TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

These statements are intended as “forward-looking statements.” We caution that assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions and beliefs about future events may and often do vary from actual results and the differences can be material.

All statements in this document that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements as defined in Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, such matters as:

When used in this document, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “estimate,” “project,” “forecast,” “plan,” “potential,” “may,” “should” and “expect” reflect forward-looking statements. Such statements reflect our current views and assumptions and all forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations. The factors that could affect our future financial results are discussed more fully under “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors,” as well as elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F and in our other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We caution readers of this Annual Report not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements.

Part I

StealthGas Inc. is a Marshall Islands company that is referred to in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, together with its subsidiaries, as “StealthGas,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our.” This Annual Report should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto, which are included in Item 18 to this Annual Report.

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StealthGas incorporated Imperial Petroleum Inc. (“Imperial Petroleum”) under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands on May 14, 2021, to serve as the holding company of four subsidiaries, each owning one of the tanker vessels in the Company’s fleet, which the Company subsequently contributed to Imperial Petroleum in connection with the Tanker Spin-Off (as defined below). On December 3, 2021, the Company distributed all of Imperial Petroleum’s outstanding shares of common stock and 8.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, liquidation preference $25.00 per share, to its stockholders, which completed the separation of Imperial Petroleum from StealthGas (the “Tanker Spin-Off”).

We use the term cubic meters, or “cbm,” in describing the size of our liquefied petroleum gas (“LPG”) carriers. We use the term “small” to describe LPG carriers of between 3,000 and 8,000 cbm in capacity, the term “Handysize” to describe LPG carriers of between 15,000 and 25,000 cbm and the term “medium range gas carriers” or “MGC” to describe LPG carriers of between 30,000 and 45,000 cbm in capacity. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to currency amounts in this annual report are in U.S. dollars.

All data regarding our fleet and the terms of our charters is as of April 1, 2024, unless otherwise indicated. As of April 1, 2024, our operating fleet was composed of 33 LPG carriers (including JVs) with a total capacity of 389,420 cbm. Our fleet on the water of 33 LPG carriers includes four vessels in which we own a 50.1% equity interest pursuant to a joint venture agreement with an unaffiliated financial investor, and two vessels in which we own a 51% equity interest (one of which the charterer has exercised its option to purchase from us) pursuant to a joint venture agreement with an unaffiliated third party (we refer to these six vessels, collectively, as the “JV Vessels”). We do not consolidate the results of operations of these joint ventures and account for our equity interest in these joint ventures under the equity method of accounting. See “Item 4. Information on the Company-Business Overview-Our Fleet”.

Not Applicable.

Not Applicable.

A. RESERVED

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable

C. Reasons For the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Summary of Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock is subject to a number of risks, including risks related to our industry, business and corporate structure. The following summarizes some, but not all, of these risks. Please carefully consider all of the information discussed in “Item 3. Key Information-Risk Factors” in this annual report for a more thorough description of these and other risks.

Risks Related To Our Industry

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Risks Related To Our Business

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Risks Related to Taxation

Risks Related to an Investment in a Marshall Islands Corporation

Risks Related To Our Common Stock

Risks Related To Our Industry

The cyclical nature of the demand for LPG transportation may lead to significant changes in our chartering and vessel utilization, which may adversely affect our revenues, profitability and financial position.

Historically, the international LPG carrier market has been cyclical with attendant volatility in profitability, charter rates and vessel values. The degree of charter rate volatility among different types of gas carriers has varied widely. Because many factors influencing the supply of and demand for vessel capacity are unpredictable, the timing, direction and degree of changes in the international gas carrier market are also not predictable. Charter rates for small and medium range LPG carriers generally improved from the second half of 2017 through 2019, however, the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting disruptions to the international shipping industry and energy demand, including the decline in 2020 in the price of oil negatively affected small and medium range LPG carrier charter rates. After declining throughout 2020, charter rates stabilized and improved somewhat in 2021, 2022 and 2023. In addition, the conflict in Ukraine is disrupting energy production and trade patterns, including shipping in the Black Sea, the Red Sea and elsewhere, and its impact on energy prices and LPG carrier rates, which initially have increased particularly as European countries sought to secure supplies further afield, especially from the United States, is uncertain. If charter rates decline, our earnings may decrease, particularly with respect to our vessels deployed in the spot market, or those vessels whose charters will be subject to renewal during 2024, as they may not be extended or renewed on favorable terms when compared to the terms of the expiring charters. As of April 1, 2024, of our 33 operating LPG carriers, including six JV Vessels, 1 was deployed in the spot market while another 21 were scheduled to complete their existing time charters during 2024. Any of the foregoing factors could have an adverse effect on our revenues, profitability, liquidity, cash flow and financial position.

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Future growth in the demand for LPG carriers and charter rates, including for the vessel size segments comprising our fleet, will depend on economic growth in the world economy and demand for LPG product transportation that exceeds the capacity of the growing worldwide LPG carrier fleet’s ability to match it. We believe that the future growth in demand for LPG carriers and the charter rate levels for LPG carriers will depend primarily upon the supply and demand for LPG, particularly in the economies of China, Japan, India and Southeast Asia, as well as U.S. shale production, and upon seasonal and regional changes in demand and changes to the capacity of the world fleet. The capacity of the world shipping fleet appears likely to increase in the near term, although growth in the 3,000 to 8,000 cbm segment of small LPG carriers, the segment in which we have the largest operating presence, as well as the 15,000 to 25,000 cbm and 30,000 to 45,000 cbm segments of LPG carriers in which we also operate, are expected to be limited in the period 2024-2025, as the order book is relatively small, while scrapping activity is stable. Economic growth and demand for LPG may be limited in the near term, and possibly for an extended period, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The factors affecting the supply and demand for LPG carriers are outside of our control, and the nature, timing and degree of changes in industry conditions are unpredictable.

The factors that influence demand for our vessels include:

The factors that influence the supply of vessel capacity include:

A significant decline in demand for the seaborne transport of LPG or a significant increase in the supply of LPG carrier capacity without a corresponding growth in LPG carrier demand could cause a significant decline in prevailing charter rates, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and operating results and cash flow.

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Various economic and political factors, including increased trade protectionism and tariffs and health pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, could materially adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations, as well as our future prospects.

Our business and operating results have been, and will continue to be, affected by global and regional economic conditions. More specifically, some LPG products we carry are used in cyclical businesses, such as the manufacturing of plastics and in the chemical industry, and, accordingly, weakness and reduction in demand in those industries could adversely affect the LPG carrier industry. In particular, an adverse change in economic conditions affecting China, Japan, India or Southeast Asia generally could have a negative effect on the demand for LPG products, thereby adversely affecting our business, financial position and results of operations, as well as our future prospects. In recent years China and India have been among the world’s fastest growing economies in terms of gross domestic product, and any economic slowdown in the Asia Pacific region particularly in China or India may adversely affect LPG demand and our results of operations. Moreover, any deterioration in the economy of the United States or the European Union (“EU”), may further adversely affect economic growth in Asia. In addition, although to date economic conditions in Greece have not had an adverse effect on our managers’ operations, the slow recovery of, and any renewed deterioration in the Greek economy may result in the imposition of new regulations that may require us to incur new or additional compliance or other administrative costs and may require that we pay to the Greek government new taxes or other fees. Our business, financial position and results of operations, as well as our future prospects, could likely be materially and adversely affected by adverse economic conditions in any of these countries or regions.

The imposition by the U.S., China or other governments of protectionist trade measures, including tariffs and other trade restrictions, the exit of the United Kingdom from the EU, the continuing war in Syria, renewed terrorist attacks around the world and the refugee crisis could also adversely affect global economic conditions and the world LPG, oil and petroleum markets and in turn the demand for seaborne transportation of LPG. In addition, the conflict in Ukraine is disrupting energy production and this conflict, as well as Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, are disrupting trade patterns and the impact of these events on energy prices and LPG charter rates, which initially have increased, is uncertain.

World events, including terrorist attacks, international hostilities and potential disruption of shipping routes due to events outside of our control, including the conflict in Ukraine and ongoing Houthi attacks on vessels in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We conduct most of our operations outside of the U.S. and our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends, if any, in the future may be adversely affected by changing economic, political and government conditions in the countries and regions where our vessels are employed or registered. Moreover, we operate in a sector of the economy that is likely to be adversely impacted by the effects of political conflicts, including the current political instability in the Middle East, North Africa and other countries and geographic areas, terrorist or other attacks and war or international hostilities. Terrorist attacks and the continuing response of the U.S. and others to these attacks, as well as the threat of future terrorist attacks around the world, continues to cause uncertainty in the world’s financial markets and may affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Continuing conflicts and recent developments in the Middle East, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the escalation of conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the presence of U.S. or other armed forces in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan and various other regions, may lead to additional acts of terrorism and armed conflict around the world, which may contribute to further economic instability in the global financial markets. These uncertainties could also adversely affect our ability to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. In the past, political conflicts have also resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways and other efforts to disrupt international shipping, particularly in the Arabian Gulf region. These types of attacks have also affected vessels trading in regions such as the Black Sea, South China Sea and the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia. The Company is still taking ships through the Suez Canal, and there is a high risk that Houthis might attack our vessels. Although our vessels are insured, there is a risk that insurers may deny cover, or delay payment if an attack does take place, which attack could destroy our ships or partially damage them. The IMO’s extraordinary council session held on March 10, 2022 and on March 11, 2022, addressed the impacts on shipping and seafarers, as a result of the conflict in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

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The IMO called for the need to preserve the integrity of maritime supply chains and the safety and welfare of seafarers and any spillover effects of the military action on global shipping, logistics and supply chains, in particular the impacts on the delivery of commodities and food to developing nations and the impacts on energy supplies. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our operating results, revenues and costs.

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which commenced in February 2022, has disrupted supply chains and caused instability and significant volatility in the global economy. Much uncertainty remains regarding the global impact of the conflict in Ukraine, and it is possible that such instability, uncertainty and resulting volatility could significantly increase our costs and adversely affect our business, including our ability to secure charters and financing on attractive terms, and as a result, adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.

As a result of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Switzerland, the US, the EU, the UK and others have announced unprecedented levels of sanctions and other measures against Russia and certain Russian entities and nationals. Such sanctions against Russia may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows. For example, apart from the immediate commercial disruptions caused in the conflict zone, escalating tensions among the two countries and fears of potential shortages in the supply of Russian crude have caused the price of oil to trade at high levels. The ongoing conflict could result in the imposition of further economic sanctions against Russia, with uncertain impacts on the LPG carrier markets and the world economy. While we do not have any Ukrainian or Russian crew, our vessels currently do sail in the Black Sea and we otherwise conduct limited operations in Russia and Ukraine. It is possible that the conflict in Ukraine, including any increased shipping costs, disruptions of global shipping routes, any impact on the global supply chain and any impact on current or potential customers caused by the events in Russia and Ukraine, could adversely affect our operations or financial performance.

The conflict in Ukraine could disrupt our operations and negatively impact charter rates and costs.

The conflict in Ukraine, and the economic sanctions imposed by the EU, U.S. and other countries in response to Russian action, is disrupting energy production and trade patterns, including shipping in the Black Sea and elsewhere, and its impact on energy prices and LPG carrier rates, which initially have increased, is uncertain. Some of these sanctions and executive orders target the Russian oil sector, including a prohibition on the import of oil from Russia to the United States or the United Kingdom, and the European Union’s recent ban on Russian crude oil and petroleum products which took effect in December 2022 and February 2023, respectively, as well as a price cap on Russian oil of $60 per barrel. Prior to the war, Russia exported significant amounts of seaborne crude oil and refined petroleum products and natural gas to the EU, USA, South Korea and Japan, and now exports of these commodities form Russia to these companies are minimal.

If Russian crude oil and natural gas, of which LPG is a byproduct, are not available for export, due to the extension of economic sanctions, boycotts or otherwise, it could result in a reduction in the supply of LPG cargoes available for transportation. While initially LPG carrier rates have increased, these circumstances could negatively impact LPG charter rates over the longer term. In addition, high oil prices could reduce demand for LPG, including in the event of any slowdown in the global economy due such high oil prices or the impact of economic sanctions or geopolitical tensions and uncertainty. The conflict may also impact various costs of operating our business, such as bunker expenses, for which we are responsible when our vessels operate in the spot market, which have increased with oil prices, war risk insurance premiums and crewing services, as Russia and the Ukraine are significant sources of crews, which may be disrupted or be more expensive. The situation in Ukraine, and the global response, continues to evolve and its impact on energy supply and demand, energy prices and LPG operations and charter rates remains subject to considerable uncertainty, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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If the demand for LPG products and LPG shipping does not grow, or decreases, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our growth, which depends on growth in the supply and demand for LPG products and LPG shipping, was adversely affected by the sharp decrease in world trade and the global economy experienced in the latter part of 2008 and in 2009 and the decline in oil prices beginning in the third quarter of 2014, and again after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019 and throughout 2020. Although the global economy subsequently recovered to a degree and oil prices have increased substantially, oil prices and energy demand remain subject to considerable uncertainty, including due to the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East. World and regional demand for LPG products and LPG shipping can be adversely affected by a number of factors, such as:

Our operating results are subject to seasonal fluctuations, which could affect our operating results.

We operate our vessels in markets that have historically exhibited seasonal variations in demand and, as a result, in charter hire rates. This seasonality may result in quarter-to-quarter volatility in our operating results. The LPG carrier market is typically stronger in the fall and winter months in anticipation of increased consumption of propane and butane for heating during the winter months. In addition, unpredictable weather patterns in these months tend to disrupt vessel scheduling and supplies of certain commodities. As a result, our revenues may be stronger in fiscal quarters ended December 31 and March 31, and conversely, our revenues may be weaker during the fiscal quarters ended June 30 and September 30, to the extent we do not have contracted time charters in place. This seasonality could materially affect our quarterly operating results.

Our revenues, operations and future growth could be adversely affected by a decrease in supply of liquefied natural gas, or natural gas.

In recent years, there has been a strong supply of natural gas and an increase in the construction of plants and projects involving natural gas, of which LPG is a byproduct. Several of these projects, however, have experienced delays in their completion for various reasons and thus the expected increase in the supply of LPG from these projects may be delayed significantly. Any declines in the price of oil and natural gas could exacerbate these dynamics. If the supply of natural gas decreases, we may see a concurrent reduction in the production of LPG, resulting in lesser demand and lower charter rates for our vessels, which could ultimately have a material adverse impact on our revenues, operations and future growth.

An over-supply of ships may lead to a reduction in charter rates, vessel values and profitability.

The market supply of LPG carriers is affected by a number of factors, such as supply and demand for LPG, natural gas and other energy resources, supply and demand for seaborne transportation of such energy resources, and the current and expected purchase orders for new-buildings. If the capacity of new LPG carriers delivered exceeds the capacity of such vessel types being scrapped and converted to non-trading vessels, global fleet capacity will increase. If the supply of LPG carrier capacity, for the vessel class sizes comprising our fleet in particular, increases, and if the demand for the capacity of such vessel types decreases, or does not increase correspondingly, charter rates could materially decline.

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A reduction in charter rates and the value of our vessels may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

The market values of our vessels may fluctuate significantly. When the market values of our vessels are low, we may incur a loss on sale of a vessel or record an impairment charge, as we did in each of the last ten fiscal years, which may adversely affect our profitability.

The market values of our vessels are subject to potential significant fluctuations depending on a number of factors including:

In 2023, we recognized an impairment loss of $2.8 million relating to the sale of two LPG vessels that we classified as Held for Sale as of December 31, 2023 and to one vessel that we sold during the second quarter of 2023. In 2023, we also recorded a gain on sale of vessels of $7.6 million relating to the sale of seven of our LPG vessels. In 2022, we recognized an impairment loss of $3.2 million mainly relating to the sale of one LPG vessel and the two vessels that we classified as Held for Sale as of December 31, 2022. In 2021, we recognized an impairment loss of $44.6 million mainly relating to the Tanker Spin-Off and the sale of three LPG vessels as well as for one of our oldest remaining LPG vessels. If we sell vessels at a time when vessel prices have fallen, the sale may be for less than the vessel’s carrying value in our financial statements, resulting in a reduction in profitability. Furthermore, if vessel values experience significant declines, we may have to record an impairment loss in our financial statements, which would also result in a reduction in our profits. If the market value of our fleet declines, we may not be in compliance with certain provisions of our existing loan agreements and we may not be able to refinance our debt or obtain additional financing or, if reinstated, pay dividends. If we are unable to pledge additional collateral, our lenders could accelerate our debt and foreclose on our fleet. The loss of our vessels would mean we could not run our business.

Technological innovation could reduce our charter hire income and the value of our vessels.

The charter hire rates and the value and operational life of a vessel are determined by a number of factors including the vessel’s efficiency, operational flexibility and physical life. Efficiency includes speed, fuel economy and the ability to load and discharge cargo quickly, including the ability to use alternative combustion fuels. Flexibility includes the ability to enter harbors, utilize related docking facilities and pass through canals and straits. The length of a vessel’s physical life is related to its original design and construction, its maintenance and the impact of the stress of operations. If new LPG carriers are built that are more efficient or more flexible or have longer physical lives than our vessels, including new vessels powered by alternative fuels, competition from these more technologically advanced vessels could adversely affect the amount of charter hire payments we receive for our vessels, and the resale value of our vessels could significantly decrease, which could also result in impairment costs.

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In these circumstances, we may also be forced to charter our vessels to less creditworthy charterers, either because the oil majors and other top tier charters will not charter older and less technologically advanced vessels or will only charter such vessels at lower contracted charter rates than we are able to obtain from these less creditworthy, second tier charterers. Consequently, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Changes in fuel, or bunker, prices may adversely affect profits.

While we do not bear the cost of fuel or bunkers under time and bareboat charters, fuel is a significant expense in our shipping operations when vessels are deployed under spot charters. The cost of fuel, including the fuel efficiency or capability to use lower priced fuel, can also be an important factor considered by charterers in negotiating charter rates. Changes in the price of fuel may adversely affect our profitability. The price and supply of fuel is unpredictable and fluctuates based on events outside our control, including geopolitical developments, supply and demand for oil and gas, actions by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(“OPEC”) and other oil and gas producers, war, sanctions and unrest in oil producing countries and regions, regional production patterns and environmental concerns. Furthermore, fuel may become significantly more expensive in the future, which may reduce our profitability. In addition, the recent entry into force, on January 1, 2020, of the 0.5% global sulfur cap in marine fuels used by vessels that are not equipped with sulfur oxide (“SOx”) exhaust gas cleaning systems (“scrubbers”) under the International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships (“MARPOL”) Annex VI may lead to changes in the production quantities and prices of different grades of marine fuel by refineries and introduces an additional element of uncertainty in fuel markets, which could result in additional costs and adversely affect our cash flows, earnings and results from operations.

Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders and other market participants with respect to ESG policies may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks.

Companies across all industries, including the shipping industry, are facing increased scrutiny relating to their ESG policies. Investor advocacy groups, certain institutional investors, investment funds, lenders and other market participants are increasingly focused on ESG practices and in recent years have placed increasing importance on the implications and social cost of their investments. The increased focus and activism related to ESG and similar matters may hinder access to capital, as investors and lenders may decide to reallocate capital or to not commit capital as a result of their assessment of a company’s ESG practices. Companies which do not adapt to or comply with investor, lender or other industry shareholder expectations and standards, which are evolving, or which are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, may suffer from reputational damage and the business, financial condition, and/or the stock price of such a company could be materially and adversely affected. As a result, we may be required to implement more stringent ESG procedures or standards so that we continue to have access to capital and our existing and future investors and lenders remain invested in us and make further investments in us.

Specifically, we may face increasing pressures from investors, lenders and other market participants, who are increasingly focused on climate change, to prioritize sustainable energy practices, reduce our carbon footprint and promote sustainability. Additionally, certain investors and lenders may exclude LPG shipping companies, such as us, from their investing portfolios altogether due to environmental, social and governance factors. If we are faced with limitations in the debt and/or equity markets as a result of these concerns, or if we are unable to access alternative means of financing on acceptable terms, or at all, we may be unable to access funds to implement our business strategy or service our indebtedness, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If we cannot meet our charterers’ quality and compliance requirements, including regulations or costs associated with the environmental impact of our vessels, we may not be able to operate our vessels profitably which could have an adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

Customers have a high and increasing focus on quality, emissions and compliance standards with their suppliers across the entire value chain, including shipping and transportation. There is also increasing focus on the environmental footprint of marine transportation. We are required to maintain operating standards for all of our vessels that emphasize operational safety, quality maintenance, continuous training of our officers and crews and compliance with United States and international regulations, and are subject to vetting processes conducted by prospective charterers.

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In addition, RightShip, which is a voluntary compliance requirement but a desirable chartering verifier among top charterers, is also demanding compliance with their standards regarding environmental acceptability based on a number of variables and factors important in the maritime industry. If we or our manager, or other affiliated entities, including Stealth Maritime, or Imperial Petroleum, C3is Inc. or Brave Maritime, are rated low or otherwise perform poorly on Rightship evaluations or other vetting processes conducted by charterers, it could lead to the loss of approval to conduct business with us and in turn the loss of revenue under existing charters or future chartering opportunities.

Our continuous compliance with existing and new standards and quality requirements is vital for our operations. Related risks could materialize in multiple ways, including a sudden and unexpected breach in quality and/or compliance concerning one or more vessels and/or a continuous decrease in the quality concerning one or more vessels occurring over time. For instance, in June 2021, the IMO, working with the Marine Environmental Protection Committee, passed amendments to Annex VI aimed at reducing carbon emissions produced by vessels and include two new metrics for measuring a vessel’s overall energy efficiency and actual carbon dioxide emissions: Energy Efficiency Existing Shipping Index (“EEXI”) and Carbon Intensity Indicator (“CII”). If our vessels are only able to comply with the maximum EEXI and CII thresholds by reducing their speed, our vessels may be less attractive to charterers, and we may only be able to charter our vessels for lower charter rates or to less creditworthy charters, if we are able to do so at all. Non-compliance by us, either suddenly or over a period of time, or an increase in requirements by our charterers above and beyond what we deliver, may have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

We are subject to regulations and liability under environmental laws that require significant expenditures, which can affect the ability and competitiveness of our vessels to trade, our results of operations and financial condition.

