UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

OR

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission File Number 001-39641

Offerpad Solutions Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (844) 388-4539

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of June 30, 2025, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting Class A common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $10.5 million.

As of February 17, 2026, there were 47,210,647 shares of Offerpad’s Class A common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

OFFERPAD SOLUTIONS INC.

FORM 10-K

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes statements that express Offerpad Solutions Inc.’s (“Offerpad,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our,” and similar references) opinions, expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or projections regarding future events or future results and therefore are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “seeks,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “potentially,” “may,” “should” or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts. They may appear in a number of places throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, among other things, our future results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, real estate inventory and home acquisition pace, volume and strategy, mortgage rates, cash requirements, financing plans and borrowing capacity, our intended use of net proceeds from our issuances of equity securities and debt financing arrangements, our prospects, optimized returns, potential growth or expansion evaluations, strategies, including without limitation, regarding product and service offerings and their expected impacts, ongoing collaborations, compliance with applicable laws, regulations and New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) continued listing rules, macroeconomic trends, potential tariffs or retaliations against such tariffs, geopolitical concerns, implications due to an “ownership change” under section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, including limitations on our ability to use net operating losses to offset future income tax liability, and the markets in which Offerpad operates.

The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the important factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and achievements may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Summary Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should carefully consider these risks and uncertainties when investing in our securities. The principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include the following:

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Our Mission

We are a real estate solutions company focused on giving homeowners more control, flexibility, and choice when buying and selling a home.

Who We Are

Founded in 2015, we combine proprietary technology with local real estate expertise to simplify the home sale process and reduce friction across the transaction lifecycle, helping customers move forward with speed, transparency, and confidence. We provide cash offers, brokerage services, access to additional cash buyers through marketplace-enabled capabilities, and renovation services that support both internal transactions and third-party partners. We provide these real estate services through the following solutions:

Our Cash Offer solution represents the substantial majority of our business, generating over 90% of our consolidated revenue during each of the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023. Our other offerings, including our Renovate solution and the solution offerings included in Other, generally earn a smaller average revenue per transaction than our Cash Offer service, but typically generate higher margins, and represented 26%, 11% and 16% of our consolidated gross profit during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we sold nearly 1,600 homes and completed close to 1,500 renovation projects, generating over $550 million in revenue. Since our founding in 2015, we have transacted on homes representing approximately $12.2 billion of aggregate revenue through December 31, 2025, and have grown our business through new market expansion and the increased offering of other real estate service solutions, operating in over 1,800 cities and towns in 26 metropolitan markets across 17 states, as of December 31, 2025. We believe our cumulative revenue generation and market expansion since our founding demonstrate that our real estate service solutions platform provides the clarity, control and confidence customers desire, ultimately resulting in a streamlined real estate experience that our customers and partners value.

As we strategically strengthen our presence within existing markets through our various platform offerings, target expansion of our operations through new market launches over the long-term and continue to deliver our additional ancillary products and services tied to the core real estate transaction, we remain focused on our mission to give homeowners more control, flexibility, and choice when buying and selling a home.

Our Business Model

Our Cash Offer solution generates the substantial majority of our consolidated revenue. We also offer renovation services through our Renovate solution, together with a range of other services that are designed to meet the unique needs of sellers and partners across multiple transaction paths.

In providing streamlined, data driven real estate solutions for the on-demand customer, we pair our local expertise in residential real estate with proprietary technology to put customers in control of the process and help find the right solution that fits their needs. Our Solutions Center platform gives users a holistic, customer-centric experience, enabling them to efficiently sell and buy their homes online.

Our agile and adaptable product suite provides a unique approach to meet both our retail and business customers’ needs. In our Cash Offer service, sellers can access our website or mobile application to receive a competitive cash offer for their home

within 24 hours and quickly close without the major inconveniences associated with traditional real estate selling. Our platform provides home buyers the opportunity to browse and tour homes online and submit purchase offers online in a simple process on their own time, with or without an agent. We also offer seamless, integrated access to partner brokerages and agents to advise on the purchase of a home. We believe that our broader product suite provides customers with opportunities to transact over multiple paths, such that every customer who comes to our platform can find a solution that aligns with their needs and timeline. Our expanding, comprehensive platform allows us to continue reinventing the home selling and buying experience to solve every homeowner’s needs.

Cash Offer

Our Cash Offer service is the foundation of our business, providing sellers with speed, certainty, and control through the home selling process.

Through our Cash Offer service, customers complete a few simple steps and receive a competitive cash offer on their home within 24 hours, allowing them to schedule their home inspection on their timeline, and ultimately, close on the transaction in as little as seven days. Customers choosing an Offerpad cash offer simplify their home selling process by avoiding the disruption of showing their homes, selecting their own closing date, ensuring confidence and control throughout the process, and enjoying complimentary local moving, streamlining the transition to a new home. If the customer is represented by a third-party agent, we work directly with such agent in addition to paying the agent’s fee.

We are also committed to removing the stress and inconvenience associated with purchasing a home. Prospective buyers have access to our partner agents who can advise on the purchase of their home. Buyers are able to tour homes online on their own time and utilize digital tools to complete the inspection and closing process. Our customers benefit from a home buying process designed around them, enjoying exclusive buyer benefits including early access to Offerpad homes and local experts to guide the purchasing process.

Given the importance of our Cash Offer service in our business model, and our focus on managing and mitigating our risk exposure, we continually update our underwriting process as we seek to optimize our returns. These continual refinements take into consideration the prevailing residential real estate market conditions, along with our performance history from our real estate operations, and allow us to make real-time adjustments to manage our real estate inventory levels. As a result of this process, we continued our intentional reduction in home acquisition pace and focus on selling through our aged real estate inventory throughout 2025, resulting in our overall real estate inventory mix shifting during the year and generally including a lower composition of newly acquired homes. We intend to continue balancing our home acquisition pace and managing our real estate inventory levels in response to the prevailing residential real estate market conditions in the future as we seek to maximize our real estate inventory turnover and increase returns on invested capital.

Renovate

Our renovation process has been a key component of our business model since our inception, built to improve home quality and resale outcomes. Over time, we have expanded this core capability into a data-driven platform that extends beyond owned homes into third-party renovation services. As we have developed and expanded our Renovate offering in recent years, our renovation volumes have increased and these services have become an increasingly larger component of our business and operating results, a trend we expect to continue in the future as we maintain our focus on driving additional volume from such services.

Through our Renovate services, we are able to leverage our existing logistics, operations, technology and skill-sets to provide renovation services to other businesses, allowing other companies and homeowners to utilize our renovations team to update their portfolio of homes for rent or to sell. When providing these third-party renovation services, we receive a renovation project fee, and are also typically compensated with a service fee that is based on a percentage of the overall renovation project fee.

As a result of the growth of our Renovate services business in recent years, our ability to effectively manage the home renovations process has continued to be an increasingly important component of our business. Accordingly, the availability and cost of building supplies and third-party labor impacts our ability to complete the required renovations or repairs within the expected timeline or proposed budget. We have not historically experienced significant disruptions in the availability and costs of the materials, supplies and labor used in our home renovations, and we intend to continue focusing on effectively managing the key inputs and processes in our renovations projects in the future to maximize our returns.

Cash Offer Marketplace

Our Cash Offer Marketplace, which includes Direct+ partners, provides third-party buyers with an opportunity to purchase homes from homeowners. In this solution, qualified cash offers are routed through a marketplace of third-party buyers, preserving speed and certainty for sellers. These transactions occur in several forms, including assigning the original purchase contract to the end buyer and collecting a fee at closing. We expect our Cash Offer Marketplace will help more homeowners

sell their home and has the potential to expand our ability to reach more customers, allowing us to increase transaction flexibility and scale transaction volume across market cycles, while also providing customers with the benefit of receiving an optimized offer for their home.

Brokerage Services

Our Brokerage Services solution provides sellers with different agent-led pathways to sell their home, including HomePro, which pairs experienced local agents with our platform, data and customer flow for guided, in-person solutions, and Agent Partnership Program, which provides an opportunity for third-party agents to present our cash offer as a potential solution for their customers. Our Brokerage Services are designed to enable customers to utilize our services in a way that best suits their home-selling situation and increase in-home seller engagement, while also serving as a valuable resource for real estate agents.

Ancillary products and services

Over the long term, we aim to deliver other additional products and services tied to the core real estate transaction in a smooth, efficient, digital-driven platform, focused on transparency and ease of use. Although further developing these products and services will require significant investment, growing our current offerings and offering additional ancillary products and services, potentially including energy efficiency solutions, smart home technology, insurance, and home warranty services, we believe will strengthen our unit economics and allow us to better optimize pricing. Generally, the revenue and margin profiles of our ancillary products and services are different from our Cash Offer service, which accounts for the substantial majority of our revenue, with most ancillary products and services having a smaller average revenue per transaction than our cash offering service, but a higher margin.

While we have offered a variety of ancillary products and services over time, our title and escrow services represent the most notable ancillary service that we currently provide. We have a national relationship with a leading title and escrow company, through which we are able to leverage our size and scale to provide exceptional title and escrow closing services with a favorable economic impact principally in our Cash Offer service.

Our Market Opportunity

The U.S. residential real estate market is substantial, with 4.4 million homes sold for a total transaction value of roughly $1.8 trillion during 2025. Within this total market opportunity, we typically purchase homes with a price of up to $750,000, which represented a potential addressable market opportunity of approximately $1.0 trillion during 2025.

The vast majority of real estate transactions continue to be conducted in a traditional, offline format, and accordingly, the real estate industry is in a prime position for the digital transformation that has occurred in many other industries. Consumers have become increasingly comfortable with transacting online as they desire greater levels of convenience, efficiency, and reliability to improve their daily lives. We believe buyers and sellers of homes desire this same type of digital experience in real estate.

Additionally, given the significant number of licensed real estate agents and real estate brokerages in the U.S., home buyers and sellers can receive an inconsistent experience during their real estate transaction lifecycle. We believe this highly fragmented market offers opportunities for consolidation and integration.

Separately, the U.S. residential renovation market has steadily increased in recent years and the pace of the market growth is expected to accelerate in the future as the demand for renovation services increases due to changing trends in materials and products used in renovation projects, increased use and adoption of home automation technologies and continuous innovation in home appliances and energy conservation.

Through our Renovate services and other solution offerings, we believe we will be able to further expand our total addressable market. Vertical integration and product innovation will provide future potential opportunities including expansion of our title solution, as well as entry into other transaction services such as home warranty, homeowners insurance, or consumer remodeling services.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe the following strengths will allow us to maintain and extend our position as a leading technology-enabled real estate solutions platform.

Proprietary technology platform

The success of our business is built on the combination of our data collection capabilities, proprietary technology, and team of real estate experts. We utilize machine learning and artificial intelligence to analyze data at various stages throughout our process. Our in-house proprietary data analytics technology continuously collects and synthesizes market data with performance history from our real estate operations, forming a knowledge distillation and feedback loop along the process and enabling us to adjust to the latest market conditions and operate a highly intelligent and automated workflow.

We collect hundreds of data points per home from an array of sources including public records, real estate brokerage transaction histories, private third-party data, and internally developed proprietary data sources, such as our “Citrus Value” pricing and valuation intelligence technology. We also use artificial intelligence technologies, including computer vision-enabled image recognition and ‘smart scoping’ to inform renovation estimates and improve our pricing model. Our proprietary automated valuation and renovation-modeling engine “Offercomp” uses the information from these sources to automatically value more than 100,000 properties each year and generate our cash offers based on these data points. Our real estate experts work in tandem with and enhance our technology by providing a final review of the offer. Our proprietary and purpose-built “Helix Go” technology streamlines the renovation process for a purchased home by automating logistics and workflows. This combination of technology, automation, and machine learning, paired with real estate expertise enhances the accuracy in our underwriting to actual sales prices and improves our unit-level economic performance.

Operational expertise

We know how to efficiently manage the logistical challenge of buying, renovating and selling thousands of homes across our many differentiated markets. Since our inception in 2015, we have executed nearly 86,000 buy and sale transactions and have completed over 40,000 home renovations through December 31, 2025. We optimize our workforce through a mix of internal employees and external contractors and have local project managers that manage the renovation in its entirety. We maintain market-by-market standards to ensure quality, cost, and time efficiency, deploying our own field automation software to enable accurate progress reporting as well as labor and material tracking.

Scalable platform, with proven economics and capital efficiency

We have a leading, scalable and low-cost transaction platform. Our rapid growth following inception relative to our limited capital invested is testament to our efficiency and results-driven culture. Since inception, we have focused on improving the unit economics of our model across our markets, with the added benefit of maximizing operational leverage as we scale. A foundation of our strategic approach to growth has been to prove out our business model first, manage costs and refine our valuation automation and logistical operations before we scale into additional markets.

Maximizing real estate inventory turnover and increasing returns on invested capital

In order to effectively mitigate risk and maximize efficiency of the business, we aim to turn real estate inventory quickly while maintaining our underwritten to actual sales price accuracy. We strive to minimize the number of homes we own for a long period of time, as the holding period of the home is typically a key factor of unit level performance because increased holding costs result in a direct decrease in contribution margin.

Customer satisfaction

Our Solutions Center was designed with the commitment to providing the best possible real estate experience. The flexibility of our offerings has enabled us to build a strong, well-respected brand in the eyes of our customers.

Proven management team with extensive digital, real-estate and finance experience

Our founder and management team have decades of experience in transactional real estate operations and property valuation, digital marketplaces, business intelligence and analytics, and finance. We believe our operating success is a result of combining our detailed market-to-market real estate expertise with strong technology and data analytics experience and a keen awareness of the evolving digital demands of our customers.

Our Growth Strategies

We believe we have significant untapped growth potential and intend to achieve our goals through the following strategies.

Grow share in existing markets

As of December 31, 2025, we offer our real estate services in 26 metropolitan markets in the United States, which are among the top 100 metropolitan statistical areas in terms of annual residential real estate transactions and covered roughly 22% of the 4.4 million homes sold in the United States in 2025. We have demonstrated higher market share in certain markets over time, providing the backdrop to grow our overall market penetration as we focus on the expansion of our various real estate service solutions in existing markets. Additionally, we anticipate our market share will increase over time as we invest in additional brand marketing, strengthen our local partnerships and continue improving customer awareness of our offerings.

Opportunistic expansion into new markets

Since our launch in 2015, we have expanded our real estate operations into 26 metropolitan markets as of December 31, 2025. We have been strategic in our approach to growing our market footprint and have focused on geographic diversification across high population growth cities with affordable median sales prices and increasing employment characteristics. Given this current coverage, we believe there is significant opportunity to both increase market penetration in our existing markets and to grow our business through new market expansion over the long-term. Also, because of our strategic approach in offering four

complementary solutions that serve sellers and partners across multiple transaction paths, we believe a significant portion of the total addressable market is serviceable with our business model. As we expand our reach through our various service offerings, we expect to continue to serve customers in markets beyond our direct service area. Further, this strategic approach has historically enabled us to enter into new markets to offer certain of our service offerings, without offering all of our buying and selling services in such markets. In connection with this approach, we are currently offering renovation services in select markets in which we operate.

Although we have expanded into new markets over the past few years, we have decelerated our market expansion plans in more recent years given the uncertain economic outlook and challenging residential real estate market conditions. We intend to continue evaluating expansion plans on an ongoing basis in order to maintain our flexibility in assessing the overall timing of our expansion plan and appropriate market entry points in the future.

Increase Renovate services

We have expanded our Renovate services in recent years, allowing a greater number of companies and homeowners to utilize our renovations team to update their portfolio of homes for rent or to sell. As our renovation volumes have increased over the past few years, our Renovate services have become an increasingly larger component of our business and operating results, a trend we expect to continue in the future as we maintain our focus on driving additional volume from such services.

Expand Cash Offer Marketplace

Our Cash Offer Marketplace, which includes Direct+ partners, provides third-party buyers with an opportunity to purchase homes from homeowners. As we continue to expand this solution, we expect this program will help more homeowners sell their home and has the potential to expand our ability to reach more customers, allowing us to increase transaction flexibility and scale transaction volumes across market cycles, while also providing customers with the benefit of receiving an optimized offer for their home.

Further develop Brokerage Services

Our Brokerage Services solution provides sellers with different agent-led pathways to sell their home, including HomePro, which pairs experienced local agents with our platform, data and customer flow for guided, in-person solutions, and Agent Partnership Program, which provides an opportunity for third-party agents to present our cash offer as a potential solution for their customers. Our Brokerage Services are designed to enable customers to utilize our services in a way that best suits their home-selling situation and increase in-home seller engagement, while also serving as a valuable resource for real estate agents. We believe our Brokerage Services have the potential to drive growth in our existing markets by expanding our reach and serving a greater number of customers.

Add ancillary products and services

We aim to deliver other additional products and services tied to the core real estate transaction. While we have offered a variety of ancillary products and services over time, our title and escrow services represent the most notable ancillary service that we currently provide. In the future, we anticipate offering additional transaction services, potentially including energy efficiency solutions, smart home technology, insurance, and home warranty services.

Increase advertising and drive brand awareness

We have a proven history of effective local advertising to drive inbound seller inquiries as well as local and national distribution of our active listings for resale. In the future, we intend to focus on increasing our local advertising efforts through a variety of channels as well as establish a broader national advertising presence to grow brand awareness and brand affinity as we scale.

Marketing

Our sales and marketing efforts utilize a multichannel approach, including paid advertising, earned media and partnerships, with a focus on efficiency and low-cost growth. As our market footprint and real estate product and service offerings have expanded over time, we have optimized our marketing strategy with advanced audience segmentation methodologies, improved targeting, and attribution modeling. Going forward, we plan to continue focusing on increasing our local advertising efforts through a variety of channels, as well as establishing a broader national advertising presence to grow brand awareness and brand affinity. Additionally, we may leverage broad reach channels that allow us to responsibly scale brand awareness.

Our Competition

The U.S. residential real estate market is highly fragmented and non-integrated. As of 2025, there were over 100,000 U.S. real estate brokerages in the United States, with a single brokerage rarely holding more than 10% share in any market. Additionally, we believe the vast majority of U.S. real estate sales are still conducted through traditional analog methods, with only a small portion of the real estate market having transitioned to the technology-driven, digital method that we offer. We compete with other cash offer providers and online real estate platforms, as well as institutional purchasers of residential real estate; however, we primarily compete with local real estate brokerages and the traditional way of conducting home sales.

