present. An asset is considered impaired when the undiscounted estimated net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset are less than its carrying amount. The impairment recognized is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the impaired asset.

We account for business combinations in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. We recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions at their fair values as of the acquisition date, with the acquisition-related transaction and

restructuring costs expensed in the period incurred. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed often involves estimates based on third-party valuations, such as appraisals, or internal valuations based on discounted cash flow analyses and may include estimates of attrition, inflation, asset growth rates, discount rates, multiples of earnings or other relevant factors. In addition, fair values are subject to refinement for up to a year after the closing date of an acquisition. Adjustments recorded to the acquired assets and liabilities are applied prospectively.

Fair values are based on estimates using management's assumptions using future growth rates, future attrition of the customer base, discount rates, multiples of earnings or other relevant factors.

Any change in the acquisition date fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed may materially affect our financial position, results of operations and liquidity.

From time to time, the Company has been or may be a party to various legal actions and investigations including, among others, employment matters, compliance with government regulations, federal and state employment laws, including wage and hour laws, contractual disputes and other matters, including matters arising in the ordinary course of business. These claims may be brought by, among others, governments, customers, suppliers and employees. Management considers the measurement of litigation reserves as a critical accounting estimate because of the significant uncertainty in some cases relating to the outcome of potential claims or litigation and the difficulty of predicting the likelihood and range of potential liability involved, coupled with the material impact on our results of operations that could result from litigation or other claims.

In determining legal reserves, management considers, among other inputs:

•interpretation of contractual rights and obligations;

•the status of government regulatory initiatives, interpretations and investigations;

•the status of settlement negotiations;

•prior experience with similar types of claims;

•whether there is available insurance coverage; and

•advice of outside counsel.

For certain matters, management is able to estimate a range of losses. When a loss is probable, but no amount of loss within a range of outcomes is more likely than any other outcome, management will record a liability based on the low end of the estimated range. Additionally, management will evaluate whether losses in excess of amounts accrued are reasonably possible, and will make disclosure of those matters based on an assessment of the materiality of those addition possible losses.

Accruals for environmental loss contingencies (i.e., environmental reserves) are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can reasonably be estimated. Management views the measurement of environmental reserves as a critical accounting estimate because of the considerable uncertainty surrounding estimation, including the need to forecast well into the future. From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings under federal, state and local, as well as international environmental laws in connection with our operations and companies that we have acquired. The estimation of environmental reserves is based on the evaluation of currently available information, prior experience in the remediation of contaminated sites and assumptions with respect to government regulations and enforcement activity, changes in remediation technology and practices, and financial obligations and creditworthiness of other responsible parties and insurers.

We use certain economic and demographic assumptions in the calculation of the actuarial valuation of liabilities associated with our defined benefit plans. These assumptions include the discount rate, expected long-term rates of return on assets and rates of increase in compensation levels. Changes in these assumptions can result in changes to the pension expense and recorded liabilities. Management reviews these assumptions at least annually. We use independent actuaries to assist us in formulating assumptions and making estimates. These assumptions are updated periodically to reflect the actual experience and expectations on a plan-specific basis, as appropriate. 

For benefit plans which are funded, we establish strategic asset allocation percentage targets and appropriate benchmarks for significant asset classes with the aim of achieving a prudent balance between return and risk. We set the expected long-term rate of return based on the expected long-term average rates of return to be achieved by the underlying investment portfolios. In establishing this rate, we consider historical and expected returns for the asset classes in which the plans are invested, advice from pension consultants and investment advisors, and current economic and capital market conditions. The expected return on plan assets is incorporated into the computation of pension expense. The difference between this expected return and the actual return on plan assets is deferred and will affect future net periodic pension costs through subsequent amortization.

We believe that the current assumptions used to estimate plan obligations and annual expense are appropriate in the current economic environment. However, if economic conditions change materially, we may change our assumptions, and the resulting change could have a material impact on the Consolidated Statements of Income and on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Our effective tax rate is based on pretax income and statutory tax rates available in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. We account for income taxes in accordance with applicable guidance on accounting for income taxes, which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between book and tax bases on recorded assets and liabilities. Accounting guidance also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance, when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.

The recognition and measurement of a tax position is based on management’s best judgment given the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. We evaluate tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, we recognize the largest amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, we do not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. If the more likely than not threshold is not met in the period for which a tax position is taken, we may subsequently recognize the benefit of that tax position if the tax matter is effectively settled, the statute of limitations expires, or if the more likely than not threshold is met in a subsequent period.

We evaluate, on a quarterly basis, our ability to realize deferred tax assets by assessing our valuation allowance and by adjusting the amount of such allowance, if necessary. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization are our forecast of future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets.

To the extent we prevail in matters for which reserves have been established, or are required to pay amounts in excess of our reserves, our effective tax rate in a given financial statement period could be materially affected.

We continue to evaluate the extent of benefits available to us pursuant to the IRA, which we expect will favorably impact our results of operations in future periods. We currently expect to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit (AMPC) under Section 45X of the IRC, which provides certain specified benefits for battery cells, battery modules manufactured or assembled in the United States and sold to third parties, as well for active electrode materials for such batteries. For eligible batteries the credit is equal to $35 multiplied by the capacity of such battery cell expressed on a kilowatt-hour basis. For eligible battery module the credit is equal to $10 multiplied by the capacity of such battery module expressed on a kilowatt-hour basis. For eligible electrode active material the credit is equal to 10% of the costs incurred with respect to the production of such materials.

During the year ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, we recognized $136.4 million and $17.3 million, respectively, of Section 45X credits as a reduction to “Cost of sales”. There are currently several critical and complex aspects of the IRA awaiting final regulations from the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department. The uncertainty of a final ruling and changes to the current guidance could materially affect the benefits we have recognized and expect to recognize from the advanced manufacturing production credit. We will continue to evaluate the effects of IRA to the extent more guidance is issued and the relevant implications to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following table presents summary Consolidated Statements of Income data for fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, compared to fiscal year ended March 31, 2023:

 

Our sales in fiscal 2024 were $3.6 billion, a 3.4% decrease from prior year's sales. This decrease was due to a 7% decrease in organic volume, partially offset by a 4% increase in pricing.

A discussion of specific fiscal 2024 versus fiscal 2023 operating results follows, including an analysis and discussion of the results of our reportable segments.