Our business and the operation of our vessels are regulated under international conventions, national, state and local laws and regulations in force in the jurisdictions in which our vessels operate, as well as in the country or countries of their registration, in order to protect against potential environmental impacts. Regulations of vessels, particularly environmental regulations have become more stringent and are expected to be further revised and become stricter in the future, including air emissions (nitrogen and sulfur oxides, particulate matter, etc.), marine pollution, ballast water treatment system implementation, and GHG emissions. As a result, significant capital expenditures may be required on our vessels to keep them in compliance, and we may be required to pay increased prices for newbuild and secondhand vessels that meet these requirements. See “Business-Environmental and Other Regulations” for more information.

In addition, the heightened environmental, quality and security concerns of the public, regulators, insurance underwriters, financing sources and charterers may generally lead to additional regulatory requirements, including enhanced risk assessment and security requirements, greater inspection and safety requirements on all vessels in the marine transportation markets and possibly restrictions on the emissions of greenhouse gases from the operation of vessels. These requirements are likely to add incremental costs to our operations and the failure to comply with these requirements may affect the ability of our vessels to obtain and, possibly, collect on insurance or to obtain the required certificates for entry into the different ports where we operate. We could also incur material liabilities, including cleanup obligations and claims for natural resource, personal injury and property damages in the event that there is a release of petroleum or other hazardous materials from our vessels or otherwise in connection with our operations. Violations of, or liabilities under, environmental regulations can result in substantial penalties, fines and other sanctions, including, in certain instances, seizure or detention of our vessels. Any such actual or alleged environmental laws regulations and policies violation, under negligence, willful misconduct or fault, could result in substantial fines, civil and/or criminal penalties or curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, and might adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, actual or alleged violations could damage our reputation and ability to do business. Furthermore, detecting, investigating and resolving actual or alleged violations is expensive and can consume significant time and attention of our senior management. Events of this nature would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Environmental regulations in relation to climate change and greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions may increase operational and financial restrictions, and environmental compliance costs and our non-scrubber fitted vessels may face difficulties in competing with scrubber-fitted vessels.

GHG reduction measures adopted, or further additional measures to be adopted by the IMO, EU and other jurisdictions for achieving 2030 goals may impose operational and financial restrictions, carbon taxes or an emission trading system on less efficient vessels starting from 2023, gradually affecting younger vessels, even newbuilds after 2030, reducing their trade and competitiveness, increasing their environmental compliance costs, imposing additional energy efficiency investments, or even making such vessels obsolete. Maritime shipping is included within the European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) as of January 1, 2024 with a phase-in period requiring shipping companies to surrender 40% of their 2024 emissions in 2025; 70% of their 2025 emissions in 2026; and 100% of their 2026 emissions in 2027. Compliance with the maritime EU ETS may result in additional compliance and administration costs. These or other developments may lead to environmental taxation affecting less energy efficient vessels, reduce their trade and competitiveness and make certain vessels in our fleet obsolete, which may result in financial impacts on our results of operations that we cannot predict with certainty at this time. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Business-Environmental and Other Regulations” for more information.

All but one of our vessels are not retrofitted with scrubbers and need to use low sulfur fuel containing 0.5% sulfur content, which is currently more expensive than standard marine fuel containing 3.5% sulfur content. If the cost differential between low sulfur fuel and high sulfur fuel is significantly higher than anticipated, or if low sulfur fuel is not available at ports on certain trading routes, it may not be feasible or competitive to operate vessels on certain trading routes without installing scrubbers or without incurring deviation time to obtain compliant fuel. Our vessels may therefore face difficulties in competing with vessels equipped with scrubbers.

Adverse effects upon the oil and gas industry relating to climate change, including growing public concern about the environmental impact of climate change, may also have an effect on demand for our services. For example, increased regulation of greenhouse gases or other concerns relating to climate change may reduce the demand for LPG in the future or create greater incentives for use of alternative energy sources. Any long-term material adverse effect on the oil and gas industry could have significant financial and operational adverse impacts on our business that we cannot predict with certainty at this time.

Our vessels are subject to periodic inspections by a classification society.

The hull and machinery of every commercial vessel must be classed by a classification society authorized by its country of registry. The classification society certifies that a vessel is safe and seaworthy in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and the Safety of Life at Sea Convention. Our fleet is currently classed with Lloyds Register of Shipping, Nippon Kaiji Kyokai, or NKK, the American Bureau of Shipping and Bureau Veritas.

A vessel must undergo annual surveys, intermediate surveys and special surveys. In lieu of a special survey, a vessel’s machinery may be on a continuous survey cycle, under which the machinery would be surveyed periodically over a five-year period. Our vessels are on special survey cycles for hull inspection and continuous survey cycles for machinery inspection. Every vessel is also required to be dry docked every two to three years for inspection of the underwater parts of such vessel. However, for vessels not exceeding 15 years that have means to facilitate underwater inspection in lieu of dry docking, the dry docking may be skipped and be conducted concurrently with the special survey.

If a vessel does not maintain its class and/or fails any annual survey, intermediate survey or special survey, the vessel will be unable to trade between ports and will be unemployable; we would then be in violation of covenants in our loan agreements and insurance contracts or other financing arrangements. This would adversely impact our operations and revenues.

Maritime claimants could arrest our vessels, which could interrupt our cash flow.

Crew members, suppliers of goods and services to a vessel, shippers of cargo and others may be entitled to a maritime lien against that vessel for unsatisfied debts, claims or damages. In many jurisdictions, a maritime lien holder may enforce its lien by arresting a vessel through foreclosure proceedings. The arrest or attachment of one or more of our vessels could interrupt our cash flow and require us to pay large sums of funds to have the arrest lifted.

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In addition, in some jurisdictions, such as South Africa, under the “sister ship” theory of liability, a claimant may arrest both the vessel which is subject to the claimant’s maritime lien and any “associated” vessel, which is any vessel owned or controlled by the same owner. Claimants could try to assert “sister ship” liability against one vessel in our fleet for claims relating to another of our ships or, possibly, another vessel managed by Stealth Maritime, as was the case with the arrest of one of our former vessels in August 2015.

Governments could requisition our vessels during a period of war or emergency, resulting in loss of revenues.

A government could requisition for title or seize our vessels. Requisition for title occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and becomes the owner. Also, a government could requisition our vessels for hire. Requisition for hire occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and effectively becomes the charterer at dictated charter rates. Generally, requisitions occur during a period of war or emergency. Government requisition of one or more of our vessels would adversely impact our operations and revenues, thereby resulting in loss of revenues.

Risks involved with operating ocean-going vessels could affect our business and reputation, which would adversely affect our revenues and stock price.

The operation of an ocean-going vessel carries inherent risks. These risks include the possibility of:

Any of these circumstances or events could increase our costs or lower our revenues. The involvement of our vessels in a serious accident could harm our reputation as a safe and reliable vessel operator and lead to a loss of business.

Our vessels may suffer damage and we may face unexpected repair costs, which could affect our cash flow and financial condition.

If our vessels suffer damages, they may need to be repaired at a shipyard facility. The costs of repairs are unpredictable and can be substantial. For example, the conflict in Ukraine and Houthi attacks on vessels in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden may increase the risk that our vessels may suffer damages or face unexpected repair costs, and increase the cost of war risk insurance premiums, if such insurance is available at all. We may have to pay repair costs that our insurance does not cover. There is the possibility that a specific claim may not be paid, or that we will not always be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates. The loss of earnings while these vessels are being repaired and repositioned, as well as the actual cost of these repairs, particularly if damages exceed our insurance coverage, would have an adverse effect on our cash flow and financial condition. We do not intend to carry business interruption insurance.

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Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels could adversely affect our business.

Acts of piracy have historically affected ocean-going vessels trading in regions of the world such as the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean and in the Gulf of Aden, off the coast of Somalia. If these piracy attacks occur in regions in which our vessels are deployed and are characterized by insurers as “war risk” zones, as the Gulf of Aden continues to be, or Joint War Committee “war and strikes” listed areas, premiums payable for such coverage, for which we are responsible with respect to vessels employed on spot charters, but not vessels employed on bareboat or time charters, could increase significantly and such insurance coverage may be more difficult to obtain. In addition, crew costs, including employing onboard security guards, could increase in such circumstances. We usually employ armed guards on board the vessels on time and spot charters that transit areas where Somali pirates operate. We may not be adequately insured to cover losses from these incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, detention hijacking as a result of an act of piracy against our vessels, or an increase in cost, or unavailability of insurance for our vessels, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations outside the United States expose us to global risks, such as political conflict, terrorism and public health concerns, which may interfere with the operation of our vessels.

We are an international company and primarily conduct our operations outside the United States. Changing economic, political and governmental conditions in the countries where we are engaged in business or where our vessels are registered affect us. In the past, political conflicts, particularly in the Arabian Gulf, resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways and other efforts to disrupt shipping in the area. Continuing conflicts, instability and other recent developments in Ukraine, Gaza, and the Middle East and elsewhere, including attacks in recent years involving vessels and vessel seizures in the Strait of Hormuz and off the coast of Gibraltar, the attack on an Iranian tanker near the Saudi Arabian port city of Jeddah and the ongoing hostilities in Syria and Afghanistan, may lead to additional acts of terrorism or armed conflict around the world, and our vessels may face higher risks of being attacked or detained, or shipping routes transited by our vessels, such as the Strait of Hormuz or the Black Sea, may be otherwise disrupted. Acts of terrorism may increase with the continuing conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa, and therefore our vessels may face higher risks of being attacked.

In addition, future hostilities or other political instability in regions where our vessels trade could affect our trade patterns and adversely affect our operations and performance. If certain shipping lanes were to close, such as Iran’s past threat to close the Strait of Hormuz, it could adversely affect the availability of, and the demand for crude oil and petroleum products, as well as LPG. This would negatively affect our business and our customers’ investment decisions over an extended period of time. In addition, sanctions against oil exporting countries such as Iran, Syria and Venezuela, and the events in Ukraine and related sanctions against Russia, may also impact the availability of LPG and which would increase the availability of applicable vessels, thereby impacting negatively charter rates. In addition, any charters that we enter into with Chinese customers may be subject to new regulations in China that may require us to incur new or additional compliance or other administrative costs and may require that we pay to the Chinese government new taxes or other fees. Changes in laws and regulations, including tax matters and their implementation by local authorities could affect our vessels chartered to Chinese customers, as well as our vessels calling to Chinese ports, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, the war between Russia and Ukraine, and subsequent sanctions announced by the United States, the EU and several European and other nations against Russia and any further sanctions, including any sanctions or restrictions affecting companies with Russian connections or the Russian energy sector and harmed by any retaliatory measures by Russia or other countries in response, may also adversely impact our business given Russia’s role as a major global exporter of crude oil.

Terrorist attacks, or the perception that LPG or natural gas facilities and LPG carriers are potential terrorist targets, could materially and adversely affect the continued supply of LPG to the United States and to other countries. Concern that LPG and natural gas facilities may be targeted for attack by terrorists has contributed to a significant community and environmental resistance to the construction of a number of natural gas facilities, primarily in North America. If a terrorist incident involving a gas facility or gas carrier did occur, the incident may adversely affect necessary LPG facilities or natural gas facilities currently in operation. Furthermore, future terrorist attacks could result in increased volatility of the financial markets in the United States and globally, and could result in an economic recession in the United States or the world. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our operating results, revenues and costs.

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In addition, public health threats, such as the coronavirus, influenza and other highly contagious diseases or viruses, outbreaks of which have from time to time occurred in various parts of the world in which we operate, including China, could adversely impact our operations, and the operations of our customers.

The smuggling of drugs or other contraband onto our vessels may lead to governmental claims against us.

Our vessels call in ports in certain geographic areas where smugglers attempt to hide drugs and other contraband on vessels, with or without the knowledge of crew members. To the extent our vessels are found with contraband, whether inside or attached to the hull of our vessel and whether with or without the knowledge of any of our crew, we may face governmental or other regulatory claims or penalties which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Our vessels may call on ports located in countries that are subject to sanctions and embargoes imposed by the U.S. or other governments, which could adversely affect our reputation and the market for our common stock.

From time to time on charterers’ instructions, our vessels have called and may again call on ports located in countries subject to sanctions and embargoes imposed by the United States government and countries identified by the United States government as state sponsors of terrorism, such as Cuba, Iran, Syria and North Korea. The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has resulted in the imposition of sanctions against regions of Ukraine, in addition to those previously imposed with respect to the Crimea region, and Russia, and could result in the imposition of further economic sanctions by the United States and the European Union against Russia. The U.S. sanctions and embargo laws and regulations vary in their application, as they do not all apply to the same covered persons or proscribe the same activities, and such sanctions and embargo laws and regulations may be amended or strengthened over time.

On January 16, 2016, “Implementation Day” for the Iran Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (“JCPOA”), the United States lifted its nuclear-related secondary sanctions against Iran which prohibited certain conduct by non-U.S. companies and individuals that occurred entirely outside of U.S. jurisdiction involving specified industry sectors in Iran, including the energy, petrochemical, automotive, financial, banking, mining, shipbuilding and shipping sectors. By lifting the secondary sanctions against Iran, the U.S. government effectively removed U.S. imposed restraints on dealings by non-U.S. companies, such as our Company, and individuals with these formerly targeted Iranian business sectors. Non-U.S. companies continued to be prohibited under U.S. sanctions from (i) knowingly engaging in conduct that seeks to evade U.S. restrictions on transactions or dealings with Iran or that causes the export of goods or services from the United States to Iran, (ii) exporting, re-exporting or transferring to Iran any goods, technology, or services originally exported from the U.S. and / or subject to U.S. export jurisdiction and (iii) conducting transactions with of the Iranian or Iran-related individuals and entities that remain or are placed in the future on OFAC’s list of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (SDN List), notwithstanding the lifting of secondary sanctions. However, on August 6, 2018, the U.S. re-imposed an initial round of secondary sanctions and as of November 5, 2018, all of the secondary sanctions the U.S. had suspended under the JCPOA were re-imposed.

The U.S. government’s primary Iran sanctions have remained largely unchanged, including during the period from the JCPOA Implementation Day to the re-imposition of secondary sanctions in 2018, and as a consequence, U.S. persons also continue to be broadly prohibited from engaging in transactions or dealings with the Government of Iran and Iranian financial institutions, which effectively impacts the transfer of funds to, from, or through the U.S. financial system whether denominated in US dollars or any other currency.

We believe all of our port calls have been made in full compliance with applicable economic sanctions laws and regulations, including those of the United States, the EU and other relevant jurisdictions. Our charter agreements include provisions that restrict trades of our vessels to countries targeted by economic sanctions unless such transportation activities involving sanctioned countries are permitted under applicable economic sanctions and embargo regimes. Our ordinary chartering policy is to seek to include similar provisions in all of our period charters. Prior to agreeing to waive existing charter party restrictions on carrying cargoes to or from ports that may implicate sanctions risks, we ensure that the charterers have proof of compliance with international and U.S. sanctions requirements, or applicable licenses or other exemptions.

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Although we believe that we are in compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations and intend to maintain such compliance, there can be no assurance that we will be in compliance in the future, particularly as the scope of certain laws may vary or may be subject to changing interpretations and we may be unable to prevent our charterers from violating contractual and legal restrictions on their operations of the vessels. Any such violation could result in fines or other penalties for us and could result in some investors deciding, or being required, to divest their interest, or not to invest, in the Company. Additionally, some investors may decide to divest their interest, or not to invest, in the Company simply because we do business with companies that do lawful business in sanctioned countries. Moreover, our charterers may violate applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations as a result of actions that do not involve us or our vessels, and those violations could in turn negatively affect our reputation. Investor perception of the value of our common stock may also be adversely affected by the consequences of war, the effects of terrorism, civil unrest and governmental actions in these and surrounding countries.

Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-bribery legislation in other jurisdictions could result in fines, criminal penalties, contract terminations and an adverse effect on our business.

We operate in a number of countries through the world, including countries that may be known to have a reputation for corruption. We are committed to doing business in accordance with applicable anti-corruption laws and have adopted policies which are consistent and in full compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (the “FCPA”) and other anti-bribery laws. We are subject, however, to the risk that we, our affiliated entities or their respective officers, directors, employees and agents may take actions determined to be in violation of such anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA. Any such violation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil and/or criminal penalties, curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, and might adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, actual or alleged violations could damage our reputation and ability to do business. Furthermore, detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations is expensive and can consume significant time and attention of our senior management.

A cyber-attack could materially disrupt our business.

Our business operations could be targeted by individuals or groups seeking to sabotage or disrupt our information technology systems and networks, or to steal data. A successful cyber-attack could materially disrupt our operations, including the safety of our operations, or lead to unauthorized release of information or alteration of information on our systems. Any such attack or other breach of our information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Related To Our Business

We are dependent on the ability and willingness of our charterers to honor their commitments to us for all our revenues.

We derive all our revenues from the payment of charter hire by charterers of our vessels. The ability and willingness of each of our counterparties to perform their obligations under charter agreements with us will depend on a number of factors that are beyond our control and may include, among other things, general economic conditions, the condition of the LPG carrier sector of the shipping industry and the overall financial condition of the counterparties. In addition, in depressed market conditions, charterers may seek to renegotiate their charters or may default on their obligations under charters and our charterers may fail to pay charter hire or attempt to renegotiate charter rates. For example, in 2020 a charterer of four of our vessels sought bankruptcy protection, purported to cancel the charters for these vessels and returned the vessels to us. Should a counterparty fail to honor its obligations under agreements with us, it may be difficult to secure substitute employment for such vessel, and any new charter arrangements we secure in the spot market or on bareboat or time charters could be at lower rates. If we lose a charter, we may be unable to re-deploy the related vessel on terms as favorable to us. We would not receive any revenues from such a vessel while it remained unchartered, but we may be required to pay expenses necessary to maintain the vessel in proper operating condition, insure it and service any indebtedness secured by such vessel.

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The failure by charterers to meet their obligations to us or an attempt by charterers to renegotiate our charter agreements could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

We are exposed to the volatile spot market and charters at attractive rates may not be available when the charters for our vessels expire which would have an adverse impact on our revenues and financial condition.

As of April 1, 2024, of our 33 vessels in the water, including six JV Vessels, 32 were under period charters, while one was deployed in the spot market. As of April 1, 2024, 68% of our anticipated fleet days, including our JV vessels, were covered by period charter contracts for the remainder of 2024 and 24% for 2025.

We are exposed to fluctuations in the charter market for the remaining anticipated voyage days that are not covered by fixed-rate contracts, and to the extent the counterparties to our fixed-rate charter contracts fail to honor their obligations to us. The successful operation of our vessels in the competitive and highly volatile spot charter market depends on, among other things, obtaining profitable spot charters, which depends greatly on vessel supply and demand, and minimizing, to the extent possible, time spent waiting for charters and time spent traveling unloaded to pick up cargo. When the current charters for our fleet expire or are terminated, it may not be possible to re-charter these vessels at similar rates, or at all, or to secure charters for any additional LPG carrier acquisitions at similarly profitable rates, or at all. As a result, we may have to accept lower rates or experience off hire time for our vessels, which would adversely impact our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

We depend upon a few significant customers for a large part of our revenues. The loss of one or more of these customers could adversely affect our financial performance.

In our operating history, we have derived a significant part of our revenue from a small number of charterers. For the year ended December 31, 2023 we had two customers from which we derived more than 10% of our revenues, while for the year ended December 31, 2022 we had one customer from which we derived more than 10% of our revenues, and in 2021 we did not have any customer from which we derived more than 10% of our revenues. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our three largest customers accounted for 25.5% and 43.4%, respectively, of our revenues. Overall, we anticipate a limited number of customers will continue to represent significant amounts of our revenue. If these customers cease doing business or do not fulfill their obligations under the charters for our vessels, our results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected. Further, if we encounter any difficulties in our relationships with these charterers, our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our loan agreements or other financing arrangements contain restrictive covenants that may limit our liquidity and corporate activities.

Our loan agreements impose, and our future financing arrangements may impose, operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions may limit our ability to:

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Our loan agreements require us to maintain specified financial ratios, satisfy financial covenants and contain cross-default clauses.

Some of our loan agreements also require that our Chief Executive Officer, Harry Vafias, together with his immediate family, at all times own at least 10% of our outstanding capital stock and certain of our loan agreements provide that it would be an event of default if Harry Vafias ceased to serve as an executive officer or director of our company, Harry Vafias together with his immediate family, ceased to exert significant influence over our company or any other person or group controlled 25% or more of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. In addition, some loan agreements include restrictions on the payment of dividends in amounts exceeding 50% of our free cash flow in any rolling 12-month period. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with the covenants in our loan agreements.

As a result of the restrictions in our loan agreements, or similar restrictions in our future financing arrangements with respect to future vessels which we have yet to identify, we may need to seek permission from our lenders in order to engage in some corporate actions. Our lenders’ interests may be different from ours, and we may not be able to obtain their permission when needed. This may prevent us from taking actions that we believe are in our best interest which may adversely impact our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

A failure by us to meet our payment and other obligations, including our financial covenants and security coverage requirement, could lead to defaults under our secured loan agreements. Our lenders could then accelerate our indebtedness and foreclose on our fleet. The loss of our vessels would mean we could not run our business.

The market values of our vessels may decrease, which could cause us to breach covenants in our credit and loan facilities, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our loan agreements, which are secured by liens on our vessels, contain various financial covenants, including requirements that relate to our financial condition, operating performance and liquidity. For example, we are required to maintain a maximum consolidated leverage ratio that is based, in part, upon the market value of the vessels securing the applicable loan, as well as a minimum ratio of the market value of vessels securing a loan to the principal amount outstanding under such loan. The market value of LPG carriers is sensitive to, among other things, changes in the LPG carrier charter markets, with vessel values deteriorating in times when LPG carrier charter rates are falling and improving when charter rates are anticipated to rise. Low charter rates in the LPG carrier charter and the impact of any decline in oil prices on demand for LPG may again adversely affect LPG carrier values. A worsening of charter market conditions would likely lead to a significant decline in the fair market values of our vessels, which may affect our ability to comply with these loan covenants. If the value of our vessels deteriorates, we may have to record an impairment charge in our financial statements as we did in each of our last seven fiscal years which would adversely affect our financial results and could further hinder our ability to raise capital.