We believe that companies in our industry compete primarily on the basis of customer experience, available offerings, and price. Although we face competition through both traditional and non-traditional forms of buying and selling residential real estate, we believe our technology-enabled solutions combined with our extensive real estate expertise allows us to provide a complete solution and positive experience to one of life’s most significant transactions.

Additionally, as we have developed and expanded our Renovate offering in recent years, our competition has grown to also include other companies that provide home renovation and remodeling services, including both larger residential remodeling companies and smaller, local renovation service providers. We believe companies in the residential renovation services industry prioritize customer experience, price and quality as they compete with others. Although there are a significant number of companies that provide home renovation and remodeling services, we believe the knowledge and experience that we have gained from completing over 40,000 home renovations since our inception allows us to provide a high quality renovation experience to our Renovate customers.

Human Capital Resources

Overview

We believe that our people are crucial to our success, and we strive to attract, develop and retain the best talent. We have a talented, motivated and dedicated team, and are committed to supporting the development of all of our team members. As of December 31, 2025, we employed approximately 140 people, nearly all on a full-time basis. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe we have strong and positive relations with our employees. We also engage numerous consultants and contractors to supplement our permanent workforce, primarily to assist with renovating our homes, and real estate agent partners.

Our Culture and Core Values

Maintaining a strong company culture is critical to our team and is supported through various employee engagement activities. Our culture and passion for what we are building is reflected in how our team performs the following core values:

Workplace Practices and Policies

We are committed to providing a workplace free of harassment or discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability, veteran status, caste or other legally protected characteristic. We are an equal opportunity employer.

Compensation and Employee Benefits

To attract and retain top talent, we offer our employees a broad range of company-paid benefits and highly competitive compensation packages. Our employees are eligible for medical, dental and vision insurance, a savings/retirement plan, life and disability insurance, and various wellness programs, along with other optional benefits designed to meet individual employee needs.

Well-being

We are committed to supporting our employees’ well-being and safety while they are at work and in their personal lives. As part of our benefits package, we offer many physical, emotional, and financial wellness programs, mental well-being support, disability accommodations, and savings and investment tools.

Intellectual Property

We rely on a variety of federal, state and common law rights to protect our intellectual property. We also rely on a combination of trademarks, domain names, patents, copyrights, trade secrets, contractual provisions and restrictions on access and use to establish and protect our proprietary rights.

As of December 31, 2025, our registered IP portfolio includes: nine registered U.S. trademarks, three foreign registered trademarks, three pending U.S. trademark applications and two U.S. copyright registrations. Our trademarks registrations include “Offerpad” and the Offerpad logo, and our pending applications include taglines and trademarks for services in development by Offerpad.

We are the registered holder of a variety of domain name registrations, including “offerpad.com”.

In addition to the protection provided by our intellectual property rights, we enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements with certain of our employees, consultants, contractors and business partners. Certain of our employees and contractors are also subject to invention assignment agreements. We further restrict the use of our proprietary technology and intellectual property through provisions in both our general and product-specific terms of use on our website.

Government Regulation

We operate in highly regulated businesses through a number of different channels across the United States. As a result, we are currently subject to a variety of, and may in the future become subject to additional, federal, state and local statutes and regulations in various jurisdictions (as well as judicial and administrative decisions and state common law), which are subject to change at any time, including laws regarding the real estate and mortgage industries, settlement services, insurance, mobile and internet based businesses and other businesses that rely on advertising, as well as data privacy and consumer protection laws, and employment laws.

In particular, the advertising, sale, and financing of homes is highly regulated by states in which we do business, as well as the U.S. federal government. Regulatory bodies include the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), the Department of Justice (“DOJ”), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”), and various state licensing authorities, various state consumer protection agencies, and various state financial regulatory agencies. We are subject to compliance audits of our operations by many of these authorities. For a discussion of the various risks we face from regulation and compliance matters, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry”.

Additionally, laws, regulations, and standards covering marketing and advertising activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices, and the internet, are applicable to our business, such as the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), the Telemarketing Sales Rule, the CAN-SPAM Act, and similar state consumer protection laws. Through our various subsidiaries, we buy and sell homes, provide real estate brokerage services, and provide other product offerings, which results in us receiving or facilitating transmission of personal information. This information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulation in the United States, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”). These laws, and other similar privacy laws and regulations, are generally intended to protect the privacy and security of personal information, including customer Social Security Numbers and credit card information that is collected, processed and transmitted. These laws also can restrict our use of this personal information for other commercial purposes. For a more detailed discussion of the risks we face in connection with privacy regulations, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property and Technology—We collect, process, store and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to privacy, and any actual or perceived violation of these privacy obligations could result in a claim for damages, regulatory action, loss of business, or unfavorable publicity.”

Further, the regulatory framework for artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine learning technologies, including proprietary AI and machine learning algorithms and models, (collectively, “AI Technologies”) is rapidly evolving as many federal and state government bodies and agencies have introduced or are currently considering additional laws and regulations. As a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and we cannot yet completely determine the impact future laws, regulations, standards, or market perception of their requirements may have on our business. Certain U.S. legislation related to AI technologies has been introduced at the federal level and is advancing at the state level concerning issues such as automated decision making, consumer protection, and “high-risk” uses of AI technologies. However, the enforceability of these new laws remains uncertain as the federal government has stated that it will seek to challenge the enforceability of a number of these laws, and many of these laws are subject to ongoing litigation challenges by private actors. For a more detailed discussion of the risks we face in connection with AI regulations, see “Risk

Factors— We operate in a highly regulated industry and are subject to a wide range of federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws, rules and regulations or to obtain and maintain required licenses, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

In order to provide the broad range of products and services that we offer customers, certain of our subsidiaries maintain real estate brokerage licenses, and we may in the future apply for additional licenses as our business grows and develops. These entities are subject to stringent state and federal laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”) and those administered by applicable state departments of real estate, banking, and consumer services, and to the scrutiny of state and federal government agencies as licensed businesses as noted above. We may be subject to additional local, state and federal laws and regulations governing residential real estate transactions, including those administered by HUD, and the states and municipalities in which we transact. For certain licenses, we are required to designate individual licensed brokers of record, qualified individuals and control persons. Certain licensed entities also are subject to routine examination and monitoring by the CFPB (for mortgages) and/or state licensing authorities. As of December 31, 2025, OfferPad Brokerage, LLC, OfferPad Brokerage “FL”, LLC, and OfferPad Brokerage CA, Inc. hold real estate brokerage licenses in certain of our markets and certain other states.

We have historically provided access to mortgage services through either our in-house mortgage solution or a third-party lending partner. Mortgage products are regulated at the state level by licensing authorities and administrative agencies, with additional oversight from the CFPB and other federal agencies. These laws generally regulate the manner in which lending and lending-related activities are marketed or made available to consumers, including, but not limited to, advertising, finding and qualifying applicants, the provision of consumer disclosures, payments for services, and record keeping requirements. These laws include, at the federal level, the RESPA, the Fair Credit Reporting Act (as amended by the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act), the Truth in Lending Act (including the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994), the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Military Lending Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the Bank Secrecy Act (including the Office of Foreign Assets Control and the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act), the TCPA, the Mortgage Acts and Practices Advertising Rule (Regulation N), the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), all implementing regulations, and various other federal, state and local laws. The CFPB also has broad authority to enforce prohibitions on practices that it deems to be unfair, deceptive or abusive. Additionally, state and local laws may restrict the amount and nature of interest and fees that may be charged by a lender or mortgage broker, impose more stringent privacy requirements and protections for service members, and/or otherwise regulate the manner in which lenders or mortgage brokers operate or advertise.

Seasonality

The residential real estate market is seasonal and varies from market to market. Typically, the greatest number of transactions occur in the spring and summer, with fewer transactions occurring in the fall and winter. Our financial results, including revenue, margins, real estate inventory, and financing costs, have historically had seasonal characteristics generally consistent with the residential real estate market, a trend we expect to continue in the future.

Corporate History and Background

Offerpad Solutions Inc. was formed on September 1, 2021 through a business combination (the “Business Combination”) with Supernova Partners Acquisition Company, Inc. (“Supernova”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Supernova changed its name to Offerpad Solutions Inc.

Available Information

We file our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements and other information electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our SEC filings are available to the public on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. At our corporate website, www.offerpad.com, and our investor relations website, investor.offerpad.com, we make available free of charge a variety of information for investors, including copies of these reports, and any amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file that material with or furnish it to the SEC. The information found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with, or furnish to, the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Investing in our securities involves risks and uncertainties. Before you make a decision to buy our securities, you should carefully consider the specific risks described below. If any of these risks actually occur, it may materially harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. As a result, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Additionally, the risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks and uncertainties that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may become material and adversely affect our business. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with other information set forth in this Annual Report, including Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our business and operating results have in the past been impacted and may in the future be significantly impacted by general economic conditions, the health of the U.S. residential real estate industry and risks associated with our real estate inventory, and if we are unable to effectively manage these conditions, we may experience difficulties in growing effectively and expanding our operations and service offerings in the future.

Our success depends, directly and indirectly, on general economic conditions and the health of the U.S. residential real estate industry, particularly the single-family home resale market and risks relating to the ownership of residential real estate, many of which are beyond our control. A number of factors have in the past, and could in the future adversely affect our business, including the following:

Our business and operating results have more recently been negatively impacted by the prevailing market conditions that have been challenging the residential real estate market for an extended period of time. As a result, we may experience difficulties in growing effectively and expanding our operations and service offerings in the future if we do not, among other things:

Further, if the macroeconomic and residential real estate market conditions continue to be challenging in the future, we may need to further stall, moderate or decelerate our expansion activities, which has included and may continue to include pausing or reducing real estate inventory acquisitions in certain existing markets.

We operate in a competitive and fragmented industry, and we may not be successful in attracting customers to our products and services, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We operate in a competitive and fragmented industry, and we expect competition to continue to increase. We believe that our ability to compete depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including the following:

Our business model depends on our ability to continue to attract customers to our platform and the products and services we offer, and enhance their engagement with our products in a cost-effective manner. New entrants continue to join our market categories. Our existing and potential competitors include companies that operate, or could develop, national or local real estate businesses offering services, including real estate brokerage services, mortgage, and title insurance and escrow services, to home buyers or sellers.

Many of our competitors in the broader U.S. residential real estate industry have well-established national reputations and may market similar products and services. Several of these companies are larger than us and have significant competitive advantages, including better name recognition, higher financial ratings, greater resources, lower cost of funds and additional access to capital, and more types of offerings than we currently do. These companies may also have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments than we do. In addition, these competitors could devote greater financial, technical and other resources than we have available to develop, grow or improve their businesses. If we are not able to continue to attract customers to our platform, products and services and achieve greater scale in operations, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be harmed.

Economic conditions, including inflation and high mortgage rates, have historically impacted, and may continue to adversely affect, the residential real estate business and our business and financial results.

In response to inflationary pressures, the Federal Reserve Board implemented a series of increases to its benchmark interest rate during 2022 and 2023. As economic conditions subsequently shifted, primarily as a result of elevated levels of unemployment and a slowdown in job creation, the Federal Reserve Board lowered its benchmark interest rate close to two full percentage points over the course of 2024 and 2025.

While the Federal Reserve Board lowered its benchmark interest rate on multiple occasions during 2024 and 2025, the average thirty-year fixed mortgage interest rate remains close to 6% at the end of 2025. When interest rates remain high, so do the costs of owning a home, which in turn reduces the number of potential home buyers who can obtain mortgage financing and affects the prices home buyers may be willing to pay for homes.

The elevated mortgage interest rate environment continued to contribute to the housing affordability challenges during 2025, negatively impacting consumer demand for residential real estate. Additionally, the ongoing concerns associated with the macroeconomic and geopolitical environments, which have been heightened by the trade-related tensions resulting from widespread tariffs implemented and proposed by the U.S. and other governments, have also had an adverse impact on the residential real estate market conditions in recent periods. The cumulative impact of these conditions continues to cause uncertainty in the market and challenge consumer confidence, resulting in lower than normal real estate transaction volumes.

Persistent challenges in mortgage financing—stemming from sustained high interest rates, potential further rate hikes, or a tightening of credit conditions—could lead to a continued decrease in demand for our homes and the services our platform provides. Such conditions could, in turn, negatively impact our business and financial performance.

We have had a history of losses since our inception, and we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

With the exception of the year ended December 31, 2021, during which we generated net income, we have incurred net losses each year from inception, and may incur additional losses in the future. We had an accumulated deficit of $506.4 million and $460.0 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Since our launch in 2015, we have invested in the development and expansion of our operations and we expect these investments will continue in the future as we seek to improve our infrastructure and software and technology platform, increase our market penetration in existing markets, and grow our business through new market expansion and the increased offering of other real estate service solutions. These investments, including technology, recruitment and training, marketing, and pursuing strategic opportunities, may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. Additionally, we may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including:

Accordingly, we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability and we may continue to incur significant losses in the future. Moreover, we expect expenses will continue to increase over the long term as we seek to expand our operations and implement our long-term strategic initiatives over time. These investments in our business may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If we fail to manage our losses or to grow our revenue sufficiently to keep pace with our investments and other expenses, our business will be harmed and it may also impact our access to funding and liquidity sources.

Because we incur substantial costs and expenses from our growth efforts before we receive any incremental revenues with respect to those investments, we may find that these efforts are more expensive than we currently anticipate or that these efforts may not result in an increase in revenues to offset these expenses, which would further increase our losses, and which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.

Our business model is still in the relatively early stages as compared to the business models of more established market participants in the U.S. residential real estate industry. As we do not have a long operating history, it is difficult to compare our business model with the business models of other market participants. Since we launched our first market in 2015, our operating results have not been predictable and our historical results may not be indicative of our future results. Additionally, few peer companies with similar business models exist and none have yet to establish long-term track records that might assist us in predicting whether our business model and strategy can be implemented and sustained over an extended period of time. As a result, it may be difficult to evaluate our potential future performance without the benefit of established long-term track records from companies implementing a similar business model. Further, we may encounter unanticipated problems as we continue to refine our business model and may be forced to make significant changes to our anticipated sales and revenue models to compete with our competitors’ offerings, which may adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.

Our business is dependent upon our ability to accurately value and manage real estate inventory and an ineffective pricing or portfolio management strategy, or other changes to our underwriting process, may have an adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.

We appraise and price the homes we buy and sell using in-house proprietary data analytics technology, which continuously collects and synthesizes market data with performance history from our real estate operations, forming a knowledge distillation and feedback loop throughout the process and enabling us to operate a highly intelligent and automated workflow. This assessment includes estimates on time of possession, market conditions, renovation and holding costs, and anticipated resale proceeds. Conversion rates and customer satisfaction may be negatively impacted if valuations are too low and/or fees are too high. Additionally, following our acquisition of a home, we may need to decrease our anticipated resale price for that home if we discover defects or other conditions requiring remediation or impacting the value of the home that were unknown to us at the time of acquisition. We also may not be successful in implementing changes in strategy with respect to our underwriting process to achieve desired margins, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Shortages in building supplies, supply chain disruptions, and shortages and disruptions in the availability of third-party labor can also significantly delay our ability to renovate and resell homes in a timely manner. Moreover, these risks may be heightened when we expand into new markets where we may not have similar levels of knowledge and experience as we do in the markets where we currently operate or if the valuation technologies that we currently use are not as effective at accurately valuing homes in markets with different housing conditions. As a result of these factors, we may be unable to acquire or sell real estate inventory at attractive prices or to finance and manage real estate inventory effectively, and accordingly our revenue, gross margins and results of operations would be affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Prospective sellers and buyers of homes may choose not to transact online, which could harm our growth prospects.

Our success depends on our ability to attract customers who have historically purchased homes through more traditional channels. The online market for homes is significantly less developed than the online market for other goods and services in industries such as commerce, healthcare, insurance, books, music, travel and other consumer products and accounts for a small percentage of total annual U.S. residential real estate transactions. If this market does not gain widespread acceptance, our business will suffer. Furthermore, we may have to incur significantly higher and more sustained advertising and promotional expenditures or offer more incentives than we currently anticipate in order to attract consumers to our platform and convert them into sellers or buyers. If the online market for residential real estate does not continue to develop and grow, our business will not grow and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Declining real estate valuations have resulted in, and could continue to result in, real estate inventory valuation adjustments, and property values may decline between our offer to purchase a home and the closing of such home, which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

We are subject to risks inherent to declines in real estate valuations. For example, home prices can be volatile, and the values of our real estate inventory may fluctuate significantly. As a result of such fluctuations, we have in the past, and may in the future, record real estate inventory valuation adjustments. We periodically review the value of our real estate inventory to determine whether the value, based on market factors and generally accepted accounting principles, has decreased such that it is necessary or appropriate to record a real estate valuation adjustment in the relevant accounting period. As a result of such reviews, we recorded $5.3 million and $4.5 million of real estate inventory valuation adjustments during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These adjustments caused an immediate reduction of net income and a corresponding decrease in real estate inventory on our balance sheet in the respective periods. Even if we do not determine that it is necessary or appropriate to record a real estate inventory valuation adjustment, a reduction in the estimated net realizable value of a property could manifest over time and would therefore affect our earnings and financial condition at that time.

Additionally, the time between an offer to purchase a home and the closing of such transaction can vary from weeks to several months, depending on the needs of our customers. In the interim period, there can be adverse impacts on the value or liquidity profile of the home. We may not be able to or wish to renegotiate or cancel a contract because doing so would negatively impact customer satisfaction and our brand, and potentially subject us to loss of our earnest money deposit or litigation. In the event the value of such homes declines significantly, we could experience losses, which in the aggregate could be detrimental to our business and results of operations.

Our business is dependent upon our ability to expeditiously sell real estate inventory. Failure or inability to expeditiously sell our real estate inventory has had and could continue to have an adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations. Holding homes in real estate inventory exposes us to risks, such as increased holding costs and the risks of declining real estate valuations.