A failure to comply with our covenants and/or obtain covenant waivers or modifications could result in our lenders requiring us to post additional collateral, enhance our equity and liquidity, increase our interest payments or pay down our indebtedness to a level where we are in compliance with our loan covenants, sell vessels in our fleet or accelerate our indebtedness, which would impair our ability to continue to conduct our business. If our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not be able to refinance our debt or obtain additional financing and could lose our vessels if our lenders foreclose their liens. In addition, if we find it necessary to sell our vessels at a time when vessel prices are low, we will recognize losses and a reduction in our earnings, which could affect our ability to raise additional capital necessary for us to comply with our loan agreements.

Global economic conditions and disruptions in world financial markets and the resulting governmental action could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Global financial markets and economic conditions have been disrupted and volatile at times over the past decade, including in 2020 and 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was only in the first quarter of 2023 that the largest consumer of LPG, China, has lifted its restrictive policies, while the rise in interest rates globally adds to this volatility in financial conditions at it may push economies into recession. These issues, along with the limited supply of credit to the shipping industry and the re-pricing of credit risk and the difficulties currently experienced by financial institutions, have made, and will likely continue to make, it difficult to obtain financing. As a result of the disruptions in the credit markets and higher capital requirements, many lenders had already in prior years increased margins on lending rates, enacted tighter lending standards, required more restrictive terms (including higher collateral ratios for advances, shorter maturities and smaller loan amounts), or refused to refinance existing debt on terms similar to existing debt or at all.

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Furthermore, certain banks that have historically been significant lenders to the shipping industry have reduced or ceased lending activities in the shipping industry in recent years. New banking regulations, including tightening of capital requirements and the resulting policies adopted by lenders, could further reduce lending activities. We may experience difficulties in obtaining financing commitments, or be unable to fully draw on the capacity under our committed credit facilities in the future, or refinance our credit facilities when our current facilities mature if our lenders are unwilling to extend financing to us or unable to meet their funding obligations due to their own liquidity, capital or solvency issues. We cannot be certain that financing will be available on acceptable terms or at all. In the absence of available financing, we also may be unable to take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures.

Our ability to obtain additional debt financing may be dependent on the performance of our then existing charters and the creditworthiness of our charterers, as well as the perceived impact of emissions by our vessels on the climate.

The actual or perceived credit quality of our charterers, and any defaults by them, may materially affect our ability to obtain the additional capital resources that we will require in order to purchase additional vessels or may significantly increase our costs of obtaining such capital. Our inability to obtain additional financing, or obtain financing at a higher than anticipated cost may materially affect our results of operation and our ability to implement our business strategy, including our ability to fund and consummate the acquisition of the three newbuilding LPG carriers for which we have contracts.

In 2019, a number of leading lenders to the shipping industry and other industry participants announced a global framework by which financial institutions can assess the climate alignment of their ship finance portfolios, called the Poseidon Principles, and additional lenders have subsequently announced their intention to adhere to such principles. If the ships in our fleet are deemed not to satisfy the emissions and other sustainability standards contemplated by the Poseidon Principles, or other ESG standards required by lenders or investors, the availability and cost of bank financing for such vessels may be adversely affected.

A significant increase in our debt levels may adversely affect us and our cash flows.

As of December 31, 2023 we had outstanding indebtedness, net of deferred arrangement fees, of $123.5 million, and incurred an additional $70 million of indebtedness in the first quarter of 2024 under a new credit facility to finance the acquisition of two newbuilding vessels. Although during 2023 our outstanding indebtedness was reduced, we would expect to incur further indebtedness in connection with any further expansion of our fleet. This increase in the level of indebtedness and the need to service the indebtedness may impact our profitability and cash available for growth of our fleet, working capital and dividends if any. Additionally, further increases in interest rate levels, which have increased from historically low levels, may increase the cost of servicing our indebtedness with similar results.

To finance our future fleet expansion program beyond our current fleet we expect to incur additional secured debt. We have to dedicate a portion of our cash flow from operations to pay the principal and interest on our debt. These payments limit funds otherwise available for working capital, capital expenditures, and other purposes, including any distributions of cash to our stockholders, and our inability to service our debt could lead to acceleration of our debt and foreclosure on our fleet.

Moreover, carrying secured indebtedness exposes us to increased risks if the demand for LPG transportation decreases and charter rates and vessel values are adversely affected.

We are exposed to volatility in interest rates, including SOFR.

The amounts outstanding under our senior secured credit facilities have been, and we expect that the loans advanced under such credit facilities would be advanced at a floating rate based on SOFR. Interest rates have increased recently, after a long period of relative stability at historically low levels, and have been volatile in past years, which can affect the amount of interest payable on floating rate debt, and which, in turn, could have an adverse effect on our earnings and cash flow during periods in which we have such debt.

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Interest rates were at historically low levels for an extended period of time and may continue to increase from these past low levels. Our financial condition could be materially adversely affected at any time that we have not entered into interest rate hedging arrangements to hedge our interest rate exposure and the interest rates applicable to our credit facilities and or other financing arrangements increase. Moreover, even if we have entered into interest rate swaps or other derivative instruments for purposes of managing our interest rate or bunker cost exposure, our hedging strategies may not be effective and we may incur substantial losses.

The derivative contracts we have entered into to hedge our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates could result in higher than market interest rates and charges against our income, as well as reductions in our stockholders’ equity.

We have entered into interest rate swaps for purposes of managing our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates applicable to indebtedness under our credit facilities which were advanced at floating rates based on SOFR. Our hedging strategies, however, may not be effective and we may incur substantial losses if interest rates or currencies move materially differently from our expectations.

To the extent our interest rate swaps do not qualify for treatment as hedges for accounting purposes, we recognize fluctuations in the fair value of such contracts in our statement of operations. In addition, changes in the fair value of any derivative contracts that do qualify for treatment as hedges, are recognized in “Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)” on our balance sheet. Our financial condition could also be materially adversely affected to the extent we do not hedge our exposure to interest rate fluctuations under our financing arrangements under which loans have been advanced at a floating rate based on SOFR.

In addition, we had entered in the past and may enter in the future into foreign currency derivative contracts in order to hedge an exposure to foreign currencies related to shipbuilding contracts.

Any hedging activities we engage in may not effectively manage our interest rate and foreign exchange exposure or have the desired impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Because we generate all of our revenues in U.S. dollars but incur a portion of our expenses in other currencies, exchange rate fluctuations could adversely affect our results of operations.

We generate all of our revenues in U.S. dollars and the majority of our expenses are also in U.S. dollars. However, a relatively small portion of our overall expenses, mainly executive compensation, is incurred in Euros. This could lead to fluctuations in net income due to changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the other currencies, in particular the Euro. Expenses incurred in foreign currencies against which the U.S. dollar falls in value can thereby increase, decreasing our net income.

We are dependent on our relationship with Stealth Maritime.

As of April 1, 2024, Stealth Maritime served as commercial manager for all 33 operating vessels in our fleet, including our six JV vessels, and technical manager for 31 vessels in our fleet, while subcontracting the technical management of two of the remaining vessels in our fleet to unaffiliated third parties. We are accordingly dependent upon our fleet manager, Stealth Maritime, for:

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The loss of Stealth Maritime’s services or its failure to perform its obligations to us properly for financial or other reasons could materially and adversely affect our business and the results of our operations. Although we may have rights against Stealth Maritime if it defaults on its obligations to us, you would have no recourse against Stealth Maritime. In addition, we might not be able to find a replacement manager on terms as favorable as those currently in place with Stealth Maritime. Further, we expect that we will need to seek approval from our lenders to change our manager.

In addition, if Stealth Maritime suffers material damage to its reputation or relationships, including as a result of a spill or other environmental incident or an accident, or any violation or alleged violation of U.S., EU, UN or other sanctions, involving ships managed by Stealth Maritime whether or not owned by us, it may harm the ability of our Company or our subsidiaries to successfully compete in our industry, including due to oil majors and other charterers electing not to do business with Stealth Maritime or us.

We depend on third party managers to manage part of our fleet.

Stealth Maritime subcontracts the management for some of our vessels to third parties, including technical support, crewing, operation, maintenance and repair. The loss of their services or their failure to perform their obligations could materially and adversely affect the results of our operations. Although we may have rights against these managers if they default on their obligations, you would have no recourse against these parties. In addition, we might not be able to find replacement technical managers on terms as favorable as those currently in place.

We may enter into certain significant transactions with companies affiliated with members of the Vafias family which may result in conflicts of interests.

In addition to our management contract with Stealth Maritime, a company controlled by members of the Vafias family other than our Chief Executive Officer, from time to time we may enter into other transactions with companies affiliated with members of the Vafias family such as the agreements for the acquisition of two newbuilding LPG carriers in June 2020, the acquisition of a 51% ownership in a newbuilding LPG carrier delivered in 2023, as part of a joint venture, the other 49% having been bought by an unaffiliated joint venture partner, and the acquisition of two newbuilding LPG carriers in July 2022. Stealth Maritime also contracts for the crewing of vessels in our fleet with Hellenic Manning Overseas Inc, formerly known as Navis Maritime Services Inc., which is 25% owned by an affiliate of Stealth Maritime. Such transactions could create conflicts of interest that could adversely affect our business or your interests as holders of our common stock, as well as our financial position, results of operations and our future prospects.

Our directors and officers may in the future hold direct or indirect interests in companies that compete with us.

Our directors and officers each have a history of involvement in the shipping industry and may in the future, directly or indirectly, hold investments in companies that compete with us. In that case, they may face conflicts between their own interests and their obligations to us.

Companies affiliated with us, including Stealth Maritime and Brave Maritime, may manage or acquire vessels that compete with our fleet.

It is possible that Stealth Maritime or companies affiliated with Stealth Maritime, including Brave Maritime, could, in the future, agree to manage vessels that compete directly with ours. As long as Stealth Maritime (or an entity with respect to which Harry N. Vafias is an executive officer, director or the principal shareholder) is our fleet manager or Harry Vafias is an executive officer or director of the Company, Stealth Maritime has granted us a right of first refusal to acquire any LPG carrier, which Stealth Maritime may acquire in the future. In addition, Stealth Maritime has agreed that it will not charter-in any LPG carrier without first offering the opportunity to charter-in such vessel to us. Our President and Chief Executive Officer, Harry N. Vafias, has granted us an equivalent right with respect to any entity that he is an executive officer, director or principal shareholder of, so long as he is an executive officer or a director of our company.

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Were we, however, to decline any such opportunity offered to us or if we do not have the resources or desire to accept any such opportunity, Stealth Maritime or the entity controlled by Mr. Vafias could retain and manage the vessel. In addition, these restrictions, including the right of first refusal, do not apply to Brave Maritime. Furthermore, this right of first refusal does not prohibit Stealth Maritime from managing vessels owned by unaffiliated third parties in competition with us. Currently, Stealth Maritime manages two LPG vessels in addition to those in our fleet. In such cases, they could compete with our fleet and may face conflicts between their own interests and their obligations to us. In the future, we may also consider diversifying into wet, dry or other gas shipping sectors, which, like product carriers and crude oil tankers, are not covered by this right of first refusal agreement. Any such vessels would be in competition with Stealth Maritime and companies affiliated with Stealth Maritime. Stealth Maritime might be faced with conflicts of interest with respect to their own interests and their obligations to us that could adversely affect our business and your interests as stockholders. None of our vessels are currently managed by Brave Maritime.

As our fleet has grown in size, our manager, Stealth Maritime, has needed to improve our operations and financial systems, staff and crew; if our manager cannot maintain these systems or continue to recruit suitable employees, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We have significantly expanded our fleet since our initial public offering in October 2005, and as a consequence of this, Stealth Maritime has invested considerable sums in upgrading its operating and financial systems, as well as hiring additional well-qualified personnel to manage the vessels now managed by Stealth Maritime. In addition, as we have expanded our fleet, we have had to rely on our technical managers to recruit suitable additional seafarers and ashore administrative and management personnel. Stealth Maritime and those technical managers may not be able to continue to hire suitable employees to the extent we continue to expand our fleet. Our LPG carriers require a technically skilled staff with specialized training. If the technical managers’ crewing agents are unable to employ such technically skilled staff, they may not be able to adequately staff our vessels. If Stealth Maritime is unable to operate our financial and operations systems effectively, or our technical managers are unable to recruit suitable employees as we expand our fleet, our results of operation and our ability to expand our fleet may be adversely affected.

Delays in the delivery of any newbuilding LPG carriers or secondhand LPG carriers we agree to acquire could harm our operating results.

Delays in the delivery of any newbuilding LPG carriers or second-hand vessels we may agree to acquire in the future, would delay our receipt of revenues generated by these vessels and, to the extent we have arranged charter employment for these vessels, could possibly result in the cancellation of those charters, and therefore adversely affect our anticipated results of operations. Although this would delay our funding requirements for the installment payments to purchase these vessels, it would also delay our receipt of revenues under any charters we arrange for such vessels. The delivery of newbuilding vessels could be delayed, other than at our request, because of, among other things, work stoppages or other labor disturbances; logistic delays in the supply of materials faced by the shipyard building the vessels; bankruptcy or other financial crisis of the shipyard; hostilities, health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or political or economic disturbances in the countries where the vessels are being built, including any escalation of tensions involving Russia or North Korea; weather interference or catastrophic event, such as a major earthquake, tsunami or fire; our requests for changes to the original vessel specifications; requests from our customers, with whom we may have arranged any charters for such vessels, to delay construction and delivery of such vessels due to weak economic conditions and shipping demand and a dispute with the shipyard building the vessels.

In addition, significant delays may impact the availability of any credit facilities we arranged for newbuilding vessels. The delivery of any secondhand vessels could be delayed because of, among other things, hostilities or political disturbances, non-performance of the purchase agreement with respect to the vessels by the seller, our inability to obtain requisite permits, approvals or financing or damage to or destruction of the vessels while being operated by the seller prior to the delivery date.

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If we fail to manage our growth properly, we may not be able to successfully expand our market share.

As and when market conditions permit, we intend to continue to prudently grow our fleet over the long term. The acquisition of such additional vessels could impose significant additional responsibilities on our management and staff, and may necessitate that we, and they, increase the number of personnel. In the future, we may not be able to identify suitable vessels, acquire vessels on advantageous terms or obtain financing for such acquisitions. Any future growth will depend on:

Growing a business by acquisition presents numerous risks such as undisclosed liabilities and obligations, difficulty in obtaining additional qualified personnel, managing relationships with customers and our commercial and technical managers and integrating newly acquired vessels into existing infrastructures. We may not be successful in executing any growth initiatives and may incur significant expenses and losses in connection therewith.

We may decide to sell certain of the vessels in our fleet if in our view market conditions are favorable for such sales which could reduce the size of our LPG carrier fleet and reduce our future revenues.

Since our initial public offering through to December 31, 2023 we have sold over 50 LPG carriers. We may decide to sell more vessels from our fleet if, in our view, the market conditions are favorable for such sales. The chartering arrangements with respect to one LPG carrier in our JV agreement included an option for the charterer to purchase the vessel at a stipulated price at the end of the term of the existing charter which reflects market prices at the time of entry into the applicable charter, and we delivered the vessel to the new owner in April 2024, reducing the size of our fleet. Consequently, due to the exercise of this purchase option, and if we sell additional vessels, the expected size of our LPG carrier fleet would be reduced, and as a result our anticipated level of revenues would be reduced.

Operating vessels under joint venture structures presents certain operational risks.

The operation of our two JV agreements, which as of April 1, 2024 owned a total of six of the 33 vessels in our operating fleet, present certain operational risks. Operation under a JV structure may increase certain administrative burdens, delay decision-making, and make it more difficult to obtain debt financing or complicate the operation of the vessels acquired under the joint venture agreements. For example, the joint venture agreements require that certain decisions regarding chartering or sale of the JV vessels be made jointly by us and the applicable JV investor. Accordingly, if the respective JV investors were to fail to cooperate with us with respect to these matters, such JV vessels may have to be sold or fixed on a period charter at an inopportune time, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We may be unable to attract and retain key management personnel and other employees in the shipping industry, which may negatively affect the effectiveness of our management and our results of operation.

Our success depends to a significant extent upon the abilities and efforts of our management team, including our Chief Executive Officer, Harry Vafias. In addition, Harry Vafias is a member of the Vafias family, which controls Stealth Maritime, our fleet manager. Our success will depend upon our and Stealth Maritime’s ability to hire and retain qualified managers to oversee our operations. The loss of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business prospects and financial condition. Difficulty in hiring and retaining personnel could adversely affect our results of operations. We do not have employment agreements directly with our key personnel who are technically employees of Stealth Maritime, our fleet manager, although under our management agreement with Stealth Maritime, our relationship is governed by terms substantially similar to those typically included in employment agreements. We do not maintain “key man” life insurance on any of our officers.

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In the highly competitive international LPG carrier market, we may not be able to compete for charters with new entrants or established companies with greater resources.

We deploy our vessels in highly competitive markets that are capital intensive. Competition arises primarily from other vessel owners, some of which have greater resources than we do. Competition for the transportation of LPG can be intense and depends on price, location, size, age, condition and the acceptability of the vessel and its managers to the charterers. Competitors with greater resources could enter and operate larger LPG carrier fleets through consolidations or acquisitions, and many larger fleets that compete with us in each of these sectors may be able to offer more competitive prices and fleets.

After the completion of the Tanker Spin-Off in 2021, we operate only LPG carriers and our lack of a diversified business could adversely affect us.

Unlike many other shipping companies, which may carry dry bulk, crude oil, oil products or products or goods shipped in containers, we currently depend entirely on the transport of LPG. The vast majority of our revenue has been and is expected to be derived from this single source-the seaborne transport of LPG. Due to our lack of a more diversified business model, adverse developments in the seaborne transport of LPG and the market for LPG products have a significantly greater impact on our financial conditions and results of operations than if we maintained more diverse assets or lines of business.

Purchasing and operating previously owned, or secondhand, vessels may result in increased operating costs and vessels off-hire, which could adversely affect our revenues.

Our examination of secondhand vessels, which may not include physical inspection prior to purchase, does not provide us with the same knowledge about their condition and cost of any required (or anticipated) repairs that we would have had if these vessels had been built for and operated exclusively by us. Generally, we do not receive the benefit of warranties on secondhand vessels.

In general, the cost of maintaining a vessel in good operating condition increases with its age. As of April 1, 2024, the average age of the vessels in our fleet, including the JV vessels, was approximately 9.8 years. Older vessels are typically less fuel efficient and more costly to maintain and operate than more recently constructed vessels due to improvements in engine technology. Cargo insurance rates increase with the age of a vessel, making older vessels less desirable to charterers.

Governmental regulations, safety or other equipment standards related to the age of vessels may require expenditures for alterations, or the addition of new equipment, to our vessels and may restrict the type of activities in which the vessels may engage. As our vessels age, market conditions may not justify those expenditures or enable us to operate our vessels profitably during the remainder of their useful lives. If we sell vessels, the sales prices may not equal and could be less than their carrying values at that time.

The shipping industry has inherent operational risks that may not be adequately covered by our insurance.

We procure hull and machinery insurance, protection and indemnity insurance, which include environmental damage and pollution insurance coverage, and war risk insurance for our fleet. While we endeavor to be adequately insured against all known risks related to the operation of our ships, there remains the possibility that a liability may not be adequately covered and we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage for our fleet in the future. The insurers may also not pay particular claims. Even if our insurance coverage is adequate, we may not be able to timely obtain a replacement vessel in the event of a loss. Our insurance policies contain deductibles for which we will be responsible and limitations and exclusions which may increase our costs or lower our revenue. In addition, if one of our ships, or other ships managed by our technical managers, were to incur significant costs from an accident, spill or other environmental liability, our insurance premiums and costs could increase significantly.

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Our major stockholder exerts considerable influence on the outcome of matters on which our stockholders are entitled to vote and his interests may be different from yours.

Our major stockholder, our Chief Executive Officer, together with companies he controls, owns approximately 29.2% of our outstanding common stock as of April 1, 2024 and exerts considerable influence on the outcome of matters on which our stockholders are entitled to vote, including the election of our Board of Directors and other significant corporate actions. The interests of this stockholder may be different from yours.

Risks Related to Taxation

A change in tax laws in any country in which we operate or loss of a major tax dispute or a successful tax challenge to our operating structure, intercompany pricing policies or the taxable presence of our subsidiaries in certain countries could adversely affect us.

Tax laws, treaties and regulations are highly complex and subject to interpretation. Consequently, we and our subsidiaries are subject to changing laws, treaties and regulations in and between the countries in which we operate. Our tax expense is based on our interpretation of the tax laws in effect at the time the expense was incurred. A change in tax laws, treaties or regulations, or in the interpretation thereof, could result in a materially higher tax expense or a higher effective tax rate on our earnings. Such changes may include measures enacted in response to the ongoing initiatives in relation to fiscal legislation at an international level such as the Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, which contemplates a global minimum tax rate of 15% calculated on a jurisdictional basis, subject to exemptions including for qualifying international shipping income.

In addition, if any tax authority successfully challenges positions we may take in tax filings, our operational structure, intercompany pricing policies, the taxable presence of our subsidiaries in certain countries or any other situation, or if the terms of certain income tax treaties are interpreted in a manner that is adverse to our structure, or if we lose a material tax dispute in any country, our effective tax rate on our worldwide earnings could increase substantially and our earnings and cash flows from operations could be materially adversely affected.

In accordance with the currently applicable Greek law, foreign flagged vessels that are managed by Greek or foreign ship management companies having established an office in Greece are subject to duties towards the Greek state which are calculated on the basis of the relevant vessels’ tonnage. The payment of said duties exhausts the tax liability of the foreign ship owning company and the relevant manager against any tax, duty, charge or contribution payable on income from the exploitation of the foreign flagged vessel. As our manager is located in Greece, we will have to pay these duties. Our operations in Greece may be subjected to new regulations that may require us to incur new or additional compliance or other administrative costs, which may include requirements that we pay to the Greek government new taxes or other fees.

In addition, China has enacted a new tax for non-resident international transportation enterprises engaged in the provision of services of passengers or cargo, among other items, in and out of China using their own, chartered or leased vessels, including any stevedore, warehousing and other services connected with the transportation. The new regulation broadens the range of international transportation companies which may find themselves liable for Chinese enterprise income tax on profits generated from international transportation services passing through Chinese ports.

We may have to pay tax on United States-source income, which would reduce our earnings.

Under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, 50% of the gross shipping income of vessel owning or chartering corporations, such as our subsidiaries, that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but does not both begin and end, in the United States is characterized as United States-source shipping income. United States-source shipping income is subject to either a (i) 4% United States federal income tax without allowance for deductions or (ii) taxation at the standard United States federal income tax rates (and potentially to a 30% branch profits tax), unless derived by a corporation that qualifies for exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder.

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Generally, we and our subsidiaries will qualify for this exemption for a taxable year if our shares are treated as “primarily and regularly traded” on an established securities market in the United States. Our shares of common stock will be so treated if (i) the aggregate number of our shares of common stock traded during such year on an established securities market in the United States exceeds the aggregate number of our shares of common stock traded during that year on established securities markets in any other single country, (ii) either (x) our shares of common stock are regularly quoted during such year by dealers making a market in our shares or (y) trades in our shares of common stock are effected, other than in de minimis quantities, on an established securities market in the United States on at least 60 days during such taxable year and the aggregate number of our shares of common stock traded on an established securities market in the United States during such year equals at least 10% of the average number of our shares of common stock outstanding during such taxable year and (iii) our shares of common stock are not “closely held” during such taxable year. For these purposes, our shares of common stock will be treated as closely held during a taxable year if, for more than one-half the number of days in such taxable year, one or more persons each of whom owns either directly or under applicable attribution rules, at least 5% of our shares of common stock, own, in the aggregate, 50% or more of our shares of common stock, unless we can establish, in accordance with applicable documentation requirements, that a sufficient number of the shares of common stock in the closely-held block are owned, directly or indirectly, by persons that are residents of foreign jurisdictions that provide United States shipping companies with an exemption from tax that is equivalent to that provided by Section 883 to preclude other stockholders in the closely-held block from owning 50% or more of the closely-held block of shares of common stock.

We believe that it is currently the case, and may also be the case in the future, that, one or more persons each of whom owns, either directly or under applicable attribution rules, at least 5% of our shares of common stock own, in the aggregate, 50% or more of our shares of common stock. In such circumstances, we and our subsidiaries may qualify for the exemption provided in Section 883 of the Code only if a sufficient number of shares of the closely-held block of our shares of common stock were owned or treated as owned by “qualified stockholders” so it could not be the case that, for more than half of the days in the taxable year, the shares of common stock in the closely-held block not owned or treated as owned by qualified stockholders represented 50% or more of our shares of common stock. For these purposes, a “qualified stockholder” includes an individual that owns or is treated as owning shares of our common stock and is a resident of a jurisdiction that provides an exemption that is equivalent to that provided by Section 883 of the Code and certain other persons; provided in each case that such individual or other person complies with certain documentation and certification requirements set forth in the Section 883 regulations and designed to establish status as a qualified stockholder.

Our Chief Executive Officer, who beneficially owned approximately 29.2% of our outstanding shares of common stock as of April 1, 2024, has entered into an agreement with us regarding his compliance, and the compliance by certain entities that he controls and through which he owns our shares, with the certification procedures designed to establish status as a qualified stockholder. In certain circumstances, his compliance and the compliance of such entities he controls with the terms of that agreement may enable us and our subsidiaries to qualify for the benefits of Section 883 even where persons (each of whom owns, either directly or under applicable attribution rules, 5% or more of our shares) own, in the aggregate, more than 50% of our outstanding shares. However, his compliance and the compliance of such entities he controls with the terms of that agreement may not enable us or our subsidiaries to qualify for the benefits of Section 883. We or any of our subsidiaries may not qualify for the benefits of Section 883 for any year.

If we or our subsidiaries do not qualify for the exemption under Section 883 of the Code for any taxable year, then we or our subsidiaries would be subject for those years to the 4% United States federal income tax on gross United States shipping income or, in certain circumstances, to net income taxation at the standard United States federal income tax rates (and potentially also to a 30% branch profits tax). The imposition of such tax could have a negative effect on our business and would result in decreased earnings and cash flow.

We could become a “passive foreign investment company,” which would have adverse United States federal income tax consequences to United States holders and, in turn, us.

A foreign corporation will be treated as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for any taxable year consists of certain types of “passive income” or (2) at least 50% of the average value of the corporation’s assets produce or are held for the production of those types of “passive income.” For purposes of these tests, “passive income” includes dividends, interest, and gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents and royalties other than rents and royalties which are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business.

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For purposes of these tests, income derived from the performance of services does not constitute “passive income” and working capital and similar assets held pending investment in vessels will generally be treated as an asset which produces passive income. United States stockholders of a PFIC are subject to a disadvantageous United States federal income tax regime with respect to the income derived by the PFIC, the distributions they receive from the PFIC and the gain, if any, they derive from the sale or other disposition of their shares in the PFIC.

In connection with determining our PFIC status we treat and intend to continue to treat the gross income that we derive or are deemed to derive from our time chartering and voyage chartering activities as services income, rather than rental income. We believe that our income from time chartering and voyage chartering activities does not constitute “passive income” and that the assets that we own and operate in connection with the production of that income do not constitute assets held for the production of passive income. We treat and intend to continue to treat, for purposes of the PFIC rules, the income that we derive from bareboat charters as passive income and the assets giving rise to such income as assets held for the production of passive income. There is, however, no legal authority specifically under the PFIC rules regarding our current and proposed method of operation and it is possible that the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, may not accept our positions and that a court may uphold such challenge, in which case we and certain of our subsidiaries could be treated as PFICs. In this regard we note that a federal court decision addressing the characterization of time charters concludes that they constitute leases for federal income tax purposes and employs an analysis which, if applied to our time charters, could result in our treatment and the treatment of our vessel-owning subsidiaries as PFICs. In addition, in making the determination as to whether we are a PFIC, we intend to treat the deposits that we make on our newbuilding contracts and that are with respect to vessels we do not expect to bareboat charter as assets which are not held for the production of passive income for purposes of determining whether we are a PFIC. We note that there is no direct authority on this point and it is possible that the IRS may disagree with our position.

We do not believe that we were a PFIC for 2023. This belief is based in part upon our beliefs regarding the value of the assets that we hold for the production of or in connection with the production of passive income relative to the value of our other assets. Should these beliefs turn out to be incorrect, then we and certain of our subsidiaries could be treated as PFICs for 2023. There can be no assurance that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or a court will not determine values for our assets that would cause us to be treated as a PFIC for 2023 or a subsequent year.

In addition, although we do not believe that we were a PFIC for 2023, we may choose to operate our business in the current or in future taxable years in a manner that could cause us to become a PFIC for those years. Because our status as a PFIC for any taxable year will not be determinable until after the end of the taxable year, and depends upon our assets, income and operations in that taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for 2023 or any future taxable year.

If the IRS were to find that we are or have been a PFIC for any taxable year, our United States stockholders would face adverse United States tax consequences. Under the PFIC rules, unless those stockholders make an election available under the Code (which election could itself have adverse consequences for such stockholders, as discussed below under “Item 10 Additional Information-E. Tax Considerations-United States Federal Income Taxation of United States Holders”), such stockholders would be liable to pay United States federal income tax at the then prevailing income tax rates on ordinary income plus interest upon excess distributions and upon any gain from the disposition of our shares of common stock, as if the excess distribution or gain had been recognized ratably over the stockholder’s holding period of our shares of common stock. See “Item 10. Additional Information-E. Tax Considerations-United States Federal Income Tax Consequences-United States Federal Income Taxation of United States Holders” for a more comprehensive discussion of the United States federal income tax consequences to United States stockholders if we are treated as a PFIC. As a result of these adverse tax consequences to United States stockholders, such a finding by the IRS may result in sales of our common stock by United States stockholders, which could lower the price of our common stock and adversely affect our ability to raise capital.

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Risk Related to an Investment in a Marshall Islands Corporation

As a foreign private issuer we are entitled to claim an exemption from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards, and to the extent we elect to rely on this exemption, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

As a foreign private issuer, we are entitled to claim an exemption from many of Nasdaq’s corporate governance practices. Currently, our corporate governance practices comply with the Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. listed companies other than that, while Nasdaq requires listed companies to obtain prior shareholder approval for certain issuances of authorized stock in transactions not involving a public offering, as permitted under Marshall Islands law and our articles of incorporation and bylaws, we do not need prior shareholder approval to issue shares of authorized stock, including with respect to equity compensation. To the extent we rely on this or other exemptions you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

We are incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, which does not have a well-developed body of corporate law or a bankruptcy act.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our articles of incorporation and bylaws and by the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act, or BCA. The provisions of the BCA resemble provisions of the corporation laws of a number of states in the United States. However, there have been few judicial cases in the Republic of the Marshall Islands interpreting the BCA. The rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under the law of the Republic of the Marshall Islands are not as clearly established as the rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in certain U.S. jurisdictions. Stockholder rights may differ as well. While the BCA does specifically incorporate the non-statutory law, or judicial case law, of the State of Delaware and other states with substantially similar legislative provisions, our public stockholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions by the management, directors or controlling stockholders than would stockholders of a corporation incorporated in a U.S. jurisdiction. The Marshall Islands has no established bankruptcy act, and as a result, any bankruptcy action involving our company would have to be initiated outside the Marshall Islands, and our public stockholders may find it difficult or impossible to pursue their claims in such other jurisdictions.

It may be difficult to enforce service of process and judgments against us and our officers and directors.

We are a Marshall Islands company, and our executive offices are located outside of the United States. All of our directors and officers reside outside of the United States, and most of our assets and their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, you may have difficulty serving legal process within the United States upon us or any of these persons. You may also have difficulty enforcing, both in and outside the United States, judgments you may obtain in the U.S. courts against us or these persons in any action, including actions based upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal or state securities laws. There is also substantial doubt that the courts of the Marshall Islands would enter judgments in original actions brought in those courts predicated on U.S., federal or state securities laws.

Risks Related To Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock has fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate in the future.

The market price of our common stock has fluctuated widely since our initial public offering in October 2005 and may continue to do so as a result of many factors, including our actual results of operations and perceived prospects, the prospects of our competition and of the shipping industry in general and in particular the LPG carrier sector, differences between our actual financial and operating results and those expected by investors and analysts, changes in analysts’ recommendations or projections, changes in general valuations for companies in the shipping industry, particularly the LPG carrier sector, changes in general economic or market conditions and broad market fluctuations.

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If the market price of our common stock again falls below $5.00 per share, under stock exchange rules, our stockholders will not be able to use such shares as collateral for borrowing in margin accounts. This inability to use shares of our common stock as collateral may depress demand and certain institutional investors are restricted from investing in or holding shares priced below $5.00, which could lead to sales of such shares creating further downward pressure on and increased volatility in the market price of our common stock.

We may not pay dividends on our common stock.

We have not paid a dividend since the first quarter of 2009, when our Board of Directors decided to suspend dividend payments in light of the volatile global economic situation and conditions in the LPG shipping market. Our board of directors will evaluate our dividend policy consistent with our cash flows and liquidity requirements. In addition, other external factors, such as our existing loan agreements, future financing arrangements and capital expenditures, as well as Marshall Islands law, may also restrict or prohibit our declaration and payment of dividends under some circumstances. For instance, we are not permitted to declare or pay cash dividends, or repurchase shares, in any twelve-month period that exceed 50% of our free cash flow in the preceding twelve-month period. Due to these constraints on dividend payments we may not be able to pay regular quarterly dividends in the future. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-Credit Facilities-Financial Covenants.”

The declaration and payment of dividends will be subject at all times to the discretion of our Board of Directors. The timing and amount of future dividends will depend on the state of the LPG carrier market, our earnings, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, fleet renewal and expansion, restrictions in our loan agreements or other financing arrangements, the provisions of Marshall Islands law affecting the payment of dividends and other factors. Marshall Islands law generally prohibits the payment of dividends other than from surplus or while a company is insolvent or would be rendered insolvent upon the payment of such dividends.

Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and other agreements could make it difficult for our stockholders to replace or remove our current Board of Directors or have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Several provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation and bylaws could make it difficult for our stockholders to change the composition of our Board of Directors in any one year, preventing them from changing the composition of management. In addition, the same provisions may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable.

These provisions include:

Certain of our loan agreements also require that our Chief Executive Officer, Harry Vafias, together with his immediate family, at all times own at least 10% of our outstanding capital stock and certain of our loan agreements provide that it would be an event of default if Harry Vafias ceased to serve as an executive officer or director of our company, Harry Vafias together with his immediate family, ceased to exert significant influence over our company or any other person or group controlled 25% or more of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock.

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These anti-takeover provisions could substantially impede the ability of public stockholders to benefit from a change in control and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and your ability to realize any potential change of control premium.

A. History and Development of the Company

StealthGas Inc. was incorporated in December 2004 in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Our registered address in the Marshall Islands is Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake Island, Majuro, Marshall Islands MH96960. The name of our registered agent at such address is The Trust Company of the Marshall Islands, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 331 Kifissias Avenue, Erithrea 14561 Athens, Greece. Our telephone number for calls originating from the United States is (011) (30) (210) 625-0001.

In October 2005, we completed an initial public offering of our common stock in the United States and our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq National Market and now trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “GASS”.

Prior to the initial public offering, we owned nine LPG carriers. Since the initial public offering and as of December 31, 2023, we acquired an additional 73 LPG carriers, including JV vessels, and three product carriers and one Aframax crude oil tanker and we concluded with the sale of 45 LPG carriers, including JV vessels, and we spun-off our four tankers to our shareholders as discussed below.

We incorporated Imperial Petroleum Inc. under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands on May 14, 2021, to serve as the holding company of four subsidiaries, each owning one of the tanker vessels then in our fleet, which we subsequently contributed to Imperial Petroleum in connection with the Tanker Spin-Off. The four tankers comprised three medium range product carriers with a total capacity of 140,000 dwt and one 115,804 dwt Aframax tanker. On December 3, 2021, we distributed all of Imperial Petroleum’s outstanding shares of common stock and 8.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, liquidation preference $25.00 per share, to our stockholders, which completed the separation of Imperial Petroleum from StealthGas.

As of December 31, 2023, we had a fleet of 33 LPG carriers, including six JV vessels. We sold two small vessels in the first quarter of 2024, and took delivery of two MGC vessels in January 2024. As of April 1, 2024, our fleet is composed of 33 LPG carriers, including six JV vessels, with a total capacity of approximately 389,420 cbm, and our JV, in which we have a 51.0% interest, had a contract to sell one 35,232 cbm LPG carrier pursuant to a charterer’s purchase option, which was delivered to its new owner in the second quarter of 2024.

Our company operates through a number of subsidiaries which either directly or indirectly own or charter in the vessels in our fleet. A list of our subsidiaries, including their respective jurisdiction of incorporation, as of April 1, 2024, all of which are wholly-owned by us other than as indicated therein, is set forth in Exhibit 8 to this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

B. Business Overview

We own a fleet of LPG carriers providing international seaborne transportation services to LPG producers and users. Our LPG carriers carry various petroleum gas products in liquefied form, including propane, butane, butadiene, isopropane, propylene and vinyl chloride monomer, which are all byproducts of the production of crude oil and natural gas. We believe that we have established a reputation as a safe, cost-efficient operator of modern and well-maintained LPG carriers. We also believe that these attributes, together with our strategic focus on meeting our customers’ chartering needs, has contributed to our ability to attract leading charterers as our customers and to our success in obtaining charter renewals. On occasions we charter-in vessels to supplement our own fleet and employ them both on time charters and voyage charters. We are managed by Stealth Maritime, a privately owned company controlled by other members of the Vafias family, of which our Chief Executive Officer is a member.

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As of April 1, 2024, our fleet consisted of 33 LPG carriers, including six JV vessels, with an average age of 9.8 years. The table below describes our fleet and its deployment as of April 1, 2024.

Owned LPG Carriers (27 Vessels)

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In 2019, we sold a 49.9% equity interest in the subsidiaries owning four of our vessels, the Gas Haralambos, the Gas Defiance, the Gas Shuriken and the Eco Lucidity, to a leading maritime-focused investor, and acquired a 2007-built, 38,000 cbm LPG carrier, the Eco Nebula with this same investor (subsequently sold in 2022), in which we also have a 50.1% equity interest. We and the investor each have certain rights to purchase or bid for the purchase of vessels subject to this arrangement in the event of their proposed sale. In the first quarter of 2020, we acquired three 2010-built Medium Gas Carriers, the Eco Ethereal (ex Gaschem Bremen), the Eco Evoluzione (ex. Gaschem Stade) and the Gaschem Hamburg, pursuant to a separate joint venture arrangement with an unaffiliated third party, in which we have a 51% equity interest and the Eco Sorcerer in 2023. The Gaschem Hamburg was subsequently sold in the second quarter of 2021, the Eco Evoluzione (ex. Gaschem Stade) was subsequently sold in the first quarter of 2023 and the charterer has exercised its option to purchase the Eco Ethereal (ex Gaschem Bremen), upon expiration of its charter in April 2024. These joint venture vessels are managed by our manager, Stealth Maritime.

Commercial and Technical Management of Our Fleet

We have a management agreement with Stealth Maritime, pursuant to which Stealth Maritime provides us with technical, administrative, commercial and certain other services. Stealth Maritime is a leading ship-management company based in Greece, established in 1999 in order to provide shipping companies with a range of services. Our manager’s safety management system is ISM certified in compliance with IMO’s regulations by Lloyd’s Register. In relation to the technical services, Stealth Maritime is responsible for arranging for the crewing of the vessels, the day to day operations, inspections and vetting, maintenance, repairs, dry-docking and insurance. Administrative functions include, but are not limited to accounting, back-office, reporting, legal and secretarial services. In addition, Stealth Maritime provides services for the chartering of our vessels and monitoring thereof, freight collection, and sale and purchase. In providing most of these services, Stealth Maritime pays third parties and receives reimbursement from us. In addition, Stealth Maritime may subcontract technical management and crew management for some of our vessels to third parties, including Hellenic Manning Overseas Inc, formerly known as Navis Maritime Services Inc., in which an affiliate of Stealth Maritime has a 25% interest. As of April 1, 2024, the technical management of two of our ships was subcontracted by Stealth Maritime. These crew and technical managers are supervised by Stealth Maritime.

Under the November 2006 agreement, which was amended effective January 1, 2007, as approved by our Board of Directors, including all of our independent directors, we pay Stealth Maritime a fixed management fee of $440 per vessel operating under a voyage or time charter per day (except for four vessels for which a fixed daily fee of $280 is charged by Stealth Maritime as part of the services is currently provided by third party managers) on a monthly basis in advance, pro-rated for the calendar days we own the vessels. We pay a fixed fee of $125 per vessel per day for each of our vessels operating on bareboat charter. We are also obligated to pay Stealth Maritime a fee equal to 1.25% of the gross freight, demurrage and charter hire collected from the employment of our vessels. Stealth Maritime will also earn a fee equal to 1.0% of the contract price of any vessel bought or sold by them on our behalf. In addition, as long as Stealth Maritime (or an entity with respect to which Harry N. Vafias is an executive officer, director or the principal shareholder) is our fleet manager or Harry N. Vafias is an executive officer or director of the Company, Stealth Maritime has granted us a right of first refusal to acquire any LPG carrier which Stealth Maritime may acquire in the future. In addition, Stealth Maritime has agreed that it will not charter-in any LPG carrier without first offering the opportunity to charter-in such vessels to us. This right of first refusal does not prohibit Stealth Maritime from managing vessels owned by unaffiliated third parties in competition with us, nor does it cover other sectors of the shipping industry, including product carriers or crude oil tankers.

The initial term of our management agreement with Stealth Maritime expired in June 2010; however, unless six months’ notice of non-renewal is given by either party prior to the end of the then current term, this agreement automatically extends for additional 12 month periods. No such notice has been given, and accordingly, this agreement will extend to June 2025.

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For additional information about the management agreement, including the calculation of management fees, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions” and our consolidated financial statements which are included as Item 18 to this Annual Report.

Crewing and Employees

Stealth Maritime ensures that all seamen have the qualifications and licenses required to comply with international regulations and shipping conventions, and that our vessels employ experienced and competent personnel. Since 2021, Hellenic Manning Overseas Inc, formerly known as Navis Maritime Services Inc., based in Manila, has been responsible for providing the crewing of our fleet, under Stealth Maritime’s and Brave Maritime’s technical management, to the extent that these vessels were not deployed on bareboat charters. These responsibilities include training, compensation, transportation and additional insurance of the crew. The remaining vessels were crewed by their respective technical managers and their crewing agents.

Chartering of the Fleet

We, through Stealth Maritime, manage the employment of our fleet. We deploy our LPG carriers, and prior to the Tanker Spin-Off our tankers, on period charters, including time and bareboat charters that can last up to several years, and spot market charters (through voyage charters and short-term time charters), which generally last from one to six months, subject to market conditions. Time and bareboat charters are for a fixed period of time. A voyage charter is generally a contract to carry a specific cargo from a loading port to a discharging port for an agreed-upon total charge. Under voyage charters we pay for voyage expenses such as port, canal and fuel costs. Under a time charter the charterer pays for voyage expenses while under a bareboat charter the charterer pays for voyage expenses and operating expenses such as crewing, supplies, maintenance and repairs including special survey and dry-docking costs.