Balancing our real estate inventory levels is an important element in our business model as we strive to optimize future returns. Our purchases of homes are based in large part on our estimates of projected demand. If actual sales are materially less than our forecasts, we would experience an over-supply of real estate inventory. An over-supply of real estate inventory will generally cause downward pressure on our liquidity, sales prices and margins and increase our average days to sale. Our real estate inventory has typically represented a significant portion of total assets. Having such a large portion of our total assets in the form of non-income producing real estate inventory for an extended period of time subjects us to significant holding costs, including financing expenses, maintenance and upkeep, insurance, property tax, homeowners’ association fees, utility fees and other expenses that accompany the ownership of residential real property.

Additionally, risks related to declining real estate valuations increase as the average holding period of homes increases. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the average holding period of homes sold was generally higher than our historical norms as a result of uncertainty in the residential real estate market and the broader challenging economic conditions, our associated intentional reduction in home acquisition pace and focus on selling through our aged real estate inventory. As a result, our liquidity and the results of our operations were adversely affected, and may continue to be adversely affected in the future due to our inability to sell such real estate inventory at prices that allow us to meet margin targets or to recover our costs.

Our business is concentrated in certain geographic markets, and local or regional conditions, including economic downturns, severe weather, catastrophic occurrences or other disruptions or events may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

While our business is spread across 26 metropolitan markets in the United States as of December 31, 2025, the majority of our revenue was generated from our top ten geographic markets during each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. As a result of this concentration, local and regional conditions in these markets may differ significantly from prevailing conditions in the United States or other parts of the country. Any unforeseen events or circumstances that negatively affect these areas have historically affected and could in the future materially adversely affect our revenues and profitability. These risks include possible declines in the value of real estate; risks related to general and local economic conditions; demographic and population shifts and migration; possible lack of availability of mortgage funds; overbuilding; extended vacancies of properties; increases in competition, property taxes and operating expenses; changes in zoning laws; increased labor costs; unemployment; costs resulting from the clean-up of, and liability to third parties for damages resulting from, environmental problems; casualty or condemnation losses; and uninsured damages from floods, hurricanes, earthquakes or other natural disasters.

In addition, our top markets are primarily larger metropolitan areas, where home prices and transaction volumes are generally higher than other markets in the United States. To the extent people migrate outside of these markets due to lower home prices or other factors, and this migration continues to take place over the long-term, then the relative percentage of residential housing transactions may shift away from our historical top markets where we have generated most of our revenue. If we are unable to effectively adapt to any shift, including failing to increase revenue from other markets, then our financial performance may be harmed.

We may be unsuccessful in launching new product and service offerings or pursuing expansion of existing product and service offerings into new markets, which could result in significant expense and may not achieve the desired results.

We regularly evaluate expanding our products into new markets or launching new service offerings in existing or new markets and we have in the past and may in the future continue to expand our products and markets. Any expansion or new offering requires significant expenses and the time of our key personnel, particularly at the outset of the process, and our new service offerings may not result in the customer conversion or profitability that we expect. New offerings have required and may in the future require adjustments, enhancements and optimizations following their launch, but these efforts may not achieve the desired results. We typically experience increased losses in new markets as we adjust to competitive environments with which we are unfamiliar and invest to build our brand presence within those markets. Our plans to expand and deepen our market share in our existing markets and expand into additional markets, including via our strategic approach with our other real estate service solutions, are subject to a variety of risks and challenges. These risks and challenges include the varying economic and demographic conditions of each market, competition from local and regional residential brokerage firms, variations in transaction dynamics, and pricing pressures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to increase revenues and create business model efficiencies in new markets in the manner we have in our more mature existing markets.

Housing markets and housing stock in different areas can vary widely and certain markets may be more adaptable to our current business model than others. As our business grows, we may launch our products or services in markets that prove to be more challenging for our business model. As we expand from markets with a relatively new and homogeneous housing stock to markets with older and more diverse housing stock, we will have to adapt our business and operations to local conditions. The

valuation technologies and systems that we currently use may not be as effective at accurately valuing homes in markets with older and more diverse housing stock. In addition, homes that we purchase in markets with relatively older housing stock may require more capital expenditures on improvements and repairs. We may also expand into markets with higher average home prices and fewer available homes within our target price range. If we are unable to adapt to these new markets and scale effectively, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

New markets and new product or service offerings may also subject us to new regulatory environments, which could increase our costs as we evaluate compliance with the new regulatory regime. Notwithstanding the expenses and time devoted to expanding an existing product or service offering into a new market or launching a new product offering, we may fail to achieve the financial and market share goals associated with the expansion. If we cannot manage our expansion efforts efficiently, our market share gains could take longer than planned and our related costs could exceed our expectations. In addition, we could incur significant costs to seek to expand our market share, and still not succeed in attracting sufficient customers to offset such costs.

Our business model and growth strategy depend on our marketing and partner channel efforts and ability to maintain our brand and attract customers to our platform in a cost-effective manner.

Our long-term success depends in part on our ability to continue to attract more buyers and sellers to our platform in each of our markets. We believe that an important component of our growth will be increased traffic to, and use of, our website and mobile application by potential customers. Our marketing and partner channel efforts may not succeed for a variety of reasons, including changes to search engine algorithms, ineffective campaigns across marketing channels, limited experience in new marketing channels and any technical difficulties customers may experience using our applications. External factors beyond our control may also affect the success of our marketing initiatives, such as filtering our targeted communications by email servers, buyers and sellers failing to respond to our marketing initiatives, and competition from third parties. Any of these factors could reduce the number of customers coming to our platform. Our business model relies on our ability to scale rapidly and to decrease incremental customer acquisition costs as we grow. If we are unable to recover our marketing costs through increases in customer traffic and in the number of transactions by users of our platform, or if our broad marketing campaigns are not successful or are terminated, it could have a material adverse effect on our growth, results of operations and financial condition.

We also believe that the brand identity that we have developed is a significant factor in the success of our business, and maintaining and enhancing the “Offerpad” brand is critical to maintaining and expanding our customer base and current and future partners. Failure to promote or maintain our brand, or incurring excessive costs in this effort, could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Reductions in the availability of mortgage financing provided by government agencies and changes in government financing programs have decreased and could continue to decrease our customers’ ability or desire to obtain financing and adversely affect our business or financial results.

The secondary market for mortgage loans continues to primarily desire securities backed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae, and we believe the liquidity these agencies provide to the mortgage industry is important to the housing market. Any significant change regarding the long-term structure and viability of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac could result in adjustments to the size of their loan portfolios and to guidelines for their loan products. Moreover, as we expand into higher cost markets or target higher-priced homes, home buyers, and accordingly demand for our homes and services, may be more acutely affected by these factors. Additionally, a reduction in the availability of financing provided by these institutions could adversely affect interest rates, mortgage availability and sales of new homes and mortgage loans.

The residential real estate market is subject to seasonality, and our operating results are likely to fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis.

We expect our revenue and results of operations to vary significantly from period to period in the future, based in part on, among other things, consumers’ home buying patterns. The residential real estate market is seasonal, with greater demand from home buyers in the spring and summer, and typically weaker demand in late fall and winter, resulting in fluctuations in the quantity, speed and price of transactions on our platform. We expect our financial results and working capital requirements to reflect seasonal variations over time, although in periods in which we are growing and expanding our market presence, the impact of seasonality in our financials can be obscured.

If we do not innovate or provide customers with an efficient and seamless transaction experience, our business could be harmed.

The industry for residential real estate transaction services, technology, information marketplaces and advertising is dynamic, and the expectations and behaviors of customers and professionals shift constantly and rapidly. Our success depends on our continued innovation to provide new, and improve upon existing, products and services that make real estate transactions faster, easier and less stressful for our customers. As we have developed our real estate platform over time, we have expanded our solution offerings to include a range of services in addition to our consumer cash offer solution, including renovation solutions and industry partnership programs. The success of our business may also depend on our ability to successfully integrate additional ancillary products and services into our platform, potentially including energy efficiency solutions, smart home technology, insurance, home warranty services and other real estate service solution offerings. As a result, we must continually invest significant resources in research and development to improve the attractiveness and comprehensiveness of our products or services, enable smoother and more efficient real estate transactions, adapt to changes in technology and support new devices and operating systems. Changes or additions to our products or services do not always attract or engage our customers as desired, and may reduce confidence in our products or services, negatively impact the quality of our brand, upset other industry participants, expose us to increased market or legal risks, subject us to new laws and regulations or otherwise harm our business. Furthermore, if we are unable to successfully anticipate or keep pace with industry changes and provide products or services that our customers want to use on the devices they prefer, then those customers may become dissatisfied and use our competitors instead. If we are unable to continue offering high-quality, innovative products, we may be unable to attract additional customers and real estate partners or retain our current customers and real estate partners, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A significant portion of our costs and expenses are fixed, and we may not be able to adapt or optimize our cost structure to offset declines in our revenue.

A significant portion of our expenses are fixed and do not vary proportionately with fluctuations in revenues. We need to maintain and continue to increase or balance our transaction volumes strategically to benefit from operating efficiencies and continue to optimize our cost structure. When we operate at less than expected capacity, fixed costs are inflated and represent a larger percentage of overall cost basis and percentage of revenue. Certain services we use, subscriptions and fees have fixed costs and are necessary for operation of the business. The other portion of fixed costs are necessary in order to invest in future growth. We cannot assure you that we will be able to rationalize our fixed costs. If we are unable to effectively adapt or optimize our cost structure to offset declines in our revenue, we may experience further negative effects on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties.

In order to grow our business, we anticipate that we will continue to depend on relationships with third parties, such as settlement service providers, lenders, real estate agents, valuation companies, vendors we use to renovate, service or repair our homes, third-party partners we rely on for referrals, such as homebuilders and online real estate websites or institutional buyers of our real estate inventory, and technology service providers. Identifying partners, and negotiating and documenting agreements with them, and establishing and maintaining good relationships requires significant time and resources.

In addition, we rely on our relationships with multiple-listing services providers (“MLS”) in all our markets both as key data sources for our pricing and for listing our real estate inventory for resale. Many of our competitors and other real estate websites have similar access to MLSs and listing data and may be able to source real estate information faster or more efficiently than we can. If we lose existing relationships with MLSs and other listing providers, whether due to termination of agreements or otherwise, changes to our rights to use or timely access to listing data, an inability to continue to add new listing providers, changes to the way real estate information is shared or our ability to price or list our real estate inventory for resale could be impaired and our operating results may suffer.

If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining successful relationships with third parties, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenues could be impaired and our operating results may suffer. Even if we are successful, we cannot assure you that these relationships will result in increased customer usage of our product or increased revenues.

If the methodologies we use to assess the value and condition of homes are inaccurate, including because of the information supplied to us by prospective sellers or due to the physical inspections being ineffective, it could result in unforeseen costs and risks.

We make offers based in part on our assessment of offer requests completed by the prospective seller. While we may seek to confirm or supplement the information provided in such an offer request through our own due diligence, including physical inspections, we may rely on the information supplied to us by prospective sellers to make offer decisions, and we cannot be certain that this information is accurate. If owner-supplied information is inaccurate, we may make poor or imperfect pricing decisions and our portfolio may contain more risk than we believe. We also may conduct physical inspections of homes

remotely through videos submitted to us by the sellers. It is possible that these video inspections may not be effective in identifying undisclosed issues, conditions or defects that an in-person inspection might otherwise reveal, which could result in us incurring unforeseen costs during the resale process.

Our business is dependent upon an adequate and desirable supply of real estate inventory, which is impacted by many factors. Any inability to acquire sufficient or desirable real estate inventory may adversely affect our business, sales and results of operations.

We primarily acquire homes directly from consumers and there can be no assurance of an adequate or desirable supply of such homes on terms that are attractive to us. A reduction in the availability of or access to real estate inventory could adversely affect our business, sales and results of operations. Additionally, we evaluate thousands of potential homes daily using our proprietary pricing model. If we fail to adjust our pricing to stay in line with broader market trends, or fail to recognize those trends, it could adversely affect our ability to acquire real estate inventory. We remain dependent on customers to sell us homes.

Our ongoing ability to acquire homes is critical to our business model. A lack of available or desirable homes that meet our purchase criteria may affect our ability to scale. Reductions in our acquisitions of homes may have adverse effects on our ability to reach our desired real estate inventory levels, our desired portfolio diversification and our results of operations.

Due to the uncertainty in the residential real estate market and the broader challenging economic conditions during 2025, we continued our intentional reduction in home acquisition pace and focus on selling through our aged real estate inventory throughout the year. By doing so, our overall real estate inventory mix shifted during the year and generally included a lower composition of newly acquired homes. This resulted in our average holding period of homes sold during 2025 being higher than our historical norms, finishing at approximately 175 days during the fourth quarter of 2025.

Given our focus on effectively managing and mitigating our risk exposure, we intend to continue balancing our home acquisition pace and managing our real estate inventory levels in response to the prevailing residential real estate market conditions. Based on the current market conditions, combined with the impact of the normal seasonal increase that occurs in the fall and winter months, we anticipate our average real estate inventory holding period will remain higher than our historical norms during the first quarter of 2026.

In addition, increases in transaction costs to acquire properties, including costs of evaluating homes and making offers, title insurance and escrow service costs, changes in transfer taxes, and any other new or increased acquisition costs, would have an adverse impact on our home acquisitions and our business.

Our ability to compete effectively and execute on our strategic plan, and the success of our Renovate solution, depends in part on our ability to manage home renovations.

Our ability to effectively manage home renovations is a key component in our Cash Offer and Renovate solutions. In our Cash Offer solution, we typically renovate or repair homes prior to listing them for resale. In our Renovate solution, we provide renovation services to other businesses, allowing customers to use our renovations team to update their portfolio of homes for rent or to sell. We use internal employees and third parties to renovate and repair homes under both of these solutions.

We or these third-party providers may not be able to complete the required renovations or repairs within the expected timeline or proposed budget. Furthermore, if the work quality of our employees or third-party providers does not meet our expectations, then we may need to engage another third-party contractor or subcontractor, which may also adversely affect the timeline or budget for completing renovations or repairs.

A longer than expected period for completing renovations or repairs could negatively impact our ability to sell a home within our anticipated timeline. This prolonged timing exposes us to factors that adversely affect the home’s resale value and may result in selling the home for a lower price than anticipated or not being able to sell the home at all. Additionally, any undetected issues with a third-party provider’s work may adversely affect our reputation as a home seller.

Further, the U.S. has recently signaled its intention to change U.S. trade policy, including potentially renegotiating or terminating existing trade agreements and leveraging tariffs. In March 2025, a 25% tariff on steel and aluminum from Canada and Mexico went into force, which was subsequently increased to 50% in June 2025. These widespread tariffs or any future additional tariffs or retaliation by another government against such tariffs or policies have introduced significant uncertainty into the market and may impact the costs of materials and supplies used in our home renovations, which could in turn impact our margins. Any resulting increase in the cost of our home renovation projects could decrease consumer demand and have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.

In all cases described above, incurring more than budgeted costs would adversely affect our investment return on purchased homes.

Our risk management efforts may not be effective.

We could incur substantial losses and our business operations could be disrupted if we are unable to effectively identify, manage, monitor and mitigate financial risks, such as pricing risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and other market-related risks, as well as operational and legal risks related to our business, assets and liabilities. We also are subject to various laws, regulations and rules that are not industry specific, including employment laws related to employee hiring and termination practices, health and safety laws, environmental laws and other federal, state and local laws, regulations and rules in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Our risk management policies, procedures, and techniques may not be sufficient to identify all of the risks to which we are exposed, mitigate the risks we have identified, or identify additional risks to which we may become subject in the future. Expansion of our business activities may also result in our being exposed to risks to which we have not previously been exposed or may increase our exposure to certain types of risks, and we may not effectively identify, manage, monitor, and mitigate these risks as our business activities change or increase, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial results and liquidity.

Our ability to recruit and retain a sufficient number of productive independent real estate agents is critical to maintaining and growing our business and providing an adequate level of service to our customers.

We partner with independent contractor real estate agents for various components of our business, including our HomePro services. If we are unable to successfully grow a sufficient base of productive independent real estate agents, we may be unable to maintain or grow revenues. A variety of factors impact our ability to attract and retain independent real estate agents, including but not limited to: intense competition from other brokerages; our ability to develop and deliver compelling products and services to independent real estate agents; our ability to generate high-quality leads to independent real estate agents; and our ability to adopt and implement commission plans (or pricing model structures) that are attractive to such agents.

If we are unable to successfully recruit and retain a sufficient number of productive independent real estate agents, we may be unable to maximize our revenue and market share growth.

We are subject to the requirements governing the licensing and conduct of real estate brokerages and brokerage-related businesses in the jurisdictions in which we do business.

Due to our brokerage business, we and our agents must comply with the requirements governing the licensing and conduct of real estate brokerage and brokerage-related businesses in the markets in which we operate. Due to the geographic scope of our operations, we and our real estate agents may not be in compliance with all of the required licenses at all times. Additionally, when we enter into new markets, we have in the past and may in the future become subject to additional licensing requirements. If we or our real estate agents fail to obtain or maintain the required licenses for conducting our brokerage operations or fail to strictly adhere to associated regulations, the relevant government authorities may order us to suspend relevant operations or impose fines or other penalties, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial results and liquidity.

A health and safety incident relating to our operations could be costly in terms of potential liability and reputational damage.

Customers will visit homes on a regular basis through our mobile application or with a real estate agent. Due to the number of homes we own, the safety of our homes is critical to the success of our business. A failure to keep our homes safe that results in a major or significant health and safety incident could expose us to liability that could be costly. Such an incident could generate significant negative publicity and have a corresponding impact on our reputation, our relationships with relevant regulatory agencies or governmental authorities, and our ability to attract customers and employees, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and liquidity.

There are risks related to our ownership of vacant homes and the listing of those homes for resale that are not possible to fully eliminate.

The homes in our real estate inventory generally are not occupied during the time we own them prior to resale. When a home is listed for resale, prospective buyers or their agents typically can access our homes instantly through our technology without the need for an appointment or one of our representatives being present. In certain circumstances, we also allow sellers to continue to occupy a home after we have purchased the home for a short period of time. Having visitors or short-term occupants in our homes entails risks of damage to the homes, personal injury, unauthorized activities on the properties, theft, rental scams, squatters and trespassers and other situations that may have adverse impacts on us or the homes, including potential adverse impacts to our reputation. Additionally, all of these circumstances may involve significant costs to resolve that may not be fully covered by insurance, including legal costs associated with removing unauthorized visitors and occupants and additional holding and repair costs. If these increased costs are significant across our real estate inventory, both in terms of costs per home and numbers of homes impacted, this could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

We are from time to time involved in, or may in the future be subject to, claims, suits, government investigations, and other proceedings that may result in adverse outcomes.