Vessels operating in the spot market generate revenues that are less predictable but may enable us to capture increased profit margins during periods of improvements in LPG charter rates, although we are then exposed to the risk of declining LPG carrier charter rates. Typically spot market charters can last from a few days up to two months. If we commit vessels to period charters, future spot market rates may be higher or lower than those rates at which we have period chartered our vessels.

In formulating our chartering strategy, we evaluate past, present and future performance of the freight markets and balance the mix of our chartering arrangements in order to achieve optimal results for the fleet. As of April 1, 2024 and including our six JV vessels, we had one vessel operating in the spot market, 22 vessels on time charters expiring in 2024, and 10 on time charters expiring from 2025 to 2027. In terms of charter coverage as of April 1 2024, we had 68% of the available calendar days fixed under period charters for 2024 and 24% for 2025.

While a significant part our fleet is operating in the Far East, we deploy vessels globally. Some of the areas where we usually operate are the Middle East, the Mediterranean, North West Europe, Africa and Latin America. According to industry reports, the United States is currently expected to continue to increase its exports of LPG products. In the event this creates more demand for vessels like ours, we would expect to deploy more vessels in the United States and the Caribbean. As freight rates usually vary between these areas as well as voyage and operating expenses, we evaluate such parameters when positioning our vessels for new employment.

Customers

Our assessment of a charterer’s financial condition and reliability is an important factor in negotiating employment for our vessels. Principal charterers include producers of LPG products, such as national, major and other independent energy companies and energy traders, and industrial users of those products. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had two customers that accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues. In addition, vessels under bareboat charter may be sub-chartered to third parties.

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Environmental and other Regulations

Government regulations significantly affect the ownership and operation of our vessels. They are subject to international conventions and national, state and local laws and regulations in force in the countries in which they may operate or are registered.

A variety of governmental and private entities subject our vessels to both scheduled and unscheduled inspections. These entities include the local port authorities (United States Coast Guard, harbor master or equivalent), classification societies, flag state administration (country of registry), charterers and particularly terminal operators. Certain of these entities require us to obtain permits, licenses, certificates and financial assurances for the operation of our vessels. Failure to maintain necessary permits or approvals could require us to incur substantial costs or result in the temporary suspension of operation of one or more of our vessels.

We believe that the heightened level of environmental and quality concerns among insurance underwriters, regulators and charterers is leading to greater inspection and safety requirements on all vessels and may accelerate the scrapping of older vessels throughout the industry. Increasing environmental concerns have created a demand for vessels that conform to the stricter environmental standards. We are required to maintain operating standards for all of our vessels that emphasize operational safety, quality maintenance, continuous training of our officers and crews and compliance with United States and international regulations. We believe that the operation of our vessels is in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations. However, because such laws and regulations are frequently changed and may impose increasingly stricter requirements, any future requirements may limit our ability to do business, increase our operating costs, force the early retirement of one or more of our vessels, and/or affect their resale value, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Environmental Regulations-International Maritime Organization (“IMO”)

The IMO, the United Nations agency for maritime safety and the prevention of pollution by ships, has negotiated international conventions relating to pollution by ships. In 1973, IMO adopted the MARPOL, which has been periodically updated with relevant amendments. MARPOL addresses pollution from ships by oil, noxious liquid substances carried in bulk, harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form, sewage, garbage, and air emissions. Our vessels are subject to standards imposed by the IMO.

In September 1997, the IMO adopted MARPOL Annex VI to address air pollution from ships. Effective in May 2005, Annex VI set limits on SOx and nitrogen oxide (“NOx”) emissions from ship exhausts and prohibited deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons. Annex VI also included a global cap on the sulfur content of fuel oil and allowed for special areas to be established with more stringent controls on emissions. Options for complying with the requirements of Annex VI include use of low sulfur fuels, modifications to vessel engines, or the addition of post combustion emission controls. Annex VI has been ratified by some, but not all IMO member states. Vessels that are subject to Annex VI must obtain an International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate evidencing compliance with Annex VI.

In October 2008, the IMO adopted amendments to Annex VI, and the United States ratified the Annex VI amendments in October 2008. Beginning in 2011 the amendments required a progressive reduction of sulfur levels in bunker fuels to be phased in by 2020 and imposed more stringent NOx emission standards on marine diesel engines, depending on their date of installation. Since January 1, 2020, the amended Annex VI required that fuel oil contain no more than 0.50% sulfur. It is up to individual parties to MARPOL to enforce fines and sanctions, and several major port state regimes have announced plans to do so. We may incur costs to comply with the amended Annex VI requirements. We currently have no committed capital expenditure obligations for the installation of scrubbers.

On November 1, 2022, amendments to MARPOL Annex VI adopted by the IMO came into effect. These “goal” or “performance-based” amendments are both of a technical and an operational nature, and they require ships to improve their energy efficiency with a view to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions, with a particular focus on carbon emissions. The U.S. Coast Guard is working to implement the amended provisions of MARPOL Annex VI, chiefly through proposed rule 1625-AC78, which remains at the proposed rule stage since its original publication in October of 2022.

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The amended MARPOL provisions and the rules proposed by the U.S. Coast Guard to implement them, in addition to any other new or more stringent air emission regulations which may be adopted, could require significant capital expenditures to retrofit vessels and could otherwise increase our investment and operating costs.

More stringent emission standards apply in coastal areas designated by the IMO as SOx Emission Control Areas, or ECAs, such as the Baltic and North Seas, United States (including Hawaii) and Canadian (including the French territories of St. Pierre and Miquelon) coastal areas, and the United States Caribbean Sea (including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands). Similar restrictions apply in Icelandic and inland Chinese waters. Specifically, as of January 1, 2019, China expanded the scope of its Domestic Emission Control Areas to include all coastal waters within 12 nautical miles of the mainland. Vessels operating within an ECA or an area with equivalent standards must use fuel with a sulfur content that does not exceed 0.10%. Additionally, two new NOx ECAs, the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, will be enforced for ships constructed (keel laying) on or after January 1, 2021, or existing ships which replace an engine with “non-identical” engines, or install an “additional” engine. Other ECAs may be designated, and the jurisdictions in which our vessels operate may adopt more stringent emission standards independent of IMO. For example, the Mediterranean Sea has been proposed as an additional ECA. We have obtained International Air Pollution Prevention Certificates for all of our vessels and believe they are compliant in all material respects with current Annex VI requirements.

Our LPG carriers must have an IMO Certificate of Fitness demonstrating compliance with construction codes for LPG carriers. These codes, and similar regulations in individual member states, address fire and explosion risks posed by the transport of liquefied gases. Collectively, these standards and regulations impose detailed requirements relating to the design and arrangement of cargo tanks, vents, and pipes; construction materials and compatibility; cargo pressure; and temperature control. All of our LPG carriers have Certificates of Fitness and we intend to obtain such certificates for the vessels that we have agreed to acquire.

Many countries have ratified and follow the liability plan adopted by the IMO and set out in the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969 (the “CLC”) (the United States, with its separate OPA regime described below, is not a party to the CLC). This convention generally applies to vessels that carry oil in bulk as cargo. Under this convention and depending on whether the country in which the damage results is a party to the 1992 Protocol to the CLC, the registered owner of a regulated vessel is strictly liable for pollution damage in the territorial waters or exclusive economic zone of a contracting state caused by the discharge of any oil from the ship, subject to certain defenses. Under an amendment to the 1992 Protocol that became effective on November 1, 2003, for vessels of 5,000 to 140,000 gross tons, liability per incident is limited to 4.51 million Special Drawing Rights (“SDR”) plus 631 SDR for each additional gross ton over 5,000. For a vessel over 140,000 gross tons, liability is limited to 89.77 million SDR. The SDR is an International Monetary Fund unit pegged to a basket of currencies. The right to limit liability under the CLC is forfeited where the spill is caused by the owner’s actual fault and, under the 1992 Protocol, where the spill is caused by the owner’s intentional or reckless conduct. Vessels trading in states that are parties to the CLC must provide evidence of insurance covering the liability of the owner. In jurisdictions where the CLC has not been adopted, various legislative schemes or common law regimes govern, and liability is imposed either on the basis of fault or in a manner similar to that convention. We believe that our protection and indemnity insurance will cover any liability under the CLC.

In 2001, the IMO adopted the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, or the Bunker Convention, which imposes strict liability on ship owners for pollution damage caused by discharges of bunker oil in jurisdictional waters of ratifying states. The Bunker Convention also requires registered owners of ships over 1,000 gross tons to maintain insurance for pollution damage in an amount equal to the limits of liability under the applicable national or international limitation regime (but not exceeding the amount calculated in accordance with the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims of 1976, as amended). Because the Bunker Convention does not apply to pollution damage governed by the CLC, it applies only to discharges from any of our vessels that are not transporting oil. The Bunker Convention entered into force on November 21, 2008. Liability limits under the Bunker Convention were increased as of June 2015. In jurisdictions where the Bunker Convention has not been adopted, such as the United States, liability for spills or releases of oil from ship’s bunkers typically is determined by national or other domestic laws in the jurisdiction where the events occur.

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Our LPG vessels may also become subject to the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea adopted in 1996 as amended by the Protocol to the HNS Convention, adopted in April 2010 (2010 HNS Protocol) (collectively, the “2010 HNS Convention”), if it enters into force. The Convention creates a regime of liability and compensation for damage from hazardous and noxious substances (or HNS), including liquefied gases. The 2010 HNS Convention sets up a two-tier system of compensation composed of compulsory insurance taken out by ship owners and an HNS Fund that will come into play when the insurance is insufficient to satisfy a claim or does not cover the incident. Under the 2010 HNS Convention, if damage is caused by bulk HNS, claims for compensation will first be sought from the ship owner up to a maximum of 100 million SDR. If the damage is caused by packaged HNS or by both bulk and packaged HNS, the maximum liability is 115 million SDR. Once the limit is reached, compensation will be paid from the HNS Fund up to a maximum of 250 million SDR. The 2010 HNS Convention has not been ratified by a sufficient number of countries to enter into force, and at this time we cannot estimate with any certainty the costs of compliance with its requirements should it enter into force.

The IMO adopted the BWM Convention in February 2004. The Convention’s implementing regulations call for a phased introduction of mandatory ballast water exchange requirements, to be replaced in time with mandatory concentration limits. The BWM Convention took effect on September 8, 2017. Many of the implementation dates originally contained in the BWM Convention had already passed prior to its effectiveness, so that the period for installation of mandatory ballast water exchange requirements would be very short, with several thousand ships per year needing to install the systems. Consequently, the IMO Assembly passed a resolution in December 2013 revising the dates for implementation of the ballast water management requirements so that they are triggered by the entry into force date. In effect, this makes all vessels constructed before September 8, 2017 “existing” vessels, allowing for the installation of ballast water management systems on such vessels at the first renewal International Oil Pollution Prevention (“IOPP”) survey following entry into force of the BWM Convention. In July 2017, the implementation scheme was further changed to require vessels with IOPP certificates expiring between September 8, 2017 and September 8, 2019 to comply at their second IOPP renewal. All ships must have installed a ballast water treatment system by September 8, 2024. Each vessel in our current fleet has been issued or will be issued a ballast water management plan Statement of Compliance by the classification society with respect to the applicable IMO regulations and guidelines. The cost of compliance could increase for our vessels as a result of these requirements, although it is difficult to predict the overall impact of such a requirement on our operations.

The operation of our vessels is also affected by the requirements set forth in the ISM Code of the IMO. The ISM Code requires ship owners and bareboat charterers to develop and maintain an extensive SMS that includes the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for safe operation and describing procedures for dealing with emergencies. Vessel operators must obtain a “Safety Management Certificate” from the government of the vessel’s flag state to verify that it is being operated in compliance with its approved SMS. The failure of a ship owner or bareboat charterer to comply with the ISM Code may subject such party to increased liability, decrease available insurance coverage for the affected vessels and result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports. Currently, each of the vessels in our fleet is ISM code-certified. However, there can be no assurance that such certification will be maintained indefinitely. Non-compliance with the ISM Code may subject such party to increased liability, invalidate existing insurance or decrease available insurance coverage for the affected vessels and result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports. For example, the U.S. Coast Guard and E.U. authorities have indicated that vessels not in compliance with the ISM Code will be prohibited from trading in U.S. and E.U. ports.

Environmental Regulations-The United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (“OPA”) and the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”)

The United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or OPA, established an extensive regulatory and liability regime for the protection and cleanup of the environment from oil spills. OPA applies to discharges of any oil from a vessel, including discharges of fuel oil (bunkers) and lubricants. OPA affects all owners and operators whose vessels trade in the United States, its territories and possessions or whose vessels operate in United States waters, which include the United States’ territorial sea and its two hundred nautical mile exclusive economic zone. The United States has also enacted the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or CERCLA, which applies to the discharge of hazardous substances other than oil, whether on land or at sea. OPA and CERCLA both define “owner and operator” in the case of a vessel as any person owning, operating or chartering by demise, the vessel. Accordingly, both OPA and CERCLA impact our operations.

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Under OPA, vessel owners, operators and bareboat charterers are “responsible parties” and are jointly, severally and strictly liable (unless the discharge of pollutants results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war) for all containment and clean-up costs and other damages arising from discharges or threatened discharges of pollutants from their vessels. OPA broadly defines these other damages to include:

Since March 23, 2022, the current limits of OPA liability for double-hulled tank vessels larger than 3,000 gross tons are the greater of $2,500 per gross ton or $21,521,000, subject to adjustment for inflation by the United States Coast Guard every three years. These limits of liability do not apply if an incident was directly caused by violation of applicable United States federal safety, construction or operating regulations or by a responsible party’s gross negligence or willful misconduct, or if the responsible party fails or refuses to report the incident or to cooperate and assist in connection with oil removal activities.

OPA requires owners and operators of vessels over 300 gross tons to establish and maintain with the United States Coast Guard evidence of financial responsibility sufficient to meet their potential liabilities under the OPA. Under the United States Coast Guard regulations implementing OPA, vessel owners and operators may evidence their financial responsibility by showing proof of insurance, surety bond, self-insurance, or guaranty. Under the OPA regulations, an owner or operator of a fleet of vessels is required only to demonstrate evidence of financial responsibility in an amount sufficient to cover the vessels in the fleet having the greatest maximum liability under OPA.

CERCLA contains a similar liability regime whereby owners and operators of vessels are liable for cleanup, removal and remedial costs, as well as damage for injury to, or destruction or loss of, natural resources, including the reasonable costs associated with assessing same, and health assessments or health effects studies. There is no liability if the discharge of a hazardous substance results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war. Liability under CERCLA is limited to the greater of $300 per gross ton or $5 million for vessels carrying a hazardous substance as cargo and the greater of $300 per gross ton or $500,000 for any other vessel. These limits do not apply (rendering the responsible person liable for the total cost of response and damages) if the release or threat of release of a hazardous substance resulted from willful misconduct or negligence, or the primary cause of the release was a violation of applicable safety, construction or operating standards or regulations. The limitation on liability also does not apply if the responsible person fails or refused to provide all reasonable cooperation and assistance as requested in connection with response activities where the vessel is subject to OPA.

We currently maintain, for each of our vessels, pollution liability coverage insurance in the amount of $1 billion per vessel per incident. In addition, we carry hull and machinery and protection and indemnity insurance to cover the risks of fire and explosion. Under certain circumstances, fire and explosion could result in a catastrophic loss. While we believe that our present insurance coverage is adequate, not all risks can be insured, and there can be no guarantee that any specific claim will be paid, or that we will always be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates. If the damages from a catastrophic spill exceeded our insurance coverage, it would have a severe effect on us and could possibly result in our insolvency.

OPA and CERCLA both require owners and operators of vessels to establish and maintain with the United States Coast Guard evidence of financial responsibility sufficient to meet the maximum amount of liability to which the particular responsible person may be subject as discussed above. Under the self-insurance provisions, the ship owner or operator must have a net worth and working capital, measured in assets located in the United States against liabilities located anywhere in the world, that exceeds the applicable amount of financial responsibility.

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We have complied with the United States Coast Guard regulations by providing a financial guaranty evidencing sufficient self-insurance.

OPA specifically permits individual states to impose their own liability regimes with regard to oil pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries, and some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for oil spills. In some cases, states, which have enacted such legislation, have not yet issued implementing regulations defining vessels owners’ responsibilities under these laws. We intend to comply with all applicable state regulations in the ports where our vessels call.

Environmental Regulations-Other Environmental Initiatives

The EU has adopted legislation that: (1) requires member states to refuse access to their ports to certain sub-standard vessels, according to vessel type, flag and number of previous detentions; (2) creates an obligation on member states to inspect at least 25% of vessels using their ports annually and provides for increased surveillance of vessels posing a high risk to maritime safety or the marine environment; (3) provides the EU with greater authority and control over classification societies, including the ability to seek to suspend or revoke the authority of negligent societies; and (4) requires member states to impose criminal sanctions for certain pollution events, such as the unauthorized discharge of tank washings. It is impossible to predict what additional legislation or regulations, if any, may be promulgated by the EU or any other country or authority.

The European Parliament and the Council of the E.U. have adopted regulation 2015/757, the EU-MRV on the monitoring, reporting and verification of CO2 emissions from maritime transport. It entered into force on July 1, 2015 and monitoring began January 1, 2018. The maritime EU-MRV regulation applies to all merchant ships of 5,000 gross tons or above on voyages from, to and between ports under jurisdiction of E.U. member states. Companies operating the vessels will have to monitor the CO2 emissions released while in port and for any voyages to or from a port under the jurisdiction of an E.U. member state and to keep records on CO2 emissions on both per-voyage and annual bases. Furthermore, as of January 1, 2018, our vessels began monitoring and reporting CO2 emissions pursuant to the IMO DCS regulation, which is part of the IMO’s efforts to reduce GHG emissions from ships by 50% by 2050 compared to 2008. On February 4, 2019, the European Commission tabled a proposal concerning the amendment of the EU-MRV. The main objective of the proposal was to amend the EU-MRV in order to take account of the new IMO DCS for fuel oil consumption of ships that was introduced by the IMO in March 2018. As part of the IMO’s efforts to reduce GHG emissions from ships, an initial IMO GHG strategy envisaged a reduction in carbon intensity of international shipping (a 40 % reduction of average CO2 emissions per transport work by 2030 and a 70% reduction by 2050, compared to 2008) and a 50 % reduction in total annual GHG emissions from international shipping by 2050, compared to 2008. The globally applicable IMO DCS system, currently runs in parallel with the EU-MRV, thus duplicating regulation for shipping companies whose ships sail both inside and outside the EU. The EU recently included international carbon emissions from the maritime sector in the EU emissions trading system. These monitoring and reporting processes adopted by the EU-MRV and the IMO DCS regulations is considered to be part of a market-based mechanism for a carbon tax to be adopted. On June 22, 2022, the European Union revised proposed amendments to regulation 2015/757.

In July 2023, the IMO adopted the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, which provides new mid-term emissions reduction goals and builds upon the initial strategy’s levels of ambition. The revised levels of ambition include (1) further decreasing the carbon intensity from ships through improvement of energy efficiency; (2) reducing carbon intensity of international shipping; (3) increasing adoption of zero or near-zero emissions technologies, fuels, and energy sources to represent at least 5%, striving for 10%, of the energy used by international shipping by 2023 and (4) achieving net zero GHG emissions from international shipping. A basket of mid-term measures to reduce GHG emissions that combines technical and economical elements is expected to be finalized at MEPC 81 in spring 2024, and ultimately enter into force in 2027. Potential long-term measures may be finalized and agreed by MEPC beyond 2030.

Following a July 14, 2021 European Commission proposal, the European Parliament voted to include CO2, methane (NH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from shipping within the EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme (“EU ETS”). The proposal was adopted in May 2023, and became effective January 1, 2024. The EU ETS now applies to all voyages by vessels 5,000 gross tonnage and above that start or finish within the EU. It requires vessel operators to purchase allowances that correspond to the emissions covered by the system.

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The scheme phased in for CO2 in 2024, and will phase in for methane and nitrous oxide in 2026. Additional jurisdictions may adopt similar GHG emissions monitoring and reduction schemes in the future.

Varying emission requirements will present significant challenges for vessel owners and operators. To address the potential compliance challenges for some of the existing vessels, particularly the older ones, while keeping in line with the IMO strategy’s levels of ambition and the EU ETS, we may incur significant capital expenditures to apply efficiency improvement measures and meet the Required EEXI threshold, for example with respect to shaft/engine power limitation (power optimization), fuel change, energy saving devices and ship replacement. The introduction of the EEXI regulatory framework may also accelerate the scrapping of older tonnage, while the adoption of shaft/engine power limitation as measures to comply with the latest amendments may lead to the continuing prevalence of slow steaming to even lower speeds which could result in contracting/ building of new ships to replace any reduction in capacity.

The impact of these requirements on our business and operations, including any necessary capital expenditures, is difficult to accurately predict at this time.

Fourteen years after the IMO’s initial adoption of the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, 2009, a sufficient number of contracting states have ratified the Convention and reached requirements for entry into force. Entry into force of this Convention required that the combined merchant fleets of the contracting states constitute not less than 40 percent of the gross tonnage (gt) of the world’s merchant shipping and the combined maximum annual ship recycling volume of these states during the preceding 10 years constitutes not less than three percent of the gt of the combined merchant shipping of the same states. The Hong Kong convention enters into force on June 26, 2025.

On March 23, 2012, the United States Coast Guard adopted ballast water discharge standards under the U.S. National Invasive Species Act, or NISA. The regulations, which became effective on June 21, 2012, set maximum acceptable discharge limits for living organisms and established standards for ballast water management systems, and they are consistent with the requirements under the BWM Convention described above. The requirements are being phased in based on the size of the vessel and its next dry docking date. As of the date of this report, the United States Coast Guard has approved nearly 50 Ballast Water Treatment Systems. A list of approved equipment can be found on the Coast Guard Maritime Information Exchange web page. Several U.S. states, such as California, have also adopted more stringent legislation or regulations relating to the permitting and management of ballast water discharges compared to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) regulations.