We are from time to time involved in, or may in the future be subject to, claims, suits, government investigations, and proceedings arising from our business, including actions with respect to intellectual property, privacy, consumer protection, information security, mortgage lending, real estate, environmental, data protection or law enforcement matters, tax matters, labor and employment, and commercial claims, as well as actions involving content generated by our customers, shareholder derivative actions, purported class action lawsuits, and other matters. Such claims, suits, government investigations, and proceedings are inherently uncertain, and their results cannot be predicted with certainty. Regardless of the outcome, any such legal proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of legal costs, diversion of management and other personnel, negative publicity and other factors. In addition, it is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in reputational harm, liability, penalties, or sanctions, as well as judgments, consent decrees, or orders preventing us from offering certain features, functionalities, products, or services, or requiring a change in our business practices, products, services or technologies, which could in the future materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

We operate in a highly regulated industry and are subject to a wide range of federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws, rules and regulations or to obtain and maintain required licenses, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in highly regulated businesses through a number of different channels across the United States. As a result, we are currently subject to a variety of, and may in the future become subject to additional, federal, state and local statutes and regulations in various jurisdictions (as well as judicial and administrative decisions and state common law), which are subject to change at any time, including laws regarding the real estate and mortgage industries, settlement services, insurance, mobile and internet-based businesses and other businesses that rely on advertising, as well as data privacy and consumer protection laws, laws around the development and deployment of artificial intelligence technologies, and employment laws. These laws are complex and sometimes ambiguous, and can be costly to comply with, require significant management time and effort, require a substantial investment in technology, and subject us to claims, government enforcement actions, civil and criminal liability or other remedies, including suspension of business operations.

Buying and selling homes, providing real estate brokerage services, and providing other product offerings, such as mortgage brokerage services, results in us receiving or facilitating transmission of personal information. Further, in the future we may offer additional products and services, which could increase the amount of personal information we receive and transmit. This information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulation in the United States. These laws and regulations are generally intended to protect the privacy and security of personal information, including Social Security Numbers that is collected, processed and transmitted. These laws also can restrict our use of this personal information for other commercial purposes. We could be adversely affected if government regulations require us to significantly change our business practices with respect to this type of information, if penetration of network security or misuse of personal information occurs, or if the third parties that we engage with to provide processing and screening services violate applicable laws and regulations, misuse information, or experience network security breaches.

In order to provide the broad range of products and services that we offer or plan to offer customers, certain of our subsidiaries are or will be required to maintain real estate brokerage and mortgage licenses in certain states in which we operate. These entities are subject to stringent state and federal laws and regulations and to the scrutiny of state and federal government agencies as licensed businesses.

Mortgage products are regulated at the state level by licensing authorities and administrative agencies, with additional oversight from the CFPB and other federal agencies. These laws generally regulate the manner in which lending and lending-related activities are marketed or made available to consumers, including, but not limited to, advertising, finding and qualifying applicants, the provision of consumer disclosures, payments for services, and record keeping requirements. These laws include, at the federal level, the RESPA, the Fair Credit Reporting Act (as amended by the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act), the Truth in Lending Act (including the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994), the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Military Lending Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the Bank Secrecy Act (including the Office of Foreign Assets Control and the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act), the TCPA, the Mortgage Acts and Practices Advertising Rule (Regulation N), the CARES Act, all implementing regulations, and various other federal, state and local laws. The CFPB also has broad authority to enforce prohibitions on practices that it deems to be unfair, deceptive or abusive. Additionally, state and local laws may restrict the amount and nature of interest and fees that may be charged by a lender or mortgage broker, impose more stringent privacy requirements and protections for service members, and/or otherwise regulate the manner in which lenders or mortgage brokers operate or advertise.

As a provider of real estate brokerage services, we hold real estate brokerage licenses in multiple states and may apply for additional real estate brokerage licenses as our business grows. To maintain these licenses, we must comply with the requirements governing the licensing and conduct of real estate brokerage services and brokerage-related businesses in the markets where we operate. We may be subject to additional local, state and federal laws and regulations governing residential real estate transactions, including those administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the states and municipalities in which we transact. Further, due to the geographic scope of our operations and the nature of the products and services we provide, certain of our other subsidiaries maintain real estate brokerage licenses in certain states in which we operate. Each of these licenses subjects our subsidiaries to different federal, state, and local laws and the scrutiny of different licensing authorities, including state insurance departments. Each subsidiary must comply with different licensing statutes and regulations, as well as varied laws that govern the offering of compliant products and services.

For certain licenses, we are required to designate individual licensed brokers of record, qualified individuals and control persons. Certain licensed entities also are subject to routine examination and monitoring by the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (for mortgage) and/or state licensing authorities. We cannot assure you that we, or our licensed personnel, are and will remain at all times, in full compliance with state and federal real estate, title insurance and escrow, property and casualty insurance, and mortgage licensing and consumer protection laws and regulations, and we may be subject to litigation, government investigations and enforcement actions, fines or other penalties in the event of any non-compliance. As a result of findings from examinations, we also may be required to take a number of corrective actions, including modifying business practices and making refunds of fees or money earned. In addition, adverse findings in one state may be relied on by another state to conduct investigations and impose remedies. If we apply for new licenses, we will become subject to additional licensing requirements, which we may not be in compliance with at all times. If in the future a state agency were to determine that we are required to obtain additional licenses in that state in order to operate our business, or if we lose or do not renew an existing license or are otherwise found to be in violation of a law or regulation, we may be subject to fines or legal penalties, lawsuits, enforcement actions, void contracts, or our business operations in that state may be suspended or prohibited. Our business reputation with consumers and third parties also could be damaged. Compliance with, and monitoring of, these laws and regulations is complicated and costly and may inhibit our ability to innovate or grow.

The regulatory framework for AI and AI Technologies is rapidly evolving as many federal and state government bodies and agencies have introduced or are currently considering additional laws and regulations. As a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and we cannot yet completely determine the impact future laws, regulations, standards, or market perception of their requirements may have on our business. Certain U.S. legislation related to AI Technologies has been introduced at the federal level and is advancing at the state level. For example, in 2025, the California Privacy Protection Agency’s new regulations under the CCPA regarding the use of automated decision-making were approved and went into effect on January 1, 2026. California also enacted a number of new laws that further regulate use of AI Technologies and provide consumers with additional protections around companies’ use of AI Technologies. Other states have also passed AI-focused legislation, such as Colorado’s Artificial Intelligence Act, which will require developers and deployers of “high-risk” AI systems to implement certain safeguards against algorithmic discrimination, and Utah’s Artificial Intelligence Policy Act, which establishes disclosure requirements and accountability measures for the use of generative AI in certain consumer interactions. Such additional regulations may impact our ability to develop, use, procure and commercialize AI Technologies in the future.

If we are unable to comply with these laws or regulations in a cost-effective manner, it may require us to modify certain products and services, which could require a substantial investment and result in a loss of revenue, limit our ability to offer additional products and services, or expand existing products and services into new markets, or cease providing the impacted product or service altogether. Furthermore, laws and regulations and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our products and business.

Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.

Natural disasters or other catastrophic events such as pandemics may cause damage or disruption to our operations, real estate commerce, and the global economy, and thus could harm our business. Properties located in the markets in which we operate in Florida and certain portions of North Carolina and Texas are more susceptible to certain hazards (such as floods, hurricanes or hail) than properties in other parts of the country.

In the event of a major earthquake, hurricane, windstorm, tornado, flood or catastrophic event such as pandemic, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, cyber-attack, war, or terrorist attack, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure reputational harm, delays in developing our platform and solutions, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, all of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, these sorts of catastrophic events may cause disruption on both the resale and acquisition side as we may not be able to transact on real estate. For example, homes that we own may be damaged and disruptions to infrastructure may mean our contractors are unable to perform the necessary home repairs in a timely manner. Closures of local recording offices or other governmental offices in charge of real property records, including tax or lien-related records, would adversely affect our ability to conduct operations in the affected

geographies. Any of these delays will likely result in extended hold times, increased costs and real estate inventory valuation adjustments. Also, the insurance we maintain would likely not be adequate to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other business interruptions.

As we grow our business, the need for business continuity planning and disaster recovery plans will grow in significance. If we are unable to develop adequate plans to ensure that our business functions continue to operate during and after a disaster, and successfully execute on those plans in the event of a disaster or emergency, our business and reputation would be harmed.

Environmentally hazardous conditions, and regulations relating to climate change and energy, may adversely affect us.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for the cost of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on such property. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the contamination, each person covered by applicable environmental laws may be held responsible for all of the clean-up costs incurred. In addition, third parties may sue the owner or operator of a site for damages based on personal injury, natural resources or property damage or other costs, including investigation and clean-up costs, resulting from the environmental contamination. The presence of hazardous or toxic substances on one of our properties, or the failure to properly remediate a contaminated property, could give rise to a lien in favor of the government for costs it may incur to address the contamination or otherwise adversely affect our ability to sell the property. Environmental laws also may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated. A property owner who violates environmental laws may be subject to sanctions which may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, private parties. In connection with the acquisition and ownership of our properties, we may be exposed to such costs. The cost of defending against environmental claims, of compliance with environmental regulatory requirements or of remediating any contaminated property could materially and adversely affect us.

Compliance with new or more stringent environmental and climate-related laws or regulations or varying interpretations of existing laws or conflicting laws or regulations may require material expenditures by us. We may be subject to environmental laws or regulations relating to our properties, such as those concerning lead-based paint, mold, asbestos, radon, pesticides, proximity to power lines or other issues. We cannot assure you that future laws, ordinances or regulations will not impose any material environmental liability or that the current environmental condition of our properties will not be affected by existing conditions of the land, operations in the vicinity of the properties or the activities of unrelated third parties. In addition, we may be required to comply with various local, state and federal fire, health, life-safety and similar regulations. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could result in fines and/or damages, suspension of personnel, civil liability or other sanctions.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property and Technology

Our IT Systems and IT Systems of third parties we rely on may fail or suffer security breaches, loss or leakage of data, and other disruptions, which could disrupt our business or result in the loss of confidential information, litigation, government actions, reputational damage and other harms.

We rely on computer systems, hardware, software, technology infrastructure and online sites and networks for both internal and external operations that are critical to our business (collectively, “IT Systems”). We own and manage some of these IT Systems, but also rely on third parties for a range of IT Systems and related products and services. We and certain of our third-party providers collect, maintain and process data about customers, employees, business partners and others, including personal information, as well as proprietary business information, intellectual property, and other critical information belonging to our business, customers, and employees (collectively, “Confidential Information”). We face numerous evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our IT Systems and Confidential Information, including from diverse threat actors, such as state-sponsored organizations, opportunistic hackers and hacktivists.

The evolution of technology systems introduces ever more complex security risks that are difficult to predict and defend against. An increasing number of companies, including those with significant online operations, have recently disclosed breaches of their security, some of which involved sophisticated tactics and techniques allegedly attributable to criminal enterprises or nation-state actors.

We experience cyber incidents and other security incidents of varying degrees from time to time. We have implemented controls and taken other preventative actions designated to strengthen our IT Systems against security incidents. However, we cannot guarantee that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with, or effective in protecting our IT Systems and Confidential Information, that we will be able to react in a timely manner, or that our remediation efforts following a cybersecurity incident will be successful.

In addition, we do not know whether our current practices will be deemed sufficient under applicable laws or whether new regulatory requirements might require us to make significant changes to our current practices. If there is a breach of our IT

Systems, and we know or suspect that certain personal information has been accessed, or used inappropriately, we may need to inform the affected individual (and regulatory body) and may be subject to significant fines and penalties. Further, under certain regulatory schemes, we may be liable for statutory damages on a per breached record basis, irrespective of any actual damages or harm to the individual. In the event of a breach we could face government actions resulting in penalties or consumer class actions alleging statutory damages amounting to hundreds of millions, and possibly billions, of dollars, as well as reputational and other harms.

The risk of cybersecurity incidents directed at us or our third-party partners and vendors includes threats directed through diverse attack vectors, such as social engineering and phishing, malware (including ransomware), malfeasance by insiders, human or technological error, and as a result of bugs, misconfigurations or exploited vulnerabilities in software or hardware. Cybersecurity incidents may occur through uncoordinated individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to information technology systems, as well as sophisticated and targeted measures known as advanced persistent threats. Cybersecurity threats are expected to accelerate on a global basis in frequency and magnitude as threat actors are becoming increasingly sophisticated in using techniques and tools–including artificial intelligence–that circumvent security controls, evade detection and remove forensic evidence. As a result, we may be unable to detect, investigate, remediate or recover from future attacks or incidents, or to avoid a material adverse impact to our IT Systems, Confidential Information, as well as our proprietary business information and intellectual property and that of our customers and employees.

Additionally, we rely on third parties and their security procedures for the secure storage, processing, maintenance, and transmission of information that is critical to our operations, such as cloud services that support our internal and customer-facing operations. Despite measures designed to prevent, detect, address, and mitigate cybersecurity incidents, such incidents may occur to us or our third-party providers and, depending on their nature and scope, could potentially materially impact our Confidential Information (our own or that of third parties, including personal information of our customers and employees) and result in the disruption of business operations. Any such compromises to our security, or that of our third-party partners or vendors, could cause customers to lose trust and confidence in us and stop using our website and mobile applications. In addition, we may incur significant costs for remediation that may include liability for stolen assets or information, repair of system damage, and compensation to customers, employees, and business partners. We may also be subject to government enforcement proceedings and legal claims by private parties. Actual or anticipated attacks may cause us to incur increasing costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees and engage third-party experts and consultants.

Any actual or alleged security breaches or alleged violations of federal or state laws or regulations relating to privacy and data security could result in mandated user notifications, litigation (including class actions), government investigations, significant fines, and expenditures; divert management’s attention from operations; deter people from using our platform; damage our brand and reputation; and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Defending against claims or litigation based on any security breach or incident, regardless of their merit, will be costly and may cause reputational harm. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, denial of coverage as to any specific claim, or any change or cessation in our insurance policies and coverages, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We collect, process, store and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to privacy, and any actual or perceived violation of these privacy obligations could result in a claim for damages, regulatory action, loss of business, or unfavorable publicity.

We collect, store, use, disclose and process personal information and other data. There are numerous federal and state laws, as well as regulations and industry guidelines and standards, regarding privacy and the collection, storing, use, processing, disclosure, and protection of personal information, the scope of which are continually changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among countries and states or conflict with other laws, regulations, guidelines, and standards. We and our third-party partners and vendors are subject to these data privacy laws, rules, regulations, industry standards and other requirements, including those that apply generally to the handling of personal information, and those that are specific to certain industries, sectors, contexts, or locations. Additionally, laws, regulations, guidelines and standards covering marketing and advertising activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices, and the internet, are applicable to our business, such as the TCPA (as implemented by the Telemarketing Sales Rule), the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (“CAN-SPAM Act”), and similar state consumer protection laws. We are also subject to the terms of our own privacy policies and certain privacy-related obligations to third parties. We strive to comply with all applicable laws, regulations, policies, legal obligations and industry guidelines and standards relating to privacy, data protection and marketing and advertising activities to the extent possible. However, it is possible that these laws, regulations, policies, legal obligations, and industry guidelines and standards may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other laws, regulations, policies, legal obligations, and industry guidelines and standards, making enforcement, and thus compliance requirements, ambiguous, uncertain, and potentially inconsistent. It is possible we may not be in full compliance with certain laws, regulations, policies, legal

obligations, industry guidelines and standards, and any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with these requirements may result and has at times resulted in litigation, and may also result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, loss of business and unfavorable publicity. Any of these events could cause us to incur significant costs in investigating and defending such claims and, if found liable, we may be, but have not to-date been, required to pay significant damages. Further, these proceedings and any subsequent adverse outcomes may cause significant reputational harm to our brand and our customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

Any significant change to applicable laws, regulations or industry guidelines and standards regarding the collection, use, processing or disclosure of personal information, could require us to modify our products and features, possibly in a material manner and subject to increased compliance costs, which may limit our ability to develop new products and features that make use of the personal information that we collect, use, process, and disclose. For example, the CCPA requires companies that process personal information of California residents to, among other things: provide certain disclosures to California residents regarding the companies’ collection, use, processing and disclosure of personal information; receive and respond to requests from California residents to access, delete, and correct their personal information, or to opt-out of certain disclosures of their personal information; and enter into specific contractual provisions with service providers that process California resident personal information on the business’s behalf. Numerous other states have already enacted, and are actively considering enacting privacy laws similar to the CCPA, which may impose substantial penalties for violations, impose significant costs for investigations and compliance, allow private class-action litigation, carry significant potential liability for our business, and could result in reputational harm.

The U.S. Federal Trade Commission and many state attorneys general are also interpreting federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards for the collection, use, processing, dissemination, and security of data. Amongst other requirements, such standards may require us to publish statements that describe how we handle personal information and choices individuals may have about the way we handle their personal information. If, for example, such information that we publish is considered untrue or inaccurate, we may be subject to government claims of unfair or deceptive trade practices, which could lead to significant liabilities and consequences, including penalties and reputational harm.

This existing and future legislation on both the state and federal level may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment in resources to compliance programs, could impact strategies and availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies, all of which we may not be able to expend resources toward. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations, and industry standards and guidelines concerning privacy, data protection, and information security and we cannot determine the impact such future laws, regulations, and standards may have on our business. We could be subject to legal claims, government investigations or actions, or harm to our reputation or incur significant remediation costs if we experience a security breach or our practices fail, or are seen as failing, to comply with our policies or with applicable laws concerning personal information. Further, if the trend of new data privacy laws and increasing enforcement by regulators continues, this could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, divert the attention of our personnel, increase costs and subject us to additional liabilities. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Any significant disruption in service in our computer systems and third-party networks and mobile infrastructure that we depend on could result in a loss of customers and we may be unable to maintain and scale the technology underlying our offerings.

Customers and potential customers access our products primarily through our website and mobile application. Our ability to attract, retain and serve customers depends on the reliable performance and availability of our website, mobile application, and technology infrastructure. Furthermore, we depend on the reliable performance of third-party networks and mobile infrastructure to provide our technology offerings to our customers and potential customers. The proper operation of these networks and infrastructure is beyond our control, and service interruptions or website unavailability could impact our ability to service our customers in a timely manner, and may have an adverse effect on existing and potential customer relationships.

Our information systems and technology may not be able to continue to accommodate our growth and may be subject to security risks. The cost of maintaining such systems may increase. Such a failure to accommodate growth, or an increase in costs related to such information systems, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations and could result in a loss of customers.

Failure to protect our trade secrets, know-how, proprietary applications, business processes and other proprietary information could adversely affect the value of our technology and products.

Our success and ability to compete depends in part on our intellectual property and our other proprietary business information, and our ability to protect such intellectual property and business information from misuse. We seek to control access to our proprietary information by entering into a combination of confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements, invention assignment agreements and nondisclosure agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships. While these agreements will give us contractual remedies upon any unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary information, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to detect such unauthorized activity, or if detected, that our rights under these agreements will be effective in controlling access to, or use, reproduction and distribution of, our proprietary information, intellectual property or technology.

We have filed trademark and copyright applications to protect certain aspects of our intellectual property. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in registering our trademarks or copyrights, or maintaining any existing registrations. We may be unable to secure intellectual property protection for all of our technology and methodologies, or the steps we take to enforce our intellectual property rights may be inadequate. Furthermore, monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and we cannot guarantee that the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary technologies will be effective to enforce our rights against third parties. Third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our proprietary rights or challenge proprietary rights held by us, and we may not be able to prevent infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary rights without incurring substantial expense. If our intellectual property rights are misused or misappropriated by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our products and methods of operations. Any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the future we may be party to intellectual property rights claims and other litigation which are expensive to support, and if resolved adversely, could have a significant impact on us.

Our competitors and other third parties may own or claim to own intellectual property relating to the real estate industry. In the future, third parties may claim that we are infringing on their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing such rights. Any claims or litigation, regardless of merit, could cause us to incur significant expenses. If any such claims are successfully asserted against us, it could require us to pay significant damages or ongoing licensing payments, prevent us from offering our products or services, or require us to comply with unfavorable terms. Even if we were to prevail, the time and resources necessary to resolve such disputes could be costly, time-consuming, and divert the attention of management and key personnel from our business operations. If we are not successful in defending ourselves against any potential future claims, we may be required to pay damages and may be subject to injunctions, each of which could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation.

Our services utilize third-party open source software components, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software, technologies, products and services in a manner that could negatively affect our business.

We use open source software in our proprietary software and our services and will continue to use open source software in the future. Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, indemnification or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code, and such open source software may not be regularly maintained and updated in order to contain and patch possible security vulnerabilities. To the extent that our services depend upon the successful operation of open source software, any undetected errors or defects in this open source software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our platform, delay the introduction of new solutions, result in a failure of our platform, and injure our reputation.

Some open source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the type of open source software we use, or grant other licenses to our intellectual property. If we combine and distribute our proprietary software with such open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open source licenses, be required to release or license the source code of our combined proprietary software to the public. Although we monitor our use of open-source software to avoid subjecting our platform to such requirements or to other conditions we do not intend, we cannot assure that our processes for controlling our use of open-source software in our platform will be effective. From time to time, we may be subject to claims asserting ownership of, or demanding release of, our source code, the open source software or derivative works that were developed using such software, or requiring us to provide attributions of any open source software incorporated into our distributed software, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a commercial license or require us to devote additional research and development resources to re-engineer our software or change our products or services, any of which would have a negative effect on our business and results of operations. Additionally, the terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts. There is a risk that open source software

licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market or provide our products.

We rely on licenses to use the intellectual property rights of third parties which are incorporated into our products and services. Failure to renew or expand existing licenses may require us to modify, limit or discontinue certain offerings, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on products, technologies and intellectual property that we license from third parties for use in our services. We cannot assure that these third-party licenses, or support for such licensed products and technologies, will continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In the event that we cannot renew or expand existing licenses, we may be required to discontinue or limit our use of the products that include or incorporate the licensed intellectual property.

We cannot be certain that our licensors are not infringing the intellectual property rights of others or that our suppliers and licensors have sufficient rights to the technology in all jurisdictions in which we may operate. Some of our license agreements may be terminated by our licensors for convenience. If we are unable to obtain or maintain rights to any of this technology because of intellectual property infringement claims brought by third parties against our suppliers and licensors or against us, or if we are unable to continue to obtain the technology or enter into new agreements on commercially reasonable terms, our ability to develop our services containing that technology could be severely limited and our business could be harmed. Additionally, if we are unable to obtain necessary technology from third parties, we may be forced to acquire or develop alternate technology, which may require significant time and effort and may be of lower quality or performance standards. This would limit and delay our ability to provide new or competitive offerings and increase our costs. If alternate technology cannot be obtained or developed, we may not be able to offer certain functionality as part of our offerings, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our software is highly complex and may contain undetected errors.

The software and code underlying our platform is highly interconnected and complex and may contain undetected bugs, errors, malicious code, vulnerabilities, or other defects, some of which may remain undetected or may only be discovered after the code has been released. We release or update our software code regularly and this practice may result in the more frequent introduction of errors or vulnerabilities into the software underlying our platform, which can impact the customer experience on our platform. Additionally, due to the interconnected nature of the software underlying our platform, updates to certain parts of our code, including changes to our mobile application or website or third-party application programming interfaces on which our mobile application or website rely, could have an unintended impact on other sections of our code, which may result in errors or vulnerabilities to our platform. Any errors or vulnerabilities discovered in our code after release could impact the security of our systems or result in the inadvertent disclosure of sensitive or other regulated information, cause damage to our reputation, loss of our customers, loss of revenue or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our growth prospects and our business.

Furthermore, our development and testing processes may not detect errors and vulnerabilities in our technology offerings prior to their implementation. Any inefficiencies, errors, technical problems or vulnerabilities arising in our technology offerings after their release could reduce the quality of our products or interfere with our customers’ access to and use of our technology and offerings.

Our fraud detection processes and information security systems may not successfully detect all fraudulent activity by third parties aimed at our employees or customers, which could result in litigation or government action, and adversely affect our reputation and business results.

Third-party actors have attempted in the past, and may attempt in the future, to conduct fraudulent activity by engaging with our customers, particularly in our title insurance and escrow business. We make a large number of wire transfers in connection with loan and real estate closings and process certain personal data in connection with these transactions that may be considered sensitive. Our detection processes may not be able to detect and prevent fraudulent activity on our mobile applications, websites and internal systems. Similarly, the third parties we use to effectuate these transactions may fail to maintain adequate controls or systems to detect and prevent fraudulent activity. Fraudulent activity may result in litigation or government actions, for example, if individuals or regulators deem our fraud detection processes inadequate. Additionally, fraudulent activity may harm our reputation, causing customers and real estate partners to lose trust in us and decrease or terminate their usage of our products, or could result in financial loss, thereby harming our business and results of operations.

We use AI Technologies in our business, and the deployment, use and maintenance of these technologies involve technological, operational, and legal risks.

We use AI and AI Technologies in our business for the purpose of, among other things, computer vision-enabled image recognition and ‘smart scoping’ to inform renovation estimates and improve our pricing model, and continue to invest in this area. As with many technological innovations, there are significant risks involved in developing, maintaining and deploying

these technologies and there can be no assurance that our investments in such technologies will always enhance our services or be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability.

In particular, if the models underlying our AI Technologies are: incorrectly designed or implemented; trained or reliant on incomplete, inadequate, inaccurate, biased or otherwise poor quality data, or on data to which we do not have sufficient rights or in relation to which we and/or the providers of such data have not implemented sufficient legal compliance measures; used without sufficient oversight and governance to ensure their responsible use; and/or adversely impacted by unforeseen defects, technical challenges, cybersecurity threats or material performance issues, the performance of our services and business, as well as our reputation, could suffer or we could incur liability resulting from the violation of laws or contracts to which we are a party or civil claims.

The continuous development, maintenance and operation of our AI Technologies is expensive and complex, and may involve unforeseen difficulties including material performance problems, undetected defects or errors. For instance, the models underlying AI Technologies can experience decay (also known as “model drift”) in which its performance and accuracy decrease over time without further human intervention to correct such decay.

In addition to our proprietary AI Technologies, we use AI Technologies licensed from third parties. Our ability to continue to use such technologies at the scale we need may be dependent on access to specific third-party software and infrastructure. We cannot control the availability or pricing of such third-party AI Technologies, especially in a highly competitive environment, and we may be unable to negotiate favorable economic terms with the applicable providers. If any such third-party AI Technologies become unavailable, or if the providers of such models unfavorably change the terms on which their AI Technologies are offered or terminate their relationship with us, our solutions may become less appealing to our customers and our business will be harmed. Additionally, to the extent any third-party AI Technologies are used as a hosted service, any disruption, outage, or loss of information through such hosted services could disrupt our operations or solutions, damage our reputation, cause a loss of confidence in our solutions, or result in legal claims or proceedings, for which we may be unable to recover damages from the affected provider.

Further, if the AI Technologies we use generate code that is too similar to other proprietary code, or to software processes that are protected by patent, we could be subject to intellectual property infringement claims. We may also not be able to anticipate and detect security vulnerabilities in such AI generated software code.

Moreover, we are subject to a number of current sector-specific laws and regulations which will be implicated by our use of AI Technologies. It is also possible that the AI Technologies we use may have, or may be viewed as having, unintended biases or discriminatory outcomes, exposing us to risks that we have discriminated against persons belonging to a protected class. Any resulting investigation or litigation could have an adverse impact on our results of operations due to the associated costs and any related fines, and could also have an adverse impact on our customer relationships. See “We operate in a highly regulated industry and are subject to a wide range of federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws, rules and regulations or to obtain and maintain required licenses, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

Risks Related to Our Liquidity and Capital Resources

We utilize a significant amount of indebtedness in the operation of our business, and so our cash flows and operating results could be adversely affected by required payments of debt or related interest and other risks of our debt financing.

As of December 31, 2025, we had $93.3 million of total debt outstanding under our secured credit facilities, other debt and revolving credit facility. Our leverage has meaningful consequences for us, including increasing our vulnerability to economic downturns, limiting our ability to withstand competitive pressures, or reducing our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions. We are also subject to general risks associated with debt financing, including (1) our cash flow may not be sufficient to satisfy required payments of principal and interest; (2) we may not be able to refinance our existing indebtedness or refinancing terms may be less favorable to us than the terms of our existing debt; (3) debt service obligations could reduce funds available for capital investment and general corporate purposes; (4) any default on our indebtedness could result in acceleration of the indebtedness and foreclosure on the homes collateralizing that indebtedness, with our attendant loss of any prospective income and equity value from such property; and (5) aged real estate may be ineligible for financing on our debt facilities potentially forcing the sale of aged real estate for prices that do not allow us to meet our margin targets or cover our costs to repay those facilities. Any of these risks could place further strains on our cash flows, reduce our ability to grow and adversely affect our results of operations.

We rely on agreements with third parties to finance our business.

We have entered into debt agreements with a limited number of counterparties to provide capital for the growth and operation of our businesses, including to finance our purchase and renovation of homes. If we fail to maintain adequate relationships with potential financial sources, or if we are unable to renew, refinance or extend our existing debt arrangements on favorable terms or at all, we may be unable to maintain sufficient real estate inventory, which would adversely affect our business and results

of operations. In addition, some of our secured credit facilities are entirely uncommitted and other of our secured credit facilities are not fully committed, meaning the applicable lender may not be obligated to advance new loan funds if they choose not to do so. Obtaining new or replacement funding arrangements may not be possible or may be at higher interest rates or other less favorable terms.

Our financing sources are not required to extend the maturities of our financing arrangements, and if a financing source is unable or unwilling to extend financing, and other financing sources are unable or unwilling to make or increase their financing commitments, then we will be required to repay the outstanding balance of the financing on the related maturity date. If we are unable to pay the outstanding balance of our debt obligations at maturity, the financing sources generally have the right to foreclose on the homes and other collateral securing that debt and to charge higher “default rates” of interest until the outstanding obligations are paid in full. If we are unable to renew or extend the terms of our existing senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities, we may not be able to terminate or prepay the secured credit facilities without incurring significant financial costs. If realized, any of these financing risks could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.

We intend to rely on proceeds from the sale of financed homes to repay amounts owed under our property financing facilities, but such proceeds may not be available or may be insufficient to repay the amounts when they become due.

For our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities, we typically are required to repay amounts owed with respect to a financed home upon the sale of that home. There is no assurance such sale proceeds will fully cover the amounts owed. Our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities commonly have initial terms of 18 to 24 months or less. Additionally, the borrowing capacity under our senior secured and mezzanine secured credit facilities is generally available until the end of the applicable revolving period for each facility and outstanding amounts drawn under each facility are typically required to be repaid on the facility maturity date, which is generally three-to-six months after the end of the facility’s revolving period. It may be the case that not all homes securing these arrangements will be sold on or before the maturity dates of such financing arrangements, which would mean that sale proceeds would not be available to pay the amounts due at maturity. We may also be required to repay amounts owed with respect to a financed home prior to the sale of that home and prior to maturity of the related financing facility, typically due to the home having been held in our real estate inventory for an extended period of time or, less commonly, if other unforeseen issues with the home arise during our holding period. In these situations, we may use cash on hand to repay the amounts owed or contribute other homes as additional collateral. To the extent we do not have sufficient cash or substitute collateral or are unable to draw on other financing facilities to make the required repayments, which could occur if a significant amount of our debt were to become due suddenly and unexpectedly, we would be in default under the related facility.

Covenants in our debt agreements have restricted and may in the future restrict our borrowing capacity or operating activities and adversely affect our financial condition.

Certain of our existing debt agreements contain, and future debt agreements may contain, various affirmative, negative, financial and collateral performance covenants. Specifically, we need to maintain a certain tangible net worth and liquidity minimums, and leverage maximums under certain of these facilities. These covenants may limit our operational flexibility or restrict our ability to engage in transactions that we believe would otherwise be in the best interests of our shareholders. If we breach these covenants, in certain cases, we could be required to repay all of the relevant debt immediately, even in the absence of a payment default. At various points during 2025, we obtained temporary waivers for certain of these covenants, which resulted in the associated revolving/withdrawal periods for such facility expiring. If such waivers were required in the future, there can be no assurance that they would be provided. The occurrence of these events would have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations and such impact could be material.

The borrowers and certain other loan parties under the debt facilities we use to finance the purchase and renovation of homes are special purpose entity (“SPE”) subsidiaries of Offerpad. While our SPEs’ lenders’ recourse in most situations following an event of default is only to the applicable SPE or its assets, we have provided limited non-recourse carve out guarantees under our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities for certain of the SPEs’ obligations in situations involving “bad acts” by an Offerpad entity and certain other limited circumstances that are generally under our control. To the extent a guaranty obligation is triggered, we may become obligated to pay all or a portion of the amounts owed by our SPEs and other subsidiaries to their respective lenders.

Our debt facilities contain cross defaults and similar provisions that could cause us to be in default under multiple debt facilities or otherwise lose access to financing for new homes and excess proceeds from sales of homes in the event we default under a single facility.

If an event of default or similar event occurs under one of our senior or mezzanine secured credit facilities, this may trigger an event of default under another senior or mezzanine secured credit facility or result in us losing access to financing through our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities or to excess proceeds from sales of homes that would otherwise be available to us. In addition, our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities currently contain cross defaults to certain other indebtedness. The foregoing considerations significantly increase the likelihood that a default or similar event under one or more of our debt facilities would result in adverse consequences for our other debt facilities.

Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our results of operations.

Borrowings under our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities accrue interest at variable rates and expose us to interest rate risk. As interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness increase and our earnings and cash flows correspondingly decrease. Increased interest costs have also reduced the amount of debt financing that our real estate inventory can support. Assuming no change in the outstanding borrowings on our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities, and other senior secured debt, we estimate that a one percentage point increase in the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) would have increased our annual interest expense by $0.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2025.

In connection with our variable debt, we may seek to obtain interest rate protection in the form of swap agreements, interest rate cap contracts or similar derivatives or instruments to hedge against the possible negative effects of interest rate increases. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain any such interest rate hedging arrangements on attractive terms or at all. Even if we are successful in obtaining interest rate hedges, we cannot assure you that any hedging will adequately relieve the adverse effects of interest rate increases or that counterparties under these agreements will honor their obligations thereunder.

We could be subject to additional tax liabilities and our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes have been impacted by an ownership change and may in the future be limited in connection with other ownership changes.

We are subject to federal and state income and non-income taxes in the United States. Tax laws, regulations, and administrative practices in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating these taxes. Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as entry into new businesses and geographies, changes to our existing business and operations, acquisitions and investments and how they are financed, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, and changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles and interpretations (such as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act signed into law during July 2025 and the United States Inflation Reduction Act of 2022). We are required to take positions regarding the interpretation of complex statutory and regulatory tax rules and on valuation matters that are subject to uncertainty, and IRS or other tax authorities may challenge the positions that we take.

With the exception of the year ended December 31, 2021, during which we generated net income, we have incurred losses each year from inception, may not be profitable in the near future, and may never achieve long-term profitability. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire, if at all. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $905.2 million. Under the Tax Act, as modified by the CARES Act, U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards generated in taxable periods beginning after December 31, 2017, may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such net operating loss carryforwards in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020, is limited to 80% of taxable income.

In addition, our net operating loss carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the IRS, and state tax authorities, and may be limited as a result of previous or future changes in our ownership. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-ownership change net operating losses to offset future taxable income. An “ownership change” pursuant to Section 382 of the Code generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of a company’s stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. We experienced an “ownership change” on January 13, 2026 as a result of a registered direct offering of 10,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock in January 2026 for gross proceeds of $18.0 million, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Overview—Capital Raising Activities—January 2026 Registered Direct Offering” for additional information. Consequently, our NOLs generated through January 13, 2026 are subject to annual limitations. As a result of this ownership change, if we earn taxable income in the future, such annual limitations could result in increased future tax liability to us and our future cash flows could be adversely affected. Our existing net operating losses may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes,

and if there is a future change in our stock ownership (which may be outside of our control) that results in an ownership change, our ability to utilize net operating losses could be further limited by Section 382 of the Code.