The U.S. Clean Water Act (“CWA”) prohibits the discharge of oil or hazardous substances in navigable waters and imposes strict liability in the form of penalties for any unauthorized discharges. The CWA also imposes substantial liability for the costs of removal, remediation and damages and complements the remedies available under OPA. Under EPA regulations we are required to obtain a CWA permit to discharge ballast water and other wastewaters incidental to the normal operation of our vessels if we operate within the three mile territorial waters or inland waters of the United States. This permit, which the EPA has designated as the Vessel General Permit for Discharges Incidental to the Normal Operation of Vessels, or VGP, incorporates the current United States Coast Guard requirements for ballast water management, as well as supplemental ballast water requirements, and includes requirements applicable to 26 specific discharge streams, such as deck runoff, bilge water and gray water. The United States Coast Guard and the EPA have entered into a memorandum of understanding which provides for collaboration on the enforcement of the VGP requirements. As a result, the United States Coast Guard includes the VGP as part of its normal Port State Control inspections. The EPA issued a VGP that became effective in December 2013. Among other things, it contained numeric ballast water discharge limits for most vessels and more stringent requirements for exhaust gas scrubbers and required the use of environmentally friendly lubricants. We have submitted NOIs (Notices Of Intent) for Discharges Incidental to the Normal Operation of a Vessel under the 2013 VGP to the U.S. EPA for all our ships trading in U.S. waters. The 2013 VGP was set to expire on December 13, 2018; however, its provisions will remain in effect until the regulations under the 2018 Vessel Incidental Discharge Act (“VIDA”) are final and enforceable. VIDA, signed into law on December 4, 2018, establishes a new framework for the regulation of vessel incidental discharges under CWA Section 312(p). VIDA requires the EPA to develop performance standards for those discharges within two years of enactment, and requires the United States Coast Guard to develop implementation, compliance, and enforcement regulations within two years of the EPA’s promulgation of its performance standards.

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All provisions of the 2013 VGP will remain in force and effect until the United States Coast Guard regulations under VIDA are finalized. On October 26, 2020, the EPA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking—Vessel Incident Discharge National Standards of Performance in the Federal Register for public comment. The comment period closed on November 25, 2020. Compliance with the EPA and United States Coast Guard ballast water management regulations could require the installation of equipment on our vessels to treat ballast water before it is discharged or the implementation of other port facility disposal arrangements at potentially substantial cost, or may otherwise restrict our vessels from entering United States waters.

Climate Control Initiatives

Although the Kyoto Protocol requires adopting countries to implement national programs to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping are not currently subject to the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol was extended to 2020 at the 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference, with the hope that a new climate change treaty would be adopted by 2015 and come into effect by 2020. The Paris Agreement adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in December 2015 contemplates commitments from each nation party thereto to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit increases in global temperatures but did not include any restrictions or other measures specific to shipping emissions. However, restrictions on shipping emissions are likely to continue to be considered and a new treaty may be adopted in the future that includes restrictions on shipping emissions. International or multi-national bodies or individual countries may adopt their own climate change regulatory initiatives. The IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee adopted two sets of mandatory requirements to address greenhouse gas emissions from shipping that entered into force in January 2013. The Energy Efficiency Design Index establishes minimum energy efficiency levels per capacity mile and applies to new vessels of 400 gross tons or greater. Currently operating vessels must develop and implement Ship Energy Efficiency Plans. By 2025, all new ships built must be 30% more energy efficient than those built in 2014, but it is likely that the IMO will increase these requirements such that new ships must be up to 50% more energy efficient than those built in 2014 by 2022. These new requirements could cause us to incur additional costs to comply. MARPOL adopted in June 2021 will build on the EEDI and SEEMP and require ships to reduce carbon intensity based on a new Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index and reduce operational carbon intensity reductions based on a new operational carbon intensity indicator, in line with the IMO strategy which aims to reduce carbon intensity of international shipping by 40% by 2030. Likewise, the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) and the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII), both introduced on January 1, 2023, will impose additional technical requirements on vessels, based on their particular specifications, including, in the case of the CII, the potential requirement for the development of SEEMP plan for vessels that earn low compliance ratings for three consecutive years. CII requirements are set to become particularly stringent by 2030. The USCG plans to develop and propose regulations to implement these provisions in the United States. The IMO is also considering the development of market-based mechanisms for limiting greenhouse gas emissions from ships, but it is impossible to predict the likelihood of adoption of such a standard or the impact on our operations. In April 2015, the EU adopted regulations requiring the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions from marine vessels (of over 5,000 gross tons) which went into effect in January 2018. The EPA has issued a finding that greenhouse gas emissions endanger the public health and safety and has adopted regulations under the Clean Air Act to limit emissions of greenhouse gases from certain mobile sources and proposed regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from large stationary sources, although the mobile source regulations do not apply to greenhouse gas emissions from vessels. Any passage of climate control initiatives by the IMO, the EU or the individual countries in which we operate that limit greenhouse gas emissions from vessels could require us to limit our operations or make significant financial expenditures that we cannot predict with certainty at this time. Passage of climate control initiatives that affect the demand for LPG products and oil may also materially affect our business. Even in the absence of climate control legislation and regulations, our business may be materially affected to the extent that climate change may result in sea level changes or more intense weather events.

On June 29, 2017, the Global Industry Alliance, or the GIA, was officially inaugurated. The GIA is a program, under the Global Environmental Facility-United Nations Development Program-IMO project, which supports shipping, and related industries, as they move towards a low carbon future. Organizations including, but not limited to, ship owners, operators, classification societies, and oil companies, signed to launch the GIA.

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In addition, the United States is currently experiencing changes in its environmental policy, the results of which have yet to be fully determined. For example, in 2021, the United States announced its commitment to working with the IMO to adopt a goal of achieving zero emissions from international shipping by 2050. Additional legislation or regulation applicable to the operation of our ships that may be implemented in the future could negatively affect our profitability. Furthermore, recent action by the IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee and U.S. agencies indicate that cybersecurity regulations for the maritime industry are likely to be further developed in the near future in an attempt to combat cybersecurity threats, as described below. This might cause companies to cultivate additional procedures for monitoring cybersecurity, which could require additional expenses and/or capital expenditures. However, the impact of such regulations is difficult to predict at this time.

Vessel Security Regulations

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, there have been a variety of initiatives intended to enhance vessel security. On November 25, 2002, the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, or MTSA, came into effect in the United States. To implement certain portions of the MTSA, in July 2003, the United States Coast Guard issued regulations requiring the implementation of certain security requirements aboard vessels operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. Similarly, in December 2002, amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, or SOLAS, created a new chapter of the convention dealing specifically with maritime security. The chapter went into effect in July 2004, and imposes various detailed security obligations on vessels and port authorities, most of which are contained in the newly created International Ship and Port Facilities Security or, ISPS, Code. Among the various requirements are:

The United States Coast Guard regulation’s aim to align with international maritime security standards exempted non-United States vessels from MTSA vessel security measures provided such vessels have on board, by July 1, 2004, a valid International Ship Security Certificate (“ISSC”) that attests to the vessel’s compliance with SOLAS security requirements and the ISPS Code. We have obtained ISSCs for all of our vessels and implemented the various security measures addressed by the MTSA, SOLAS and the ISPS Codes to ensure that our vessels attain compliance with all applicable security requirements within the prescribed time periods. We do not believe these requirements will have a material financial impact on our operations.

IMO Cyber Security

The Maritime Safety Committee, at its 98th session in June 2017, adopted Resolution MSC.428(98) - Maritime Cyber Risk Management in Safety Management Systems. The resolution encourages administrations to ensure that cyber risks are appropriately addressed in existing safety management systems (as defined in the ISM Code) no later than the first annual verification of the company’s Document of Compliance after January 1, 2021. Owners risk having ships detained if they have not included cyber security in the SMS of ships by January 1, 2021.

Vessel Recycling Regulations

The EU has adopted a regulation that seeks to facilitate the ratification of the IMO Recycling Convention and sets forth rules relating to vessel recycling and management of hazardous materials on vessels. In addition to new requirements for the recycling of vessels, the new regulation contains rules for the control and proper management of hazardous materials on vessels and prohibits or restricts the installation or use of certain hazardous materials on vessels. The new regulation applies to vessels flying the flag of an EU member state and certain of its provisions apply to vessels flying the flag of a third country calling at a port or anchorage of a member state. For example, when calling at a port or anchorage of a member state, a vessel flying the flag of a third country will be required, among other things, to have on board an inventory of hazardous materials that complies with the requirements of the new regulation and the vessel must be able to submit to the relevant authorities of that member state a copy of a statement of compliance issued by the relevant authorities of the country of the vessel’s flag verifying the inventory.

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The new regulation took effect on non-EU-flagged vessels calling on EU ports of call beginning on December 31, 2020.

Classification and Inspection

All our vessels are certified as being “in class” by a classification society member of the International Association of Classification Societies such as Lloyds Register of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, American Bureau of Shipping and Nippon Kaiji Kyokai. All new and secondhand vessels that we purchase must be certified prior to their delivery under our standard contracts and memoranda of agreement. If the vessel is not certified on the date of closing, we have no obligation to take delivery of the vessel. Most insurance underwriters make it a condition for insurance coverage that a vessel be certified as “in class” by a classification society that is a member of the International Association of Classification Societies. Every vessel’s hull and machinery is “classed” by a classification society authorized by its country of registry. The classification society certifies that the vessel has been built and maintained in accordance with the rules of such classification society and complies with applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and the international conventions of which that country is a member. Each vessel is inspected by a surveyor of the classification society every year-an annual survey, every two to three years-an intermediate survey, and every four to five years-a special survey. Vessels also may be required, as part of the intermediate survey process, to be dry-docked every 30 to 36 months for inspection of the underwater parts of the vessel and for necessary repairs related to such inspection; alternatively, such requirements may be dealt concurrently with the special survey.

In addition to the classification inspections, many of our customers, including the major oil companies, regularly inspect our vessels as a pre-condition to chartering voyages on these vessels. We believe that our well-maintained, high quality tonnage should provide us with a competitive advantage in the current environment of increasing regulations, and customer emphasis on quality of service.

All areas subject to surveys as defined by the classification society, are required to be surveyed at least once per class period, unless shorter intervals between surveys are prescribed elsewhere. The period between two subsequent surveys of each area must not exceed five years.

Vessels are dry docked for the special survey for inspection of the underwater parts and for repairs related to inspections. If any defects are found, the classification surveyor will issue a “recommendation” which must be rectified by the ship owner within the prescribed time limits.

Risk of Loss and Liability Insurance

General

The operation of any cargo vessel includes risks such as mechanical failure, physical damage, collision, property loss, cargo loss or damage and business interruption due to political circumstances in foreign countries, hostilities and labor strikes. In addition, there is always an inherent possibility of marine disaster, including environmental mishaps, and the liabilities arising from owning and operating vessels in international trade. While we believe that our present insurance coverage is adequate, not all risks can be insured, and there can be no guarantee that any specific claim will be paid, or that we will always be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates.

Hull and Machinery Insurance

We have obtained marine hull and machinery and war risk insurance, which include the risk of actual or constructive total loss, for all of our vessels. The vessels are each covered up to at least fair market value, with deductibles of $100,000 per vessel.

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We also maintain increased value insurance for most of our vessels. Under the increased value insurance, in case of total loss of the vessel, we will be able to recover the sum insured under the increased value policy in addition to the sum insured under the Hull and Machinery policy. Increased value insurance also covers excess liabilities which are not recoverable in full by the Hull and Machinery policies by reason of under insurance.

Protection and Indemnity Insurance

Protection and indemnity insurance, is a form of mutual indemnity insurance, which covers our third party liabilities in connection with our shipping activities. It is provided by non-profit-making protection and indemnity commonly known as P&I Associations or “clubs.” This insurance provides cover towards third-party liability and other related expenses of injury or death of crew, passengers and other third parties, loss or damage to cargoes, claims arising from collisions with other vessels, damage to third-party properties, pollution arising from oil or other substances, and salvage, towing and other related costs, including wreck removal.

Our current protection and indemnity insurance provides cover for Oil Pollution up to $1.0 billion per vessel per incident. The P&I Associations that comprise the International Group insure approximately 90% of the world’s commercial tonnage and have entered into a pooling agreement to reinsure each association’s liabilities. Claims pooling between the clubs is regulated by the Pooling Agreement which defines the risks that can be pooled and how losses are to be shared between the participating clubs. The Pool provides a mechanism for sharing all claims in excess of US$10 million up to, approximately US$3.1 billion.

Under the current structure, clubs’ contributions to claims in the lower pool layer from $10 million to $50 million are assessed on a tripartite formula which takes account of each club’s contributing tonnage, premium and claims record. For claims falling in the upper pool layer from $50 million to $100 million, 7.5% is retained by the club bringing the claim and 92.5% is shared by all on a tonnage-weighted basis.

The Group clubs arrange a common market reinsurance contract to provide reinsurance for claims which exceed the upper limit of the pool (US $100 million) up to an amount of US $3.1 billion any one claim (US $1 billion for Oil Pollution claims). It is said to be the largest single marine reinsurance contract in the market.

As members of Mutual P&I Associations, we may become subject to unbudgeted supplementary calls payable to the P&I Club depending on its financial year results that they are determined by 3 main parameters, i.e their exposure from payment of claims, the income through premium and the income arising from investments. Our aim at every renewal is to conclude our P&I insurance with “A rated” P&I clubs as this, amongst other benefits, eliminates the risk of unbudgeted supplementary calls being imposed.

Competition

We operate in a highly competitive global market based primarily on supply and demand of vessels and cargoes. While the worldwide LPG sector is comparatively smaller than other shipping sectors, consisting of vessels of varying sizes between 1,000 and 85,000 cbm, it is a diversified global market with many charterers, owners and operators of vessels. As of April 1, 2024, our LPG carrier fleet, including our six JV vessels, had an average age of 9.8 years. Accordingly, we believe we are well positioned from a competitive standpoint in terms of our vessels meeting the ongoing needs of charterers. Also, as of April 1, 2024, we had one of the largest single-owned fleets in our primary sector segment (3,000 cbm to 8,000 cbm), which, in our view, also positions us well from the standpoint of charterers and competitors. We also have a presence in the larger sized vessels with four Handysize vessels and four MGC vessels (including two JV vessels). Our presence in the Handysize segment begun in 2017 while we entered the MGC segment in 2020. While the existing fleets of the Handysize and MGC vessels are smaller in terms of number of vessels our presence there is more limited. We believe, that the LPG shipping sector will continue to be highly competitive, and will be driven by both energy production and consumption.

Competition for charters can be intense and depends on price as well as on the location, size, age, condition, specifications and acceptability of the vessel and its operator to the charterer and is frequently tied to having an available vessel with the appropriate approvals from oil majors. Principal factors that are important to our charterers include the quality and suitability of the vessel, its age, technical sophistication, safety record, compliance with IMO standards and the heightened industry standards that have been set by some energy companies, and the competitiveness of the bid in terms of overall price.

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Seasonality

The LPG carrier market is typically stronger in the fall and winter months in anticipation of increased consumption of propane and butane for heating during the winter months. In addition, unpredictable weather patterns in these months tend to disrupt vessel scheduling and supplies of certain commodities. As a result, our revenues may be stronger in fiscal quarters ended December 31 and March 31 and relatively weaker during the fiscal quarters ended June 30 and September 30, as was generally the case in each of the last five fiscal years.

C. Organizational Structure

As of April 1, 2024, other than the entities owning the JV Vessels, as indicated therein, we were the sole owner of all the outstanding shares of the subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 8.

D. Properties

Other than our vessels we do not have any material property. For information on our fleet, see “Item 4. Information on the Company-Business Overview.” Our vessels are subject to priority mortgages, which secure our obligations under our various credit facilities. For further details regarding our credit facilities, refer to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-B. Liquidity and Capital Resources-Credit Facilities.”

We have no freehold or material leasehold interest in any real property. We lease office space from an affiliated company of Stealth Maritime. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions-B. Related Party Transactions-Office Space.”

None.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information-Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a provider of international seaborne transportation services to LPG producers and users. As of December 31, 2023, we operated a fleet of 33 LPG carriers, including six JV vessels, that can carry various petroleum gas products in liquefied form, including propane, butane, butadiene, isopropane, propylene and VCM (“Vinyl Chloride Monomer”) as well as ammonia in the larger vessels in our fleet. As of April 1, 2024, our fleet is composed of 33 LPG carriers including six JV vessels, with a total capacity of approximately 389,420 cubic meters (cbm).The charterer of the 35,232 cbm LPG carrier, Eco Ethereal, owned by our JV, in which we have a 51.0% interest, has exercised its option to purchase this vessel, which was delivered to its new owner during the second quarter of 2024. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, we owned, excluding our JV vessels, an average of 41.3, 34.8 and 29.3 vessels, respectively, generating revenues of $150.2 million, $152.8 million, and $143.5 million respectively.

We incorporated Imperial Petroleum Inc. (“Imperial Petroleum”) under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands on May 14, 2021, to serve as the holding company of four subsidiaries, each owning one of the tanker vessels in our fleet, which we subsequently contributed to Imperial Petroleum in connection with the Tanker Spin-Off.

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The tanker vessels consisted of three medium range product carriers with a total capacity of 140,000 dwt that carried refined petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, fuel oil and jet fuel, as well as edible oils and chemicals, and one 115,804 dwt Aframax tanker which was used for carrying crude oil. On December 3, 2021, we effected the Tanker Spin-Off by distributing all of Imperial Petroleum’s outstanding shares of common stock and 8.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, liquidation preference $25.00 per share, to our stockholders, which completed the separation of Imperial Petroleum from StealthGas.

In the first quarter of 2019, we sold a 49.9% equity interest in the subsidiaries owning four of our vessels, the Gas Haralambos, the Gas Defiance, the Gas Shuriken and the Eco Lucidity, to a leading maritime-focused investor. We and our manager, Stealth Maritime, continue to manage these vessels. In the second quarter of 2019 we acquired a 2007-built, 38,000 cbm LPG carrier, the Eco Nebula, with this same investor, in which we have a 50.1% equity interest. In the first quarter of 2020, a separate joint venture arrangement with an unaffiliated third party, in which we have a 51% equity interest and joint control, acquired three 2010-built Medium Gas Carriers, the Gaschem Hamburg, the Gaschem Stade and the Eco Ethereal (ex Gaschem Bremen,) of an aggregate capacity of 105,650 cbm. The Gaschem Hamburg was subsequently sold in the second quarter of 2021 and the joint venture entity invested in one newbuilding Medium Gas Carrier, the Eco Sorcerer, which was delivered in the fourth quarter of 2023. The Gaschem Stade which was renamed to Eco Evoluzione and sold in March 2023 and the charterer has exercised its option to purchase the Eco Ethereal (ex Gaschem Bremen), upon expiration of its charter in April 2024. Due to the joint control over these entities, our equity interest percentages in the entities owning these vessels, are accounted for under the equity method.

We, through Stealth Maritime, manage the employment of our fleet. We intend to continue to deploy our fleet under period charters including time and bareboat charters, which can last up to several years, and spot market or voyage charters, which generally last from one to six months, subject to market conditions. Period charters and short term time charters are for a fixed period of time.

As of April 1, 2024, of the 27 vessels in our fleet excluding our JV vessels, one was employed in the spot market, with the remaining vessels deployed on period charters and none of our LPG carriers were deployed on bareboat charters. As of April 1, 2024 and excluding our JV vessels, 69% of our anticipated fleet days were covered by period charter contracts for the remainder of 2024 and 27% for 2025. The corresponding forward coverage as of April 4, 2023 was 65% for the remainder of 2023 and 12% for 2024. We are, however, exposed to prevailing charter rate fluctuations for the remaining fleet days not covered by period charter contracts, as well as performance by our counterparties for the chartered days.

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A. Operating Results

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that the important measures for analyzing trends in the results of our operations consist of the following:

While the global economy has generally improved in many parts of the world in 2023 and early 2024, LPG charter rates face significant downside risks, including in the event of renewed weakness in the global economy and lower demand for the seaborne transport of LPG products. In addition, the conflict in Ukraine is disrupting energy production and this conflict, as well as Houthi attacks on vessels in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, are disrupting trade patterns, including shipping in the Black Sea, the Red Sea and elsewhere, and the impact of these events on energy prices and LPG carrier charter rates, which initially have increased, is uncertain, particularly if it results in an economic downturn and reduced demand for energy and LPG specifically or reduced supply due to sanctions imposed on Russia.

With regards to the vessels in the spot market, we are exposed to changes in spot rates for LPG carriers and such changes affect our earnings and the value of our LPG carriers at any given time. When LPG vessel prices are considered to be low, companies not usually involved in shipping may make speculative vessel orders, thereby increasing the global supply of LPG carriers, satisfying demand sooner and potentially suppressing charter rates.

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Our ability to control our fixed and variable expenses, including those for commission expenses, crew wages and related costs, the cost of insurance, expenses for repairs and maintenance, the cost of spares and consumable stores, tonnage taxes and other miscellaneous expenses also affect our financial results. Factors beyond our control, such as developments relating to market premiums for insurance and the value of the U.S. dollar compared to currencies in which certain of our expenses, primarily crew wages are denominated, can also cause our vessel operating expenses to increase. In addition, our net income is affected by our financing arrangements, including our interest rate swap arrangements.

Joint Ventures

As of April 1, 2024, six of the vessels in our fleet were owned through two separate joint venture arrangements. Pursuant to one JV arrangement we sold a 49.9% equity interest in four JV vessels in the first quarter of 2019, and we acquired with the same JV arrangement a 38,000 cbm LPG carrier in the second quarter of 2019 in which we also have a 50.1% equity interest that we sold in 2022. In addition, we further acquired, through a separate joint venture, a 51% equity interest in three 35,000 cbm LPG carriers in the first quarter of 2020, two of which were subsequently sold to a third party, in the first half of 2021 and the first quarter of 2023, respectively, and we subsequently exercised an option to acquire from a related party a 51% equity interest in a 40,000 cbm newbuilding LPG carrier delivered in 2023, the remaining 49% having been bought by our JV partner. The charterer has exercised its option to purchase the Eco Ethereal (ex Gaschem Bremen), upon expiration of its charter in April 2024, currently owned by the JV in which we have a 51% equity interest. See “Note 7 Investments in Joint Ventures” in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, for additional information regarding these joint ventures.