We may need additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, and we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available.

We will require additional capital and debt financing to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, including to increase our marketing expenditures to improve our brand awareness, build and maintain our real estate inventory, develop new products or services or further improve existing products and services, enhance our operating infrastructure and acquire complementary businesses and technologies. During economic and housing downturns, including the recent downturn, credit markets have constricted and reduced sources of liquidity.

In the past and potentially again in the future, cash on hand and cash generated from operations was not sufficient to meet our cash and liquidity needs, and we needed, and may need again in the future, to seek additional capital and engage in equity financings (including through our Open Market Sale AgreementSM) or debt financings to secure funds. However, additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. In addition, any financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities.

Our ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, on our product development efforts, business plans, operating performance and condition of the capital markets and housing markets at the time we seek financing. Volatility in the credit markets may also have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain debt financing. We have in the past and may continue in the future to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock, or may require us to agree to unfavorable terms, and our existing stockholders may experience significant dilution.

If new financing sources are required, but are insufficient or unavailable, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected.

We may use derivatives and other instruments to reduce our exposure to interest fluctuations and those derivatives and other instruments may not prove to be effective.

We may use derivatives or other instruments to reduce our exposure to adverse changes in interest rates. Hedging interest rate risk is a complex process, requiring sophisticated models and constant monitoring. Due to interest rate fluctuations, hedged assets and liabilities will appreciate or depreciate in market value. The effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation will generally be offset by income or loss on the derivative instruments that are linked to the hedged assets and liabilities. If we engage in derivative transactions, we will be exposed to credit and market risk. If the counterparty fails to perform, credit risk exists to the extent of the fair value gain in the derivative. Market risk exists to the extent that interest rates change in ways that are significantly different from what we expected when we entered into the derivative transaction. Our hedging activity, if any, may fail to provide adequate coverage for interest rate exposure due to market volatility, hedging instruments that do not directly correlate with the interest rate risk exposure being hedged or counterparty defaults on obligations.

Failures at financial institutions at which we deposit funds could adversely affect us.

We deposit substantial funds in various financial institutions in excess of insured deposit limits. In the event that one or more of these financial institutions fail, there is no guarantee that we could recover the deposited funds in excess of federal deposit insurance. Under these circumstances, our losses could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Capital Structure and Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock

Future resales of common stock may cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Certain of our equityholders were in the past subject to lock-up restrictions that have expired. As a result, such equityholders are not restricted from selling shares of our Class A common stock held by them, other than by applicable securities laws. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our securities. As restrictions on resale end, the sale or possibility of sale of these shares could have the effect of increasing the volatility in the market price of our Class A common stock, and the market price of our Class A common stock could decline if the holders of currently restricted shares or other stockholders sell their shares or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them.

The provisions of our certificate of incorporation requiring exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.

Our fourth restated certificate of incorporation (the “certificate of incorporation”) provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that the Chancery Court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) and any appellate court thereof will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers, stockholders or employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action, suit or proceeding arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”) or our bylaws or certificate of incorporation (as each may be amended from time to time), (iv) any action, suit or proceeding as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (v) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim against us or any current or former director, officer or stockholder governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, our certificate of incorporation provides that the foregoing exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any cause of action arising under the Securities Act, any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such Securities Act claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

These provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that, in connection with any applicable action brought against us, a court could find the choice of forum provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action.

Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, which limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and the DGCL contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Class A common stock, and therefore depress the trading price. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the incumbent members of our board of directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Certain of these provisions became effective during the year ended December 31, 2025, following the Sunset Date (as defined in our certificate of incorporation). Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that:

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.

Our failure to meet the NYSE’s continued listing standards could result in the suspension and delisting of our Class A common stock.

On April 10, 2025, we received written notice (the “NYSE Notification”) from the NYSE that we are not in compliance with Section 802.01B of the NYSE Listed Company Manual because our average global market capitalization over a consecutive 30 trading-day period and, at the same time, our last reported stockholders’ equity were each less than $50 million. The NYSE Notification has no immediate impact on the listing of our Class A common stock.

On April 18, 2025, we notified the NYSE that we intend to submit a plan to cure the deficiency and to return to compliance with the NYSE continued listing standards. On May 27, 2025, we submitted to the NYSE a business plan advising the definitive action(s) we are taking or plan to take that would bring us into compliance with the NYSE continued listing standards within 18 months of receipt of the NYSE Notification (the “Cure Period”).

On July 16, 2025, the NYSE accepted the business plan and, as a result, we will be subject to quarterly monitoring for compliance with the business plan. Our Class A common stock will continue to be listed and traded on the NYSE during the Cure Period, subject to our compliance with the other continued listing standards of the NYSE and continued periodic review by the NYSE of our progress with respect to the business plan.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with these or any other NYSE listing requirements during or after the 12-month follow-up period. Delisting from the NYSE could make trading our Class A common stock more difficult for investors, potentially leading to declines in our share price and liquidity. In addition, without a NYSE market listing, stockholders may have a difficult time getting a quote for the sale or purchase of our Class A common stock, the sale or purchase of our common stock would likely be made more difficult and the trading volume and liquidity of our Class A common stock could decline. Delisting from the NYSE could also result in negative publicity and could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital. The absence of such a listing may adversely affect the acceptance of our Class A common stock for consideration or the value accorded by other parties. If our Class A common stock is delisted by the NYSE, our Class A common stock may be eligible to trade on an over-the-counter quotation system, such as the OTCQB market, where an investor may find it more difficult to sell our Class A common stock or obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of our Class A common stock. We cannot assure you that our Class A common stock, if delisted from the NYSE, would be eligible to be listed on another national securities exchange or quoted on an over-the counter quotation system.

General Risks Related to Offerpad

Some of our potential losses may not be covered by insurance. We may not be able to obtain or maintain adequate insurance coverage.

We maintain insurance to cover costs and losses from certain risk exposures in the ordinary course of our operations, but our insurance may not cover all of the costs and losses from all events. We are responsible for certain retentions and deductibles that vary by policy, and we may suffer losses that exceed our insurance coverage limits by a material amount. We may also incur costs or suffer losses arising from events against which we have no insurance coverage. In addition, large-scale market trends or the occurrence of adverse events in our business may raise our cost of procuring insurance or limit the amount or type of insurance we are able to secure. We may not be able to maintain our current coverage, or obtain new coverage in the future, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Incurring uninsured or underinsured costs or losses could harm our business.

Our management is required to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy of our financial reports.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we are required to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

When evaluating our internal control over financial reporting, we may identify material weaknesses that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the applicable deadline imposed upon us for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. If we identify any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is ineffective, we could fail to meet our reporting obligations or be required to restate our financial statements for prior periods.

In addition, our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and fraud. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If there are material weaknesses or failures in our ability to meet any of the requirements related to the maintenance and reporting of our internal control, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and that could cause the price of our Class A common stock to decline. In addition, we could become subject to investigations by the applicable stock exchange, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional management attention and which could adversely affect our business.

We may acquire other businesses which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our operating results.

As part of our business strategy, we may make investments in or acquire other companies, products or technologies. We may not realize benefits from any acquisition that we may make in the future. If we fail to integrate successfully such acquisitions, or the businesses and technologies associated with such acquisitions, into our company, the revenue and operating results of the combined company could be adversely affected. Any integration process will require significant time and resources, and we may not be able to manage the process successfully. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired business or technology and accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges. We may have to pay cash, incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition, each of which could affect our financial condition or the value of our capital stock. The sale of equity or issuance to finance any such acquisitions could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness in connection with an acquisition would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that may impede our ability to manage our operations.

We are and will continue to be dependent on key personnel, and our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel could harm our business.

Our success depends upon the continued service of our senior management team and successful transitions when management team members pursue other opportunities. In addition, our business depends on our ability to continue to attract, motivate and retain a large number of skilled employees across all of our product and service lines. Furthermore, much of our key technology and processes are custom-made for our business by our personnel. The loss of key personnel, including key members of management, as well as our engineering, product development, home operations, marketing, sales and support, finance and legal personnel could materially and adversely affect our ability to build on the efforts they have undertaken and to execute our business plan, and we may not be able to find adequate replacements. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees or retaining and motivating existing employees in a cost-effective manner, our business could be harmed.

We have in the past issued and may in the future issue additional shares of common stock or other equity securities without your approval, which would dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of your shares.

We have in the past and may in the future issue additional shares of common stock (including through our Open Market Sale AgreementSM) or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in connection with, among other things, future acquisitions, repayment of outstanding indebtedness or under our incentive plan or employee stock purchase plan, without stockholder approval, in a number of circumstances.

Our issuance of additional shares of common stock or other equity securities of equal or senior rank has in the past and could in the future have the following effects:

A market for our securities may not continue, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our securities.

An active trading market for our securities may not be sustained. In addition, the price of our securities can vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, our general business condition and the release of our financial reports.

In the absence of a liquid public trading market:

Additionally, if our securities become delisted from the NYSE for any reason, and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if our securities were quoted or listed on the NYSE or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

The market price of our securities may be volatile.

The trading price of our securities has in the past and may in the future fluctuate substantially, and may be lower than the price at which you purchase such securities. This is especially true for companies like ours with a small public float. The trading price of our Class A common stock will depend on many factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Factors affecting the trading price of our securities may include:

Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our securities irrespective of our operating performance. The stock market in general and the NYSE have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. The trading prices and valuations of these stocks, and of our securities, may not be predictable. A loss of investor confidence in the market for the stocks of other companies which investors perceive to be similar to us could depress our stock price regardless of our business, prospects, financial conditions or results of operations. A decline in the market price of our securities also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future, and has in the past and could in the future cause us to fall out of compliance with NYSE listing rules.

In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market prices of particular companies’ securities, securities class action litigations have often been instituted against these companies. Litigation of this type, if

instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources. Any adverse determination in any such litigation or any amounts paid to settle any such actual or threatened litigation could require that we make significant payments.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly and could fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors due to a variety of factors, some of which are beyond our control, resulting in a decline in our stock price.

The increasing focus on, and differing points of view regarding, sustainability and social initiatives could result in litigation, increase our costs, harm our reputation and adversely impact our financial results.

There has been increasing focus by investors, customers, activists, the media, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, and other stakeholders on a variety of environmental, social and other sustainability matters, including diversity and inclusion matters. We may experience pressure to make commitments or provide additional reporting relating to sustainability matters that affect us, including the design, implementation, and reporting of specific risk mitigation strategic initiatives, at the same time that we may receive pressure to reverse or decline to make commitments relating to those or other sustainability matters. If we are not effective in meeting the varied environmental, social and other sustainability expectations of regulators, investors or other stakeholders, or in addressing sustainability matters that affect our business, or setting and meeting relevant sustainability goals, our reputation and financial results may suffer. We may experience increased costs in order to execute our sustainability goals and measure achievement of those goals, which could have an adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

There has also been an increase in litigation alleging that corporate diversity, equity and inclusion programs may discriminate against certain groups. Relatedly, both advocates and opponents to certain environmental and social matters are increasingly resorting to a range of activism forms, including media campaigns, shareholder proposals, and litigation, to advance their perspectives. To the extent we are subject to such litigation, activism or pressure, we may be required to incur costs or our business or reputation may otherwise be adversely impacted.

In addition, emphasis on environmental, social and other sustainability matters has resulted and may result in the adoption of new and varied laws and regulations, including new reporting requirements. Accordingly, we may experience increased costs related to compliance, and scrutiny of additional reporting. If we fail or are perceived to fail to comply with new laws, regulations or reporting requirements, our reputation and business could be adversely impacted.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

We lease our corporate headquarters in Tempe, Arizona, along with field office facilities in certain metropolitan markets in which we operate in the United States.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may become involved in actions, claims, suits and other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including, without limitation, assertions by third parties relating to intellectual property infringement, breaches of contract or warranties or employment-related matters. We are not currently a party to any actions, claims, suits or other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. If one or more legal matters were resolved against us in a reporting period for amounts above management’s expectations, our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows for that reporting period could be adversely impacted, perhaps materially.

Refer to Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding pending litigation that falls outside the scope of ordinary and routine litigation incidental to our business.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information for Common Stock

Our Class A common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “OPAD.”

Our public warrants are traded on the OTC Markets Group Pink Market under the symbol “OPADW.” Over-the-counter market quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

Holders of Record

As of February 17, 2026, there were 73 registered holders of our Class A common stock, and three registered holders of our public warrants. Because many of our shares of Class A common stock and public warrants are held by banks, brokers and other financial institutions on behalf of shareholders, there are a greater number of shareholders represented by these registered holders.

Dividends

Our Class A common stock is entitled to dividends if and when any dividend is declared by our Board, subject to the rights of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights to dividends. We have not paid any cash dividends on common stock to date. We may retain future earnings, if any, for the further development and expansion of our business and have no current plans to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board may deem relevant.

Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities

Except as previously disclosed in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 28, 2025, no unregistered sales of our equity securities were made during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Purchase of Equity Securities

We did not repurchase shares of our Class A common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2025.

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph illustrates the total return from September 1, 2021 through December 31, 2025, for (i) our Class A common stock, (ii) the Russell 2000 Index, and (iii) the NASDAQ Real Estate and Other Financial Services Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on September 1, 2021 in each of our Class A common stock, the Russell 2000 Index, and the NASDAQ Real Estate and Other Financial Services Index, and that any dividends were reinvested. The comparisons reflected in the graph are not intended to forecast the future performance of our stock and may not be indicative of our future performance.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis provides information that Offerpad’s (the “Company”) management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of Offerpad’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition. The discussion should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2025 items and the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. A discussion of the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 has been reported previously in the 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on February 25, 2025, under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Form 10-K. Offerpad’s actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Form 10-K.

Overview

Our Business

We are a real estate solutions company focused on giving homeowners more control, flexibility, and choice when buying and selling a home. We combine proprietary technology with local real estate expertise to simplify the home sale process and reduce friction across the transaction lifecycle, helping customers move forward with speed, transparency, and confidence. We provide cash offers, brokerage services, access to additional cash buyers through marketplace-enabled capabilities, and renovation services that support both internal transactions and third-party partners. Founded in 2015, we have transacted on homes representing approximately $12.2 billion of aggregate revenue through December 31, 2025.

We are headquartered in Tempe, Arizona and operate in over 1,800 cities and towns in 26 metropolitan markets across 17 states as of December 31, 2025.

Current Economic Conditions and Health of the U.S. Residential Real Estate Industry

Our business and operating results are impacted by the general economic conditions and the health of the U.S. residential real estate industry, particularly the single-family home resale market. Our business model primarily depends on a high volume of residential real estate transactions throughout the markets in which we operate. This transaction volume affects substantially all of the ways that we generate revenue, including our ability to acquire new homes and generate associated fees, and our ability to sell homes that we own.

Housing affordability challenges and weakened consumer confidence persisted throughout the year ended December 31, 2025, negatively impacting consumer demand for residential real estate. The average thirty-year fixed mortgage rate was close to 6% at the end of 2025, and while mortgage rates generally trended downward during the year to a level not seen since late 2024, mortgage interest rates remain high, and we expect the elevated mortgage interest rate environment will continue to contribute to the ongoing housing affordability pressures. Additionally, the ongoing concerns associated with the macroeconomic and geopolitical environments, which have been heightened by the trade-related tensions resulting from widespread tariffs implemented and proposed by the U.S. and other governments, have also had an adverse impact on the residential real estate market conditions in recent periods. The cumulative impact of these conditions continues to cause uncertainty in the market and challenge consumer confidence, resulting in lower than normal real estate transaction volumes.

Our operating results during 2025 reflect these prevailing market conditions that have been challenging the residential real estate market for an extended period of time. As a result of these market dynamics, we maintained our focus on selling through our aged real estate inventory during 2025, which had a negative impact on our average real estate inventory holding period and gross profit margin during the year. This activity, combined with our ongoing intentional reduction in home acquisition pace as part of our effort to balance our real estate inventory levels to potentially optimize our return in the future, has resulted in a fewer number of homes in real estate inventory, which is also reflected in our operating results. Although our operating results were unfavorably impacted by these conditions and related strategies during 2025, our focus on cost reduction and operational efficiencies throughout the business continues to be reflected in our lower cost structure, as we achieved year-over-year improvement in our net loss for the third consecutive year.

Given the current market conditions, we remain focused on growing our other real estate service solution offerings, and within our Cash Offer solution, proactively optimizing our capital allocation across our highest performing and most efficient markets and using pricing adjustments and other incentives in an effort to drive consumer demand. These pricing adjustments have had a negative impact on our operating results over the past few years. Further, there continues to be an increased level of uncertainty regarding the near-term macroeconomic conditions, including the direction of mortgage interest rates. While the Federal Reserve Board lowered its benchmark interest rate on multiple occasions during 2025, and may lower rates further in

future periods, it remains difficult to predict the near-term direction of consumer demand for residential real estate due to the many different factors that impact such demand. We anticipate that ongoing economic uncertainties and affordability pressures will continue to impact consumer demand for residential real estate during the first quarter of 2026. As a result of these market dynamics, we may be required to use similar pricing adjustments and incentives in the future, along with continuing to reduce our real estate inventory acquisition pace compared to our historical levels.

Capital Raising Activities

During 2025 and in January 2026, we executed the following transactions to strengthen our balance sheet and support key growth initiatives:

The 2025 Warrants contain standard adjustments to the exercise price, including for stock splits, stock dividends, rights offerings and pro rata distributions. The 2025 Warrants also include certain rights upon the occurrence of a “fundamental transaction” (as described in the 2025 Warrants), along with cashless exercise rights to the extent there is not an effective registration statement registering the resale of the shares of Class A common stock underlying the 2025 Warrants.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we sold 6,574,495 shares of our Class A common stock under the Sale Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of $30.3 million, before commissions and other offering costs of $1.3 million. As of December 31, 2025, we had $69.7 million of remaining availability under the Sale Agreement.

New York Stock Exchange Listing Notice

On April 10, 2025, we received written notice (the “NYSE Notification”) from the NYSE that we were not in compliance with Section 802.01B of the NYSE Listed Company Manual because our average global market capitalization over a consecutive 30 trading-day period and, at the same time, our last reported stockholders’ equity were each less than $50 million. The NYSE Notification has no immediate impact on the listing of our Class A common stock.