Our investments in joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method of accounting since we have joint control over the joint venture entities. We do not consolidate the joint venture entities because we do not have a controlling financial interest. The significant factors considered and judgments made in determining that the power to direct the activities of the joint venture entities that most significantly impact their economic performance are shared, are that all significant business decisions over operating and financial policies of the joint venture entities, require unanimous consent from each joint venture investor.

Under the equity method of accounting, investments are stated at initial cost and are adjusted for subsequent additional investments and our proportionate share of earnings or losses and distributions. We evaluate our investments in joint ventures for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such investments may have experienced other than temporary decline in value below their carrying value. If the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value and is considered other than a temporary decline, the carrying value is written down to its estimated fair value and the resulting impairment is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

Basis of Presentation and General Information

Revenues

Our voyage revenues are driven primarily by the number of vessels in our fleet, the number of voyage days during which our vessels generate revenues and the amount of daily charter hire that our vessels earn under charters which, in turn, are affected by a number of factors, including our decisions relating to vessel acquisitions and disposals, the amount of time that we spend positioning our vessels, the amount of time that our vessels spend in dry dock undergoing repairs, maintenance and upgrade work, the age, condition and specifications of our vessels and the levels of supply and demand in the LPG carrier, and prior to the completion of the Tanker Spin-Off in December 2021, product carrier and crude oil tanker charter markets.

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We employ our vessels under time, bareboat and spot charters. Bareboat charters provide for the charterer to bear the cost of operating the vessel and as such typically market rates for bareboat charters are lower than those for time charters. While we had four vessels under bareboat charters as of December 31, 2021, these charters expired during 2022 and we have not employed any vessels under bareboat charter since the middle of 2022. Vessels operating on period charters, principally time and bareboat charters, provide more predictable cash flows, but can yield lower profit margins than vessels operating in the spot charter market during periods characterized by favorable market conditions. As a result, during the time our vessels are committed on period charters we will be unable, during periods of improving charter markets, to take advantage of improving charter rates as we could if our vessels were employed only on spot charters. Vessels operating in the spot charter market generate revenues that are less predictable but may enable us to capture increased profit margins during periods of improving charter rates, although we are then exposed to the risk of declining charter rates, which may have a materially adverse impact on our financial performance. If we commit vessels on period charters, future spot market rates may be higher or lower than those rates at which we have time chartered our vessels.

Voyage Expenses

Voyage expenses include port and canal charges, bunker (fuel oil) expenses and commissions. These charges and expenses increase in periods during which vessels are employed on the spot market, because under these charters, these expenses are for the account of the vessel owner. Under period charters, these charges and expenses, including bunkers (fuel oil) but excluding commissions which are always paid by the vessel owner, are paid by the charterer. Bunkers (fuel oil), the price of which declined beginning in the third quarter of 2014 into 2017 and then following a rise, decreased again at the beginning of 2020 and remained at low levels for the majority of the year, after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, before increasing in late 2021 and 2022, accounted for 35.7% of total voyage expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023, 57.7% of total voyage expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 52.3% of total voyage expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021. Commissions on hire are paid to our manager Stealth Maritime and/or third party brokers. Stealth Maritime receives a fixed brokerage commission of 1.25% on freight, hire and demurrage for each vessel based on our management agreement since 2005. In 2023 and 2022, port and canal charges and bunker expenses represented a relatively small portion of our vessels’ overall expenses, 6.6% and 13.5%, respectively, because the majority of our vessels were employed under period charters, including time and bareboat charters, that require the charterer to bear such expenses. As of April 1, 2024, we had one vessel in the spot market for which we pay voyage expenses; the corresponding number as of April 4, 2023 was three and as of April 1, 2022 was five.

Vessel Operating Expenses

Vessel operating expenses include crew wages and related costs, the cost of insurance, expenses for repairs and maintenance, the cost of spares and consumable stores, tonnage taxes and other miscellaneous expenses. Our ability to control these fixed and variable expenses, also affects our financial results. In addition, the type of charter under which our vessels are employed (time, bareboat or spot charter) also affects our operating expenses because we do not pay the operating expenses of vessels that we deploy on bareboat charters. Factors beyond our control, some of which may affect the shipping industry in general, including, for instance, developments relating to market prices for insurance and regulations related to safety and environmental matters may also cause these expenses to increase.

Management Fees

During each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, we paid Stealth Maritime, our fleet manager, a fixed rate management fee of $440 per day for each vessel in our fleet under spot or time charter (except for four vessels for which, since 2020, a fixed daily fee of $280 is charged by our fleet manager as part of the services is currently provided by third party managers) and a fixed rate fee of $125 per day for each of the vessels operating on bareboat charter. These rates have been in effect since January 1, 2007. Stealth Maritime also receives a fee equal to 1% calculated on the price stated in the relevant memorandum of agreement for any vessel bought or sold by them on our behalf.

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General and Administrative Expenses

We incur general and administrative expenses that consist primarily of legal fees, audit fees, office rental fees, officers and board remuneration or reimbursement, directors’ and officers’ insurance, listing fees and other general and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses also include our direct compensation expenses and the value of non-cash executive services provided through, and other expenses arising from, our management agreement with Stealth Maritime, our directors’ compensation and the value of the lease expense for the space we rent from Stealth Maritime. For our compensation expenses, pursuant to our management agreement, we currently reimburse Stealth Maritime for its payment of the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Technical Officer and Internal Auditor. During the year ended December 31, 2023, such cash compensation was in the aggregate amount of $1.0 million. We also recognize stock-based compensation expense, when we grant equity awards (see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees.-B. Compensation of Directors and Senior Management.”

Depreciation and Dry docking

We depreciate our vessels on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, determined to be 30 years from the date of their initial delivery from the shipyard in the case of our LPG carriers. Depreciation is based on cost less the estimated scrap value of the vessels. LPG carriers tend to trade for longer periods due to the less corrosive nature of the cargoes they carry. Residual values used in depreciation calculations are based on $350 per light weight ton.

We expense costs associated with dry dockings and special and intermediate surveys as incurred which may affect the volatility of our results. During 2023, we drydocked three of the larger Handysize vessels at a total cost of $2.6 million and three additional JV vessels, while in 2022 we drydocked five small vessels at a total cost of $3.0 million, and in 2021, we drydocked eight vessels at a total cost of $5.3 million. We expect that during 2024 seven small vessels and one additional JV vessel will be drydocked.

Impairment Loss

Based on the accounting standards followed by the Company, impairment losses are recognized on long-lived assets used in operations or held for sale, when indicators of impairment are present and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than their carrying amounts and the asset’s carrying value exceeds its fair value. The Company performs an analysis of the anticipated undiscounted future net cash flows of the related long-lived assets. If the carrying value of the related asset exceeds the undiscounted cash flows, the carrying value is reduced to its fair value and the difference is recorded as an impairment loss in the consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized an impairment loss of (1) $2.8 million mainly relating to the sale of three LPG vessels that were classified as Held for Sale as of December 31, 2023, (2) $3.2 million mainly relating to the sale of four LPG vessels that were delivered to their new owners in a subsequent period, (3) $44.6 million on four tankers related to Tanker Spin-Off, on three LPG vessels and for one of our oldest LPG vessels, respectively.

Net (Gain)/Loss on Sale of Vessels

The carrying value of our vessels includes the original cost of the vessels plus capitalized expenses since acquisition relating to improvements and upgrading of the vessels, less accumulated depreciation and less any impairment.

In 2023, we agreed to sell seven vessels, the five were delivered to their new owners in 2023, while two, the Eco Green and the Eco Dream, were delivered to their new owners in the first quarter of 2024. We recognized a gain on the sale of the four vessels that were delivered within 2023 of $7.6 million. In addition, one of our JV’s sold one MGC vessel, the Eco Evoluzione in March 2023 recognizing a gain of $13.9 million from the sale. In 2022, we agreed to sell four vessels, the Gas Inspiration, which was delivered to her new owners in March 2022, the Gas Monarch, which was delivered to her new owners in May 2022, the Gas Prodigy and the Gas Spirit, which were delivered to their new owners in January 2023 (as of December 31, 2022 both vessels were classified as held for sale).

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We recognized an impairment loss of $3.1 million for three out of these four vessels. In addition, one of our JVs sold the Eco Nebula that was delivered to her new owners in August 2022 and from the sale our JV recognized a gain of $9.2 million. In 2021, we agreed to sell two vessels, the Gas Imperiale, which was delivered to her new owners in September 2021, and the Eco Loyalty, which was delivered to her new owners in February 2022 (as of December 31, 2021 that vessel was classified as held for sale). For these two vessels we recognized an impairment loss of $3.0 million. In addition, one of our JVs sold the Gaschem Hamburg that was delivered to her new owners in May 2021 and from the sale our JV recognized a gain of $6.8 million.

Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives

One of our two interest rate swaps, as of December 31, 2023 is accounted for as cash flow hedge (2022: six of our interest rate swaps and 2021: six of our interest rate swaps) and the changes in its fair value is recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive Income/(Loss)”. All changes in the fair value of our cash flow interest rate swaps that are not accounted for as cash flow hedges, are recorded in earnings under “-Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives.” Interest rate swaps recorded under this latter category increase the potential volatility of our reported earnings, as opposed to those that qualify for hedge accounting, due to the recognition of non-cash fair value movements of our cash flow interest rate swaps and foreign currency exchange arrangements directly in our statement of operations.

Interest Expense and Finance Costs

We have entered into credit facilities to fund a portion of the purchase price of the vessels in our fleet, which are described in the “—Credit Facilities” section below. We incur interest expense on outstanding indebtedness under these credit facilities, which we include in interest expense. We also incurred financing costs in connection with establishing those facilities, which are deferred and amortized over the period of the facility, which we also include in interest expense. We will incur additional interest expenses under any new credit facilities we enter into to finance or refinance the purchase price of additional vessels as described in the “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” section below.

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of those financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Results of Operations

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Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022

The average number of vessels in our fleet was 29.3 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 34.8 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

REVENUES-Voyage revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $143.5 million compared to $152.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an decrease of $ 9.3 million or 6%, primarily due to the reduction in our fleet size despite improved market conditions that pushed charter rates higher partly counterbalancing the reduction in revenues.

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Total calendar days for our fleet were 10,698 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 12,687 for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to the decrease in the average number of vessels in our fleet.

VOYAGE EXPENSES-Voyage expenses were $13.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $22.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in expenses was mainly due to the fewer vessels operating in the spot market, as a result of both the decrease in the overall number of vessels in the fleet and the increase of period charters.

VESSEL OPERATING EXPENSES-Vessel operating expenses were $53.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $54.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $1.8 million, as a result of the decrease in the numbers of vessels, partly offset by inflationary cost pressures and cost overruns in the maintenance of the remaining vessels.

DRY DOCKING COSTS-Dry docking costs were $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Dry docking costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 mainly related to the dry docking of three Handysize vessels while the costs for 2022 related to the dry docking of five small vessels.

MANAGEMENT FEES RELATED PARTY-Management fees were $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a reduction of $0.7 million. The decrease was due to the reduction in the number of vessels in the fleet. The daily management fees per vessel did not change during these periods and remained at $440 per day for vessels under time and spot charter (except for four vessels for which a fixed daily fee of $280 is charged).

GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES-General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $5.3 million compared to $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $1.9 million. The higher expenses during the year ended December 31, 2023 were primarily due to an increase in stock based compensation expense.

DEPRECIATION-Depreciation expenses for the 29.3 average number of vessels in our fleet for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $23.7 million compared to $27.8 million for the 34.8 average number of vessels in our fleet for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $4.1 million. This decrease in depreciation expenses was due to the reduction of the average number of vessels in our owned fleet.

IMPAIRMENT LOSS- During the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company recognized an impairment loss of $2.8 million mainly attributable to two vessels that we had entered into sale agreements, both were subsequently sold in January 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2022 we recognized an impairment loss of $3.2 million for three of our oldest LPG vessels for which we had entered into sale agreements. All these vessels were subsequently delivered to their new owners during 2023.

GAIN ON SALE OF VESSELS-During the year ended December 31, 2023, we realized a net gain on the sale of five vessels of $7.6 million. In the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold, and delivered to her new owners, one vessel, for which we incurred an aggregate net loss on the sale of vessel of $0.4 million.

INTEREST AND FINANCE COSTS-Interest and finance costs were $10.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $12.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The $2.1 million decrease from the same period of last year is due to the decrease of our indebtedness, partially offset by higher prevailing interest rates.

INTEREST INCOME-Interest income was $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $2.6 million due to the combination of higher prevailing interest rates and consequently bank deposit rates and of the higher cash and cash equivalents and short term investment balances for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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EQUITY EARNINGS IN JOINT VENTURES-amounted to $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $10.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $1.4 million is mainly attributed to an increased gain recognized from the sale of one MGC vessel by one of the joint ventures.

NET INCOME-As a result of the above factors, we recorded net income of $51.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to a net income of $34.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

For a discussion of our results for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-A. Operating Results-Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021” contained in our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on April 27, 2023.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $77.2 million, restricted cash of $0.7 million classified as current assets, and restricted cash of $5.9 million, classified as non-current assets.

Our principal sources of funds for our liquidity needs are cash flows from operations and long-term bank borrowings. Additional sources of funds include proceeds from vessel sales and any equity offerings. Our principal use of funds has been to acquire our vessels, maintain the quality of our vessels, service our debt and fund working capital requirements, as well as to repurchase shares of our common stock.

We had net proceeds from vessel sales of $80.1 million in 2023, $25.0 million in 2022 and $7.8 million in 2021. During January 2024, we concluded the sale of the 2015 built Eco Dream (4,989 cbm) and 2015 built Eco Green (4,991 cbm), that were classified as Held for Sale in the amount of $34.9 million as of December 31, 2023. No debt was repaid as a result of this sale as both vessels were debt free. As of December 31, 2023, 15 out of the 27 vessels in our fleet were debt free and as of April 1, 2024, 18 out of the 27 vessels in our fleet were debt free, and adding leverage to any of these vessels, subject to bank availability, would potentially be an additional source of liquidity. We last raised equity capital in 2014, through three registered common stock offerings with net proceeds of approximately $112.3 million.

Our liquidity needs, as of December 31, 2023 through the end of 2024 and beyond, primarily relate to scheduled debt repayments, funding expenses for operating our vessels (including management fees), general and administrative expenses as well as to committed capital expenditures and any vessel acquisitions we elect to make either independently or in collaboration with a third party investor. As of December 31, 2023, our committed capital expenditures consisted of $93.6 million in remaining installment payments for our two newbuilding vessels under construction, which we paid upon delivery of the vessels to us in January 2024. In January 2024, we drew down approximately $70 million under a recently concluded 8-year credit facility related to these vessels. Furthermore, we have seven scheduled drydockings for 2024, for our fully-owned vessels, the costs of which are anticipated to be covered from our operating cash flows, while we do not have material expenditure requirements for water ballast system installations.

As of December 31, 2023, our contractual obligations related to our aggregate debt outstanding, excluding deferred finance charges, was $124.1 million, of which $16.9 million was due in 2024, $34.0 million due in 2025, $54.1 million due in 2026, $4.0 million due in 2027 and $15.2 million due in 2028, and an additional $15.5 million in estimated interest payments (net of interest rate swap agreements) related to the debt outstanding, based on 3-month Term SOFR rates for the duration of the debt (ranging from 4.72% to 3.07%) plus the applicable margin related to each credit facility. During February 2024, we voluntarily repaid with cash on hand $29.3 million outstanding under one of our loan agreements, related to five of our vessels, and in January 2024, we drew down approximately $70 million under a new 8-year credit facility related to two newly-delivered vessels.

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We have guaranteed to the respective lenders the performance of the loan agreement entered into by two entities over which we have joint control and we account them for under the equity method. Total outstanding loan balances of these entities as of December 31, 2023 amounted to $7 million. We have also guaranteed the performance of the loan agreement with outstanding balance as of December 31, 2023 of $27 million, up to 51%, our equity interest in the joint venture, with respect to one entity. See “Note 17 Commitments and Contingencies” in our audited consolidated financial statements include elsewhere in this report.

We believe our internally generated cash flows will be sufficient to fund our operations, including working capital requirements, for at least 12 months and debt service requirements.

For a description of our credit facilities please refer to the discussion under the heading “—Credit Facilities” below.

Our dividend policy and stock repurchases will also affect our liquidity position. See “Item 8. Financial Information-Dividend Policy.” On May 24, 2023, we publicly announced that our Board of Directors had authorized the repurchase of up to $15,000,000 of shares of our common stock, and on October 26, 2023 we announced a $10 million increase to this repurchase program for a total aggregate amount of $25 million. As of April 1, 2024, 3,927,055 shares of common stock had been repurchased for an aggregate of $19.4 million, with the average purchase price of $4.95 per share, and $5.6 million remained authorized for further repurchases in the future at management’s discretion.

Cash Flows

Net cash provided by operating activities-was $77.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $66.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $41.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 This represents the net amount of cash, after expenses, generated by chartering our vessels. Net cash provided by operating activities increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to reductions in operating and voyage expenses mainly as a result of the reduction in the number of vessels in the fleet, as well as increased distributions from our joint ventures, and increased in 2022 compared to 2021 primarily due increased revenues from our vessels and reductions in expenses, particularly operating expenses as well as distributions of profits we received from our joint ventures.

Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities-was an inflow of $111,340,031 in 2023, an outflow of $17.3 million in 2022, and an outflow of $19.2 million in 2021.

In 2023, net cash provided by investing activities mainly consisted of $80.1 million in proceeds from the sale of vessels, $26.5 million from time deposits that matured and a $4.7 million return of investment from one of our joint ventures related to the sale of the Eco Evoluzione.

In 2022, net cash used in investing activities consisted of $24.2 million in advances for vessel acquisition and improvement of vessels, mainly related to the deposits paid for the two newbuilding vessels and $26.5 million invested as short term investments, mainly time deposits held in our banks with maturity of three or more months, offset by proceeds of $25.0 million related mainly to the sale of three of our vessels, and an $8.0 million return of investment from one of our joint ventures related to the sale of the Eco Nebula.

In 2021, net cash used in investing activities consisted of $25.2 million related to the delivery of one newbuilding LPG vessel, the Eco Blizzard, offset by proceeds of $7.8 million from the sale of Gas Imperiale, and $3.3 million invested for the acquisition of one newbuilding 40,000 cbm LPG carrier, which was delivered in December 2023 to the JV arrangement established in early 2020, and in which we hold an equity participation of 51%. The $3.3 million consisted of the exercise of a purchase option and the reimbursement of a yard installment both towards a related party, offset by a $1.5 million dividend received from our JV arrangement.

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Net cash used in financing activities-Net cash used in financing activities was $174.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, consisting primarily of $154.9 million of loan repayments and $19.1 million of stock repurchases. Net cash used in financing activities was $25.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, consisting primarily of $83.6 million of loan repayments offset by proceeds of $59.4 million provided by bank borrowings. Net cash used in financing activities was $29.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, consisting primarily of $173.0 million of loan repayments, $150.7 million provided by bank borrowings and $4.7 million used in relation to the spin-off of four of our tankers, that was retained by Imperial Petroleum.

As and when we identify assets that we believe will provide attractive returns, we generally enter into specific term loan facilities and borrow amounts under these facilities as the vessels are delivered to us. This is the primary driver of the timing and amount of cash provided to us by our financing activities, however, from time to time to bolster our cash position and take advantage of financing opportunities, including to refinance the acquisition cost of vessels acquired earlier, we have entered into and may in the future borrow under credit facilities secured by previously unencumbered vessels in our then existing fleet.

Credit Facilities

We, and certain of our subsidiaries, have entered into a number of credit facilities in connection with financing the acquisition of certain vessels in our fleet. The following summarizes certain terms of our credit facilities under which we had aggregate outstanding indebtedness of $123.5 million, net of deferred finance charges of $0.6 million, as of December 31, 2023, which is reflected in our balance sheet as “Long-term debt” and “Current portion of long-term debt.” For a description of our credit facilities also see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

The interest rates on the outstanding loans as of December 31, 2023 are based on SOFR plus a margin and vary from 1.85% to 2.15%. The average interest rates (including the margin) on the above outstanding loans were 7.07% for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 4.20% for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, $42.5 million of our outstanding loans were covered by interest rate swap agreements paying fixed rates ranging from 1.49% to 2.74% and received floating rates based on SOFR.

In January 2024, we drew down, in two tranches, an aggregate of $70.0 million under a loan agreement relating to the financing of two newbuilding vessels upon the delivery of these vessels to us.

In February, 2024 the outstanding loan of $29.3 million related to all the vessels in the credit facility with issue date August 5, 2021 was repaid.

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As of April 1, 2024, 18 of our vessels, out of the 27 vessels in our fleet (excluding JV vessels), were unencumbered.

Financial Covenants

Our credit facilities, as of December 31, 2023, contain financial covenants requiring us to:

We are also required to maintain at the end of each quarter a free cash balance of $10,000,000.

Some of our current loan agreements also require that our Chief Executive Officer, Harry Vafias, together with his immediate family, at all times own at least 10% of our outstanding capital stock and certain of our loan agreements provide that it would be an event of default if Harry Vafias ceased to serve as an executive officer or director of our company, Harry Vafias, together with his immediate family, ceased to exert significant influence over our company or any other person or group controlled 25% or more of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. In addition, some of our loan agreements include restrictions on the payment of dividends in amounts exceeding 50% of our free cash flow in any rolling 12-month period.

Our existing credit facility agreements contain customary events of default with respect to us and our applicable subsidiaries, including upon the non-payment of amounts due under the credit facility; breach of covenants; matters affecting the collateral under such facility; insolvency proceedings and the occurrence of any event that, in light of which, the lender considers that there is a significant risk that the borrowers are, or will later become, unable to discharge their liabilities as they fall due.

Our credit facilities provide that upon the occurrence of an event of default, the lenders may require that all amounts outstanding under the credit facility be repaid immediately and terminate our ability to borrow under the credit facility and foreclose on the mortgages over the vessels and the related collateral. Our credit facilities also contain cross-default clauses.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses

None.

D. Trend Information

Our results of operations depend primarily on the charter hire rates that we are able to realize. In turn, charter rates are determined by the underlying balance in demand and supply for vessels of the type that comprise our fleet. Demand for LPG transportation is influenced by various global economic factors and trade patterns, while the supply is primarily a factor of the fleet growth, determined by the number of vessels in the order book entering the fleet and the number of vessels exiting the fleet, primarily sold for demolition. As a result, the LPG shipping sector has been a highly cyclical industry experiencing volatility in charter hire rates and vessel values.

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After a difficult period following the global financial crisis we saw some improvement from the fourth quarter of 2011 to the third quarter of 2014, LPG charter rates subsequently declined sharply, due largely to the dramatic decline in oil prices, and after reasonable improvement between the second half of 2017 and the first quarter of 2019, again declined, having been negatively impacted by the decrease in global demand for energy resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Beginning in the second half of 2021 charter rates saw an improvement as demand for LPG rebounded with seasonal variations. Since 2022 charter rates have been gradually rising reaching multi-year highs in the first quarter of 2024. Charter rates improved during 2023, and for example were approximately $275,000 per month, for a small vessel trading West of Suez, in December 2023 compared to approximately $255,000 per month in December 2022. Similarly charter rates improved during 2023 in the larger segments and for example were approximately $900,000 per month for a handysize vessel in December 2023 compared to approximately $765,000 per month in December 2022. Although prospects for the small and handysize LPG segment currently appear favorable mid and long term, as the order book for 2024 and the next couple of years is negligible, future growth in the demand for LPG carriers and charter rates will depend on economic growth in the world economy and demand for LPG. Charter rates for MGC vessels also did rise during 2023 as a result of increasing demand for seaborne transportation. However, the orderbook for MGC vessels is higher compared to the small and handysize vessels, particularly starting from 2025 onwards. Global financial conditions remain volatile and may negatively impact demand for seaborne transportation of LPG, it is only in the first quarter of 2023 that the largest consumer of LPG, China, lifted its restrictive policies, while the rise in interest rates globally adds to this volatility in financial conditions as it may push economies into recession. In addition, the conflict in Ukraine is disrupting energy production and trade patterns and its impact on energy prices and tanker charter rates, which initially have increased particularly as European countries sought to secure supplies further afield especially from the United States, is uncertain. The price of oil, which declined sharply in 2020 and remained at relatively low levels in the most of 2021, also impacts demand for seaborne transportation of LPG. A surge in the price of oil, like the one the one witnessed in early 2022 as well as recently, should under normal circumstances positively impact seaborne transportation of LPG. We believe that the future growth in demand for LPG carriers and the charter rate levels will depend primarily upon the supply and demand for LPG, particularly supply in the United States and the economies of the Middle East, where large quantities are produced, and demand in the Far East and developing countries in Asia, particularly China and India, and Africa and in general upon seasonal and regional changes in supply/demand and changes to the capacity of the world fleet.

E. Critical Accounting Estimates

Critical accounting estimates are those that reflect significant judgments or uncertainties, and potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We have described below what we believe are our most critical accounting estimates that involve a high degree of judgment and the methods of their application. For a description of all of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein.

Impairment or disposal of long-lived assets:

We follow the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Subtopic 360-10, “Property, Plant and Equipment” (“ASC 360-10”), which requires long-lived assets used in operations be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. On a quarterly basis, in case an impairment indicator exists, we perform an analysis of the anticipated undiscounted future net cash flows of our long-lived assets. If the carrying value of the related asset exceeds the undiscounted cash flows and the fair market value of the asset, the carrying value is reduced to its fair value and the difference is recorded as an impairment loss in the consolidated statement of operations.

We review certain indicators of potential impairment, such as vessel fair values, vessel sales and purchases, business plans and overall market conditions including any regulatory changes that may have a material impact on the vessel lives. The decline in the values of some of the vessels included in our LPG fleet was considered to be an indicator of potential impairment. As of the end of each respective quarter of 2023, we performed step one, the undiscounted cash flow test as required by the ASC guidance. We determined undiscounted projected net operating cash flows for each vessel with carrying value exceeding its fair value and compared it to the vessel’s carrying value. This assessment was made at the individual vessel level since separately identifiable cash flow information for each vessel was available.

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In developing estimates of future cash flows to be generated over remaining useful lives of the vessels, we made assumptions about the future, such as: (1) vessel charter rates, (2) vessel utilization rates, (3) vessel operating expenses, (4) dry docking costs, (5) vessel scrap values at the end of vessels’ remaining useful lives and (6) the remaining useful lives of the vessels. These assumptions were based on historical trends as well as future expectations in line with our historical performance and our expectations for future fleet utilization under our current fleet deployment strategy and overall market conditions.

Projected cash flows were determined for the vessels by considering the revenues from existing charters for those vessels that are employed on time charters and revenue estimates based on nine-year historical average rates (base rates) for periods for which there is no charter in place. With regards to operating expenses and utilization rate, these were based on historical trends. Revenue estimates are highly subjective. We believe that the nine-year average historical average rates represent an appropriate estimation of the future revenue rates since they more accurately reflect the earnings capacity of our vessels and because they capture the volatility of the market as they include numerous market highs and lows. Furthermore, they are considered a fair estimate based on past experience.

During 2023, the Company identified and recorded an impairment loss of $2.8 million for three of its vessels, which were agreed to be sold for further trading, one was delivered during 2023 and two were subsequently delivered during January 2024.

During 2022, the Company identified and recorded an impairment loss of $3.1 million for three of its vessels, the Gas Monarch, the Gas Spirit and the Gas Prodigy, which were agreed to be sold for further trading. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, a 100% probability was assigned to the sale of the vessel Gas Galaxy, which was above twenty years of age, and as a result the vessel was recorded at its fair value and an impairment loss amounting to $45,578 was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022.

During the twelve months of 2021, the Company identified and recorded an impairment loss of $4.3 million for three of its vessels, the Eco Loyalty, the Gas Imperiale and the Gas Inspiration, which were agreed to be sold for further trading and an impairment loss of $0.1 million for the Gas Monarch for which the undiscounted estimated future net operating cash flows did not exceed its carrying value. As of December 31, 2021, the Company identified and recorded an additional impairment loss of $40.2 million in connection with the Tanker Spin-off.

The carrying values of our vessels may not represent their fair market value at any point in time since the market prices of second-hand vessels tend to fluctuate with changes in charter rates and the cost of new-buildings.

Sensitivity Analysis.

The impairment test is highly sensitive to variances in future charter rates. When we conducted the analysis of the impairment test as of December 31, 2023 we also performed a sensitivity analysis related to the future cash flow estimates. Set forth below is an analysis, as of December 31, 2023, of the percentage difference between the current average rates for our fleet compared with the base rates used in the impairment test as described above, as well as an analysis of the impact on our impairment analysis if we were to utilize the most recent five-year, three-year and one-year historical average rates, which shows the number of vessels whose carrying value would not have been recovered and the related impairment charge.

Although we believe that the assumptions used to evaluate potential impairment are reasonable and appropriate, such assumptions are highly subjective. There can be no assurance as to how long charter rates and vessel values will remain at their current levels or whether they will improve by any significant degree. Charter rates may remain at relatively low levels for some time, or decline, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability, and future assessments of vessel impairment.

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Based on the carrying value of each of our vessels held for use as of December 31, 2023 and what we believe the charter-free market values of each of these vessels were as of December 31, 2023, 8 of our 27 owned vessels in the water had current carrying values, above their market values (11 of our 34 vessels in the water as at December 31, 2022). We believe that the aggregate carrying value of these vessels, assessed separately, exceeds their aggregate charter-free market value by approximately $12.2 million and $22.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. However, we believe that with respect to each of these 8 vessels, we will recover their carrying values at the end of their useful lives, based on their undiscounted cash flows.

The Company’s estimates of market values assume that the vessels are all in good and seaworthy condition without need for repair and, if inspected, would be certified as being in class without recommendations of any kind. In addition, because vessel values are highly volatile, these estimates may not be indicative of either the current or future prices that the Company could achieve if it were to sell any of the vessels. The Company would not record an impairment charge for any of the vessels for which the fair market value is below its carrying value unless and until the Company either determines to sell the vessel for a loss or determines that the vessel’s carrying amount is not recoverable.

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A. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

The following table sets forth, as of April 1, 2024, information for each of our directors and executive officers.

Certain biographical information about each of these individuals is set forth below.

Harry N. Vafias has been our President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board of Directors since our inception in December 2004 and our Chief Financial Officer since January 2014. Mr. Vafias has been actively involved in the tanker and gas shipping industry since 1999. He is also Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Imperial Petroleum Inc. following its spin-off from the Company and Nasdaq listing in December 2021, and the Non-Executive Chairman of C3is Inc. following its spin-off from Imperial Petroleum and Nasdaq listing in June 2023. Mr. Vafias worked at Seascope, a leading ship brokering firm specializing in sale and purchase of vessels and chartering of oil tankers. Mr. Vafias also worked at Braemar, a leading ship brokering firm, where he gained extensive experience in tanker and dry cargo chartering. Seascope and Braemar merged in 2001 to form Braemar Seascope Group plc, a public company quoted on the London Stock Exchange and one of the world’s largest ship brokering and shipping service groups. From 2000 until 2004, he worked at Brave Maritime and Stealth Maritime, companies providing comprehensive ship management services, where Mr. Vafias headed the operations and chartering departments of Stealth Maritime and served as manager for the sale and purchase departments of both Brave Maritime and Stealth Maritime. Mr. Vafias graduated from City University Business School in the City of London in 1999 with a B.A. in Management Science and from Metropolitan University in 2000 with a Masters degree in Shipping, Trade and Transport.

Michael G. Jolliffe has been Chairman of our Board of directors since 2004. He is a Director of a number of companies in shipping, agency representation, shipbroking and capital services. Mr. Jolliffe is Co-Founder and Vice Chairman of Tsakos Energy Navigation Ltd, a crude oil and product carrier and LNG shipping company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. He is CEO of Tsakos Containers Navigation Ltd. He is also Chairman of the Wighams Group of companies, owning companies involved in shipbroking, agency representation and capital market businesses.

Markos Drakos has been a member of our Board of Directors since 2006 and Chairman of our Audit Committee. In 1988, Mr. Drakos co-founded Touche Ross & Co (Cyprus), later renamed Deloitte & Touche, Nicosia, and served as co-managing partner of the company’s Nicosia office in Cyprus until 2002. Following the December 2002 reorganization of Deloitte & Touche, Nicosia, Mr. Drakos founded Markos Drakos Consultants Group which encompasses several companies offering services, mainly in the Advisory, Fiduciary, Accounting, Taxation and Investments areas. Mr. Drakos also served as Vice Chairman of the Cyprus Telecommunications Authority, the leading telecommunications company in Cyprus from 2000 to 2003. Mr. Drakos has also served as a member of the Offshore, Shipping & Foreign Investment Committee of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Cyprus. Mr. Drakos received a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics from the London School of Economics and is a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales and a member of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Cyprus.

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John Kostoyannis joined our Board of Directors in 2010. Mr. Kostoyannis is a Managing Director at Allied Shipbroking Inc., a leading shipbroking house in Greece, providing Sale and Purchase and Chartering services in the shipping industry. Before joining Allied Shipbroking, from 1991 until September 2001, Mr. Kostoyannis worked in several prominent shipbroking houses in London and Piraeus. He is a member of the Hellenic Shipbrokers Association. Mr. Kostoyannis graduated from the City of London Polytechnic in 1988 where he studied Shipping and Economics. Mr. Kostoyannis has also been a member of the Board of Directors of Imperial Petroleum Inc. and C3is Inc., which are both listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, since November 2021 and June 2023, respectively.

B. Compensation of Directors and Senior Management

The Chairman of our Board of Directors receives annual fees of $70,000, plus reimbursement for his out-of-pocket expenses, while each of our other independent directors receives fees of up to $35,000 per annum, plus reimbursement of their out-of-pocket expenses. Executive directors received no compensation for their services as directors. We do not have service contracts with any of our directors. In addition, we have not paid any compensation to our executive officers. Under our management agreement with Stealth Maritime, we reimburse Stealth Maritime for its payment of the cash compensation to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Internal Auditor and our Chief Technical Officer. The aggregate of such cash compensation for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 were $1.0 million, $0.9 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

Our executive officers and directors are also eligible to receive awards under our equity compensation plan described below under “-Equity Compensation Plan.” We did not grant any awards under our equity compensation plan to directors or officers of the Company during the year ended December 31, 2022. In 2021, we granted restricted shares and stock options, including to our officers and directors, and in 2023 we granted restricted shares and stock options to our chief executive officer and restricted shares to our independent directors, each as described below under “—Equity Compensation Plan.” We recognized share-based compensation expense of $0.6 million, $0.6 million and $2.6 million in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. In 2023, of these amounts, $2.4 million related to stock awards to officers and $0.65 million related to stock awards to non-employee directors.

C. Board Practices

The Board of Directors may change the number of directors by a vote of a majority of the entire Board. Each director is elected to serve until the third succeeding annual meeting of stockholders and until his or her successor shall have been duly elected and qualified, except in the event of death, resignation or removal. A vacancy on the board created by death, resignation, removal (which may only be for cause), or failure of the stockholders to elect the entire class of directors to be elected at any election of directors or for any other reason, may be filled only by an affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors then in office, even if less than a quorum, at any special meeting called for that purpose or at any regular meeting of the board of directors. Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes with only one class of directors being elected in each year and each class serving a three-year term.

At December 31, 2023 and April 1, 2024, we had four members on our Board of Directors named above. Our Board of Directors has determined that Michael G. Jolliffe, Markos Drakos and John Kostoyannis are independent directors within the meaning of the applicable Nasdaq listing requirements and SEC independence requirements applicable to Audit Committee members since none of them has received any compensation from the Company except for director’s fees and restricted stock awards to directors, and none of them has any relationship or has had any transaction with the Company which the Board believes would compromise their independence. Officers are elected from time to time by vote of our Board of Directors and hold office until a successor is elected.

We have no service contracts with any of our directors that provide for benefits upon termination of employment.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, the full Board of Directors held four meetings, and also acted by written consent. Each director attended all of the meetings of the Board and all of the meetings of committees of which such director was a member in 2023.

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To promote open discussion among the independent directors, a majority of the directors met four times in 2023 in regularly scheduled executive sessions without participation of our Company’s management and will continue to do so. Mr. Jolliffe has served as the presiding director for purposes of these meetings. Stockholders who wish to send communications on any topic to the Board of Directors or to the independent directors as a group, or to the presiding director, Mr. Jolliffe, may do so by writing to StealthGas Inc., 331 Kifissias Avenue, Erithrea 14561 Athens, Greece.

Corporate Governance

Our Board of Directors and our Company’s management reviews our corporate governance practices in order to oversee our compliance with the applicable corporate governance rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market and the SEC.

We have adopted a number of key documents that are the foundation of our corporate governance, including:

We will provide a paper copy of any of these documents upon the written request of a stockholder. Stockholders may direct their requests to the attention of Investor Relations, c/o Harry Vafias, StealthGas Inc., 331 Kifissias Avenue, Erithrea 14561 Athens, Greece. These documents are also available on our website at www.stealthgas.com under the heading “Corporate Governance.”

Committees of the Board of Directors

The Board of Directors has established an Audit Committee, a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and a Compensation Committee. As of April 1, 2024, the Audit Committee consists of Messrs. Markos Drakos (Chairman), Michael Jolliffe, and John Kostoyannis; the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consists of Messrs. Michael Jolliffe (Chairman), Markos Drakos and John Kostoyannis; and the Compensation Committee consists of Messrs. Michael Jolliffe (Chairman), Markos Drakos and John Kostoyannis. Each of the directors on these committees has been determined by our Board of Directors to be independent under the standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market, and, in the case of the Audit Committee, the SEC.

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee is governed by a written charter, which is approved and annually adopted by the Board. The Board has determined that the members of the Audit Committee meet the applicable independence requirements of the SEC and the Nasdaq Stock Market, that all members of the Audit Committee fulfill the requirement of being financially literate and that Mr. Drakos is an Audit Committee financial expert as defined under current SEC regulations.

The Audit Committee is appointed by the Board and is responsible for, among other matters, overseeing the:

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Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is appointed by the Board and is responsible for, among other matters:

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee is appointed by the Board and is responsible for, among other matters:

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D. Employees

Our manager employs and provides us with the services of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our Internal Auditor and our Chief Technical Officer. In each case, their services are provided under the management agreement with Stealth Maritime. Stealth Maritime compensates each of these individuals for their services and we, in turn, reimburse Stealth Maritime for their compensation.

As of December 31, 2023, 463 officers and crew members served on board the fully owned vessels in our fleet. However, these officers and crew are not directly employed by the Company.

E. Share Ownership

The shares of common stock beneficially owned by our directors and senior managers and/or companies affiliated with these individuals are disclosed in “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions” below.

Equity Compensation Plan

We have an equity compensation plan, the 2024 Equity Compensation Plan, which was adopted in April 2024 and is administered by our Board of Directors which can make awards totaling in aggregate up to 10% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding at the time any award is granted. Officers, directors and employees (including any prospective officer or employee) of the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates and consultants and service providers to (including persons who are employed by or provide services to any entity that is itself a consultant or service provider to) the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates will be eligible to receive awards under the equity incentive plan. Awards may be made under the expected equity compensation plan in the form of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, dividend equivalent rights, restricted stock, unrestricted stock, restricted stock units and performance shares.

The 2024 Equity Compensation Plan replaced the 2015 Equity Compensation Plan, under which we will not grant any additional shares. In May 2021, we awarded (1) 250,000 restricted shares of common stock to our Chief Executive Officer with a vesting date of May 26, 2022 for 125,000 such shares and May 26, 2023 for 125,000 such shares, and (2) options exercisable to acquire 250,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price per share equal to $2.99, the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on May 26, 2021 and an option expiration date of May 25, 2031, with a vesting date of May 26, 2022 for 125,000 such option shares and May 26, 2023 for 125,000 such option shares. In May 2021, we also granted an aggregate of 26,000 restricted shares of common stock to our independent directors, and an aggregate of 67,744 restricted shares of common stock to employees and service providers. In February 2023, we awarded (1) 250,000 restricted shares of common stock to our Chief Executive Officer with a vesting date of February 21, 2024 for 125,000 such shares and February 21, 2025 for 125,000 such shares, and (2) options exercisable to acquire 250,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price per share equal to $2.85, the closing price of our common stock on February 21, 2023 and an option expiration date of February 21, 2033, with a vesting date of February 21, 2024 for 125,000 such option shares and February 21, 2025 for 125,000 such option shares. In February 2023, we also granted an aggregate of 27,000 restricted shares of common stock to our independent directors and an aggregate of 7,000 restricted shares of common stock to employees and service providers, 50% of which are scheduled to vest in February 2024 and 50% in February 2025.

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In May 2023, we granted our Chief Executive Officer 449,000 restricted shares of common stock with a vesting date of November 24, 2023. On December 8, 2023, we granted to our Chief Executive Officer, as compensatory awards, (1) 559,000 restricted shares of Common Stock with a vesting date of December 8, 2024 for 279,500 such shares and December 8, 2025 for 279,500 such shares, and (2) options exercisable to acquire 290,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price per share equal to $6.43, the closing price of the Common Stock on December 8, 2023, and an option expiration date of December 8, 2033, and with a vesting date of December 8, 2024 for 145,000 such option shares and December 8, 2025 for 145,000 such option shares, as well as (i) 254,000 restricted shares and 1,000 options to acquire shares of common stock to employees of our manager and (ii) an aggregate of 20,000 restricted shares and 8,000 options to acquire shares of common stock to our independent directors, with the same vesting and exercise prices, as applicable, as the awards granted to our Chief Executive Officer. No equity awards were made in the year ended December 31, 2022. On April 23, 2024, we granted (1) 250,000, 35,000 and 240,247 shares of restricted Common Stock to our Chief Executive Officer, non-employee directors and employees of our manager providing services to the Company, respectively, 50% of which vest on April 23, 2025 and 50% of which vest on April 23, 2026, subject to satisfaction of the time-based vesting terms, and (2) options to purchase 100,000, 20,000 and 3,000, shares of common stock granted to our Chief Executive Officer, non-employee directors, and employees of our manager providing services to the Company, respectively, each at an exercise price equal to $6.01, the closing price of our common stock on Nasdaq on April 23, 2024, and 50% of which vest on April 23, 2025 and 50% of which vest on April 23, 2026.

Awards with respect to an aggregate of 3,621,612 shares of our common stock were granted under the 2015 Plan from its adoption in 2015 through the date of this annual report and awards with respect to 555,479 shares of our common stock were granted under our 2007 Equity Compensation Plan from its adoption in 2005 to its expiration in August 2015. No additional awards can be granted under our 2007 Plan. Under Nasdaq rules, we may, consistent with Marshall Islands law, adopt new equity compensation plans without the approval of stockholders.

A. Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our outstanding shares of common stock as of April 1, 2024 by:

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. In general, a person who has or shares voting power and/or dispositive power with respect to securities is treated as a beneficial owner of those securities. It does not necessarily imply that the named person has the economic or other benefits of ownership. For purposes of this table, shares subject to options, warrants or rights currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of April 1, 2024 are considered as beneficially owned by the person holding such options, warrants or rights. Each shareholder is entitled to one vote for each share held. The applicable percentage of ownership for each shareholder is based on 36,741,272 shares of common stock outstanding as of April 1, 2024, giving effect to the grant of 525,247 restricted shares of common stock under our 2015 Equity Plan on April 23, 2024. Information for certain holders is based on their latest filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission or information delivered to us.

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