On July 16, 2025, the NYSE accepted our business plan advising the definitive action(s) we are taking or plan to take that would bring us into compliance with the NYSE continued listing standards within 18 months of receipt of the NYSE Notification (the “Cure Period”).

As a result, we are subject to quarterly monitoring for compliance with the business plan. Our Class A common stock will continue to be listed and traded on the NYSE during the Cure Period, subject to our compliance with the other continued listing standards of the NYSE and continued periodic review by the NYSE of our progress with respect to the business plan.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

We believe our performance and future success depend on a variety of factors that present significant opportunities for our business but also present risks and challenges that could adversely impact our growth and profitability, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K.

Market Penetration in Existing Markets

The U.S. residential real estate market is substantial, with 4.4 million homes sold for a total transaction value of roughly $1.8 trillion during 2025, and is highly fragmented with a significant number of licensed real estate agents and real estate brokerages. In 2025, the total residential real estate transactions in our 26 active metropolitan markets covered roughly 22% of the 4.4 million homes sold during the year, and we estimate that we captured roughly 0.2% of such transactions. Given this high degree of fragmentation, we believe that giving homeowners more control, flexibility, and choice when buying and selling a home through our real estate service solutions could lead to continued market share growth and accelerated adoption of the digital model. We have demonstrated higher market share in certain markets over time, providing the backdrop to grow our overall market penetration as we focus on the expansion of our various real estate service solutions in existing markets. Additionally, we anticipate our market share will increase over time as we invest in additional brand marketing, strengthen our local partnerships and continue improving customer awareness of our offerings.

Expansion into New Markets

Since our launch in 2015, we have expanded our real estate operations into 26 metropolitan markets as of December 31, 2025. We have been strategic in our approach to growing our market footprint and have focused on geographic diversification across high population growth cities with affordable median sales prices and increasing employment characteristics. Given this current coverage, we believe there is significant opportunity to both increase market penetration in our existing markets and to grow our business through new market expansion over the long-term. Also, because of our strategic approach in offering four complementary solutions that serve sellers and partners across multiple transaction paths, we believe a significant portion of the total addressable market is serviceable with our business model. As we expand our reach through our various service offerings, we expect to continue to serve customers in markets beyond our direct service area. Further, this strategic approach has historically enabled us to enter into new markets to offer certain of our service offerings, without offering all of our buying and selling services in such markets. In connection with this approach, we are currently offering renovation services in select markets in which we operate.

Although we have expanded into new markets over the past few years, we have decelerated our market expansion plans in more recent years given the uncertain economic outlook and challenging residential real estate market conditions. We intend to continue evaluating expansion plans on an ongoing basis in order to maintain our flexibility in assessing the overall timing of our expansion plan and appropriate market entry points in the future.

Renovate

Our renovation process has been a key component of our business model since our inception, built to improve home quality and resale outcomes. Over time, we have expanded this core capability into a data-driven platform that extends beyond owned homes into third-party renovation services. As we have developed and expanded our Renovate offering in recent years, our renovation volumes have increased and these services have become an increasingly larger component of our business and operating results, a trend we expect to continue in the future as we maintain our focus on driving additional volume from such services.

Through our Renovate services, we are able to leverage our existing logistics, operations, technology and skill-sets to provide renovation services to other businesses, allowing other companies and homeowners to utilize our renovations team to update their portfolio of homes for rent or to sell. When providing these third-party renovation services, we receive a renovation project fee, and are also typically compensated with a service fee that is based on a percentage of the overall renovation project fee.

Cash Offer Marketplace

Our Cash Offer Marketplace, which includes Direct+ partners, provides third-party buyers with an opportunity to purchase homes from homeowners. In this solution, qualified cash offers are routed through a marketplace of third-party buyers, preserving speed and certainty for sellers. These transactions occur in several forms, including assigning the original purchase contract to the end buyer and collecting a fee at closing. We expect our Cash Offer Marketplace will help more homeowners sell their home and has the potential to expand our ability to reach more customers, allowing us to increase transaction flexibility and scale transaction volume across market cycles, while also providing customers with the benefit of receiving an optimized offer for their home.

Brokerage Services

Our Brokerage Services solution provides sellers with different agent-led pathways to sell their home, including HomePro, which pairs experienced local agents with our platform, data and customer flow for guided, in-person solutions, and Agent Partnership Program, which provides an opportunity for third-party agents to present our cash offer as a potential solution for their customers. Our Brokerage Services are designed to enable customers to utilize our services in a way that best suits their home-selling situation and increase in-home seller engagement, while also serving as a valuable resource for real estate agents.

Ancillary products and services

Over the long term, we aim to deliver other additional products and services tied to the core real estate transaction in a smooth, efficient, digital-driven platform, focused on transparency and ease of use. Although further developing these products and services will require significant investment, growing our current offerings and offering additional ancillary products and services, potentially including energy efficiency solutions, smart home technology, insurance, and home warranty services, we believe will strengthen our unit economics and allow us to better optimize pricing. Generally, the revenue and margin profiles of our ancillary products and services are different from our Cash Offer service, which accounts for the substantial majority of our revenue, with most ancillary products and services having a smaller average revenue per transaction than our cash offering service, but a higher margin.

While we have offered a variety of ancillary products and services over time, our title and escrow services represent the most notable ancillary service that we currently provide. We have a national relationship with a leading title and escrow company, through which we are able to leverage our size and scale to provide exceptional title and escrow closing services with a favorable economic impact principally in our Cash Offer service.

Unit Economics

We view Contribution Margin and Contribution Margin after Interest (see “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures”) as key performance indicators for unit economic performance, which are currently primarily driven by our Cash Offer transactions. Future financial performance improvements are expected to be driven by expanding unit level margins through initiatives such as:

Operating Leverage

We utilize our technology and product teams to design systems and workflows to make our operations teams more efficient and able to support and scale with the business. Many positions are considered volume based, and as our business grows over the longer term, we plan to focus on developing more automation tools to gain additional leverage. Additionally, in periods when our business is growing, we expect to be able to gain operating leverage on portions of our cost structure that are more fixed in nature as opposed to purely variable. These types of costs include general and administrative expenses and certain marketing and information technology expenses, which generally grow at a slower pace than proportional to revenue growth.

Real Estate Inventory Financing

Our business model requires significant capital to purchase real estate inventory. Real estate inventory financing is a key enabler to our growth and we rely on our non-recourse asset-backed financing facilities, which primarily consist of senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities to finance our home purchases. Though we may from time to time reduce our available capacity under such credit facilities to align with our required usage, the loss of adequate access to these types of facilities, or the inability to maintain these types of facilities on favorable terms, would impair our performance. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financing Activities.”

Seasonality

The residential real estate market is seasonal and varies from market to market. Typically, the greatest number of transactions occur in the spring and summer, with fewer transactions occurring in the fall and winter. Our financial results, including revenue, margins, real estate inventory, and financing costs, have historically had seasonal characteristics generally consistent with the residential real estate market, a trend we expect to continue in the future, subject to the market conditions discussed above.

Risk Management

A significant portion of our business model is based upon acquiring homes at a price which will allow us to provide a competitive offer to the consumer, while being able to add value through the renovation process, and relisting the home so that it sells at a profit and in a relatively short period of time. Since our inception, we have invested significant resources into our underwriting and asset management systems, and expect to continue doing so in the future. Our real estate operations team, including our pricing team, together with our software engineering and data science teams are responsible for underwriting accuracy, portfolio health, and workflow optimization. Our underwriting tools are constantly updated to adjust to the latest market conditions, leveraging inputs from our internal data systems, as well as third-party and other proprietary data sources.

This process allows us to assess and adjust to changes in the local housing market conditions based on our technology, analysis and local real estate experience, in order to better manage and mitigate our risk exposure. Further, our listed homes are typically in market-ready and move-in ready condition following the repairs and renovations we conduct.

Historically, resale housing pricing has moved gradually through cycles; therefore, shorter real estate inventory holding periods limit pricing exposure and typically reduce holding costs. Due to the uncertainty in the residential real estate market and the broader challenging economic conditions during 2025, we continued our intentional reduction in home acquisition pace and focus on selling through our aged real estate inventory throughout the year. By doing so, our overall real estate inventory mix shifted during the year and generally included a lower composition of newly acquired homes. This resulted in our average holding period of homes sold during 2025 being higher than our historical norms, finishing at approximately 175 days during the fourth quarter of 2025.

Given our focus on effectively managing and mitigating our risk exposure, we intend to continue balancing our home acquisition pace and managing our real estate inventory levels in response to the prevailing residential real estate market conditions. Based on the current market conditions, combined with the impact of the normal seasonal increase that occurs in the fall and winter months, we anticipate our average real estate inventory holding period will remain higher than our historical norms during the first quarter of 2026.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to our results of operations below, we report certain financial measures that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). These measures have limitations as analytical tools when assessing our operating performance and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for GAAP measures, including gross profit and net income. We may calculate or present our non-GAAP financial measures differently than other companies who report measures with similar titles and, as a result, the non-GAAP financial measures we report may not be comparable with those of companies in our industry or in other industries.

Adjusted Gross Profit, Contribution Profit, and Contribution Profit After Interest (and related margins)

To provide investors with additional information regarding our margins, we have included Adjusted Gross Profit, Contribution Profit, and Contribution Profit After Interest (and related margins), which are non-GAAP financial measures. We believe that Adjusted Gross Profit, Contribution Profit, and Contribution Profit After Interest are useful financial measures for investors as they are used by management in evaluating unit level economics and operating performance across our markets. Each of these measures is intended to present the economics related to homes sold during a given period. We do so by including revenue generated from homes sold (and ancillary services) in the period and only the expenses that are directly attributable to such home sales, even if such expenses were recognized in prior periods, and excluding expenses related to homes that remain in real estate inventory as of the end of the period presented. Contribution Profit provides investors a measure to assess Offerpad’s ability to generate returns on homes sold during a reporting period after considering home acquisition costs, renovation and repair costs, and adjusting for holding costs and selling costs. Contribution Profit After Interest further impacts gross profit by including interest costs (including senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities and other senior secured debt) attributable to homes sold during a reporting period. We believe these measures facilitate meaningful period over period comparisons and illustrate our ability to generate returns on assets sold after considering the costs directly related to the assets sold in a presented period.

Adjusted Gross Profit, Contribution Profit and Contribution Profit After Interest (and related margins) are supplemental measures of our operating performance and have limitations as analytical tools. For example, these measures include costs that were recorded in prior periods under GAAP and exclude, in connection with homes held in real estate inventory at the end of the period, costs required to be recorded under GAAP in the same period.

Accordingly, these measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. We include a reconciliation of these measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, which is gross profit.

Adjusted Gross Profit / Margin

We calculate Adjusted Gross Profit as gross profit under GAAP adjusted for (1) net real estate inventory valuation adjustment plus (2) interest expense associated with homes sold in the presented period and recorded in cost of revenue. Net real estate inventory valuation adjustment is calculated by adding back the real estate inventory valuation adjustment charges recorded during the period on homes that remain in real estate inventory at period end and subtracting the real estate inventory valuation adjustment charges recorded in prior periods on homes sold in the current period. We define Adjusted Gross Margin as Adjusted Gross Profit as a percentage of revenue.

We view this metric as an important measure of business performance, as it captures gross margin performance isolated to homes sold in a given period and provides comparability across reporting periods. Adjusted Gross Profit helps management assess performance across the key phases of processing a home (acquisitions, renovations, and resale) for a specific resale cohort.

Contribution Profit / Margin

We calculate Contribution Profit as Adjusted Gross Profit, minus (1) direct selling costs incurred on homes sold during the presented period, minus (2) holding costs incurred in the current period on homes sold during the period recorded in sales, marketing, and operating, minus (3) holding costs incurred in prior periods on homes sold in the current period recorded in sales, marketing, and operating, plus (4) other income, net which is primarily composed of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents. The composition of our holding costs is described in the footnotes to the reconciliation table below. We define Contribution Margin as Contribution Profit as a percentage of revenue.

We view this metric as an important measure of business performance as it captures the unit level performance isolated to homes sold in a given period and provides comparability across reporting periods. Contribution Profit helps management assess inflows and outflow directly associated with a specific resale cohort.

Contribution Profit / Margin After Interest

We define Contribution Profit After Interest as Contribution Profit, minus (1) interest expense associated with homes sold in the presented period and recorded in cost of revenue, minus (2) interest expense associated with homes sold in the presented period, recorded in costs of sales, and previously excluded from Adjusted Gross Profit, and minus (3) interest expense under our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities and other senior secured debt incurred on homes sold during the period. This includes interest expense recorded in prior periods in which the sale occurred. Our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities and other senior secured debt are secured by our homes in real estate inventory and drawdowns are made on a per-home basis at the time of purchase and are required to be repaid at the time the homes are sold. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financing Activities.” We define Contribution Margin After Interest as Contribution Profit After Interest as a percentage of revenue.

We view this metric as an important measure of business performance. Contribution Profit After Interest helps management assess Contribution Margin performance, per above, when fully burdened with costs of financing.

The following table presents a reconciliation of our Adjusted Gross Profit, Contribution Profit (Loss) and Contribution Profit (Loss) After Interest to our Gross Profit, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for the periods indicated:

Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA

We also present Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA, which are non-GAAP financial measures, which our management team uses to assess our underlying financial performance. We believe these measures provide insight into period over period performance, adjusted for non-recurring or non-cash items.

We calculate Adjusted Net Income (Loss) as GAAP Net Income (Loss) adjusted for the change in fair value of warrant liabilities. We define Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Margin as Adjusted Net Income (Loss) as a percentage of revenue.

We calculate Adjusted EBITDA as Adjusted Net Income (Loss) adjusted for interest expense, amortization of capitalized interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation expense. We define Adjusted EBITDA Margin as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue.

Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA are supplemental to our operating performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP and have important limitations. For example, Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA exclude the impact of certain costs required to be recorded under GAAP and could differ substantially from similarly titled measures presented by other companies in our industry or companies in other industries. Accordingly, these measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP.

The following table presents a reconciliation of our Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA to our GAAP Net Income (Loss), which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for the periods indicated:

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue primarily from the sale of homes on the open market. Home sales revenue is recognized at the time of the transaction closing when title to and possession of the property are transferred to the buyer. The amount of revenue recognized for each home sale is equal to the sale price of the home net of resale concessions and credits to the buyer.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue primarily consists of the initial home purchase costs, renovation costs, holding costs and interest incurred during the renovation period, prior to the listing date and real estate inventory valuation adjustments, if any. These costs are accumulated in real estate inventory up until the home is ready for resale, and then charged to cost of revenue under the specific identification method when the property is sold.

Operating Expenses

Sales, Marketing and Operating

Sales, marketing and operating expenses primarily consist of real estate agent commissions, advertising, and holding costs on homes incurred during the period that homes are listed for sale, which includes utilities, taxes, maintenance, and other costs. Sales, marketing and operating expense also includes headcount expenses in support of sales, marketing, and real estate inventory operations such as salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation. Sales, marketing and operating expenses are charged to operations as incurred.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of headcount expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation for our executive, finance, human resources, legal and administrative personnel. General and administrative expense also includes third-party professional service fees, insurance, and rent expense.

Technology and Development

Technology and development expenses primarily consist of headcount expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense for employees and contractors engaged in the design, development, and testing of website applications, mobile applications, and software development. Technology and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities

Change in fair value of warrant liabilities consists of the gains or losses recorded as a result of the re-measurement of the warrant liabilities to fair value at each reporting period.

Interest Expense

Interest expense primarily consists of interest on borrowings, including amortization of debt issuance costs related to our senior secured credit facilities, mezzanine secured credit facilities, and other debt. Borrowings under the senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities, and other debt accrue interest at a rate based on a Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) reference rate plus a margin. Interest expense also includes interest on the revolving credit facility, which accrues at a fixed rate, and amortization of the associated debt issuance costs.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net primarily consists of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents and gains or losses from the disposal of property and equipment.

Income Tax Expense

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in our consolidated financial statements. Under this method, we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period when the new rate is enacted.

We assess the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended December 31, 2025. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as our projections for future growth. On the basis of this evaluation, we recorded a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable could be adjusted if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as our projections for growth. If we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce our provision for income taxes.

As a result of our registered direct offering in January 2026, we experienced a cumulative ownership change as of January 13, 2026. Refer to Note 13. Income Taxes in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further details. Consequently, our NOLs generated through January 13, 2026 are subject to annual limitations. As a result of this ownership change, if we earn taxable income in the future, such annual limitations could result in increased future tax liability to us and our future cash flows could be adversely affected.

Results of Operations

The following details our consolidated results of operations and includes a discussion of our operating results and significant items explaining the material changes in our operating results during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to year ended December 31, 2024:

* Not meaningful

Revenue

Our consolidated revenue decreased by $351.0 million, or 38.2%, to $567.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cash Offer revenue decreased by $359.9 million, or 40.2%, to $534.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower sales volumes. We sold 1,591 homes during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 2,707 homes during the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a decrease of 41.2%. This decrease in homes sold was primarily due to our ongoing intentional reduction in home acquisition pace during the year ended December 31, 2025 in response to the challenging residential real estate market conditions, resulting in a fewer number of homes in real estate inventory. This intentional reduction has allowed us to balance our real estate inventory levels to potentially optimize our returns in the future as housing affordability challenges and weakened consumer confidence have persisted for an extended period of time, negatively impacting consumer demand for residential real estate.

This decrease in homes sold was partially offset by a slight increase in the average resale home price from $335,000 in the year ended December 31, 2024 to $343,000 in the year ended December 31, 2025. The increase was primarily due to a shift in the mix of homes sold in the respective periods, with a greater percentage of homes sold in geographic markets that tend to share relatively higher median price points during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Renovate revenue increased by $9.0 million, or 49.5%, to $27.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily attributable to higher renovation volumes. We completed 1,471

renovation projects during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 1,096 renovation projects during the year ended December 31, 2024, representing an increase of 34.2%. The increase in revenue was also due to an increase in the average renovation transaction value from $16,500 per home during the year ended December 31, 2024 to $18,400 per home during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Other revenue includes revenue generated by our Cash Offer Marketplace and Brokerage Services solutions and was essentially flat for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cost of Revenue

Our consolidated cost of revenue decreased by $320.9 million, or 37.9%, to $525.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cash Offer cost of revenue decreased by $327.1 million, or 39.4%, to $503.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily attributable to lower sales volumes and a lower home acquisition price, which was partially offset by an increase in the real estate inventory valuation adjustment from $4.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 to $5.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Renovate cost of revenue increased by $7.4 million, or 52.0%, to $21.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily attributable to higher renovation volumes and a higher average renovation transaction cost per home from $13,000 per home during the year ended December 31, 2024 to $14,700 per home during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Other cost of revenue decreased by $1.2 million or 65.5%. This decrease was primarily driven by lower volumes associated with our historical listing service offering as we transitioned our focus to our partner network that generates higher margins profiles.

Gross Profit

Our consolidated gross profit margin was 7.4% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 7.9% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cash Offer gross profit margin was 5.9% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 7.2% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in gross profit margin was primarily due to a higher average real estate inventory holding period, our increased use of pricing adjustments and other incentives in recent periods as we maintained our focus on selling our aged real estate inventory, and an increase in the real estate inventory valuation adjustment.

Renovate gross profit margin was 20.3% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 21.6% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The slight decrease in gross profit margin was primarily due to a shift in the mix of our renovation projects.

Other gross profit margin was 89.5% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 69.8% for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase in gross profit margin was primarily due to a shift in the product mix of the solution offerings included in Other. Our Cash Offer Marketplace offering, which includes Direct+ partners, generally has one of the higher margin profiles of the offerings included within Other, and represented a larger component of Other gross profit during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Sales, Marketing and Operating

Sales, marketing and operating expense decreased by $27.3 million, or 37.3%, to $45.8 million, for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in expense was primarily attributable to a lower average employee headcount, a decrease in variable costs associated with the decrease in homes sold, and a $4.9 million decrease in advertising expense as we repositioned and optimized our marketing efforts in response to the ongoing challenging residential real estate market conditions.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expense decreased by $14.4 million, or 35.5%, to $26.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in expense was primarily attributable to decreased average employee headcount, a decrease in lender fees in connection with reduced borrowings on our credit facilities, lower insurance costs and decreased fees associated with legal and other professional obligations.

Technology and Development

Technology and development expense decreased by $1.1 million, or 24.7%, to $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in expense was primarily attributable to decreased average employee headcount and lower third-party consulting fees.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities

Change in fair value of warrant liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 represents a loss of $0.1 million and a gain of $0.2 million, respectively, as a result of the fair value adjustment of our warrant liabilities.

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreased by $5.3 million, or 28.3%, to $13.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in expense was primarily attributable to an $83.0 million decrease in the average outstanding balance of our secured credit facilities and other debt, from $248.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 to $165.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2025. This decrease in expense was also due to a 0.7% decrease in the weighted average variable interest rates associated with our secured credit facilities and other debt. These decreases were partially offset by interest expense associated with our revolving credit facility which was entered into during July 2025.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, principally represents interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents, along with losses from the disposal of property and equipment.

Income Tax Expense

We recorded income tax expense of $0.4 million and less than $0.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and our effective tax rate was an expense of (1.0)% and (0.1)% for the respective periods. Our effective tax rate for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the valuation allowance recorded on our deferred tax assets and state taxes. We record a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets, such that our income tax expense reflects only state taxes which are revenue or commerce based.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Cash and cash equivalents balances consist of operating cash on deposit with financial institutions. Our principal sources of liquidity have historically consisted of cash generated from our operations and financing activities.

With the exception of the year ended December 31, 2021, during which we generated net income, we have incurred losses each year from inception, and may incur additional losses in the future. Since our launch in 2015, we have invested in the development and expansion of our operations. These investments include improvements in infrastructure and a continual improvement to our software and technology platform. We have also invested in sales and marketing as we have increased our market penetration in existing markets, and grown our business through new market expansion and the increased offering of other real estate service solutions.

While we remain focused on strategically strengthening our presence within existing markets through our other real estate service solutions, we expect our working capital requirements will continue to increase over the long term as we seek to expand our operations and implement our long-term strategic initiatives over time. In connection with these efforts and to strengthen our balance sheet, we executed the following transactions during 2025 and in January 2026:

We are using, and intend to continue using, the net cash proceeds from these transactions for general corporate purposes, including working capital and capital expenditures.

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $26.5 million. We believe this existing cash on hand, proceeds from the resale of homes, fees and commissions earned from our other real estate service solutions, and cash from future borrowings available under each of our existing credit facilities, or the entry into additional new debt financing arrangements or further issuances of equity securities, will be sufficient to meet our short-term working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next twelve months. However, our ability to fund our working capital and capital expenditure requirements depends on the residential real estate market conditions in the markets in which we operate and in the U.S. in general, and various other general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, geopolitical and other conditions that may be beyond our control. The uncertain economic outlook and challenging residential real estate market conditions have impacted, and may continue to impact, our business negatively. Based on these and other current market conditions, as described above, we may continue to seek additional financing. Volatility in the credit markets, rising interest rates and softened consumer demand for residential real estate may have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain additional debt financing, on favorable terms or at all. If we are not able to obtain necessary capital to meet our business objectives, we may need to further stall, moderate or decelerate our expansion activities, which may include various restructuring alternatives and options, including more significant cost reductions, product and operational changes focused on reductions in working capital requirements, including pausing or reducing real estate inventory acquisitions, and other actions to enhance the preservation of cash. If we are able to raise additional funds through further issuances of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our Class A common stock, or may require us to agree to unfavorable terms, and our existing stockholders may experience significant dilution.

Financing Activities

Our financing activities primarily include borrowings under our secured credit facilities and other debt, revolving credit facility and new issuances of equity. Historically, we have required access to external financing resources in order to fund growth, increase penetration in existing markets, expansion into new markets and other strategic initiatives, and we expect this to continue in the future over the long term. Our access to capital markets can be impacted by factors outside our control, including economic conditions.

Buying and selling high-valued assets, such as single-family residential homes, is very cash intensive and has a significant impact on our liquidity and capital resources. We use non-recourse secured credit facilities, consisting of both senior secured credit facilities and mezzanine secured credit facilities, to finance a significant portion of our real estate inventory and related home renovations. Our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities, however, are not fully committed, meaning the applicable lender may not be obligated to advance new loan funds if they choose not to do so. Our ability to obtain and maintain access to these or similar kinds of credit facilities is significant for us to operate the business.

Given the general economic conditions and health of the U.S. residential real estate industry in recent periods, we have increased our focus on growing our other real estate service solutions, which require lower levels of capital investment as compared to our Cash Offer solution. Additionally, we have reduced our home acquisition pace compared to our historical levels as part of our effort to balance our real estate inventory levels to potentially optimize our return, resulting in a fewer number of homes in real estate inventory. Given that we anticipate lower cash requirements as a result of these strategic changes, we lowered the borrowing capacities available under our secured credit facilities at various points during 2025, to better align with our anticipated financing requirements. The amount of our reduction in borrowing availability also represents debt capacity under our secured credit facilities that we had not historically utilized or relied upon in full. This reduction in the borrowing capacities has also decreased the fees associated with our credit facilities, a trend we expect to persist in the future as the composition of our product mix shifts and our Renovate solution and the solution offerings included in Other continue to increase.

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

The following summarizes certain details related to our senior secured credit facilities (in thousands, except interest rates):

As of December 31, 2025, we had multiple senior secured credit facilities, including two with a related party. Borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities accrue interest at a rate based on a SOFR reference rate, plus a margin which varies by facility. Each of our senior secured credit facilities also have interest rate floors. We may also pay fees on our senior secured credit facilities, including a commitment fee and fees on certain unused portions of the committed borrowing capacity under the respective credit agreements.

Borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities are collateralized by the real estate inventory financed by the senior secured credit facility. The lenders have legal recourse only to the assets securing the debt and do not have general recourse against us with limited exceptions. We have, however, provided limited non-recourse carve-out guarantees under our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities for certain of the SPEs’ obligations. Each senior secured credit facility contains eligibility requirements that govern whether a property can be financed. When we resell a home, the proceeds are used to reduce the corresponding outstanding balance under the related senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities.

Mezzanine Secured Credit Facilities

In addition to the senior secured credit facilities, we use mezzanine secured credit facilities which are structurally and contractually subordinated to the related senior secured credit facilities. The following summarizes certain details related to our mezzanine secured credit facilities (in thousands, except interest rates):

As of December 31, 2025, we had multiple mezzanine secured credit facilities, including two with a related party. Borrowings under the mezzanine secured credit facilities accrue interest at a rate based on a SOFR reference rate, plus a margin which varies by facility. Each of our mezzanine secured credit facilities also have interest rate floors. We may also pay fees on our mezzanine secured credit facilities, including a commitment fee and fees on certain unused portions of the committed borrowing capacity under the respective credit agreements.

Borrowings under our mezzanine secured credit facilities are collateralized by a second lien on the real estate inventory financed by the relevant credit facility. The lenders have legal recourse only to the assets securing the debt, and do not have general recourse against us with limited exceptions. When we resell a home, the proceeds are used to reduce the corresponding outstanding balance under the related senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities.

Covenants for Senior Secured Credit Facilities and Mezzanine Secured Credit Facilities

Our secured credit facilities include customary representations and warranties, covenants and events of default. Financed properties are subject to customary eligibility criteria and concentration limits. The terms of these facilities and related financing documents require the Company to comply with a number of customary financial and other covenants, such as maintaining certain levels of liquidity, tangible net worth or leverage (ratio of debt to tangible net worth).

As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants and no event of default had occurred. At various points during the year ended December 31, 2025, we obtained temporary waivers of certain covenants under certain of our related party credit facilities, which resulted in the associated revolving/withdrawal periods for such facilities expiring.

Senior Secured Debt - Other

We have a borrowing arrangement with a financial institution to support purchases of real estate inventory. Borrowings under this arrangement accrue interest at a rate based on a SOFR reference rate, plus a margin. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the weighted-average interest rate under our other senior secured debt was 8.92% and 9.24%, respectively.

Revolving Credit Facility

In July 2025, we entered into a three-year, $15.0 million revolving credit facility with a lender to support our continued growth and long-term strategic initiatives. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility accrue interest at 8.50% per annum and are secured by certain of our assets. As of December 31, 2025, we had $14.7 million in outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility, net of debt financing costs.

The revolving credit facility includes customary financial and other covenants, such as maintaining a minimum level of liquidity, and events of default. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants and no event of default had occurred.

Cash Flows

The following summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31:

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $66.8 million and $20.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash provided by operating activities primarily resulted from a $109.4 million decrease in real estate inventory due to our continued focus on selling through our aged real estate inventory and our ongoing intentional reduction in home acquisition pace. Net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2025 was also impacted by the $46.4 million net loss during the period, which included a $5.3 million non-cash real estate inventory valuation adjustment and $2.8 million of non-cash stock-based compensation expense.

Net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily resulted from a $57.9 million decrease in real estate inventory as a result of sales volumes increasing at a higher rate compared to home acquisitions. This was partially offset by a $62.2 million net loss during the period, which included $8.1 million of non-cash stock-based compensation expense and a $4.5 million non-cash real estate inventory valuation adjustment.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $1.1 million and $5.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net cash used in investing activities during each year principally represents purchases of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $111.2 million and $21.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net cash used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily consisted of $576.2 million of repayments of secured credit facilities and other debt, which was partially offset by $416.6 million of borrowings from secured credit facilities and other debt. This net decrease in secured credit facility and other debt funding of $159.6 million was related to the decrease in financed real estate inventory during the period, along with reduced borrowing levels as a result of certain secured credit facility lenders advancing new loan funds at a lower rate during the year ended December 31, 2025. This was partially offset by $30.3 million of gross proceeds from the Sale Agreement, $15.0 million of borrowings on

our revolving credit facility and $6.0 million of gross proceeds from our July 2025 Class A common stock and the 2025 Warrants offering.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in financing activities primarily consisted of $829.5 million of repayments of secured credit facilities and other debt, which was partially offset by $807.9 million of borrowings from secured credit facilities and other debt. This net decrease in credit facility and other debt funding of $21.6 million was directly related to the decrease in financed real estate inventory during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Material Cash Requirements and Other Obligations

Our material cash requirements include the following contractual obligations and other commitments.

Senior and Mezzanine Secured Credit Facilities and Other Senior Secured Debt

As of December 31, 2025, we had aggregate outstanding principal amounts on our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities of $58.6 million and $2.0 million, respectively, and $17.7 million on our other senior secured debt. Estimated interest payments, which have been calculated using the applicable variable interest rate in existence at December 31, 2025 over an assumed holding period of 175 days, total $2.2 million, $0.1 million, and $0.7 million under the respective facilities and other senior secured debt. Borrowings under these debt arrangements are required to be repaid as the related real estate inventory is sold, which is expected to be within twelve months from December 31, 2025.

Revolving Credit Facility

As of December 31, 2025, we had $14.7 million in outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility which has a three-year term expiring in July 2028. Based on the contractual interest rate under the revolving credit facility, and assuming no change in the outstanding borrowings, estimated interest payments are expected to total $3.3 million, of which $1.3 million is short-term.

Home Purchase Commitments

As of December 31, 2025, we were under contract to purchase 62 homes for an aggregate purchase price of $16.1 million, all of which are expected to close within twelve months.

Other Purchase Obligations

We have other purchase obligations which principally include commitments relating to insurance, information technology, administration services, and marketing. As of December 31, 2025, we had other purchase obligations of $3.6 million, with $3.1 million payable within twelve months.

Operating Leases

We have operating lease arrangements consisting of our corporate headquarters in Tempe, Arizona and field office facilities in certain metropolitan markets in which we operate in the United States. As of December 31, 2025, we had $19.8 million of total future lease payments, including imputed interest, associated with our operating lease arrangements, of which, $2.1 million is short-term.

Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. In doing so, we make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Although we believe our estimates, judgments and assumptions are reasonable, actual results may differ from our estimates under different assumptions, judgments or conditions given the inherent uncertainty involved with such matters, which would impact our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis.

Our significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are described in Note 1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Of our significant accounting policies, we believe the assumptions and judgments involved in the accounting estimates described below are the most critical as they involve a high level of uncertainty at the time the estimate is made, and changes in the estimates have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Real Estate Inventory

We review real estate inventory for valuation adjustments on a quarterly basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of real estate inventory may not be recoverable. We evaluate real estate inventory for indicators that net realizable value is lower than cost at the individual home level. When evidence exists that the

net realizable value of real estate inventory is lower than its cost, the difference is recognized as a real estate inventory valuation adjustment in cost of revenue and the related real estate inventory is adjusted to its net realizable value.

Our real estate inventory valuation adjustment calculations contain uncertainties because they require management to make assumptions and apply judgment in determining the net realizable value for each home. Key assumptions used in estimating the net realizable value for each home include the projected home sales price and expected selling costs. Estimates of home sales prices and selling costs are based on internal projections and consider multiple factors, including recent comparable home sale transactions in the specific area where the home is located, forecasts about the residential real estate market conditions in both the local market in which the home is located and in the U.S. in general, and the impact of national, regional or local economic conditions. These estimates are subjective and are affected by factors such as changes in economic conditions and changes in operating performance.

For individual homes or portfolios of homes under contract to sell as of the real estate inventory valuation assessment date, if the carrying value exceeds the contract price less expected selling costs, the carrying value of these homes are adjusted to net realizable value, which is determined using the contract price less expected selling costs. For all other homes, if the carrying value exceeds the expected sale price less expected selling costs, the carrying value of these homes are adjusted to net realizable value, which is determined using the expected sale price less expected selling costs.

We recorded real estate inventory valuation adjustments of $5.3 million and $4.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to economic and other market risks, which principally includes changes in interest rates.

Interest Rate Risk

We are subject to market risk associated with changing interest rates within our variable rate senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities, and other senior secured debt arrangements. Increases in interest rates generally increase the interest expense incurred on borrowings under such credit facilities and arrangements. From time to time, we may use derivative financial instruments as economic hedges to manage risks that are principally associated with interest rate fluctuations.

As of December 31, 2025, our exposure to changes in interest rates for these debt arrangements is principally associated with the SOFR. We had outstanding borrowings on our senior and mezzanine secured credit facilities of $58.6 million and $2.0 million, respectively, and $17.7 million on our other senior secured debt as of December 31, 2025. Borrowings under these debt arrangements accrue interest at a floating rate based on a SOFR reference rate plus a margin. Assuming no change in the outstanding borrowings under these debt arrangements, we estimate that a one percentage point increase in SOFR would have increased our annual interest expense by $0.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2025.

As of December 31, 2024, our exposure to changes in interest rates for our outstanding debt arrangements was principally associated with SOFR. Assuming no change in the outstanding borrowings under such debt arrangements as of December 31, 2024, we estimate that a one percentage point increase in SOFR would have increased our annual interest expense by $2.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Offerpad Solutions Inc.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Real Estate Inventory – Valuation – Refer to Notes 1 and 2 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

As described in Note 1 of the financial statements, the Company’s real estate inventory consists of acquired homes and is carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company reviews real estate inventory for valuation adjustments on a quarterly basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of real estate inventory may not be recoverable. If the net realizable value is lower than its cost, the difference is recognized as a valuation adjustment in cost of revenue and the related real estate inventory is adjusted to its net realizable value. For homes that are not under contract to sell as of the real estate inventory valuation assessment date, if the carrying value exceeds the expected sales price less expected selling costs, the carrying value of these homes are adjusted to net realizable value, which is determined using the expected sales price less expected selling costs.

We identified the expected sales price estimate used in the real estate inventory valuation adjustment analysis for homes that are not under contract to be a critical audit matter due to the subjectivity of management’s comparable home sale transactions used in estimating the expected sales price. The evaluation of real estate inventory recoverability for homes not under contract required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort to evaluate the reasonableness of the expected sales price estimate used in management’s valuation adjustment analysis.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to evaluating the expected sales price estimate included the following, among others:

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Tempe, Arizona

February 24, 2026

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.

OFFERPAD SOLUTIONS INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

OFFERPAD SOLUTIONS INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations