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6-K 1 form6-k2024.htm 6-K Document


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
Form 6-K
REPORT OF FOREIGN ISSUER PURSUANT TO RULE 13A-16 OR 15D-16 UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


For the month of: June 2024    Commission File Number: 1-31402
CAE INC.
(Translation of registrant’s name into English)
8585 Cote de Liesse
Saint-Laurent, Quebec
Canada H4T 1G6
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form 20-F or Form 40-F:
Form 20-F    ___        Form 40-F   X  

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

    Exhibits 99.1 and 99.2 of this Form 6-K are incorporated by reference as additional exhibits to the registrant’s Registration Statements on Form S-8 (File Nos. 333-97185, 333-155366, 333-213708, 333-267775 and 333-275323).




SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.




CAE Inc.
Date: June 21, 2024    By:    /s/ Mark Hounsell                
Name:    Mark Hounsell
Title: General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary Letter to the Shareholders from the Chair of the Board and the President and CEO i




EXHIBIT INDEX





    
EX-99.1 2 caeproxy2024.htm EX-99.1 NOTICE AND MANAGEMENT PROXY CIRCULAR Document

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Table of Contents
Company overview    iv
Proxy Circular Summary    vii
About CAE    ix
Useful Information    xiv
Notice of 2024 Annual Shareholders’ Meeting    xv
Section 1 About Voting Your Shares    1
Section 2 Business of the Meeting    7
Section 3 About the Nominated Directors    13
Section 4 Corporate Governance    31
Section 5 Board Committee Reports    47
Section 6 Director Compensation    53
Section 7 Executive Compensation    58
Compensation Discussion and Analysis    61
Executive Summary    62
Shareholder Engagement    67
Compensation Philosophy    68
Executive Compensation Programs    70
FY2024 Compensation Outcome    83
Determination of NEOs’ Individual Performance    89
Compensation Governance    94
Alignment of Compensation and Performance    101
Compensation of our Named Executive Officers    104
Summary Compensation Table    104
Outstanding Share-Based Awards and Option-Based Awards    106
Incentive Plan Awards – Value Vested or Earned During the Year    107
Pension Arrangements    108
Termination and Change of Control Benefits    109

CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


Section 8 Other Important Information    114
Appendix A – Board of Directors’ Charter    116
Appendix B – Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures    120
Appendix C – Summary of the Employee Stock Option Plan    127
Appendix D – Summary of the Omnibus Incentive Plan    131
Appendix E – Summary of the Rights Plan    138

CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


Letter to the Shareholders from the Chair of the Board and the President and CEO
June 14, 2024
Dear fellow Shareholders,
It is our pleasure to invite you to attend CAE’s 2024 Annual Shareholders’ Meeting (the “Meeting”). This year, we continued to work as One CAE to foster innovation and excellence for our customers and one another. We have a positive outlook for FY2025, following a year where we worked hard to retire Legacy Contracts (as defined herein) in our Defense and Security business. While Defense and Security fell below expectations, we saw continued robust performance in our Civil Aviation segment.
This was a year of meaningful progress for our Company, both in terms of addressing challenges as well as continuing to grow and invest in our core markets. As we have for years, we further strengthened our competitive position and demonstrated market leadership with the introduction of new technologies and solutions for our customers around the globe. Our Civil business continued to perform exceptionally well with continued growth in revenues, record margins, and strong order intake.
During the year, we took decisive actions to re-baseline our Defense business, with the acceleration of risk recognition on the Legacy Contracts. These actions, paired with leadership changes, organizational structure simplification, and the installation of a Chief Operating Officer, give us confidence in an improved performance profile for the segment. Additionally, we completed the sale of CAE Healthcare, a decision that reflects our commitment to streamline our portfolio to focus on our core businesses. The sale of Healthcare accelerates CAE’s deleveraging process and enables us to focus on securing growth opportunities in our larger core markets.
Board Leadership
CAE continues to focus on Board renewal to ensure that the Company and Shareholders benefit from fresh perspectives. Five new directors have joined the Board since 2022, with a sixth new nominee up for election at the Meeting. This is the result of a regular evaluation by the Board to ensure it reflects the appropriate skills and experience necessary to effectively oversee execution of CAE’s strategy today and into the future.
Our two most recent director additions are Sophie Brochu, who joined in August 2023, and Patrick Decostre, who joined in May 2024. Sophie and Patrick impart extensive executive leadership and operational experience in companies with international exposure and external acquisition growth journeys.
Sophie has held the position of President and CEO at two major companies in Quebec’s energy sector – Hydro-Québec and Energir. She brings significant experience to the Board in vital areas, including strategic leadership and management, government relations, human resources, executive compensation and sustainability, among others.
Patrick is President, CEO and a director of Boralex Inc., a provider of affordable renewable energy in North America and Europe. He brings to the Board several years of experience as a CEO and nearly two decades of experience building Boralex’s business from the ground up in Europe.
With these changes, 38% of CAE’s Board of Directors are now women, enabling us to reach our 2025 target of the Board’s Diversity Policy ahead of schedule.
We wish to extend a warm thank you to Michael E. Roach, who recently retired from the Board of Directors, and to Andrew J. Stevens, who is retiring this August. Mike and Andrew have both made significant contributions during their time on the Board, and we will miss their valuable input.

i | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The Board continued its commitment to shareholder engagement, offering to meet with shareholders who together account for approximately 50% of our ownership.


Stakeholder Outreach
The Shareholders with whom we met provided valuable feedback, including on our executive compensation programs. We remain focused on aligning our performance and compensation outcomes with the interests of our Shareholders.
Commitment to Sustainability
Over the past 12 months, CAE has made substantial progress on its sustainability mandate. Our aim is to continue delivering long-term business value across our strategy, through built-in environmental, social and governance pillars. Climate change is one of the biggest global challenges of our time and CAE is committed to supporting the decarbonization of our customers and our industry. We submitted our near-term science-based reduction targets for approval to the Science Based Targets initiative, which solidly positions CAE on its net zero trajectory.
To cite a few examples of our efforts in this area, our training analytics capabilities allow for more efficient training, which reduces energy consumption. Our Flight Operations Solutions support the decarbonization of the aviation industry through the optimization of airlines’ flight plans and catering services, reducing fuel consumption, generating significant carbon savings and reducing waste. Our development of training capabilities adapted to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) challenges enables the development of a new, all-electric industry that contributes to making air transportation more sustainable.
CAE’s sustainability strategy is also driven by our commitment to create social value and foster an inclusive and diverse culture. In fiscal 2024, we increased the percentage of women and other underrepresented groups in leadership positions, achieving a key target of our multi-year sustainability roadmap. More information regarding our sustainability efforts can be found at https://www.cae.com/sustainability/.
Closing words
This year, CAE took the appropriate measures to reset conditions for enhancing profitability and operational efficiency. We have streamlined our portfolio and invested in new technologies that will allow us to capture an extended share of our core markets. The appointment of Nick Leontidis, Civil Group President over the last decade and a 36-year CAE veteran, to Chief Operating Officer will drive additional synergies between our Defense & Security and Civil Aviation business segments and increase operational efficiency. These actions, along with CAE’s excellent reputation, customer-centric approach, strong technical capabilities, long-standing customer relationships and global presence position us for long-term success and value creation.
To our Shareholders — thank you for your ongoing support and confidence in our noble mission to make the world a safer place. Your trust becomes even more paramount in periods of turbulence. The Board values your input and insights, and we look forward to continued dialogue.
And, to CAE employees, we extend our appreciation for their commitment to the company’s core values and strategy which help ensure the continued satisfaction of our customers.
We will once again hold our Meeting in virtual format via live webcast available at https://web.lumiagm.com/461348319. Shareholders are encouraged to cast their vote in advance by proxy and participate from any geographic location in real time through a web-based platform or by telephone. We believe this is an important step to enhancing accessibility to our annual meeting for all our Shareholders and reducing the carbon footprint of our activities.
As in prior years, important matters affecting our Company will be considered at the Meeting. We will, as always, review CAE’s financial position, including business operations and the value delivered to Shareholders. We will also respond to your comments and questions.
ii | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular This Circular gives you details about all the items for consideration and how to vote.


It also contains profiles of the nominated Directors, information on the auditors, and sections on the Board committees and CAE corporate governance practices. Whether or not you plan to attend the Meeting, we encourage you to review the enclosed information, consider the resolutions put forth by the Board and vote your Shares.
The Board remains committed to acting in the best interests of the Company and all its Shareholders.
We thank you for your continued confidence in and support of CAE and look forward to hearing from you at this year’s Meeting.
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Alan N. MacGibbon, P.C., O.C.
Chair of the Board
Marc Parent, C.M.
President and Chief Executive Officer

iii | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular iv | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


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v | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular vi | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


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Proxy Circular Summary

This summary highlights some of the important information you will find in this Management Proxy Circular (“Circular”). These highlights do not contain all the information that you should consider, and you should read this entire Circular before voting your Shares.
Shareholder Voting Matters
Voting Matter
Board Vote Recommendation
Page Reference for More Information
Election of 13 Directors
FOR each nominee
8
Appointing PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC)
as Auditors
FOR
10
Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation
FOR
11
Approving the Reconfirmation of CAE’s Rights Plan
FOR
12


vii | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Review this Proxy Circular and Vote in One of the Following Ways


Voting by Proxy is the Easiest Way
Below are the different ways in which you can give your voting instructions, details of which are found in the enclosed proxy form or your voting instruction form, as applicable. Please also refer to Section 1 – About Voting Your Shares for more information on the voting methods available to you:
image_11.jpg    by mail: sign, date and return your proxy form in the envelope provided.
image_12.jpg    by telephone: call the telephone number on your proxy form.
image_13.jpg    on the Internet: visit the website listed on your proxy form.
image_14.jpg    by appointing another person to attend and vote at the Meeting online on your behalf.
Voting Online at the Meeting
image_15.jpg    Log in online at https://web.lumiagm.com/461348319 and follow the steps listed in the Section “Attending and Participating.”

    

viii | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular At CAE, we equip people in critical roles with the expertise and solutions to create a safer world.


About CAE
Who We Are
As a technology company, we digitalize the physical world, deploying software-based simulation training and critical operations support solutions. Above all else, we empower pilots, cabin crew, maintenance technicians, airlines, business aviation operators and defence and security forces to perform at their best every day and when the stakes are the highest. Around the globe, we are everywhere customers need us to be with approximately 13,000 employees in more than 240 sites and training locations in over 40 countries. CAE represents more than 75 years of industry firsts—the highest fidelity flight and mission simulators as well as training programs powered by digital technologies. We embed sustainability in everything we do. Today and tomorrow, we’ll make sure our customers are ready for the moments that matter.
Founded in 1947 and headquartered in Montreal, Canada, CAE has built an excellent reputation and long-standing customer relationships based on experience, strong technical capabilities, a highly trained workforce and global reach. CAE’s common shares are listed on the Toronto and New York stock exchanges (TSX / NYSE) under the symbol CAE.
Our Mission
Our mission is to lead at the frontier of digital immersion with high-tech training and operational support solutions to make the world a safer place.
Our Vision
Our vision is to be the worldwide partner of choice in civil aviation and defence and security by revolutionizing our customers’ training and critical operations with digitally immersive solutions to elevate safety, efficiency and readiness.
Our Operations
Our operations are managed through two segments:
Civil Aviation: We provide comprehensive training solutions for flight, cabin, maintenance and ground personnel in commercial, business and helicopter aviation, a complete range of flight simulation training devices, ab initio pilot training and crew sourcing services, as well as aircraft flight operations solutions. The civil aviation market includes major commercial airlines, regional airlines, business aircraft operators, civil helicopter operators, aircraft manufacturers, third-party training centres, flight training organizations, maintenance, repair and overhaul organizations (MRO) and aircraft finance leasing companies.
Defense & Security: We are a global training and simulation provider delivering scalable, platform-independent solutions that enable and enhance force readiness and security. The defence and security market includes defence forces, OEMs, government agencies and public safety organizations worldwide.

ix | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular x | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular



Our Strategy
CAE’s Four Strategic Pillars
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Efficient Growth
Our business features a high degree of recurring revenues due to the underlying characteristics of our technology-enabled solutions and regulatory requirements across our markets. We seek to maximize the benefits of our strong competitive position to deliver premium growth and profitability through a focus on operational rigour, cost optimization, capital efficiency, and a disciplined approach to pursuing organic and inorganic growth.
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Technology and Market Leadership
We have a long rich and long-dated history of customer centricity, innovation and delivering state-of-the-art technology solutions that define the forefront of the industries we operate in. As a result, we constantly seek new ways to enhance the performance of our customers by fostering a culture of continuous improvement and innovation. This drives technology leadership, deeper customer partnerships, and new customer development, enabling us to capitalize on the ample headroom in our large, growing addressable markets.
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Revolutionizing Training and Critical Operations
We are a global thought leader in the application of training, digital immersion, critical operations, and modelling and simulation technologies. We seek to use data-driven applications and advanced analytics to produce measurable and demonstrated outcomes in our markets. The efficacy of our technology solutions enables customized, collaborative, and multi-domain offerings. Furthermore, our technologies are deployed with a focus on driving sustainability.
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Skills & Culture
Our core values are innovation, integrity, empowerment, excellence and One CAE. We employ these values across a diverse global team to drive a unique social impact. We seek to create an employee experience and environment that values teamwork, professional growth, and engagement. As a result, our employees across the globe share a passion to prepare our customers for the moments that matter.




Executive Compensation Highlights
—Executive short-term incentive payout based on a corporate performance factor of 4% reflective of strong performance in Civil Aviation, but with Defense & Security results impacted by the accelerated risk recognition on eight contracts that were entered into prior to the COVID-19 pandemic that are fixed-price in structure, with little to no provision for cost escalation (the “Legacy Contracts”)
—43% payout factor for Performance Share Units that vested in FY2024 (with a performance measurement period from FY2022 to FY2024), aligned with shareholder experience over the period

Our Executive Compensation Best Practices

Minimum threshold levels of corporate performance to be met to allow for payments under
the annual and long-term incentives
Caps on annual bonuses and Performance Share Units (“PSU”) payout factors
Balanced mix of short, medium and long-term compensation
Pensionable earnings based on actual years served
Change of control severance limited to two times salary and bonuses
Robust clawback policy, including a market-leading ability to clawback incentive-based compensation in circumstances of misconduct without the need for a financial restatement
Minimum share ownership and option profit retention guidelines
Anti-hedging policy
Post-employment Share ownership requirement for CEO
Double trigger vesting of equity in case of change of control


xi | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The following table shows some of the ways CAE continues to adhere to the highest standards in corporate governance.


Governance Highlights
Our Corporate Governance Best Practices

Number of Director nominees
13
Number of non-employee Independent Director nominees
12/13
Board Committee members (including the Governance Committee, which is responsible for recommending new Directors to join the Board) are all independent.
Average age of Director nominees
61
Annual election of Directors
Other Board commitments and interlocks policy
Separate Chair and CEO roles
Director tenure and age term limits
Share ownership requirements for Directors and executives
Board orientation/education program
Number of Board meetings held during FY2024
8
Number of financial experts on the Audit Committee
2
Code of Business Conduct
Annual advisory vote on executive compensation
Formal Board and Committee evaluation processes
No dual-class shares
Diversity targets on the Board and in executive officer positions
Enterprise risk management oversight including sustainability matters


xii | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


Our Director Nominees
Name Age Director Since Position Independent Committee Memberships Board and Committee Attendance FY2024 Other Public Boards
Ayman Antoun
58
2022
Corporate Director
YES
Audit, HRC
100%
1
Margaret S. (Peg) Billson
62
2015
Corporate Director
YES
GC (Chair), HRC
94%
1
Sophie Brochu
61
2023
Corporate Director
YES
Audit, HRC
100%
1
Patrick Decostre1
51
2024
President and CEO, Boralex Inc.
YES
N/A
N/A
1
Elise Eberwein
59
2022
Corporate Director
YES
Audit, HRC
100%
N/A
Ian L. Edwards2
62
N/A
President and CEO, AtkinsRéalis
YES
N/A
N/A
1
Marianne Harrison
60
2019
Corporate Director
YES
Audit (Chair), GC
100%
N/A
Alan N. MacGibbon
68
2015
Corporate Director
YES
N/A
100%
1
Mary Lou Maher
64
2021
Corporate Director
YES
Audit, HRC (Chair)
100%
2
François Olivier
59
2017
Corporate Director
YES
Audit, GC
93%
1
Marc Parent
63
2008
President and CEO, CAE
NO
N/A
100%
1
Gen. David G. Perkins, USA (Ret.)
66
2020
Corporate Director
YES
GC, HRC
100%
1
Patrick M. Shanahan
62
2022
President and CEO, Spirit AeroSystems Inc.
YES
Audit, GC
100%
2
1.Mr. Decostre was appointed to the Board of CAE on May 16, 2024.
2.Mr. Edwards does not currently serve as a Director on the Board of CAE and will become a Director following his election at the Meeting.

xiii | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


Useful Information

Certain Defined Terms
In this document, referred to as this “Circular”, the terms “you” and “your” refer to the Shareholder, while “we”, “us”, “our”, “Company” and “CAE” refer to CAE Inc. and where applicable, its subsidiaries.
Currency, Exchange Rates and Share Prices
All amounts referred to in this Circular are presented in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise stated. In a number of instances in this Circular, including with respect to calculation of the in-the-money value of stock options denominated in Canadian dollars, information based on our Share price has been calculated on the basis of the Canadian dollar.
Discontinued Operations and Reclassification of Comparative Figures
On February 16, 2024, we announced the closing of the sale of our Healthcare business. Consequently, certain comparative figures contained in this Circular have been reclassified as a result of our Healthcare segment being presented as discontinued operations in CAE’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended March 31, 2024.
Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures
This document includes non-IFRS financial measures, non-IFRS ratios, capital management measures and supplementary financial measures. These measures are not standardized financial measures prescribed under IFRS and therefore should not be confused with, or used as an alternative for, performance measures calculated according to IFRS. Furthermore, these measures should not be compared with similarly titled measures provided or used by other issuers. Management believes that these measures provide additional insight into our operating performance and trends and facilitate comparisons across reporting periods.
Definitions of all non-IFRS and other financial measures are provided in Appendix B of this document to give the reader a better understanding of the indicators used by management. In addition, when applicable, this document may include a quantitative reconciliation of the non-IFRS and other financial measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS. Refer to Appendix B of this document for references where these reconciliations are provided.
Information Currency
The information in this Circular is current as of June 14, 2024 unless otherwise stated.

xiv | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Notice of 2024 Annual Shareholders’ Meeting



What the Meeting is About
1.Receive CAE Consolidated Financial Statements and the auditors’ report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024;
2.Elect Directors who will serve until the end of the next annual Shareholders' meeting;
3.Reappoint PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as our auditors who will serve until the end of the next annual Shareholders' meeting and to authorize the Company’s Board to fix the auditors’ remuneration;
4.Vote, in an advisory, non-binding manner, on CAE’s approach to executive compensation described in this Circular;
5.Approve the reconfirmation of CAE’s Amended and Restated Shareholder Protection Rights Plan Agreement (“Rights Plan”); and
6.Transact any other business that may properly come before the Meeting.



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You have the Right to Vote
As a holder of record of common shares of CAE (“Shares”) at the close of business on June 21, 2024, you are entitled to receive notice of and vote at the Meeting.
You are asked to consider and to vote your Shares on items 2 to 5 and any other items that may properly come before the Meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof.
If you are unable to attend the Meeting online and want to ensure that your Shares are voted, please submit your votes by proxy as described under “How to Vote Your Shares” in the accompanying Circular. To be valid, our transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company of Canada, must receive your proxy by 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) on August 12, 2024. If the Meeting is adjourned or postponed, Computershare must receive your proxy no later than 24 hours (excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays) prior to any such adjournment or postponement.
Accompanying this Notice of Annual Meeting is the Circular, which contains more information on the matters to be addressed at the Meeting.

xv | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Our Meeting will be held in virtual-only format, which will be conducted via live webcast.



Attending and Participating
Shareholders will have an equal opportunity to participate in real time and vote at the Meeting online through a web-based platform regardless of their geographic location.
Participating in the Meeting online allows registered Shareholders and duly appointed Proxyholders, including non-registered (beneficial) Shareholders who have appointed themselves or another person as a Proxyholder, to participate at the Meeting and ask questions, all in real time. Registered Shareholders and duly appointed Proxyholders can vote at the appropriate time during the Meeting. Voting will be conducted by virtual ballot.
Guests, including non-registered Shareholders who have not duly appointed themselves or another person as a Proxyholder, can log in to the Meeting as set out below. Guests will be able to participate in the Meeting but cannot vote.
To access the Meeting, follow the instructions below, as applicable to you:
1.Log in online at https://web.lumiagm.com/461348319. The platform is compatible with all major browsers except for Internet Explorer.
2.Click “I have a Login” and then enter your Control Number (see below) and Password “CAE2024” (note the password is case sensitive); OR
3.Click “I am a guest” and then complete the online form.
In order to find the 15-digit Control Number to access the Meeting:
—Registered Shareholders: The control number located on the form of proxy or in the email notification you received is your Control Number.
—Proxyholders: Duly appointed Proxyholders, including non- registered (beneficial) Shareholders that have appointed themselves or another person as a Proxyholder, will receive the Control Number from Computershare by e-mail after the proxy voting deadline has passed.
If you attend the Meeting online, it is important that you are connected to the Internet at all times during the Meeting in order to vote when balloting commences. It is your responsibility to ensure connectivity for the duration of the Meeting. You should allow
ample time to check into the Meeting online and complete the related procedure. For additional details on accessing and participating in the Meeting online from your tablet, smartphone or computer, please see the Virtual AGM User Guide provided by Computershare and accompanying this proxy circular.
Notice-and-Access
As part of an effort to reduce environmental impacts of excessive printing, and to save postage costs, CAE is opting to use the “Notice-and-Access” provisions of Canadian securities rules.
The “Notice-and-Access” provisions allow Canadian companies to post electronic versions of Shareholder meeting materials in lieu of mailing physical copies of such documents to Shareholder. Shareholders will instead only receive a paper notification with information on how they may obtain a copy of the meeting materials electronically or request a paper copy (Notification). Shareholders who have already signed up for electronic delivery of Shareholder materials will continue to receive them by email.
Non-registered Shareholders who have not objected to their intermediary disclosing certain ownership information about themselves to CAE are referred to as “NOBOs”. The non-registered Shareholders who have objected to their intermediary disclosing ownership information about themselves to CAE are referred to as “OBOs”. CAE has distributed the Notification in connection with the Meeting to intermediaries and clearing agencies for onward distribution to non-registered Shareholders. CAE will not be paying for intermediaries to deliver to OBOs (who have not otherwise waived their right to receive proxy-related materials) copies of proxy related materials and related documents (including the Notification). Accordingly, an OBO will not receive copies of proxy-related materials and related documents unless the OBO’s intermediary assumes the costs of delivery.
How to Access Meeting Materials
On Computershare Investor Services Inc.’s (“Computershare”) website: www.envisionreports.com/CAE2024e
On SEDAR+: www.sedarplus.ca
On CAE’s website: www.cae.com/investors/financial-reports/
Shareholders are reminded to read the Circular and other Meeting materials carefully before voting their Shares.

xvi | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular How to Request a Paper Copy of the Meeting Materials



Before the Meeting
If your name appears on a Share certificate, you are considered as a “registered Shareholder”. You may request paper copies of the Meeting materials at no cost to you by calling Computershare toll-free, within North America at 1-866-962-0498 or direct, from outside of North America, at 514-982-8716 and entering your control number as indicated on your form of proxy.
If your Shares are listed in an account statement provided to you by an intermediary, you are considered as a “non-registered Shareholder”. You may request paper copies of the Meeting materials from Broadridge at no cost to you up to one year from the date the Circular was filed on SEDAR through the Internet by going to www.proxyvote.com or by telephone at 1-877-907-7643 and entering the 16-digit control number provided on the voting instruction form and following the instructions provided.
Please note that you will not receive another form of proxy or voting instruction form; please retain your current one to vote your Shares.
In any case, requests should be received at least five (5) business days prior to the proxy deposit date and time set out in the accompanying proxy or voting instruction form in order to receive the Meeting materials in advance of such date and the Meeting date.
After the Meeting
By telephone at 1-866-964-0492 or online at investor.relations@cae.com. A copy of the Meeting materials will be sent to you within ten (10) calendar days of receiving your request.
By order of the Board of Directors,
June 14, 2024
Montréal, Québec
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Mark Hounsell
General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary

xvii | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 1 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


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Section 1 – About Voting Your Shares

Record Date
June 21, 2024 is the record date for the Meeting.
Who can vote
Only holders of our Shares at the close of business on the Record Date are entitled to receive notice of and to attend, including by proxy, and vote at the Meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof. The list of Shareholders on the Record Date is available for inspection by appointment during usual business hours at Computershare Trust Company of Canada, 650 de Maisonneuve west 7th floor, Montreal, QC H3A 3T2, and at the Meeting. As of June 14, 2024, 319,266,100 Shares are issued and outstanding. Each Share is entitled to one vote.
Principal Shareholders
To the knowledge of the Directors and executive officers of CAE (from records and publicly filed reports), there is no person who beneficially owns or exercises control or direction over more than 10% of the Shares.
All Directors and executive officers as a group (23 persons) beneficially owned or exercised control or direction over 623,272 Shares representing 0.20% of the class as at June 14, 2024.
Your Vote is Important
Your vote is important. Please read the information below to ensure your Shares are properly voted.
How do I participate in the Meeting?
The Meeting will be held in a virtual only format that will be conducted via live webcast online. Shareholders will not be able to attend the Meeting in person.
Participating in the Meeting online allows registered Shareholders and duly appointed Proxyholders, including non-registered (beneficial) Shareholders who have appointed themselves or another person as a Proxyholder, to participate at the Meeting and ask questions, all in real time, including verbally through a phone conference. Registered Shareholders and duly appointed Proxyholders can vote at the appropriate time during the Meeting.
Guests, including non-registered beneficial Shareholders who have not duly appointed themselves or another person as a Proxyholder, can log in to the Meeting as set out below. Guests will be able to participate in the Meeting but cannot vote.


To access the Meeting, follow the instructions below, as applicable to you:
1.Log in online at https://web.lumiagm.com/461348319. The platform is compatible with all major browsers except for Internet Explorer.
2.Click “I have a Login” and then enter your Control Number (see below) and Password “CAE2024” (note the password is case sensitive); OR
3.Click “I am a guest” and then complete the online form.
In order to find the 15-digit Control Number to access the Meeting:
—Registered Shareholders: The control number located on the form of proxy or in the email notification you received is your Control Number.
—Proxyholders: Duly appointed Proxyholders, including non-registered (beneficial) Shareholders that have appointed themselves or another person as a Proxyholder, will receive the Control Number from Computershare by e-mail after the proxy voting deadline has passed.
We recommend that you log in at least one hour before the start time of the Meeting. It is important to ensure you are connected to the Internet at all times if you participate in the Meeting online in order to vote when balloting commences. You are responsible for ensuring Internet connectivity for the duration of the Meeting. For additional details and instructions on accessing the Meeting online from your tablet, smartphone or computer, voting and asking questions during the Meeting, see the Virtual AGM User Guide provided by Computershare and accompanying this Circular.
For additional information regarding voting by proxy before the meeting, voting online, attending the virtual meeting or other general proxy matters, please contact Computershare at 1-800-564-6253 (Canada/U.S.) or 1-514-982-7555 (international/direct dial).

2 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular How to Vote your Shares

Section 1 – About Voting Your Shares


You may vote your Shares in one of the following ways:
1.    By proxy using all the voting channels that have been available in the past; this has not changed. Voting at the Meeting remains in the virtual-only form, without any possibility for in-person attendance.
picture12.jpg by mail: sign, date and return your proxy form in the envelope provided.
picture13.jpg by telephone: call the telephone number on your proxy form.
picture14.jpg on the Internet: visit the website listed on your proxy form.
picture151.jpg by appointing another person to attend and vote at the Meeting online on your behalf.
Refer to the enclosed proxy form for instructions.
2.    Virtually at the Meeting online by following the instructions below. The voting process is different for registered or non-registered (beneficial) Shareholders:
(a)    if you are a registered Shareholder, you may vote at the Meeting by completing a ballot online during the Meeting. Follow the instructions above to access the Meeting and cast your ballot online during the designated time.
(b)    if you are a non-registered Shareholder (including a participant in the employee plan) AND you wish to vote online at the Meeting, you must appoint yourself as Proxyholder in order to vote at the Meeting. You MUST complete and return a voting instruction form no later than 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) on August 12, 2024 appointing yourself as Proxyholder. Follow the instructions above to access the Meeting and cast your ballot online during the designated time. You will receive the Control Number for the Meeting from Computershare by e-mail after the proxy voting deadline has passed.

United States Beneficial holders: To vote at the Meeting, you must first obtain a valid legal proxy from your broker, bank or other agent and then register in advance of the Meeting. Follow the instructions from your broker or bank included with this Circular, or contact your broker or bank to request a legal proxy form. To register to attend the Meeting online, you must submit a copy of your legal proxy form to Computershare. Requests for registration should be directed to Computershare at 100 University Avenue, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2Y1, or by e-mail at uslegalproxy@computershare.com. Requests for registration must be labelled as “Legal Proxy” and be received no later than 11:00 a.m. (EDT) on August 12, 2024. You will receive a confirmation of your registration after Computershare receives your registration materials. Please note that you are required to register your appointment as Proxyholder at https://www.computershare.com/CAE.
If you have any questions or need assistance voting, you may contact Kingsdale Advisors, CAE’s strategic advisor, by telephone at 1-877-659-1819 (toll-free in North America) or 1-437-561-4996 (text and call enabled outside North America), or by email at contactus@kingsdaleadvisors.com.

3 | CAE INC.

Section 1 – About Voting Your Shares


Voting by Proxy
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular If you choose to vote by proxy, you are giving the person or people named on your proxy form (referred to as a “Proxyholder”) the authority to vote your Shares on your behalf online at the Meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof.
Proxies are being solicited by management
Through this Circular, management is soliciting your proxy in connection with the matters to be addressed at the Meeting (or any adjournment(s) or postponements(s) thereof) to be held at the time and place and for the purposes set forth in the accompanying Notice of the Meeting.
The solicitation is being made primarily by mail, but you may also be contacted by telephone or other means. We have retained Kingsdale Advisors to provide a broad array of strategic advisory, governance, strategic communications, digital and investor campaign services on a global retainer basis in addition to certain fees accrued during the life of the engagement upon the discretion and direction of the Company. The Company may also reimburse brokers and other persons holding Shares in their name or in the name of nominees for their costs incurred in sending proxy material to their principals in order to obtain their proxies.
Proxyholders other than management
Shareholders desiring to appoint some person other than Alan N. MacGibbon, Marc Parent and Margaret S. (Peg) Billson as their representative at the Meeting may do so either by inserting such other person’s name in the blank space provided or by completing another proper proxy form and, in either case, delivering the completed proxy to CAE’s Corporate Secretary at 8585 Côte-de-Liesse, Saint-Laurent, Québec, H4T 1G6 or to Computershare Trust Company of Canada, 100 University Avenue, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5J 2Y1 no later than 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) on August 12, 2024 (or, in the case of an adjournment or postponement, no later than 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) on the last business day preceding the day of such adjournment or postponement thereof).


Unless you specify a different Proxyholder, the CAE officers and/or Directors whose names are pre-printed on the enclosed form of proxy (Alan N. MacGibbon, Marc Parent and Margaret S. (Peg) Billson) will vote your Shares. The Company may utilize the Broadridge QuickVoteTM system, which involves NOBOs being contacted by Kingsdale, which is soliciting proxies on behalf of management, to obtain voting instructions over the telephone and relaying them to Broadridge (on behalf of the NOBO’s intermediary). While representatives of Kingsdale are soliciting proxies on behalf of management, Shareholders are not required to vote in the manner recommended by the Board. The QuickVoteTM system is intended to assist Shareholders in placing their votes, however, there is no obligation for any Shareholders to vote using the QuickVoteTM system, and Shareholders may vote (or change or revoke their votes) at any other time and in any other applicable manner described in this Circular. Any voting instructions provided by a Shareholder will be recorded and such Shareholder will receive a letter from Broadridge (on behalf of the Shareholder’s intermediary) as confirmation that their voting instructions have been accepted.

4 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular You may indicate on the proxy form how you want your Proxyholder to vote your Shares, in which case the Proxyholder will vote in accordance with your instructions.

Section 1 – About Voting Your Shares


Voting of Proxies
You can also let your Proxyholder decide for you. If you do not specify on the proxy form how you want your Shares to be voted, your Proxyholder will have the discretion to vote your Shares as they see fit.
The enclosed proxy form gives the Proxyholder discretion with respect to any amendments or variations to matters described in the Notice of Annual Meeting and with respect to any other matters which may properly come before the Meeting (including any adjournment or postponement thereof), in each instance, to the extent permitted by law, whether or not the amendment, variation, or other matter that comes before the Meeting is routine and whether or not the amendment, variation, or other matter that comes before the Meeting is contested.
At the time of printing this Circular, the management of CAE knows of no such amendments, variations or other matters to come before the Meeting. However, if you have not specified how to vote on a particular matter, or if any amendments or variations to matters identified in the Notice of Annual Meeting, or any other matters that are not now known to management of CAE, should properly come before the Meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof, the Shares represented by properly submitted proxies given in favour of the persons designated by management of CAE in the form of proxy will be voted on such matters pursuant to such discretionary authority.
Unless you specify a different Proxyholder or specify how you want your Shares to be voted, Alan N. MacGibbon, Marc Parent and Margaret S. (Peg) Billson will vote your Shares:
(a)    FOR electing the nominated Directors who are listed in this Circular;
(b)    FOR appointing PwC as auditors and for the authorization of the Directors to fix their remuneration;
(c)    FOR approving the advisory resolution on executive compensation; and
(d)    FOR approving the reconfirmation of the Rights Plan.
Registered Shareholders who wish to appoint a third-party Proxyholder to represent them at the Meeting must first use the form of proxy to appoint the Proxyholder and then must register their Proxyholder online. Failure to register the Proxyholder will result in the Proxyholder not receiving a Control Number and therefore being unable to participate in the Meeting.
To register a third-party Proxyholder, Shareholders must visit https://www. computershare.com/CAE by August 12, 2024 at 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) and provide Computershare with the Proxyholder’s contact information required. Computershare needs this information so they can confirm their registration and send an email notification with a Control Number. Your Proxyholder needs the Control Number in order to participate in the meeting and vote your Shares. Your third-party Proxyholder should receive the email notification after 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) on August 12, 2024.
To be effective, your proxy must be received before 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) on August 12, 2024 or not less than 48 hours (excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays) prior to the time fixed for holding any adjournment or postponement of the Meeting.
If you have any questions or need assistance voting, please contact Kingsdale Advisors at 1-877-659-1819 (toll-free in North America) or 1-437-561-4996 (text and call enabled outside North America) or by email at contactus@kingsdaleadvisors.com. Late proxies may be accepted or rejected by the Chair of the Meeting at his or her discretion and the Chair of the Meeting is under no obligation to accept or reject any particular late proxy. The time limit for deposit of proxies may be waived or extended by the Chair of the Meeting at his or her discretion, without notice.
Revocation of Proxies
You have the right to revoke a proxy by any of the following methods:
(a)    Vote again by phone or Internet no later than 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) on August 12, 2024 (or not less than 48 hours (excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays) prior to the date of any adjourned or postponed Meeting); or
(b)    Deliver another completed and signed proxy form, dated later than the first proxy form, by mail or fax such that it is received by CAE’s Corporate Secretary at 8585 Côte-de-Liesse, Saint-Laurent, Québec, H4T 1G6 or by Computershare Trust Company of Canada, 100 University Avenue, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5J 2Y1 no later than 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) on August 12, 2024 (or not less than 48 hours (excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays) prior to the date of any adjourned or postponed Meeting.

5 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular We offer our Shareholders the opportunity to view management proxy circulars, annual reports and quarterly reports through the Internet instead of receiving paper copies in the mail.

Section 1 – About Voting Your Shares

Electronic Access to Proxy-Related Materials and Annual and Quarterly Reports
You will find more information on this matter in the Notice-and-Access section above.
Electronic Delivery in Future
Shareholders are asked to consider signing up for electronic delivery of meeting materials. Electronic delivery is a convenient way to make distribution of materials more efficient and is an
environmentally responsible alternative by eliminating the use of printed paper and the carbon footprint of the associated mail delivery process. Signing up is quick and easy, and can be done by visiting www.proxyvote.com and signing in with your control number. After voting on the matters to be addressed at the Meeting and following your vote confirmation, you will be able to select the electronic delivery box and provide an email address. Having registered for electronic delivery, going forward you will receive your meeting materials by email and will be able to vote on your device by simply following a link in the email sent by your financial intermediary, provided your intermediary supports this service.




6 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 7 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


image_53.jpg

Section 2 – Business of the Meeting
1 Receive CAE’s Consolidated Financial Statements
CAE’s consolidated financial statements including the auditors’ report, for the year ended on March 31, 2024 will be presented to Shareholders at the Meeting. They can also be accessed on CAE’s website at www.cae.com, on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca, or on EDGAR at www.sec.gov. No Shareholder vote is required in connection with the consolidated financial statements.
2 Elect 13 Directors
13
Nominees
92.3%1
Independent
61
Average Age
98.5%
% Votes FOR
in 2023
98.7%
Average Board Meeting Attendance
1.The only non-Independent Director is CAE’s President and CEO. “Independent Directors” refers to the standards of independence established by CAE’s Corporate Governance Guidelines, applicable corporate governance rules of the New York Stock Exchange and SEC, and under the Canadian Securities Administrators’ National Instrument 58-101 – Disclosure of Corporate Governance Practices and National Policy 58-201.

You will be electing a board of directors (“Board”) of 13 members. Each Director is elected annually for a term which expires no later than the next annual meeting of Shareholders.
All of the following nominees, except Ian L. Edwards, are currently members of the Board of Directors, and all have been recommended by the GC and the Board for election at the Meeting. Mr. Edwards will become a Director following his election at the Meeting.
—Ayman Antoun
—Margaret S. (Peg) Billson
—Sophie Brochu
—Patrick Decostre
—Elise Eberwein
—Ian L. Edwards
—Marianne Harrison
—Alan N. MacGibbon
—Mary Lou Maher
—François Olivier
—Marc Parent, C.M.
—Gen. David G. Perkins
—Patrick M. Shanahan

8 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Each nominee was elected at our 2023 annual Shareholders’ meeting held on August 9, 2023, by a majority of the votes cast (average of 98.5% of votes cast in favour), except for Messrs.

Section 2 – Business of the Meeting

Decostre and Edwards who are first-time nominees.
Please refer to Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors for further information regarding the experience, the selection process and other relevant information you should consider in casting your vote for each nominee.
Management has been informed that, if elected, each of such nominees would be willing to serve as a Director. However, in the event any proposed nominee advises that he or she is unable or unwilling to act for any reason prior to the Meeting, proxies held by the persons designated as proxyholders on the form of proxy will be voted in favour of the remaining nominees and for such other substitute nominee in their discretion unless the Shareholder has specified in the form of proxy that such Shareholder’s Shares are to be withheld from voting in the election of Directors.
Self-imposed term and age limits ensure CAE benefits from a combination of experience and fresh perspectives
The Board of Directors has passed a resolution establishing term limits comprising the following:
—up to three four-year periods of service, to aggregate twelve years maximum;
—no nominee may be proposed past their attaining 75 years of age; and
—the Chair of the Board may be in the role for a full five-year term regardless of his or her age or the number of years the individual has been a Director.
The Board of Directors believes these limits, subject to reasoned exceptions, are appropriate to ensure fresh skill sets and perspectives are periodically brought to the oversight of CAE’s business.

Majority voting requirement
Each Director of the Company must be elected by a majority (50% +1 vote) of the votes cast with respect to his or her election, other than at contested meetings.
In accordance with our Corporate Governance Guidelines, any nominee who receives a greater number of votes cast “against” him or her than votes “for” will not be elected as a Director. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the nominee is an incumbent Director, such Director may continue in office until the earlier of (i) the 90th day after the election, or (ii) the day on which his or her successor is appointed or elected. In accordance with the provisions of the Canada Business Corporations Act and its regulations, the Board may reappoint an incumbent Director even if he or she does not receive majority support in the following circumstances:
—to satisfy Canadian residency requirements; or
—to satisfy the requirement that at least two Directors are not also officers or employees of the Company or its affiliates.
Detailed voting results will be disclosed after the Meeting
Promptly, after the Meeting, we will publicly disclose the number and percentage of votes cast for and withheld in respect of each nominee, as well as those cast for and against each other matter voted on by Shareholders at the Meeting.
The Board of Directors recommends that Shareholders vote FOR the election of the 13 nominated members of the Board.


9 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 2 – Business of the Meeting

3 Appoint the Auditors
The Board, on recommendation by the Audit Committee, proposes that PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC), Chartered Accountants, Montréal, Québec be re-appointed as auditors of CAE to hold office until the close of the next annual meeting of Shareholders and that the Directors of CAE be authorized to fix their remuneration.
PwC has served as auditors of CAE since 1991.
PwC provides three types of services to CAE and its subsidiaries
1.Audit Services: fees billed for professional services for the audit of CAE’s annual consolidated financial statements and services that are normally provided by PwC in connection with statutory and regulatory filings, including the audit of the internal controls and financial reporting as required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”).
2.Audit-related Services: fees relating to work performed in connection with CAE’s acquisitions/divestitures, financings/prospectuses, translation and other miscellaneous accounting-related services.
3.Tax Services: fees relating to tax compliance, tax planning and tax advice.
Auditors’ independence
The Audit Committee has discussed with PwC its independence from management and CAE, has considered and concluded that the provision of non-audit services is compatible with maintaining such independence.
Furthermore, as per its policy, the Audit Committee reviews and pre-approves all non-audit services provided by the external auditors above a specified level.


Fees Paid by CAE to PwC in FY2024
The following chart shows all fees paid to PwC by CAE and its subsidiaries in the most recent and prior fiscal year.
Fee Type
2024
($ millions)
2023
($ millions)
1. Audit services
6.7
6.5
2. Audit-related services
0.6
0.2
3. Tax services
0.4
0.4
Total
7.7
7.1
In order to further support PwC’s independence, the Audit Committee has set a policy concerning CAE’s hiring of current and former partners and employees of PwC who were engaged on CAE’s account in the recent years. Pursuant to this policy, CAE will not initiate nor pursue any discussion with any former partner, principal, Shareholder or professional employee(s) of PwC regarding potential or future employment in a reporting oversight role with CAE if they are in a position to influence the audit firm’s operations or financial policies, has ownership or partnership interests or financial participation in the audit firm or was a member of the CAE external audit team during the one-year period preceding the date that audit procedures commenced.
The Board of Directors recommends that Shareholders vote FOR the appointment of PwC as CAE’s auditors.

10 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 2 – Business of the Meeting
4 Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation
As detailed in Section 7 – Executive Compensation, CAE’s executive compensation philosophy and programs are based on the fundamental principle of pay-for-performance to align the interests of our executives with those of our Shareholders. This compensation approach allows CAE to attract and retain high-performing executives who are strongly incentivized to create value for CAE’s Shareholders on a sustainable basis.
Section 7 of the Circular describes our overall approach to executive compensation, the objectives of our executive compensation program, how compensation decisions are made and the compensation paid to our most highly paid executive officers in the last three years. Section 7 also describes the continued Shareholder outreach conducted in FY2024, seeking input on our compensation programs.
At the Meeting, Shareholders will be asked to consider and to cast an advisory, non-binding vote on CAE’s approach to executive compensation – this is often referred to as “say on pay”.
The text of the “say on pay” resolution reads as follows:
‘‘Resolved that the Shareholders accept the approach to executive compensation
disclosed in this Management Proxy Circular’’.
Because your vote is advisory, it will not be binding upon the Board. However, the Human Resources Committee (“HRC”) will review and analyze the results of the vote and take into consideration such results when reviewing executive compensation philosophy and programs.
If a significant proportion of the Shares represented, including by proxy, at the Meeting are voted against the above non-binding advisory resolution, the Board Chair or the HRC Chair will oversee a process to engage with Shareholders to give Shareholders the opportunity to express their specific concerns. The Board of Directors and the HRC will consider the results of this process and, if appropriate, review the Company’s approach to executive compensation in the context of Shareholders’ specific concerns.
Our approach to executive compensation was approved by 92.5% of the votes cast on the resolution during our August 9, 2023 annual meeting of Shareholders. Please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Shareholder Engagement, which describes our significant engagement initiatives with investors in FY2024, including with respect to our executive compensation programs.
The Board of Directors recommends that Shareholders vote FOR the resolution set out above.

11 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 2 – Business of the Meeting
5 Approval of the Reconfirmation of the Rights Plan
CAE is a party to the Rights Plan, initially adopted on March 7, 1990, and last amended, restated and renewed on August 11, 2021. To remain effective, the Rights Plan must be reconfirmed every third annual meeting of Shareholders, including at the Meeting, by resolution passed by a majority of the votes cast by the Shareholders except those who do not qualify as Independent Shareholders (as defined in Appendix E). To the Company’s knowledge, there is no Shareholder who would not qualify as an Independent Shareholder for purposes of the Meeting. If it is not reconfirmed at the Meeting, the Rights Plan will terminate on August 14, 2024 and the rights issued under it will be void.
CAE believes that the Rights Plan preserves the fair treatment of Shareholders, is consistent with current best Canadian corporate governance practices and addresses institutional investor guidelines. The Rights Plan was not adopted in response to any actual or threatened take-over bid or other proposal from a third party to acquire control of CAE. It does not reduce the duty of the Board to act honestly, in good faith and in the best interests of CAE, and to act on that basis if any offer is made for the Shares of CAE. The Rights Plan is not intended to and will not entrench the Board.
At the Meeting, Shareholders will be asked to consider and vote to approve the reconfirmation of the Rights Plan, a summary of which is set forth in the attached Appendix E. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the text of the Rights Plan, which is available upon request from the General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary of CAE at CAE Inc., 8585 Côte-de-Liesse, Saint-Laurent, Québec, H4T 1G6. The Rights Plan may also be accessed on CAE’s website (www.cae.com). Capitalized terms used in such summary without express definition have the meanings attributed thereto in the Rights Plan.
The text of the resolution approving the reconfirmation of the Rights Plan (the “Rights Plan Resolution”) is set forth below.
BE IT RESOLVED TO ADOPT THE FOLLOWING RESOLUTION:
THAT the reconfirmation of the Amended and Restated Shareholder Protection Rights Plan Agreement between CAE Inc. (the “Corporation”) and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as rights agent, dated August 11, 2021, as may be further amended and restated from time to time, a summary of which is set forth in CAE’s Management Proxy Circular dated June 14, 2024, be and is hereby approved; and
THAT any officer of the Corporation be, and is hereby authorized and directed, for and on behalf of the Corporation, to finalize, sign or deliver all documents, to enter into any agreements and to do and perform all acts and things as such individual, in his or her discretion, deems necessary or advisable in order to give effect to the intent of this resolution and the matters authorized hereby, including compliance with all securities laws and regulations and the rules and requirements of the Toronto Stock Exchange, such determination to be conclusively evidenced by the finalizing, signing or delivery of such document or agreement or the performing of such act or thing.
The Board of Directors recommends that Shareholders vote FOR the Rights Plan Resolution.
6 Other Business
We will also transact any other business that may properly come before the Meeting. At the time of printing of this Circular, the management of CAE knows of no such amendments, variations or other matters to come before the Meeting.
12 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 13 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


image_60.jpg


Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
This Section presents a profile of each nominated Director, including an explanation of each nominated Director’s experience, languages, education, skills, qualifications and core competencies, attendance at Board and Committee meetings from April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2024, total value of compensation received in FY2024, Share ownership information, the extent of fulfillment of the Minimum Ownership requirements, previous voting results, as well as participation on the boards of other public companies. A description of the Director Selection and Nomination Process, Board Attributes and Demographics and a tabular summary of our Directors’ Skills and Experiences follows the individual tables. “Market Value” refers to the product of the sum of the Shares and DSUs held by a Director multiplied by the closing price on the TSX of a Share on June 5, 2023 and June 6, 2024.
Management has been informed that, if elected, each of such nominees would be willing to serve as a Director. However, in the event any proposed nominee advises that he or she is unable or unwilling to act for any reason prior to the Meeting, proxies held by the persons designated as proxyholders on the form of proxy will be voted in favour of the remaining nominees and for such other substitute nominee in their discretion unless the Shareholder has specified in the form of proxy that such Shareholder’s Shares are to be withheld from voting in the election of directors.
Effective January 1, 2024, non-Canadian resident Directors are paid in U.S. dollars on the basis of a one-for-one exchange rate of Canadian dollars to U.S. dollars, and their share ownership requirements are now in U.S. dollars. As such, for these Directors the “Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024” includes payments made in U.S. dollars for the fourth quarter of FY2024, which were converted to Canadian dollars using the exchange rate on the last business day of the quarter (March 28, 2024), being $1.36 for each U.S. dollar. In addition, the “Market Value” of their securities held on June 6, 2024 has been converted to U.S. dollars using the Bank of Canada daily exchange rate on such date, being 0.73 U.S. dollars per Canadian dollar.
Footnotes specific to each nominee are presented immediately below their biography.
98.5%
92.3%1
61
3.67
98.7%
Average 2023 Votes FOR
Independent Directors
Average Age
Average Tenure2 (years)
Average Board Attendance
1.The only non-Independent Director is CAE’s President and CEO.
2.For non-executive Directors.
14 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Ayman Antoun
Age: 58
Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Independent Director since: 2022
Committees: Audit, Human Resources
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: $246,847
Languages: English, Arabic
Experience
IBM–General Manager, Americas, which includes Canada, the United States and Latin America, and member of IBM’s Performance Team consisting of IBM’s top 50 executives globally (2020 – 2023); President, IBM Canada (2018 – 2020); held various senior executive sales leadership roles in Canada and the United States spanning Global Technology Services, Systems & Technology Group, Education Industry, Business Partners, and Global Sales Transformation (1988 – 2018)
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Knowledge of Industry developed while at IBM where he gained experience in software development, which is essential to CAE
Strategic Leadership and Management skills and experience obtained during his 35 years at IBM holding executive roles, including running IBM’s largest geography (Americas) which covered all twelve major industries across fourteen countries
Information Technology / Cybersecurity / Digital expertise developed during his time at IBM where his roles had a focus on Infrastructure, Cloud, Cognitive Solutions, Security and Digital Reinvention software and hardware
Government Relations experience gained by leading IBM’s public sector unit for more than eight years, serving as IBM Canada President, where he engaged with local, provincial and federal governments on a regular basis, and while serving as the partnership executive for the Canadian government for over ten years
picture9.jpg

Education
BS, Electrical Engineering, University of Waterloo
Graduate, Executive program in financial analysis, business management and strategic planning, Harvard Business School

picture8.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
98.77%
216,728,272
Votes Against
1.23%
2,692,284
Other Public Company Boards
TD Bank (2024 – present)
Board and Committee Attendance1
Board of Directors
8 of 8
100%
Audit Committee
2 of 2
100%
Human Resources Committee
5 of 5
100%
Total
15 of 15
100%
1.Mr. Antoun joined the Audit Committee on August 9, 2023.
Share Ownership

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares
1,725
-
DSUs
14,362
5,820
Total
16,087
5,820
Market Value
$414,723
$168,082
Minimum Ownership Requirement
$425,000
$400,000
% of Achievement1
98%
42%
1.Mr. Antoun joined the Board on August 10, 2022 and must meet his required holdings over the five-year period from such date.
15 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Margaret S. (Peg) Billson
Age: 62
Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
Independent Director since: 2015
Committees: Governance (Chair), Human Resources
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: $283,801
Languages: English
Experience
BBA Aviation–President & CEO, Aftermarket Services (2013 – 2016); President, Legacy Support (2009 – 2012)
Eclipse Aviation–President & General Manager of the Airplane Division (2005 – 2008)
Honeywell International–Vice-President & General Manager of Airframe Systems (2004 – 2005); Vice President & General Manager, Landing Systems (2002 – 2004); Vice President, Engine Systems Engineering and Program Management (1998 – 2001)
Douglas Aircraft Company–Vice President Program Manager (1995 – 1997); Vice President Technical Services (1993 – 1995); held various quality assurance, engineering, and program management roles of increasing responsibility (1984 – 1993)
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Knowledge of Industry gained as a veteran aviation business leader with over 35 years of experience leading technology rich companies and engineering sectors for BBA Aviation, Eclipse Aviation, Honeywell and Boeing (McDonnell Douglas)
Strategic Leadership and Management experience and Human Resources / Compensation expertise gained while holding executive roles at Honeywell, Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) and BBA Aviation, and such roles have provided her with significant insight into human resources and compensation issues encountered by companies conducting business within the aerospace sector
R&D expertise developed while overseeing multiple full scale aircraft design and development programs such as the MD-11 at McDonnell Douglas and the EA-500 at Eclipse Aviation, as well as her responsibilities in product development at Honeywell
Manufacturing / Supply Chain expertise obtained through her extensive experience being accountable for the on-time manufacturing of airplanes and components
picture10.jpg

Education
BS, Aeronautical Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
MS, Engineering Aerospace, California State University Long Beach
image_62.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
97.34%
213,578,735
Votes Against
2.66%
5,841,823
Other Public Company Boards
GE Aerospace (2023 – present)
Arconic Corp. (2020 – 2023)
Board and Committee Attendance
Board of Directors
8 of 8
100%
Governance Committee (Chair)
3 of 3
100%
Human Resources Committee
4 of 5
80%
Total
15 of 16
94%
Share Ownership

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares
-
-
DSUs
71,024
61,168
Total
71,024
61,168
Market Value
US$1,337,911
$1,766,532
Minimum Ownership Requirement
US$425,000
$400,000
% of Achievement
315%
442%



16 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Sophie Brochu
Age: 61
Bromont, Quebec, Canada
Independent Director since: 2023
Committees: Audit, Human Resources
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: $163,105
Languages: English, French
Experience
Hydro-Québec–President and Chief Executive Officer (2020 – 2023)
Énergir (formerly Gaz-Métro)–President and Chief Executive Officer (2007 – 2019); Vice-President, Business Development and other executive roles (1997 – 2007)
Began her career as a financial analyst at Société québécoise d’initiatives pétrolières (SOQUIP) in 1987
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Strategic Leadership and Management experience gained while serving as CEO at Energir and Hydro Quebec
Human Resources / Compensation expertise gained during her service in CEO roles where she had ultimate oversight for succession planning, talent management and retention, and alignment of HR compensation programs with strategic orientations, as well as during her service on HR/Compensation committees of various public boards
Government Relations expertise gained from her over 35 years of deep experience with energy utilities and regulated entities, both in Canada and the US, which involve various and complex governmental relations, both at the political and administrative levels, which resulted in her extensive strategic understanding of public policies
Sustainability expertise through her over 25 years of experience in the deployment of health and safety programs, establishment of environmental frameworks, fostering of deep relationships with various stakeholders, and advancing of diversity and inclusion practices at the organizations that she oversaw
picture11.jpg
Education
BA, Economics, Université Laval
image_72.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
99.69%
218,731,614
Votes Against
0.31%
688,944
Other Public Company Boards
Compagnie de Saint-Gobain S.A. (2024 – present)
CGI Inc. (2019 – 2020; 2023 – present)
Bank of Montreal (2011 – 2023)
BCE Inc. and Bell Canada (2010 – 2020)
Valener Inc. (2000 – 2019)
Énergir (formerly Gaz Metro) (2007 – 2019)
Board and Committee Attendance1
Board of Directors
5 of 5
100%
Audit Committee
2 of 2
100%
Human Resources Committee
2 of 2
100%
Total
9 of 9
100%
1.Ms. Brochu joined the Board, Audit Committee and Human Resources Committee on August 9, 2023.
Share Ownership2

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares
-
-
DSUs
5,667
-
Total
5,667
-
Market Value
$146,095
-
Minimum Ownership Requirement
$425,000
N/A
% of Achievement
34%
N/A
2.Ms. Brochu joined the Board on August 9, 2023 and must meet her required holdings over the five-year period from such date.
17 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Patrick Decostre
Age: 51
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Independent Director since: 2024
Committees: N/A
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: N/A
Languages: English, French
Experience
Boralex Inc.–President and Chief Executive Officer (2020 – present); Vice President and Chief Operating Officer (2019 – 2020); Vice President and General Manager of Boralex’s European subsidiaries (2001 – 2019)
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Strategic Leadership and Management experience gained in this role as CEO of Boralex since 2020, and during 20+ years in leadership positions in Europe for Boralex while building and growing the company
Human Resources / Compensation expertise gained while serving as General Manager, COO and CEO of Boralex, dealing with human resources, organizational design, transformation and compensation
Risk Management experience gained while serving as COO and CEO of Boralex, working with the board to set up new identification and risk management systems, including sustainability risks
Capital Markets / M&A expertise gained through equity markets investor relations experience, as well as debt financing and refinancing, acquisitions and divestitures, and acquisitions integration throughout his time at Boralex
picture121.jpg
Education
BSc, Civil Engineering in Physics, Université Libre de Bruxelles – École Polytechnique de Bruxelles
Masters in Technological & Industrial Management, Université Libre de Bruxelles – Solvey Brussels School of Economics and Management

picture131.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
N/A
N/A
Votes Against
N/A
N/A
Other Public Company Boards
Boralex Inc. (2020 – present)
Board and Committee Attendance
Board of Directors
N/A
N/A
Total
N/A
N/A
Share Ownership1


June 6, 2024
Shares

-
DSUs

-
Total

-
Market Value

-
Minimum Ownership Requirement

$425,000
% of Achievement

-
1Mr. Decostre joined the Board on May 16, 2024 and must meet his required holdings over the five-year period from such date.

18 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Elise Eberwein
Age: 59
Scottsdale, Arizona, U.S.
Independent Director since: 2022
Committees: Audit, Human Resources
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: $274,003
Languages: English
Experience
American Airlines, Inc.–Executive Vice President, People and Communications (2013 – 2022)
US Airways–Executive Vice President, People, Communications and Public Affairs (2005 – 2013)
America West Airlines–Vice President, Corporate Communications (2003 – 2005)
Served in key executive roles with Frontier Airlines and Western Pacific Airlines
Began her aviation career as a flight attendant
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Knowledge of Industry gained over her 35 years in the commercial aviation sector while working for six airlines, including several start-up low-cost airlines and three major airlines: America West, US Airways, and American Airlines
Strategic Leadership and Management experience gained while in leadership roles at US Airways and American Airlines which also included being a member of the executive management team leading two major airline mergers with responsibility for the subsequent integration work
Human Resources / Compensation expertise gained through her roles leading all HR functions for more than 15 years, including serving as Chief Human Resources Officer for American Airlines, which resulted in her developing extensive executive compensation knowledge, talent development and succession planning experience
Sustainability expertise obtained while developing and leading the diversity and inclusion initiatives as part of her responsibilities as CHRO of American Airlines
picture15.jpg
Education
BA, Mass Communications, Lindenwood University
Executive MBA, Colorado State University
picture141.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
98.78%
216,751,071
Votes Against
1.22%
2,669,487
Other Public Company Boards
None
Board and Committee Attendance
Board of Directors
8 of 8
100%
Audit Committee
4 of 4
100%
Human Resources Committee
5 of 5
100%
Total
17 of 17
100%
Share Ownership

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares
14,500
14,500
DSUs
9,176
3,576
Total
23,676
18,076
Market Value
US$445,995
$522,035
Minimum Ownership Requirement
US$425,000
$400,000
% of Achievement
105%
131%

19 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Ian L. Edwards
Age: 62
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Independent Director since: First time nominee (Independent1)
Committees: N/A
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: N/A
Languages: English
Experience
AtkinsRéalis–President and Chief Executive Officer (2019 – present); Chief Operating Officer (2019); President, Infrastructure (2015 – 2019); Executive Vice-President, Infrastructure Construction (2014 – 2015)
Leighton Group–Managing Director of Leighton Asia, India and Offshore (2012 – 2014); Executive General Manager of Leighton Asia (2008 – 2012)
Gammon Construction Limited–Divisional Director (2008); Director – Civil Division (2007 – 2008)
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Strategic Management and Leadership experience gained as President and CEO of AtkinsRéalis, overseeing a repositioning of the company, including simplifying its operations and geographic spread, exiting business lines and evolving the company into a premier engineering services and nuclear company
Human Resources / Compensation expertise developed as President and CEO of AtkinsRéalis, which role entails oversight of the overall remuneration framework throughout the organization, as well as through his role as Chair of the HR Committee during his tenure on the board of Canada Steamship Lines
Sustainability expertise gained throughout his tenure at AtkinsRéalis, where sustainable projects drive over 50% of revenues and key pillars of growth are centered around energy transition
Risk Management experience obtained while President and CEO of AtkinsRéalis, where he oversaw a complete overhaul of the company’s risk management system, including implementing an ERM process, regular business and project reviews at the CEO level, and strong board oversight
picture17.jpg
Education
Higher and Ordinary Certificates, Civil Engineering, University of Central
Lancashire
Fellow – Institution of Civil Engineers
Fellow – Hong Kong Institution of Engineers
picture16.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
N/A
N/A
Votes Against
N/A
N/A
Other Public Company Boards
AtkinsRéalis (2019 – present)
Board and Committee Attendance
Board of Directors
N/A N/A
Total
N/A N/A
Share Ownership1


June 6, 2024
Shares

-
DSUs

-
Total

-
Market Value

-
Minimum Ownership Requirement

$425,000
% of Achievement

-
1Mr. Edwards does not currently serve as a Director and will become a Director following his election at the Meeting.

20 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Marianne Harrison
Age: 60
Dover, New Hampshire, U.S.
Independent Director since: 2019
Committees: Audit (Chair) (financial expert), Governance
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: $289,245
Languages: English
Experience
Manulife Financial Corporation–President and Chief Executive Officer of John Hancock Life Insurance Company, the U.S. division of Manulife Financial Corporation and a member of Manulife’s Executive Leadership Team (2017 – 2023); President and Chief Executive Officer of Manulife Canada, Manulife’s Canadian Division (2013 – 2017); held several leadership positions across the company, including President and General Manager for John Hancock Long-Term Care Insurance, and Executive Vice President and Controller for Manulife (2003-2017)
TD Bank Group–Chief Financial Officer of Wealth Management after holding various other positions (1998 – 2003)
PwC–Senior Manager after holding numerous other positions (1986 – 1998)
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Strategic Leadership and Management experience gained while running all aspects of the P&L and serving as President and CEO of both John Hancock and Manulife Canada
Finance / Accounting expertise developed during over 35 years in the financial industry including roles as Auditor for PWC; Corporate Controller Manulife Financial; and CFO Wealth Management TD Bank and was recognized by her election as a Fellow of the Profession, the highest designation for professional achievement conferred by the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario
Risk Management experience gained throughout her career in financial services and as an active member of the Segment Risk Committee while serving as President and CEO John Hancock and Manulife Canada
Capital Markets / M&A experience gained at Manulife Financial, where she was an active participant during mergers with both John Hancock and Standard Life, and the divestiture of Signature Services by John Hancock, as well as through having responsibility for the use of capital to ensure risk adjusted returns and company hurdle rates are met in both Canada and the US Segment
picture19.jpg
Education
BA, English, University of Western Ontario
Diploma in Accounting, Wilfrid Laurier University
picture18.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
98.01%
215,050,902
Votes Against
1.99%
4,369,657
Other Public Company Boards
None
Board and Committee Attendance
Board of Directors
8 of 8
100%
Audit Committee (Chair)
4 of 4
100%
Governance Committee
3 of 3
100%
Total
15 of 15
100%
Share Ownership

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares
15,600
15,600
DSUs
38,751
28,706
Total
54,351
44,306
Market Value
US$1,023,834
$1,279,557
Minimum Ownership Requirement
US$425,000
$400,000
% of Achievement
241%
320%

21 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Alan N. MacGibbon
Chair of the Board
Age: 68
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Independent Director since: 2015
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: $405,000
Languages: English
Experience
Deloitte LLP Canada– Senior Counsel (2012 – 2013); Managing Partner and Chief Executive and served on the Executive and Global Board of Directors of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (2004 –2012); Global Managing Director, Quality, Strategy and Communications of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (2011 – 2012)
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Strategic Leadership and Management experience gained while serving as Managing Partner and CEO of Deloitte, where he was responsible for leading and managing the largest Canadian professional services firm with a partnership of over 800 partners and more than 8,000 employees
Finance / Accounting expertise developed during his almost 35-year career at Deloitte, a leading global provider of audit and assurance, consulting, financial advisory services
Risk Management experience gained through his roles at Deloitte where he advised large enterprises about the management of their risks
Human Resources / Compensation expertise obtained while being Managing Partner and CEO of Deloitte Canada, where he dealt extensively with human resources and compensation issues as he had oversight of the succession planning and annual compensation planning and execution for all partners
picture20.jpg
Education
BBA, University of New Brunswick
Chartered Professional Accountant
Chartered Accountant
image_78.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
98.89%
216,990,218
Votes Against
1.11%
2,429,818
Other Public Company Boards
TD Bank (2014 – present)
Board and Committee Attendance1
Board of Directors
8 of 8
100%
Total
8 of 8
100%
1.As Chair of the Board, Mr. MacGibbon also attends all Committee meetings.
Share Ownership

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares2
4,088
4,088
DSUs
83,720
69,709
Total
87,808
73,797
Market Value
$2,263,690
$2,131,257
Minimum Ownership Requirement
$950,000
$900,000
% of Achievement
238%
237%
2.1,011 of these Shares are owned beneficially by Mr. MacGibbon’s spouse, under the direction of Mr. MacGibbon.
22 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Mary Lou Maher
Age: 64
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Independent Director since: 2021
Committees: Audit (financial expert), Human Resources
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: $259,782
Languages: English
Experience
KPMG Canada–Canadian Managing Partner, Quality and Risk and Global Head of Inclusion and Diversity KPMG International (2017 – 2021); held various executive and governance roles, including Chief Financial Officer, Chief Inclusion and Diversity Officer and Chief Human Resources Officer (1983 – 2017)
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Finance / Accounting expertise developed during her many years at KPMG where she gained audit experience in retail, manufacturing, financial services (banking and brokerage), hospitality, healthcare and real estate and was recognized through her election as a Fellow of the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario
Human Resources / Compensation expertise gained while serving as Chief Human Resource Officer, Chief Inclusion and Diversity Officer and Global Head of Inclusion and Diversity at KPMG, where she created KPMG Canada’s first ever National Diversity Council and was the executive sponsor of pride@kpmg
Risk Management experience gained while serving as a member of the KPMG Canadian Executive and Global Risk Management leadership teams, which are responsible for managing risk and legal matters for KPMG Canada including Enterprise Risk Management
Sustainability expertise obtained while at KPMG where she oversaw the talent development of their workforce and led their diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives
picture21.jpg
Education
BCom, McMaster University
Fellow Chartered Professional Accountant
image_81.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
98.32%
215,731,438
Votes Against
1.68%
3,689,120
Other Public Company Boards
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (2021 – present)
Magna International Inc. (2021 – present)
Board and Committee Attendance
Board of Directors
8 of 8
100%
Audit Committee
4 of 4
100%
Human Resources Committee
5 of 5
100%
Total
17 of 17
100%
Share Ownership

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares
6,500
6,500
DSUs
17,671
9,775
Total
24,171
16,275
Market Value
$623,128
$470,022
Minimum Ownership Requirement
$425,000
$400,000
% of Achievement
147%
118%

23 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
François Olivier
Age: 59
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Independent Director since: 2017
Committees: Audit, Governance
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: $250,750
Languages: English, French
Experience
Transcontinental Inc.–President and Chief Executive Officer (2008 – 2021); joined in 1993 in the Printing Sector and rose through the ranks to ultimately take on the role of President of the Information Products Printing Sector, and then became Chief Operating Officer in 2007
Canada Packers–General Manager (1988 – 1993)
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Strategic Leadership and Management experience gained in driving profitable business growth through M&A and in managing large-scale manufacturing operations notably while in the roles of CEO and COO at Transcontinental, where he consolidated the Canadian printing industry and made Transcontinental Canada’s largest printer and created a packaging division that became a leader in flexible packaging in North America
International Markets experience obtained while CEO of Transcontinental, where he managed the multinational company with revenue of $3 billion and 9,000 employees operating in eight different countries
Capital Markets / M&A expertise developed during his time at Transcontinental, which included developing and transforming the company through multiple mergers and acquisitions activities
Manufacturing / Supply Chain experience gained while at Transcontinental, where he managed a network of 45 manufacturing locations in eight different countries
picture22.jpg
Education
BSc, McGill University
Graduate, Program for Management Development, Harvard Business School
image_89.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
98.15%
215,351,390
Votes Against
1.85%
4,068,647
Other Public Company Boards
Fiera Capital Corp. (2022 – present)
Transcontinental Inc. (2008 – 2021)
Board and Committee Attendance
Board of Directors
8 of 8
100%
Audit Committee
4 of 4
100%
Governance Committee
2 of 3
67%
Total
14 of 15
93%
Share Ownership

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares
7,500
-
DSUs
53,678
45,002
Total
61,178
45,002
Market Value
$1,577,169
$1,299,658
Minimum Ownership Requirement
$425,000
$400,000
% of Achievement
371%
325%
24 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Marc Parent, C.M.
President and CEO
Age: 63
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Director since: 2008
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation of our Named Executive Officers for details concerning Mr. Parent’s compensation.
Languages: English, French
Experience
CAE Inc.–President and CEO (2009 – present); Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer responsible for all of CAE’s business segments and new growth initiatives (2008 – 2009); Group President, Simulation Products and Military Training & Services (2006 – 2008); Group President, Simulation Products responsible for the Company’s civil simulation products business as well as the design, manufacture and support of products for the Company’s civil and military training businesses (2005 – 2006)
Bombardier Aerospace–Vice President and General Manager of Challenger 300, 604, and 850/870 programs as well as the CRJ 200 Regional Aircraft product line (2004 – 2005); Vice President and General Manager, U.S. Operations, with responsibilities encompassing Learjet facilities in Wichita and Tucson (2003 – 2004), Vice President and General Manager of Operations of the Toronto facility (2001 – 2003), Vice President, Operations of the de Havilland site in Toronto (2000 – 2001); Vice President Program Management for Product Development (1998 – 2000); Project Director responsible for the design, development and certification of the Q400 turboprop airliner (1995 – 1998)
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Deep Knowledge of Industry gained during 40 years of aerospace experience at Canadair, Bombardier and CAE
Strategic Leadership and Management experience developed in executive roles at Bombardier and CAE including as COO and CEO
International Markets expertise gained while overseeing a significant expansion of CAE’s global presence during his time as COO and CEO
Capital Markets / M&A experience gained while overseeing 36 M&A transactions, creating 19 joint ventures and multiple organic transactions of customer outsourcing since the start of his CEO tenure in 2009, which has resulted in realizing benefits of scale through synergy capture and best-of-breed technology consolidation
picture23.jpg
Education
Bachelor of Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montreal
Graduate, Harvard Business School Advanced Management Program
Active pilot holding a Transport Canada Airline Transport Pilot License


image_103.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
99.70%
218,766,547
Votes Against
0.30%
654,919
Other Public Company Boards
Telus Corporation (2017 – present)
Board and Committee Attendance1
Board of Directors
8 of 8
100%
Total
8 of 8
100%
1.Upon invitation of Board Committees, Mr. Parent attended all or a part of their meetings.
Share Ownership2

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares
393,075
354,879
FY2004 LTUs3
42,985
42,985
LTUs3
232,111
232,111
Total
668,171
629,975
Market Value
$17,225,448
$18,193,678
2.As President and CEO, Mr. Parent has a higher ownership target than an Independent Director (please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation - Compensation Discussion and Analysis - Compensation Governance – Executive Share Ownership Requirements for details concerning Mr. Parent’s Share ownership requirements).
3.Please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Executive Compensation Programs - Long-Term Incentive Program Design - Inactive Equity-Based Plans with Legacy Participants for information about the FY2004 LTUs and the LTUs.

25 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
General David G. Perkins
USA (Ret.)
Age: 66
Jackson, New Hampshire, U.S.
Independent Director since: 2020
Committees: Governance, Human Resources
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: $274,003
Languages: English
Experience
US Army–Commander of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) (2014 – 2018); Commander, Combined Arms Center & Commandant, Command & General Staff College (2011 – 2014); Commander, 4th Infantry Division (2009 – 2011); joined in 1980
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Knowledge of Industry developed while serving for over 40-year in the US Army, including as the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) commander, where he was responsible for developing and specifying the operational requirements for all US Army systems
Strategic Leadership and Management experience gained while serving and leading the US Army, which is one of the most complex and largest organizations in the world, and where under his leadership, TRADOC developed the Army’s strategic concept of Multi-Domain Operations which has become a driver for future changes in operations and training, not only in the US Military, but around the world
Government Relations expertise developed while commanding TRADOC, which is responsible for designing, acquiring, building, and constantly improving the entire US Army in accordance with all policies and laws both in the US and internationally
Human Resources / Compensation experience based on running a recruiting organization that recruited and hired over 120,000 personnel annually and was then responsible for developing and implementing a talent management and leader development strategy for over 1.2 million personnel
picture24.jpg
Education
BS, U.S. Military Academy, West Point
MS, Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan
Masters in National Security and Strategic Studies, U.S. Naval War College
image_105.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
97.41%
213,727,489
Votes Against
2.59%
5,692,548
Other Public Company Boards
Oshkosh Corp. (2022 – present)
Board and Committee Attendance
Board of Directors
8 of 8
100%
Governance Committee
3 of 3
100%
Human Resources Committee
5 of 5
100%
Total
16 of 16
100%
Share Ownership

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares
-
-
DSUs
31,579
22,062
Total
31,579
22,062
Market Value
US$594,868
$637,151
Minimum Ownership Requirement
US$425,000
$400,000
% of Achievement
140%
159%


26 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Patrick M. Shanahan
Age: 62
Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Independent Director since: 2022
Committees: Audit, Governance
Total Value of Compensation Received in FY2024: $274,003
Languages: English
Experience
Spirit AeroSystems Inc.–President and Chief Executive Officer (2023 – present)
U.S. Department of Defense–U.S. Acting Secretary of Defense (2019); 33rd U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, where he helped lead the development of several key Department of Defense policies and strategies (2017 – 2018)
The Boeing Company–Senior Vice President, Supply Chain & Operations (2016 – 2017); Senior Vice President of Commercial Airplane Programs, managing profit and loss for the 737, 747, 767, 777 and 787 programs and the operations at Boeing’s principal manufacturing sites (2008 – 2016); Vice President and General Manager of the 787 Dreamliner, leading the program during a critical development period (2007 – 2008); Vice President and General Manager of Boeing Missile Defense Systems (2004 – 2007); Vice President and General Manager of Boeing Rotorcraft Systems (2002 – 2004); joined in 1986
Skills, Qualifications and Core Competencies
Knowledge of Industry gained as CEO of Spirit AeroSystems and three decades employed by Boeing overseeing both their civil aviation and defence units and as the “customer” while serving in the U.S. Department of Defense
Strategic Leadership and Management experience obtained through his service in the U.S. Department of Defense, including as the Acting Secretary of Defense and the 33rd Deputy Secretary of Defense, where he oversaw the management of coordinating and supervising all matters related to the U.S. Armed Forces, as well as during his time in leadership roles at and Boeing and Spirit AeroSystems
Risk Management expertise developed through his roles at Spirit AeroSystems and Boeing overseeing development and execution of numerous complex civil aviation and defence programs
Manufacturing / Supply Chain expertise gained through his roles at Spirit AeroSystems and Boeing overseeing development and execution of civil aviation and defence programs that included responsibilities for manufacturing operations, and supplier management functions, including implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies and global supply chain strategies
picture25.jpg
Education
BS, Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington
MS, Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MBA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Sloan School of Management
image_108.jpg

2023 Voting Results
Votes For
98.59%
216,322,964
Votes Against
1.41%
3,097,073
Other Public Company Boards
Leidos Holdings, Inc. (2022 – present)
Spirit AeroSystems Inc. (2021 – present)
Eve Holdings, Inc. (2021 – 2022)
Board and Committee Attendance
Board of Directors
8 of 8
100%
Audit Committee
4 of 4
100%
Governance Committee
3 of 3
100%
Total
15 of 15
100%
Share Ownership

June 6, 2024
June 5, 2023
Shares
-
-
DSUs
11,062
5,461
Total
11,062
5,461
Market Value
US$208,379
$157,714
Minimum Ownership Requirement
US$425,000
$400,000
% of Achievement1
49%
39%
1.Mr. Shanahan joined the Board on April 1, 2022 and must meet his required holdings over the five-year period from such date.

27 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Director Selection and Nomination Process

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Part of the Governance Committee’s responsibility is to identify and recruit suitable potential Board members and recommend to the Board nominees for election at annual Shareholders’ meetings, taking into consideration the “Board and Executive Officer Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Policy” (the “Diversity Policy”).
To fulfill this mandate, the Governance Committee:
—Identifies desirable skill sets, industry experience, diverse backgrounds, international experience, relationships and other attributes that would assist the Board in the conduct of its responsibilities and also further CAE’s interests (refer to “Board Attributes” below), taking into account criteria that promote diversity, including but not limited to gender, age, race, national or ethnic origin, sexual orientation and disability.
—Reviews with the Chair, President and CEO and other Directors possible candidates, including the existing members of the Board, which may meet some or all of such attributes.
—Considers potential conflicts of interest, independence issues and interlocking directorships of potential candidates.
—Approaches with the Chair and other Directors potential candidates not already serving as Directors to determine their availability and interest in serving on CAE’s Board, and interviews those interested to determine their suitability for nomination.
—Reviews with other members of the Board the potential nomination of any new Director before a final determination to nominate them is made and assess the effectiveness of the Director nomination process at achieving CAE’s diversity objectives.

Board members must:
—Demonstrate high ethical standards and integrity, including abiding by CAE’s Code of Conduct;
—Act honestly and in good faith regarding CAE’s best interests;
—Devote sufficient time to CAE’s affairs and exercise prudence and diligence in fulfilling all their Board-related responsibilities;
—Give independent judgment on issues facing CAE;
—Understand and challenge CAE’s business plans and strategy;
—Effectively participate in all Board-related deliberations;
—Make reasonable efforts to attend Board and committee meetings; and
—Review the management materials provided in advance of, and otherwise prepare for, all Board meetings.
Under the articles of CAE, the Board may consist of a minimum of three and a maximum of twenty-one Directors. As provided in CAE’s by-laws, the Directors are to be elected annually and a majority of the Directors shall be resident Canadians. Each Director will hold office until the next annual meeting or until his or her successor is duly elected unless his or her office is earlier vacated in accordance with the by-laws. In accordance with the by-laws, the Board has fixed the number of Directors to be elected at the Meeting at thirteen.

28 | CAE INC.

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors

Board Attributes
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The following matrix identifying the gender, language skills, age, diversity affiliation, tenure, professional skills, expertise and qualifications of nominated Directors is reviewed by the Governance Committee annually to ensure CAE benefits from an appropriate combination of skills, experience with CAE’s business matters and corporate governance standards and fresh perspectives:
—All non-employee Director nominees (12 out of a total number of 13 Directors) are independent.
—All Board Committee members are independent.
Board Demographics
Ayman Antoun
Margaret S.
(Peg) Billson
Sophie Brochu
Patrick Decostre
Elise Eberwein
Ian L. Edwards
Marianne Harrison
Alan N. MacGibbon
Mary Lou Maher
François Olivier
Marc Parent
Gen. David G.
Perkins, USA (Ret.)
Patrick M. Shanahan
Gender
M F F M F M F M F M M M M
French1
English1
Other language(s)1
Under 60
60-69
70+
LGBTQ2+
Visible minority
Indigenous people
0-5 years tenure
6-10 years tenure
More than 10 years tenure
1.At a minimum, business proficiency, unless otherwise indicated.

29 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors
Skills and Experiences
Ayman Antoun
Margaret S.
(Peg) Billson
Sophie Brochu
Patrick Decostre
Elise Eberwein
Ian L. Edwards
Marianne Harrison
Alan N. MacGibbon
Mary Lou Maher
François Olivier
Marc Parent
Gen. David G.
Perkins, USA (Ret.)
Patrick M. Shanahan
image_134.jpg
Knowledge of Industry
Experience with, or understanding of, some or all of the markets or industries which are directly relevant to CAE, including civil aviation and defence.
image_122.jpg
Strategic Leadership and Management
Experience as senior executive of a public company or other major organization, and executive or management experience developing, evaluating and implementing a strategic plan.
image_123.jpg
Finance / Accounting
Experience with, or understanding of, financial accounting and reporting and corporate finance, and familiarity with internal financial and accounting controls and IFRS.
image_124.jpg
Human Resources / Compensation
Experience with, or understanding of, executive compensation and benefits, including benefits and incentive programs, talent management and retention, leadership development, and succession planning.
image_125.jpg
Government Relations
Experience with, or understanding of, regulatory, political and public policy in Canada, the United States and/or international jurisdictions.
image_126.jpg
R&D
Experience with the oversight of large-scale R&D programs.
image_127.jpg
Legal / Governance
Experience with, or understanding of, corporate governance issues and practices, including the legal, compliance and regulatory environment applicable to public companies or other major organizations.
image_128.jpg
Information Technology / Cybersecurity / Digital
Experience with, or understanding of, the design and implementation, or oversight of the design and implementation, of enterprise-wide information technology systems, client-based digital infrastructures, data analytics, privacy and cybersecurity strategy and policies.
image_129.jpg
Sustainability
Experience with, or understanding of, sustainability practices and programs, including climate change and decarbonization, health and safety, diversity, equity and inclusion and social responsibility.
image_130.jpg
Risk Management
Experience with, or understanding of, the identification and assessment of risks and risk management systems.
image_131.jpg
International Markets
Experience with, or understanding of, overseas markets where the Company has operations.
image_132.jpg
Capital Markets / M&A
Experience overseeing the allocation of capital to ensure superior risk-adjusted financial returns and in capital structure strategy and corporate transactions, including mergers, acquisitions, or divestitures of major assets and/or private/public entities.
image_133.jpg
Manufacturing / Supply Chain
Experience with, or understanding of, sourcing, manufacturing, supply chain, infrastructure, information management, logistics, and product development, distribution and marketing.

30 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 31 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


image_135.jpg


Section 4 – Corporate Governance

Our Commitment to Sound Corporate Governance
The Board and management team take pride in knowing that CAE has maintained the highest standards in corporate governance. CAE’s corporate governance is rooted in the basic principle that proper and ethical practices lead to the creation and preservation of Shareholder value.
Our governance structure enables independent, experienced and accomplished Directors to provide advice, insight and oversight to advance the interests of the Company and our Shareholders.
Regulatory compliance
As a Canadian reporting issuer with Shares listed on the TSX and the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), CAE’s corporate governance practices are required to meet and exceed applicable rules adopted by the Canadian Securities Administrators (“CSA”) and the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), as well as provisions of the rules of the NYSE and of SOX.
Most of the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards are not mandatory for CAE as a non-U.S. company, but CAE is required to disclose the significant differences between its corporate governance practices and the requirements applicable to United States companies listed on the NYSE. Except as summarized on CAE’s website (http://www.cae.com/investors/governance), CAE is in compliance with the NYSE requirements in all significant respects. CAE also complies with those provisions of SOX and the rules adopted by the SEC pursuant to that Act that are currently applicable to CAE.
Best practices and continuous improvement
The Board and its Governance Committee continue to monitor governance practices in Canada and the United States, and to implement changes to CAE’s governance policies and practices as necessary to comply with any new rules issued by the CSA and other applicable regulatory authorities. We also monitor recommended best practices of Shareholder representatives and other organizations and will implement any such practice we believe to be in the best interest of the Company.

Communication and Shareholder engagement
CAE is committed to ensure open, ongoing dialogue with Shareholders, other investors and the public. Through CAE’s Disclosure Policy and procedures, the Board ensures that communication of material information to investors is timely and accurate, and broadly disseminated in accordance with all applicable securities laws and stock exchange rules. CAE recognizes the importance of engaging in constructive and meaningful communications with Shareholders and values their input and insights. To that effect, we have put in place various means to ensure consistent and effective communication with Shareholders and to encourage them to express their views and provide direct feedback to the Board and management.
—We regularly communicate with our stakeholders through various channels, including via our website (www.cae.com). Shareholders, customers and other stakeholders can access comprehensive information about the Company through the investor section of our webpage (www.cae.com/investors) where annual and quarterly reports, news releases, sustainability reports, corporate presentations and governance-related documents are available.
—We host quarterly earnings conference calls with financial analysts and institutional investors to review CAE’s most recently released financial and operating results. Our earnings calls are webcast live and are followed by a question and answer period. Replays are accessible on our website.
—We also host Investor Days intended for capital markets professionals, including sell-side analysts and institutional investors on an ad hoc basis. These events enable CAE to explain our activities and communicate our strategy and vision for the Company in a comprehensive way to our Shareholders. These meetings also provide opportunities to engage with CAE’s executive team. These events can be attended in person or via live webcast. The replay of the event and the supporting presentation are available on CAE’s website after the event.
The Board encourages Shareholders to attend the Company’s annual Shareholders’ meetings. These meetings provide valuable opportunities to discuss the Company, its corporate governance and other important matters.

32 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The Company is committed to effectively engaging with Shareholders and other stakeholders on the topic of executive compensation on an ongoing basis.

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
Each year, we ask Shareholders at the Meeting to consider and to cast an advisory, non-binding vote on CAE’s approach to executive compensation – this is often referred to as “say on pay”. Although this is an advisory vote and the results are not binding, the HRC reviews and analyzes the results of the vote and takes into consideration such results when reviewing executive compensation philosophy and programs.
We appreciate the importance of engaging with our Shareholders to better understand their views, concerns, and priorities related to our business operations, performance, and executive compensation programs. In FY2023, we initiated a proactive engagement process with our Shareholders. We have continued this process in FY2024 and have committed to regular annual shareholder engagement with our Shareholders. Please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis - Shareholder Engagement, which describes our significant engagement initiatives with investors in FY2024.
Shareholders are also always invited to submit proposals to be considered at an annual Shareholders’ meeting of the Company and included in our management proxy circular. More information is provided under Section 8 – Other Important Information of this Circular.
CAE’s Global Communications and Investor Relations departments actively engage with investors to address any specific questions or concerns they might have. Shareholders may send comments or questions via email to investor.relations@cae.com. In addition, CAE’s transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company of Canada, has a toll-free number (1-800-564-6253) and website (www.computershare.com) to assist Shareholders.
Shareholders may communicate with the Board or management in writing to express their views on matters that are important to them, by addressing their correspondence to the Chair of the Board, either (i) by mail in an envelope marked “confidential” to the attention of the Chair of the Board, CAE Inc., 8585 Ch. de la Côte-de-Liesse, St-Laurent (Québec) Canada H4T 1G6 or (ii) by email at boardchair@cae.com.
Shareholders may ask to meet with the Chair of the Board, the Chair of any Board Committee or an individual Director to discuss compensation and governance-related topics for which the Board is directly responsible. The Chair of the Board will consider such
meeting requests in consultation with the Chair of the Governance Committee and the Corporate Secretary. The Board reserves the right to decline requests for meetings for any reason it deems appropriate, including where the proposed topics for the meeting are not related to compensation and corporate governance matters and are better handled by management.
We are committed to maintaining and continuously enhancing our Shareholders’ engagement. We offer various opportunities for our institutional investors and proxy advisory groups to learn about CAE through:
—Investor days;
—Investor roadshows throughout the year;
—In person or videoconference meetings with our President and Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice President Finance and Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President, Investor Relations and Enterprise Risk Management, Chief Sustainability Officer and Senior Vice President, Stakeholder Engagement, Group Presidents and senior leaders within our global operations;
—Webcasts of our quarterly earnings conference calls with sell-side analysts and institutional investors;
—Executive presentations at institutional and industry conferences; and
—Quarterly earnings presentations available on our website.
We also receive feedback through:
—Our Shareholders’ Annual General Meeting;
—Regular discussions with sell-side analysts;
—A dedicated address for email inquiries;
—Our advisory note on our approach to executive compensation; and
—We continuously enhance our messaging to our investors to provide them with the most accurate guidance on our growth perspectives and the future value of their investment.
Board and management roles
The purpose of the Board and its committees is to build long-term value for the Company’s Shareholders and to ensure the continuity and vitality of the Company’s businesses by setting policy for the Company, overseeing strategic planning, monitoring the Company’s performance, providing management with appropriate advice and performance feedback. Management is responsible for and the Board is committed to ensuring that CAE operates in a
33 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular legal and ethically responsible manner.

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
The Board’s stewardship role, specific responsibilities, composition requirements and various other matters are set out in Appendix A – Board of Directors’ Charter to this Circular.
President and CEO’s role and responsibilities
The position description for the President and CEO is developed with input from the President and CEO, and is approved by the Governance Committee and the Board. The description (which is available on our website) provides that the President and CEO has the primary responsibility for the leadership, strategic and management direction and business results of CAE to ensure that CAE establishes appropriate goals, and manages its resources to meet these goals. It also provides that the President and CEO is accountable to the Board for, amongst other things, formulating and executing business strategies, overseeing CAE’s corporate governance structure and framework, overall responsibility for the management of CAE’s business, carrying out a comprehensive budgeting process and monitoring CAE’s performance against the budget, ensuring that CAE strategies are effectively implemented with timely progress towards strategic objectives, identifying and communicating risks and opportunities to the Board and dealing with them appropriately, keeping the Board fully informed of all important issues and aspects of the Company’s performance, opportunities and market developments, building and maintaining a network of strategic relationships with business leaders, governmental officials and investors, developing and implementing a human resource strategy which develops leadership capabilities, and creating an organizational structure and culture that optimize and sustain high levels of performance. The CEO is responsible for ensuring there is an effective risk management and business continuity framework in place, with appropriate systems to monitor, manage and mitigate such risks (including cybersecurity risks). In addition, the CEO is responsible for the implementation and communication of the Company’s sustainability and compliance policies, practices and strategy (including diversity, equity and inclusion; data protection and privacy; health &, safety (including aviation safety); environment and climate change; ethics and anti-corruption; and human rights (including modern slavery)). The CEO fosters a culture of ethical behaviour for CAE and to promotes compliance with CAE’s Code of Business Conduct and proactively ensures that CAE complies with all of its legal, accounting, ethical, moral and social responsibility obligations.
The Board Chair is independent
Mr. MacGibbon currently serves as the Chair of the Board. Mr. MacGibbon is a non-executive Director and, as such, is responsible for ensuring that the Board discharges its responsibilities independently of management.
Correspondence to the Independent Directors may be sent to the attention of the Chair of the Board, by email at boardchair@cae.com or at CAE’s address listed in this Circular.
The Board Chair position description (which is available on our website) sets out the Chair’s responsibilities and duties in guiding the Board in the fulfillment of their stewardship role, namely:
—Represent the Board in discussion with management;
—Represent the Board in discussion with third parties;
—Generally ensure that the Board functions independently of management;
—Chair and encourage free and open discussions at the Board meetings;
—Together with the Governance Committee (“GC”), identify guidelines for the selection of, and evaluation of conduct of the Directors;
—Ensure the effective and transparent interaction of Board members and senior management;
—Act as a resource to the President and CEO on significant strategy and business initiatives and meet with the President and CEO regularly to provide feedback and advice on behalf of the Board and other stakeholders;
—Report to Shareholders on behalf of the Board and play a role in the Company’s external relationships in consultation with the President and CEO; and
—Report to Shareholders on behalf of the Board.
Processes in place to ensure the Board may function independently of management
The Independent Directors met separately from the President and CEO at each of the meetings of the Board during FY2024, and at each meeting of the HRC, GC and Audit Committee. At the Board meetings, the Independent Directors’ meetings are chaired by the non-executive Chair; at Committee meetings, by the Chair of that Committee. The Board, its Committees as well as individual Directors are also able to retain and meet with external advisors and consultants at the expense of CAE in appropriate circumstances. In fact, the Board has regular access to information independent of management through the external and internal auditors, as well as independent compensation consultants and independent legal counsel. The Board believes that sufficient processes are in place to enable it to function independently of management.

34 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular In order to enable it to effectively fulfill its responsibilities, the Board has established three standing committees currently composed of the following Independent Directors as of the Record Date:

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
Delegation to standing Board committees composed entirely of Independent Directors
Governance Audit Human Resources
Ayman Antoun

X
X
Margaret S. (Peg) Billson
Chair

X
Sophie Brochu

X
X
Elise Eberwein

X
X
Marianne Harrison
X
Chair

Mary Lou Maher

X
Chair
François Olivier
X
X

Gen. David G. Perkins, USA (Ret.)
X

X
Patrick M. Shanahan
X
X

Andrew J. Stevens
X

X

The nature and scope of authority and responsibility delegated to each standing committee is set forth in the Committee Charters presented in Section 5 – Board Committee Reports which can also be found on our website under “Corporate Governance” along with each Committee Chair’s position description.
The appointment of specific Directors to each of the standing Board Committees is generally intended to reflect the relevance of Independent Directors’ skills and experience to the applicable Committee’s Charter (refer to Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors for details about the selection process and criteria).
Other Board commitments and Interlocks Policy
Some of the Directors serve on the boards of other public companies in Canada or another country or jurisdiction. The following policy applies to all Directors to avoid overboarding:
(a)    No more than two Directors should serve on the same outside public board or outside board committee, unless otherwise agreed by the Board.
(b)    Directors who are employed as chief executive officers, or in other senior executive positions on a full-time basis with a public company, should not serve on the boards of more than two public companies in addition to CAE’s Board.
(c)    Directors who: (i) have full time employment with non-public companies, (ii) have full-time employment with public companies but not as CEO, or (iii) do not have full time employment should not serve on the boards of more than four public companies in addition to CAE’s Board.
(d)    The President and Chief Executive Officer of CAE should not serve on the board of more than one other public company and should not serve on the board of any other public company where the chief executive officer of that other company serves on the CAE Board.
(e)    Prior to accepting any additional public company board of directors’ appointment, a Director must first disclose the proposed appointment for review by the Governance Committee and the Chair of the Board.
None of CAE’s Directors is considered overboarded.
35 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular New Directors meet with CAE executive officers, including the President and CEO and Executive Vice President, Finance and CFO, to discuss CAE’s expectations of its Directors and to discuss CAE business and strategic plans.

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
Orientation and continuing education
New Directors also review CAE’s current business plan, detailed agendas and materials of previous Board meetings. New Directors of CAE receive a comprehensive reference manual containing all key corporate and Board policies, including the Code of Business Conduct and other relevant materials and executive briefing sessions. All Directors have regular access to senior management to discuss Board presentations and other matters of interest. CAE management and the Governance Committee keep all Directors aware of major developments in corporate governance, important trends and new legal or regulatory requirements. The Board also receives presentations from senior management on CAE’s performance and issues relevant to the business of CAE, the industry and the competitive environment in which it operates.
The Governance Committee encourages CAE’s Directors to attend conferences, seminars or courses whether they be industry-specific to CAE or relevant to fulfill their role as a Director, the cost of which will be borne by CAE. In addition to access through the Board’s website to an evergreen supply of current research and analysis, news reports and academic studies on best governance and compensation practices and other aspects of Board and fiduciary responsibilities and use of research and educational tools, throughout FY2024, management conducted or organized the education sessions noted in the following table. Also, CAE’s Directors are invited to visit CAE’s sites, attend industry events and trade shows. In recognition of the rapidly changing technology and competitive environment and new and emerging markets in our business, the Board requires management to provide an in-depth review of the business segments in which we operate at regularly scheduled meetings, as well as our industry in general. The Board and its Committees are continually updated by management on developments related to corporate governance, changes in the competitive landscape, Directors’ fiduciary duties, changes in law, technology, industry news and other educational material. In addition, the Board received quarterly updates from management on sustainability (including climate change) matters and on CAE’s compliance with such matters as anti-corruption, corporate policies and procedures, the use of foreign representatives, ethics in the workplace, export control laws, sanctions screening and data protection and privacy.
Date
Subject
Attendees
Presented by
April 20- 21, 2023
Strategic context updates, which include global technological, product and digital developments, civil aviation industry developments, Flight Services strategy, opportunities and priorities, defence & security industry developments, healthcare industry developments, financial developments, investor relations, sustainability and enterprise risk management developments
Entire Board
CEO
EVP, Finance and CFO
Chief Digital and Technology Officer
Senior Vice-President, Global Strategy
Chief Sustainability Officer and SVP, Stakeholder Engagement
Senior Vice President, Flight Services & Global Manufacturing Operations
Senior Vice President, Investor Relations and Enterprise Risk Management
Group President, Civil Aviation
Group President, Defense & Security
President, CAE Healthcare
36 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
Date
Subject
Attendees
Presented by
May 30, 2023
August 8, 2023
November 13, 2023
February 13, 2024
Review of the control environment, update of accounting standards, update on the capital structure, M&A performance, bond offering market, financial ratios, Canadian and U.S. retirement plans, restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, legislative changes fiscal changes impact on operations and financing, international corporate tax reform, tax audits and compliance, securities and exchanges compliance and litigation developments, sustainability reporting trends, investor relations, enterprise risk management processes , geopolitical risk trends and developments in the use of artificial intelligence
Audit Committee
EVP, Finance and CFO
Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller
Director, Internal Audit
Chief Sustainability Officer and SVP, Stakeholder Engagement
General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary
Senior Vice President, Investor Relations and Enterprise Risk Management
Director, Financial Reporting and Assistant Controller
Vice President, Global Taxation
Vice President, Treasury
Director, Enterprise Risk Management
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
May 17, 2023
May 30, 2023
February 13, 2024
Update on key health and safety indicators, executive compensation trends, and shareholder engagement
Human Resources Committee
Senior Vice President, Global Human Resources
Senior Vice President, Flight Services & Global Operations
Chief Sustainability Officer and SVP, Stakeholder Engagement
Meridian Compensation Partners
May 30, 2023
November 13, 2023
February 13, 2024
Updates on Board succession planning, program execution, portfolio shaping initiatives, sustainability strategy, governance and reporting, carbon emissions inventory, renewable energy strategy and projects, environment and climate change risks. Updates on developments related to business continuity, crisis management and global security, ethics, anti-corruption, trade compliance, data protection, privacy, export controls, sanctions screening, and trends regarding whistleblowing, member independence and conflict of interests. Overview of diversity target and board succession planning trends, director compensation and compensation benchmarks
Governance Committee
Chief Sustainability Officer and SVP, Stakeholder Engagement
General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary
KPMG
August 8, 2023
February 13, 2024
Updates on talent and leadership programs and employee engagement initiatives, DEI initiatives developments, integration and onboarding program developments. Review of the Board’s oversight role and developments in occupational health and safety and aviation safety trends
Human Resources Committee
Chief People Officer
General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary
Chief Sustainability Officer and SVP, Stakeholder Engagement
Meridian Compensation Partners
August 9, 2023
Updates on investor relations and enterprise risk management trends. Updates on the Flight Services business line developments, civil aviation industry developments, and D&S industry developments
Entire Board
Senior Vice President, Investor Relations and Enterprise Risk Management
Group President, Civil Aviation
Senior Vice President, Flight Services & Global Operations
Group President, Defense & Security
Senior Vice-President, Global Strategy
37 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
Date
Subject
Attendees
Presented by
November 13, 2023
February 13, 2024
Updates on aviation safety trends and developments, health & safety function, labour relations and investment policy trends. Review of new regulatory framework for executive compensation clawback policies
Human Resources Committee
Chief People Officer
Chief Aviation Safety Officer (Defense & Security)
Director of Global Safety, Quality Assurance and Compliance (Civil)
Meridian Compensation Partners
November 13, 2023
Updates on risk management and insurance monitoring and governance of risks, IT and cybersecurity incident trends and internal roadmaps, global insurance programs, and liability insurance coverage market trends for Directors and officers
Audit Committee
Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller
General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary
Global Leader, Operational Risk, Security and Business Continuity Management
Global Leader, Insurance and Risk Management
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
November 14, 2023
Training on sustainability, climate change and carbon emissions reduction. Overview of sustainability strategy
Entire Board
Chief Sustainability Officer and SVP, Stakeholder Engagement
Ernst & Young
February 13, 2024
Updates on cybersecurity trends, investor relations and enterprise risk management, acquisitions and joint venture landscape, Flight Services business line developments, civil aviation industry developments, and D&S industry developments
Entire Board
EVP, Finance and CFO
Senior Vice President, Investor Relations and Enterprise Risk Management
Senior Vice President, Civil Flight Services & Global Operations
Senior Vice-President, Global Strategy
Group President, Civil Aviation
Group President, Defense & Security
Global Chief Information Security Officer
Strategic planning oversight
The Board maintains a strategic planning process and annually sets a strategic plan that considers, among other things, the opportunities and principal risks of the Company’s business. It also reviews the effectiveness of the Board’s strategic planning process on a regular basis. The Board supervises management in the implementation of appropriate risk management and other systems. Separately from the strategic plan, the Board also approves an annual budget for financial performance.
The Board holds in-depth strategy sessions every year. In April 2023, the Board reviewed and approved the FY2024 budget and FY2024-FY2028 strategic plan. As part of the review, the Board considered the strategic plans and priorities for each of the three business segments. The Board also focused on the key risks and opportunities facing the business relating to strategic and operational execution, the changing economic and geopolitical environment, the competitive and regulatory environment, maintaining strong financial discipline and a strong capital position, operational resilience (including information security and data management), and stakeholder and regulatory expectations
on climate and social actions. The Board also reviewed trends emerging in strategic and financial decision making with a focus on the future of technology, industry and competitive trends, macroeconomic and geopolitical shifts, climate change, sustainability, diversity, equity & inclusion, digital, health, and strategic partnerships. The Executive Management Committee reviewed and discussed the feedback and perspectives provided by the Board and the Board then approved the updated strategic plan.
The Executive Management Committee updates the Board on the execution of the strategy and strategic considerations at every regular Board meeting. The Board must approve any transaction that will have a significant strategic impact on the Company.
Enterprise risk management oversight
Enterprise risk management is essential to CAE as the Company operates in several industry segments which present a variety of risks and uncertainties. CAE’s Enterprise Risk Management
38 | CAE INC.

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular (ERM) Policy sets out its framework to ensure that risks are identified,assessed, managed, and reported proactively and in a manner that is consistent with the expectations of the Board and the interests of CAE’s internal and external stakeholders.
This framework relies on the Three Lines Model where the business segments, the risk management functions and the internal audit function work in collaboration to manage critical risks and continuously improve the risk management process:
—The first line is CAE’s leaders who are accountable for the risks they assume and for the daily management of their risks and controls. They are responsible for implementing preventive and corrective actions and maintaining and executing effective internal controls on a day-to-day basis;
—The second line involves various risk management, compliance, business continuity and controllership functions. These functions facilitate and monitor the implementation of effective risk management practices and assist risk owners in defining the target risk exposure and reporting adequate risk-related information throughout CAE. The second line also provides risk oversight across the enterprise and advises senior management in connection with ERM. Led by the Senior Vice President, Investor Relations and Enterprise Risk Management, the second line manages the ERM process and is supported as required by experts, risk champions, consultants and any other resources deemed appropriate to achieve the desired level of risk management; and
—At the third line, internal Audit provides to the Audit Committee and management an independent appraisal of CAE’s risk management framework, control environment and internal control systems. They advise and recommend to senior management opportunities for improvements in internal controls, risk management systems as well as bring to management’s attention organizational and operational benefits to be derived from engagements.

Pursuant to our ERM policy:
—The Board is accountable for the oversight of enterprise risk management. As such, the Board will review with management the Company’s risk appetite and risk tolerance and assess whether the Company’s strategy is consistent with the agreed-upon risk appetite and tolerance for the Company. The Board will also review and discuss with management all key enterprise risk exposures on an aggregate, company-wide basis, and the steps management has taken to monitor and to manage those exposures. This includes the review with management of the Board’s expectations as to each committee’s respective responsibilities for risk oversight and management of specific risks to ensure a shared understanding as to accountabilities and roles. The Board will work with management to promote and actively cultivate a corporate culture that understands and implements enterprise-wide risk management. The Board delegates the oversight of various aspects of risk management to Board Committees to assist in the fulfillment of its responsibilities. Risk-related roles and responsibilities are defined in the Board Charter and Committee Mandates.
—The Audit Committee and senior management provide an appraisal of CAE’s risk management framework, control environment and internal control systems.
—The Chairs of the Governance Committee, Audit Committee and Human Resources Committee each report to the Board after their respective committee meetings.

39 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The table below reflects principal oversight responsibilities for each of the 2024 enterprise risks listed:

Section 4 – Corporate Governance

Allocation of Enterprise Risks to the Board of Directors and Committees of the Board
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You can find a more comprehensive discussion of risk management in Section 10 – Business Risk and Uncertainty of our Management Discussion and Analysis for the fourth quarter and year ended March 31, 2024, filed with the Canadian securities commissions and provided to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission under Form 6-K, and available on our website (www.cae.com), on SEDAR+ (www.sedarplus.ca), and on EDGAR (www.sec.gov).
Ethical business conduct
CAE has a written Code of Business Conduct that governs the conduct of CAE’s Directors, officers, employees, contractors and consultants. The Governance Committee is responsible for reviewing the design and ensuring compliance with CAE’s Code of Business Conduct. It also has oversight responsibilities with respect to the implementation of the Code throughout CAE, as well as the handling of issues raised thereunder and the annual attestation of compliance. The Code of Business Conduct is available on the Company’s website (www.cae.com). CAE uses EthicsPoint, a third-party whistleblower reporting service, to facilitate reporting of breaches of the Code of Business Conduct and any other misconduct. In addition to any individual reports the Board or its Committees may receive from management or the whistleblower service, the Governance Committee receives regular reports on CAE’s ethics and compliance programs, including a summary of alleged violations of CAE’s Code of Business Conduct and related policies, and the results of the annual certification process for CAE employees under CAE’s Code of Business Conduct.
Our objectives, management approach and highlights are outlined in our Global Annual Activity and Sustainability report, which is available at www.cae.com/sustainability.

40 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The Company has a number of policies and procedures that govern the disclosure of conflicts of interest, and the review and approval of transactions with Directors, officers and employees.

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
Conflicts of interest and related party transactions
Under the Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Conflicts of Interest Policy, all potential conflicts of interests must be immediately disclosed as they arise. Conflicts of interests refer to a set of circumstances which creates an actual, perceived or potential risk that the professional judgment or actions in relation to a person’s responsibilities and duties towards the Company will be influenced by a secondary interest, which usually benefits the person financially, professionally and/or personally (including any interest they may have in an existing or proposed material contract or transaction involving the Company in which they have some influence or perceived interest).
Any disclosure by Directors, officers and members of the Company’s Executive Management Committee in relation to potential conflicts of interest must be made to the Company’s Corporate Secretary. The Company’s Corporate Secretary provides a quarterly report to the Governance Committee of all potential conflicts of interests disclosed by Directors, officers and members of the Company’s Executive Management Committee. Further, Directors, officers, employees and individual consultants are required on an annual basis to provide an acknowledgement and certification of compliance with the Code of Business Conduct, which includes a statement confirming that they have declared or disclosed any actual, perceived or potential conflicts of interest.
In accordance with the Company’s Audit Committee Charter, the Audit Committee must review and approve all related-party transactions with organizations determined as related from associations with Directors and officers. None of the Company’s Directors or officers had a material interest in any material transaction or proposed transaction involving the Company in the last year.

41 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular At CAE, sustainability is integral to who we are as a company and how we make a difference in the world.

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
Sustainability
Sustainability is embedded in our culture and built into our business model, our decisions and actions. Our priority is to ensure the safety and well-being of our employees and customers, as well as creating long-term value for all our stakeholders where we are located.
CAE’s noble purpose, making the world safer, captures how CAE makes a difference in the world and drives its decisions and actions. Making civil aviation safer, and supporting peace and democracy with allied forces preparedness, are both rooted in the principles of sustainability impact.
Over FY2024, many of our initiatives had a significant social impact. Amongst those initiatives:
—We submitted our near-term (10 years) science-based reduction targets for the approval of the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi). These ambitious targets will guide our decarbonization journey and help us transition from carbon neutrality to net zero emissions. To that extent, we have implemented a comprehensive decarbonization strategy with four value streams: aviation, sourcing, products and services, and buildings. We have made significant progress in each of these areas, such as electrifying our fleet, applying circular economy principles, optimizing our products for energy efficiency, integrating low-carbon technologies, and applying sustainable building standards. We have also engaged with our customers, suppliers, partners and industry peers to collaborate on solutions and best practices that support the decarbonization of the aerospace sector.
—Our sustainability strategy is also driven by our commitment to create social value and foster an inclusive and diverse culture. In FY2024, we increased the representation of women and people of colour among our senior leaders, executive officers and board of directors, and received several awards and recognitions for our diversity, equity and inclusion efforts. In FY2024, we achieved our target with 38% of CAE’s Board of Directors being women at the end of FY2024. We published our first Gender Equality report, established an Indigenous Advisory Board, launched several scholarships and programs to attract and develop talent from underrepresented groups, and supported various community initiatives and causes. Our efforts to strengthen relations with Indigenous Peoples in Canada and around the world have been recognized through our first certification as a Progressive Aboriginal Relations Bronze company.
—We have also integrated sustainability into our core business processes and decision-making, ensuring that sustainability is not just an add-on, but a fundamental aspect considered from the start of how we operate and grow. We are progressively incorporating sustainability criteria into our requests for proposals, mergers and acquisitions, capital expenditures and research and development investments business processes. We have also strengthened our sustainability governance framework, policies and disclosure practices, and conducted an external readiness assessment for our scope 1 and 2 emissions data in preparation for external assurance and compliance with upcoming mandatory disclosure of sustainability data in financial reporting.
—In addition to building-in sustainability into our business processes and decision-making, we have also enhanced our sustainability-related risk management process as part of our broader Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework which enables us to monitor and report on our sustainability risk profile and performance on a regular basis, and to ensure alignment and integration across our business units and functions. We also completed our initial climate change-related risk quantification analysis, using scenario analysis based on the guidance from the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). This analysis helped us identify and evaluate the materiality of the potential physical and transition risks and opportunities associated with different climate scenarios and their impact on our business, strategy and financial planning. The preliminary findings of this analysis will also help inform the design of our compliance plan with the upcoming applicable mandatory sustainability disclosure requirements in Canada and other jurisdictions where we operate.
—Our performance and achievements related to sustainability factors are set out in our Global Annual Activity and Sustainability report. Our objectives, management approach, initiatives and highlights across the Environmental, Social and Governance factors are also outlined in this report, which is available at www.cae.com/sustainability.


42 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Our reporting references the GRI Sustainability Standards of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).

Section 4 – Corporate Governance

Reporting standards
An independent institution, the GRI provides a globally accepted framework for sustainability reporting across companies and industries. CAE also reports to the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) according to two industry-specific standards, and to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). We also provide TCFD reporting in our Global Annual Activity and Sustainability report. As the regulators further advance potential disclosure requirements, we are preparing for climate change risks financial reporting.
CAE abides by the principles of United Nations Global Compact as a signatory. We report on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), under five goals to which our corporate strategy and business model are most aligned and by mapping these goals to our material sustainability issues. We intend to continue the process of integrating the SDGs and to report on our progress for the main areas of focus we have identified. Refer to our Global Annual Activity and Sustainability report for the reasons why CAE prioritizes and pursues the following five goals:
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CAE’s commitment to the United Nations Global Compact and to the United Nations Women Empowerment Principles, as well as its considerations of sustainability factors are translated in its policies and codes, including the following policies available on CAE’s website:
—Anti-Corruption Policy;
—Code of Business Conduct;
—Conflicts Mineral Policy;
—Charitable Donations and Sponsorships Policy;
—Policy on Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in the Workplace;
—Environment, Health and Safety Policy;
—Gifts, Entertainment and Business Courtesies Policy;
—Human Rights Policy;
—Lobbying and Political Contributions Policy;
—Internal Reporting and Whistleblowing Policy; and
—Supplier Code of Conduct.
We monitor the latest developments in environmental, social and governance reporting expectations, its future integration to financial disclosure, and continuously adjust our disclosure in line with regulatory requirements and best practices.
Governance and oversight
The Board reviews, provides strategic guidance for and endorses major sustainability-related initiatives. Additionally, the Board approves our Global Annual Activity and Sustainability Report.
The Board’s Governance Committee receives updates three time a year on sustainability trends, market signals, pulses from all stakeholders and progress on CAE’s multi-year sustainability roadmap. These updates, which include progress on corporate disclosure of non-financial performance, are presented by the Chief Sustainability Officer (CSO) and Senior Vice President, Stakeholder Engagement. The Governance Committee regularly evaluates continuous enhancement of the company’s ethical practices and policies that govern our business actions while also overseeing CAE’s climate resilience strategy.
The Board’s Audit Committee performs a quarterly assessment of IT and cybersecurity risks and elements impacting internal control systems. The Committee has specific oversight responsibility for CAE’s enterprise risk management policy framework, including sustainability-related risks.
The Board’s Human Resources Committee oversees health and safety and aviation safety policies and procedures through a quarterly review to ensure effectiveness of the programs in place. The Human Resources Committee is also responsible for diversity, equity and inclusion topics and monitors management’s response to all related material issues.
From a management perspective, the EMC leads and oversees environmental, social and governance issues. The EMC guides the various teams and ensures that the appropriate resources and targets are in place and executed. Progress on sustainability risk management plan is also reported to the EMC and to the Board through the ERM governance and based on their framework.
Diversity initiatives
In May 2015, following the GC’s recommendation, the Board adopted the Board’s Diversity Policy. The Diversity Policy was amended in 2018, and in 2020 its scope was broadened by expressly enumerating women, Indigenous Peoples, persons with disabilities and members of visible minorities, as defined in the Employment Equity Act (Canada) (collectively, “Designated Groups”), among the diverse groups which are the focus of the Diversity Policy.

43 | CAE INC.

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The Diversity Policy confirms the guiding principle that the Board will nominate Directors and appoint executive officers based on merit and the needs of CAE at the relevant time, and, that CAE is strongly committed to finding the best people to serve in such roles.
The Diversity Policy also recognizes that diversity helps ensure that (a) Directors and executive officers provide the necessary range of perspectives, experiences and expertise required to achieve effective stewardship and management of CAE, and (b) a variety of differing perspectives are considered in addressing issues, while providing a greater likelihood that proposed solutions will be robust and comprehensive. CAE believes that diversity is an important attribute of a well-functioning Board and an effective team of executive officers.
The Diversity Policy provides that in identifying potential candidates to serve on the Board, the Governance Committee will (a) consider only candidates who are highly qualified based on their talents, experience, expertise, character and industry knowledge, (b) take into account criteria that promote diversity, including, but not limited to, gender, age, race, national or ethnic origin, sexual orientation and disability, (c) endeavour to use any available network of organizations and associations that may help identify diverse candidates, and (d) in order to support CAE’s commitment to all aspects of diversity, consider the level of representation of women and other Designated Groups on the Board; and in identifying potential candidates for appointment as President and CEO and for other executive officer positions, the Human Resources Committee and the President and CEO, respectively, will (a) consider individuals from a variety of backgrounds and perspectives with the Company’s diversity objectives in mind, and (b) consider the level of representation of women and members of other Designated Groups in executive officer positions.
In order to ensure that the Diversity Policy is appropriately implemented and to measure its effectiveness, at least annually:
—the Governance Committee will assess and report to the Board regarding the efficacy of the Director nomination process at achieving the Company’s diversity objectives; and
—the President and CEO will assess and report annually to the Human Resources Committee regarding the efficacy of the executive officer appointment process at achieving the Company’s diversity objectives.
In May 2018, the Board updated the Diversity Policy, and adopted a target that women represent at least 30% of Directors by 2022.

In May 2020, the Board updated the Diversity Policy to reflect that the Board seeks gender parity, with the target for Director representation continuing to be at least 30% women by 2022.
We reached our 30% target following the annual meeting of the Shareholders held on August 10, 2022. The Diversity Policy was also amended in May 2020 by adopting a target that women represent at least 30% of executive officers by 2022. We reached our 30% target during FY2022 when three (3) out of ten (10) members of our Executive Management Committee were women, prior to the expansion of the Executive Management Committee to eleven (11) members.
In June 2022, the Board amended the policy to broaden our targets to all diversity groups (including women, persons with disabilities, Indigenous Peoples, members of visible minorities and the LGBTQ2+ community) for both executive officers and Directors recognizing that diversity is an essential consideration in the selection process for Board candidates and executive officers. The Company’s targets were revised to reflect that at least 33% of executive officers and 40% of Directors form part of certain diversity groups (including women, persons with disabilities, Indigenous Peoples, members of visible minorities and the LGBTQ2+ community) by 2025. These new targets are coherent with CAE’s participation, for the fourth consecutive year, in the 50 – 30 Challenge, which is an initiative co-created by the Government of Canada, civil society and the private sector that aims to attain gender parity and significant representation (at least 30%) of under-represented groups, including racialized persons and Indigenous Peoples (including First Nations, Inuit and Métis), people living with disabilities (including invisible and episodic disabilities) and members of the LGBTQ2+ community, on boards and senior management positions in order to build a more diverse, inclusive, and vibrant economic future for Canadians. We are proud to report that both of these objectives were surpassed in FY2024, with 46% of directors and 46% of executive officers forming part of one or more diversity groups.
Directors
Women
Women, Persons with disabilities, Indigenous Peoples, members of visible minorities and the LGBTQ2+ community
Target
Time frame
Target
Time frame
30%
By 2022
40%
By 2025

44 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Our targets align with CAE’s Diversity, Equity & Inclusion initiative to foster an inclusive, diverse, bias-free environment and strengthen the representation and development of women in leadership positions.

Section 4 – Corporate Governance
Executive Officers
Women, Persons with disabilities, Indigenous Peoples, members of visible minorities and the LGBTQ2+ community
Target
Time frame
33%
By 2025
Furthermore, CAE received the Gold-level of the Parity Certification by Women in Governance for its efforts in promoting gender parity in the workplace and was included in the 2023 Bloomberg Gender-Equality Index, a fifth year in a row, setting a new standard of transparency as a core part of a company’s commitment to gender equality. The Company was also named in 2023 a Top Company for Women in Emerging Technologies by Women and Drones, one of the Top 100 Companies in Canada, and one of Forbes’ Top Female-Friendly Companies. Our Chief Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Officer was recognized as one of the Top 10 DE&I Leaders in Canada by HR Manage magazine in 2023.
Also, in signing the BlackNorth Initiative pledge, we proudly committed CAE to taking deliberate action to attract talent from the Black community, and to create a workplace where black employees have the support to grow, an organization that celebrates the vibrancy and richness that diversity brings, and most of all, a company where every member of our team can succeed and thrive – with no exception.
For more information on other Diversity, Equity and Inclusion initiatives, please refer to our Annual Activity and Corporate Social Responsibility report available on our website.
As of June 14, 2024, five (5) out of thirteen (13) Directors (i.e., 38%) and three (3) out of eleven (11) members of our Executive Management Committee (i.e., 27%) were women. One (1) out of eleven (11) members of our Executive Committee (9%) has a disability. No (0%) Aboriginal peoples were represented on the Board or the Executive Management Committee. One (1) out of thirteen (13) Directors (8%) and two (2) out of eleven (11) members of our Executive Committee (18%) was a member of a visible minority. One (1) out of thirteen (13) Directors (8%) was a member of the LGBTQ2+ community. No members of the LGBTQ2+ community were represented on the Executive Management Committee. The foregoing disclosure about diversity is derived from information provided by the Directors and executive officers. In accordance with privacy legislation, such information was collected on a voluntary basis, and where a particular individual chose not to respond, CAE did not make any assumptions or otherwise assign data to that individual.

Women
Persons with disabilities
Indigenous
Peoples
Members of visible minorities
Members of LGBTQ2+ community
Total Number
Number of individuals that are members of more than one group

Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%


Board of Directors
5
38
0
0
0
0
1
8
1
8
7
1
Executive Team
3
27
1
0
0
0
2
18
0
0
6
1

45 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The GC has the mandate and responsibility to review, on an annual basis, the performance and effectiveness of the Board as a whole and each individual Director.

Section 4 – Corporate Governance

Assessment of Directors by the GC
The Chair of the Governance Committee annually approves a comprehensive questionnaire which is distributed by a third-party supplier to each member of the Board regarding various aspects of Board and individual performance. The questionnaire covers a wide range of issues, including the operation and effectiveness of the Board and its committees, the level of knowledge of the Directors relating to the business of CAE and the risks it faces, and the contribution of individual Directors, and allows for comment and suggestions. A separate questionnaire is distributed to members of CAE’s Executive Management Committee. The third-party supplier compiles responses to the questionnaires and prepares a report to the Governance Committee which provides a report to the full Board. The Governance Committee may then recommend
changes based upon such feedback to enhance Board performance or refer any areas requiring follow-up to the relevant committees. In addition to the foregoing, each Director individually meets with the Chair of the Board at least once annually to discuss his or her individual performance and the performance of the Board as a whole. As well, the Chair of the Board’s performance is evaluated and assessed through one-on-one meetings between each Director and the Chair of the Governance Committee. Both the Chair of the Board and the Chair of the Governance Committee then report back to the full Board.
Compensation
Refer to Section 5 – Board Committee Reports – The Human Resources Committee, Section 6 – Director Compensation and Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Governance – Role of the HRC.

46 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 47 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


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Section 5 - Board Committee Reports
The Governance Committee
Assists the Board in developing and implementing our corporate governance guidelines, monitoring assessments of CAE’s corporate governance by various stakeholders and recommending where necessary possible improvements in CAE’s governance, identifying individuals qualified to become members of the Board and determining the composition of the Board and its committees, monitoring the interests of Directors and executive officers, reviewing the role and conduct of the Board, evaluating the performance of the Board and its Committees, reviewing the independence of each member of the Board, preparing the Board’s succession plan, determining the Directors’ remuneration, developing and overseeing an assessment process for the Board, overseeing CAE’s principal compliance programs, and reviewing and recommending for Board approval our corporate policies concerning business conduct, insider trading and anti-hedging, high standards of corporate governance, ethics, sustainability matters, diversity, equity and inclusion, and human rights.
The members of the GC are all Independent Directors and the GC’s charter is available in the governance section of our website at CAE.com.
The GC held three meetings in FY2024; aggregate attendance: 94%
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M.S. Billson (Chair) M. Harrison F. Olivier Gen. D.G. Perkins, USA (Ret.) P.M. Shanahan A.J. Stevens

The members of the Governance Committee are selected for their experience and knowledge with respect to governance matters generally. Descriptions of the Governance Committee members’ credentials and past experience that positions them to be qualified and effective members of the Governance Committee can be found in Section 3 - About the Nominated Directors.
Highlights for FY2024
—With the assistance of the Board’s compensation consultants, the GC recommended for approval by the Board changes to Director compensation, effective January 1, 2024, based on peer group benchmarking.
—The GC reviewed and approved revised Anti-Corruption, Business Partner Risk Management, Business Courtesies and Whistleblowing policies.
—The GC reviewed CAE’s sustainability performance, including the process timeline relating to CAE’s carbon emission reduction targets currently under review by the SBTi.
—The GC agreed to recommend for approval by the Board an updated version of CAE’s Corporate Governance Guidelines.
—The GC reviewed and approved amendments to CAE’s Board of Directors Charter, and the Governance Committee Charter and Annual Workplan.


48 | CAE INC.

Section 5 - Board Committee Reports
The Audit Committee
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Assists the Board in its oversight of the integrity of our consolidated financial statements, review of public disclosure documents, compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements, the independence, qualifications and appointment of the external auditors, the performance of both the external and internal auditors, oversight of related-party transactions, management’s responsibility for assessing and reporting on the effectiveness of internal controls (including review of IT and cyber-security risks and elements impacting controls) and our enterprise risk management processes.
Also see our Annual Information Form for the year ended March 31, 2024 (which you can access on our website at CAE.com, on SEDAR+ at sedarplus.ca and on EDGAR at sec.gov), for information about the Audit Committee, including its mandate and Audit Committee policies and procedures for engaging the external auditors.
All members of the Audit Committee are Independent Directors. Marianne Harrison and Mary Lou Maher have been determined by the Board to be the Audit Committee financial experts. In addition, the Board, in its judgment, has determined that each other member of the Audit Committee is financially literate. The Charter of the Audit Committee is available in the governance section of our website at CAE.com. and in the Annual Information Form for the year ended March 31, 2024.
The Audit Committee held four meetings in FY2024; aggregate attendance: 100%.
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M. Harrison
(Chair)
A. Antoun S. Brochu E. Eberwein M. Maher F. Olivier P.M. Shanahan
The members of the Audit Committee are selected for their experience and knowledge with respect to financial reporting, internal controls and risk management. Descriptions of the Audit Committee members’ credentials and past experience that make them qualified and effective financial decision-makers can be found in Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors.

49 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 50 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 5 - Board Committee Reports
Highlights for FY2024
—The Committee reviewed in detail quarterly interim consolidated financial information and earnings press releases before their public release.
—The Committee also reviewed and recommended approval to the Board of the quarterly Management Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) and the press releases for the quarterly results.
—The Committee reviewed the MD&A section of CAE’s annual report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 and audited consolidated financial statements of CAE prepared by management for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 with management and PwC, and thereafter recommended that they be approved and filed with the Autorité des marchés financiers and the SEC.
—The Committee approved the CAE Internal Audit plan and budget for the FY2024/FY2025 cycle and approved the Internal Audit Director Objectives.
—The Committee reviewed PwC’s FY2024 work plan and approved PwC audit engagement letter and services fees.
—The Committee oversaw the compliance process related to the certification and attestation requirements of SOX and related SEC rules, as well as of the rules relating to audit committees and certification of financial information adopted by the CSA.
—The Committee also reviewed fraud review processes, litigation, securities and exchanges compliance, information technology and cyber security risks, sustainability reporting framework, insurance coverage, related-party fees, capital structure, M&A performance, S&P rating and outlook, financing activities, treasury, tax planning and compliance, and IFRS accounting standard changes.
—The Committee established an Audit Subcommittee to meet regularly and oversee specific matters, notably accounting for and presentation of non-routine transactions including impairments, detailed reviews of unfavourable contract adjustments in the Defense and Security business associated with the Legacy Contracts and internal control and risk management practices related to the Legacy Contract adjustments.
—The Committee reviewed and approved a revised version of the Policy and Procedures for Audit and Non-Audit Services.
—The Committee reviewed amendments to the Enterprise Risk Policy, the Hiring Policy Regarding External Auditors, and the Audit Committee Charter and Annual Workplan and recommended these modifications for approval by the Board.
—The Committee reviewed audit service performance and any best practices to implement going forward.



Section 5 - Board Committee Reports
The Human Resources Committee
Assists the Board of Directors in its oversight responsibilities relating to compensation, benefits, incentives, nomination, evaluation and succession of the President and CEO, other officers and management personnel; oversees the Company’s environment, global occupational health and safety and aviation safety policies and practices, pension plan administration and pension fund investments, and management development and succession planning.
All members of the HRC are Independent Directors. The charter of the HRC is available in the governance section of our website at CAE.com.
The HRC held five meetings in FY2024, aggregate attendance: 94%.
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M. Maher (Chair) A. Antoun M.S. Billson S. Brochu E. Eberwein Gen. D.G. Perkins, USA (Ret.) A.J. Stevens
The HRC is responsible to oversee the Company’s executive compensation programs and succession planning. We ensure that members of the HRC have the experience and knowledge to fulfill this role. Descriptions of the HRC members’ credentials and past experience that make them qualified and effective HR decision-makers can be found in Section 3 – About the Nominated Directors.
As past CEOs and/or government leaders/managing directors, all members of the HRC possess the financial knowledge required in order to assess and determine the applicability of measures and targets utilized in determining variable compensation and assessing executive performance against targets and overall Company performance.
51 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 52 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 5 - Board Committee Reports
Highlights for FY2024
—The HRC completed an annual review of the Company’s long-term (LTIP) and short-term (STIP) incentive plans to ensure market competitiveness, alignment with the Company’s strategic ambitions and Shareholders’ interests, and reviewed and approved the FY2025 STIP and LTIP design.
—The HRC conducted a compensation risk assessment with the assistance of its independent compensation consultant to identify potential risks associated with the Company’s compensation programs, practices and policies.
—The Chair of the HRC engaged directly with multiple Shareholders to seek input on the Company’s executive compensation programs.
—The HRC reviewed the new Omnibus Incentive Plan for the Company’s LTIP as well as the Company’s new clawback policies, and recommended them for approval by the Board.
—The HRC also reviewed and approved the Company’s comparator group for executive compensation benchmarking.
—The HRC reviewed and approved the executive management’s compensation, including the FY2023 STIP payout and FY2024 LTIP awards, as well as the CEO’s FY2024 objectives and performance.
—The HRC reviewed and approved the succession plan for the Company’s executives, conducted talent and leadership reviews as well as other HR initiatives and Diversity, Equity and Inclusion efforts.
—The HRC reviewed the Company’s retirement savings plans and approved changes to the Retirement Plans Investment Policy.
—The HRC also reviewed the quarterly health and safety reports as well as the aviation safety and labour relations annual reports.




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53 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular This Section provides information pertaining to the compensation, Share ownership and Share ownership requirements of our non-employee Directors.

Section 6 – Director Compensation
Director Compensation
Our compensation program for non-employee Directors has the following objectives:
—Attract and retain highly qualified, committed and talented members of the Board with an extensive and relevant breadth of experience; and
—Align the interests of Directors with those of our Shareholders.
The Board sets the compensation of non-employee Directors based on recommendations from the Governance Committee.
The Governance Committee reviews the compensation of non-employee Directors every second year, unless required sooner, and recommends to the Board such adjustments as it considers appropriate and necessary to recognize the workload, time commitment and responsibility of the Board and committee members and to remain competitive with Directors’ compensation trends. Any Director who is also an employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries does not receive any compensation as a Director.

Director compensation benchmarking and comparator group
To benchmark Directors’ compensation, the Governance Committee uses the same comparator group of companies as that used to benchmark Named Executive Officers’ (“NEOs”) compensation. This comparator group comprises a mix of Canadian and U.S. publicly-listed companies that have relevance to CAE in terms of head office location, market segment or business activities, revenue and market capitalization.
—Same comparator group as for NEOs.
—Director comparator group last updated in FY2024.
—Directors are paid a flat all-inclusive fee to reflect responsibilities, time commitment and risks of being effective Directors.
Effective January 1, 2024, Directors’ all-inclusive fees were set as follows:
Position
Annual Fee1
Form of Payment1
Board Chair
$420,000
$230,000 in DSUs
$190,000 in cash or DSUs at Director’s election
Board Member
$240,000
$155,000 in DSUs
$85,000 in cash or DSUs at Director’s election
Board Committee Chair2
$25,000
Cash or DSUs at Director’s election
Board Committee Member
$11,000
Cash or DSUs at Director’s election
1.Fees for Canadian resident Directors are earned and paid in Canadian dollars. Fees for non-Canadian resident Directors are earned and paid in U.S. dollars on the basis of a one-for-one exchange rate of Canadian dollars to U.S. dollars.
2.The Governance Committee Chair compensation is $20,000. Committee Chairs do not receive additional compensation for Committee membership.

54 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation of this Circular for the companies included in CAE’s latest comparator group and detailed selection criteria.

Section 6 – Director Compensation
Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Share Unit Plan (Directors’ DSU Plan)
A DSU is equal in value to one Share of CAE and accrues additional units in an amount equal to each dividend paid on Shares. DSUs earned by non-employee Directors vest immediately but are only redeemable after termination of the Director’s service with CAE. Payment in cash is then made based on the market value of the equivalent number of Shares, net of tax and any other applicable withholdings.
Risk mitigation
As per the terms of the DSU Plan, the rights and interests of a Director in respect of the DSUs held in such participant’s account are not transferable or assignable other than for specific cases of legal succession.
CAE maintains Directors’ and executive officers’ liability insurance for its Directors and executive officers, as well as those of its subsidiaries as a group.
Minimum shareholding requirements
Directors are required to own the equivalent of five times the Board annual cash fee in the form of Shares and/or DSUs. The required holding must be acquired over a five-year period from the initial date of election of the Director to the Board.
A non-employee Director is not, once the minimum Share and/or DSU ownership target is reached, obligated to acquire more Shares or DSUs if the value of his/her investment in CAE drops due to stock market fluctuations.
—Minimum shareholding requirements align Directors’ and Shareholders’ interests.
—Equal to five times the annual Board cash fee.
—The required holding must be acquired over a five-year period from the initial date of election of the Director to the Board.
Anti-Hedging Policy
The policy provides that no Director or CAE executive (defined to include senior officers and vice-presidents) may, at any time, purchase or otherwise enter into financial instruments, including prepaid variable forward contracts, instruments for the short sale or purchase or sale of call or put options, equity swaps, collars, or units of exchangeable funds, that are designed to or that may reasonably be expected to have the effect of monetizing equity awards or hedging or offsetting a decrease in the market value of any CAE securities, including but not limited to DSUs.

55 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The following table summarizes compensation earned by non-employee Directors of CAE during FY2024:

Section 6 – Director Compensation
Directors’ compensation table
Name Total Fees Earned Paid in Cash
Paid in DSUs1
Ayman Antoun
$246,847

$246,847
Margaret S. (Peg) Billson2
$283,801

$283,801
Sophie Brochu3
$163,105

$163,105
Elise Eberwein2
$274,003
$112,746
$161,256
Hon. Michael M. Fortier4
$89,382

$89,382
Marianne Harrison2
$289,245

$289,245
Alan N. MacGibbon
$405,000

$405,000
Mary Lou Maher
$259,782
$30,250
$229,532
François Olivier
$250,750

$250,750
Gen. David G. Perkins, USA (Ret.)2
$274,003

$274,003
Michael E. Roach
$250,750

$250,750
Patrick M. Shanahan2
$274,003
$112,746
$161,256
Andrew J. Stevens2
$274,003

$274,003
1.Represents the value of DSUs determined based on the grant date fair value of the award in accordance with accounting standards. The value of each unit is set to the closing prices of the Shares on the TSX on the respective dates of each grant.
2.Effective January 1, 2024, non-Canadian resident Directors are paid in U.S. dollars on the basis of a one-for-one exchange rate of Canadian dollars to U.S. dollars. The amounts shown include payments made in U.S. dollars for the fourth quarter of FY2024, which were converted to Canadian dollars using the exchange rate on the last business day of the quarter (March 28, 2024), being $1.36 for each U.S. dollar.
3.Sophie Brochu joined the Board on August 9, 2023.
4.Hon. Michael M. Fortier ceased serving as a Director on August 9, 2023.

56 | CAE INC.

Section 6 – Director Compensation
Directors’ share-based awards
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The following table shows for each non-employee Director the number of DSUs outstanding at the beginning of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, the number and the value of the DSUs that vested during such year, and the number and the value of all outstanding DSUs as at March 31, 2024. The non-employee Directors are not eligible to receive stock options or other option-based awards.
Share-based Awards
Name Number of DSUs at the Beginning of FY2024
Number of DSUs Vested During the Year1
Value Vested During the Year2
Number of DSUs at the End of FY2024
Market Value of DSUs not Paid Out or Distributed3
Ayman Antoun
5,820
8,542
$246,847
14,362
$401,696
Margaret S. (Peg) Billson
61,168
9,856
$283,801
71,024
$1,986,543
Sophie Brochu4
5,667
$163,105
5,667
$158,510
Elise Eberwein
3,576
5,600
$161,256
9,176
$256,665
Marianne Harrison
28,706
10,045
$289,245
38,751
$1,083,857
Alan N. MacGibbon
69,709
14,011
$405,000
83,720
$2,341,647
Mary Lou Maher
9,775
7,896
$229,532
17,671
$494,254
François Olivier
45,002
8,676
$250,750
53,678
$1,501,381
Gen. David G. Perkins, USA (Ret.)
22,062
9,517
$274,003
31,579
$883,267
Michael E. Roach5
39,435
8,676
$250,750
48,111
$1,345,654
Patrick M. Shanahan
5,461
5,601
$161,256
11,062
$309,394
Andrew J. Stevens
92,082
9,516
$274,003
101,598
$2,841,692
1.Represents the number of DSUs each non-employee Director earned during FY2024. The DSUs vest immediately but are redeemable and paid out only after the non-employee Director ceases to be a Director of CAE in accordance with the terms of the Directors DSU Plan. Numbers containing fractions have been rounded up for calculation purposes.
2.The value was determined by multiplying the number of DSUs, including additional DSUs equivalent in value to the dividends paid on the Shares credited in-year, by the closing prices of the Shares on the TSX on the respective dates of each grant. The DSUs are granted at the end of each quarter.
3.The market value of the DSUs was determined by multiplying the number of all DSUs vested but not paid out or distributed, including additional DSUs equivalent in value to the dividends paid on the Shares credited in-year, as at March 31, 2024 by the closing price of the Shares on the TSX on March 28, 2024, which was $27.97. Numbers containing fractions have been rounded up for calculation purposes.
4.Sophie Brochu joined the Board on August 9, 2023.
5.Michael E. Roach ceased serving as a Director on May 16, 2024.
57 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 58 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


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Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Letter from the Chair of the Human Resources Committee
Mary Lou Maher
The Human Resources Committee is pleased to provide you with an overview of CAE’s executive compensation program for fiscal year 2024 and a preview of the changes we are introducing for fiscal year 2025. Our compensation framework directly links compensation to CAE’s long-term performance and value creation for our Shareholders.
We believe it is important to provide transparent disclosure of CAE’s performance, all aspects of our executive compensation program, the alignment between performance and compensation outcomes and feedback from our engagement with our Shareholders.
Over the past two years we have engaged directly with our Shareholders, seeking input on our compensation programs. Annually, we conduct a full review of our compensation programs and governance as well as incentive plan designs to ensure continued alignment with our business strategy and to be responsive to feedback received from Shareholders.

Operational and Financial Performance Highlights of FY2024
Throughout FY2024, we maintained key points of strategic focus, including the following:
—Efficient growth
—Technology and market leadership
—Revolutionizing training and critical operations
—Skills and culture
Linking Pay and Performance
During FY2024, our Named Executive Officers’ (NEO) compensation outcomes were closely tied to CAE’s performance.
The Short-Term Incentive Plan (“STIP”), which pays out based on performance targets focused on profitability and growth through adjusted earnings per share* (“EPS”), adjusted order intake* and revenue metrics. For FY2024 this paid out at 4% of target.
In assessing the CEO’s compensation outcomes for FY2024, the Board considered:
—The importance of balancing accountability for FY2024, which reflected many significant accomplishments, with shortfalls on overall financial performance and operational challenges in the Defense and Security business
—Recent shareholder experience and share price underperformance
Accordingly, the Board assessed the CEO’s 25% individual performance component for FY2024 at 50% of target, reflective of: the CEO’s leadership and the many achievements in the business; and the CEO’s accountability for the overall results of the business. This, combined with the 4% corporate performance factor, resulted in an overall STIP payout for the CEO of 15.5% of target.
The Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”) which is weighted 60% to Performance Share Units (“PSU”s), 20% to Restricted Share Units (“RSU”s) and 20% to Stock Options to provide a balanced focus on performance, long term Share price appreciation and shareholder aligned retention. Our PSUs granted in FY2024 vest contingent on the achievement of adjusted segment operating income margin*, Cash from operations and adjusted ROCE* targets. Our PSUs granted in FY2022 whose performance period concluded in FY2024 paid out with a performance factor of 43%.


*Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).
59 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular We adjusted the targets and results under our incentive plans to exclude the impact of CAE Healthcare financial contributions starting in Q4 FY2024, aligned with the Healthcare business unit divestment timeline.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation

Looking ahead to FY2025, we note three design changes to the STIP:
—The financial component of our STIP (representing 75% of the payout) will now be a mix of Business Unit and CAE financial performance (2/3 weighting to BU performance and 1/3 weighting to CAE performance) for our Business Unit Leaders. The President and Chief Executive Officer and his direct reports will continue to be measured 100% on CAE overall financial results.
—STIP metrics will be comprised of adjusted EPS* and Revenue, weighted 2/3rd and 1/3rd respectively, to strengthen focus on profitable growth.
—For the STIP and LTIP, if the threshold level of performance is achieved the payout level will be 50% of target. As before, payout can be as low as 0% if performance is below the threshold level.
The majority of each executive’s compensation continues to be at risk, contingent on performance and a significant proportion of each executive’s compensation is in the form of equity-based compensation which aligns compensation outcomes with our performance and Shareholders experience over the longer term.
Shareholder Engagement
In FY2024, we conducted our annual Shareholder outreach initiative, offering to meet with many of our largest investors. Please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Shareholder Engagement.
The Committee believes that our compensation programs continue to focus on the alignment between our performance and compensation outcomes as well as the interests of our Shareholders.
Sincerely,

image_167.jpg

Mary Lou Maher
Chair of the Human Resources
Committee














*Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).
60 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular This Section describes our compensation philosophy, policies and programs, and provides the details with respect to the compensation awarded to our Named Executive Officers (“NEO”) in FY2024.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Compensation Discussion and Analysis
For FY2024, our NEOs were:
—Marc Parent, President and Chief Executive Officer
—Sonya Branco, Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer
—Carter Copeland, Senior Vice President, Global Strategy
—Abha Dogra, Chief Technology and Product Officer
—Nick Leontidis, Group President, Civil Aviation1
1.Mr. Leontidis was appointed Chief Operating Officer on May 21, 2024, subsequent to the FY2024 year end.

Where to find it
Compensation Discussion and Analysis
Page
Executive Summary
62
Shareholder Engagement
67
Compensation Philosophy
68
Executive Compensation Programs
70
FY2024 Compensation Outcome
83
Determination of NEOs’ Individual Performance
89
Compensation Governance
94
Alignment of Compensation and Performance
101

Compensation of Our Named Executive Officers
Page
Summary Compensation Table
104
Outstanding Share-Based Awards and Option-Based Awards
106
Incentive Plan Awards – Value Vested or Earned During the Year
107
Pension Arrangements
108
Termination and Change of Control Benefits
109

61 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular During the year, we experienced continued growth in revenues and backlog across the Company, with particularly strong performance in our Civil Aviation business.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Executive Summary
CAE Performance
Despite this, we realized a substantial operating loss in Q4, driven by the accelerated recognition of risk on the Legacy Contracts and associated intangible asset impairments.
To correct course, we took decisive action, including the re-baselining of the Defense and Security business through leadership and organizational structure changes in addition to the aforementioned financial charges. As a result, we fully expect the Defense and Security business to become more profitable, starting in FY2025.
The growth outlook in our markets remains robust, bolstered by continued strength in air travel demand, increasing defence training requirements, and a growing customer appetite for market-leading software solutions. Additionally, we see continued prospects for further market share expansion resulting from our organic investments in both technology and capacity. While macroeconomic uncertainties, geopolitical tensions, and industry-specific challenges remain ever-present, we remain confident in the continued growth of CAE’s core businesses in the coming years.
This year, our Civil Aviation segment posted record performance, marked by best ever adjusted order intake* and double-digit growth in revenues and adjusted segment operating income*. Margin rates continue to be strong and ended the year at record highs. In our commercial products and training businesses, we see continued strong prospects for future growth, driven by ongoing increases in air travel demand as well as further customer interest in the outsourcing of training activities. In business aviation training, activity remained stable above 2019 levels, while continued “churn” in the ecosystem drove the creation of new pilots. FY2024 was a dynamic year in our Flight Operations Solutions business, with several major pursuits in the pipeline. Leveraging our technology investments and integrated platform approach, we aimed to capitalize on these opportunities and continue to attract new, large customers.
In the D&S business, our principal focus has been and remains on execution. The installation of new leaders and process improvement efforts point to future steady improvement in margin rates.
The growth outlook for D&S continues to be resilient with several opportunities in the near-term pipeline and on the horizon. In the near-term, key positions on several generational programs will serve as the backbone of our growth. Order intake continues to be a positive indicator with three successive years of >1x book-to-sales*, and we expect this to accelerate further in FY2025. As we look to the bottom line, we expect new orders to continue to replenish our backlog of business with larger and more profitable work, concurrent with the acceleration of the recognition of risk on Legacy Contracts. This is the principal driver of future increases in the overall profitability of the business.
We continue to be optimistic about the benefits of scale and synergy across the CAE enterprise, bolstered by the significant strides we’ve made in both market expansion and technology investment. For both our civil and defence customers, we believe that CAE is the unquestioned standard for quality and capability. As we finally put the lingering impacts of the COVID pandemic behind us, we remain very excited about our future, our competitive position, and our prospects for growth and market leadership.
As in FY2023, this year we continued to maintain our strategic focus on four main pillars. Key accomplishments in each are as follows:
Efficient Growth:
—Completed portfolio shaping actions including the successful sale of CAE Healthcare business division for an enterprise value of $311 million. The total consideration, after preliminary working capital and selling price adjustments, amounted to $293.4 million and is subject to further working capital adjustments based on closing accounts. This has enabled a sharper focus on our core markets and customers as well as a deleveraging of our business, and is intended to enhance the company’s longer-term return profile.
—Continued expansion of company adjusted segment operating income margins* to 12.8% while maintaining a focus on accelerating the retirement of contractual risks in Defense & Security and reaching new highs in Civil Aviation, including a full year adjusted segment operating income margin* of 22.5% and a record margin of 27.3% in Q4.

*Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).
62 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular —Saw continued strong growth in both revenues and adjusted orders*.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation

For the full year, consolidated revenue growth of 7% was led by nearly 12% growth in Civil. Furthermore, adjusted order intake* remained strong at ~$4.9 billion for a full-year book-to-sales ratio* of 1.15x.
—Generated strong free cash flow* for the year, at a cash conversion rate* of ~1.5x.
Technology and Market Leadership:
—Within Civil, we signed multiple key training agreements with airline partners including Akasa Air, Air France KLM Group, Air Europa, ITA Airways, and Delta Airlines among and many others.
—Further expanded our training centre footprint with the opening of CAE’s Savannah training centre and began work on the upcoming opening of new CAE training centres in Athens, Greece and Vienna, Austria. Additionally, added several Full Flight Simulators (FFS) to our existing network of centres in lockstep with customer demand.
—Continued the roll-out and development of CAE Flight Operations Solutions’ modernized software portfolio, including our cloud-based Operations Control, Crew Management, and Flight Management solutions.
—Secured key wins in Defense including the training for Canada’s Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) as well as the Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA) program in the U.S., supporting prime contractor Bell Helicopter.
—Subsequent to the fiscal year end the Canadian government announced the award of a $11.2 billion, 25-year contract for FAcT to the SkyAlyne joint venture. Even though the $11.2 billon will be shared with CAE’s partner in the joint venture, this represents CAE’s largest strategic Defense & Security contract to date and is a testament to CAE’s relentless effort and expertise in this core market.
—Continued to broaden and strengthen our relationships with OEM partners and regulatory bodies. In FY2024 we signed an agreement with The Boeing Company to be the authorized training provider of Boeing’s Competency Based Training and Assessment (CBTA) curriculum.
Revolutionizing Training and Critical Operations:
—Continued expansion and adoption of CAE Rise™, our proprietary data enabled objective training technology. Additionally, we successfully paired CAE Rise™ with Biometrics Gaze-tracking technology to create a first-of-a-kind training offering for our customers.
—Successfully launched the Prodigy visual system, which is the first Level D qualified full flight simulation image generator powered by a gaming engine. Using Epic Games’ Unreal Engine, it provides high fidelity 3D visuals and full-motion simulation for a more realistic pilot training in a virtual environment.
—The CAE e-Series MR Visual System received an Edison award, one of the highest accolades a company can receive for innovation. The e-Series sets a new standard for training. Its exceptional realism creates unprecedented immersion for the training of complex procedures in a safe virtual environment.
—Successfully launched CAE Connect, an omni digital channel resource for the training ecosystem in Business Aviation Training.
Skills & Culture:
—Addition of a Chief People Officer to accelerate and enhance CAE’s employee value proposition and talent development efforts. This role heightens our focus on the acquisition and retention of key skills that are intended to deliver CAE’s growth in the years to come.
—Continued to increase gender and ethnic diversity in our senior leadership pool (directors and above), reaching a milestone level of 33% in FY2024.
—Reached record-high employee engagement scores once again in FY2024, fueled by our efforts to be an employer of choice.
—Submitted near-term, company-wide science-based decarbonization targets, which positions CAE on the net zero trajectory.




*Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).
63 | CAE INC.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular —Elevated our score to a B on our latest Carbon Disclosure Project, integrated the S&P 2024 Global Sustainability Yearbook as our sustainability performance ranks in the top 15% of our industry, and achieved Bronze certification on our initial EcoVadis evaluation, increasingly required by aerospace and defence OEMs for bid eligibility.
—Achieved our first certification as a Progressive Aboriginal Relations Bronze company, underlying our commitment to strengthen relations with Indigenous Peoples in Canada and around the world Named to Bloomberg’s Gender-Equality Index for the sixth consecutive year. Additionally recognized as one of Canada’s Top 100 Employers and as one of Canada’s Top Employers for young people, and Montreal Top Employer.

64 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular To directly address the feedback received from CAE’s largest Shareholders, the Committee approved and incorporated the following modifications to its compensation program for FY2024.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Compensation Decisions
NEW in FY2024
Short-Term Incentive Plan (“STIP”)
The following changes were included in the STIP as of April 1st of 2023 (FY2024):
—Adjusted EPS*, adjusted order intake* and revenue continued to be the three primary financial drivers measured in the FY2024 STIP, with the weighting for adjusted EPS* increased by 10%, bringing our performance measures as follows: adjusted EPS* (60%), revenue (20%) and adjusted order intake* (20%)
Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”)
The LTIP mix remained the same, with 60% in PSUs, 20% in RSUs and 20% in stock options. The performance measures for the FY2024 PSU awards were modified as follows:
—Adjusted segment operating income margin* replaced adjusted EPS* as a profitability measure, resulting in adjusted EPS* now only being measured under the STIP, to ensure that the STIP and LTIP reflect different performance measures
—Net cash provided by operating activities replaced free cash flow* as a cash management measure
—Adjusted ROCE* was added to measure effective deployment of capital
—The FY2024 PSU performance measures are equally weighted: 1/3rd adjusted segment operating income margin*, 1/3rd net cash provided by operating activities and 1/3rd adjusted ROCE*
—Net cash provided by operating activities is measured cumulatively over the 3-year period. Adjusted ROCE* is measured at the end of the third year. Adjusted segment operating income margin* is measured on a yearly basis and weighted 1/6th in year 1; 1/3rd in year 2 and 1/2 in year 3.
In FY2024, the Omnibus Incentive Plan, pursuant to which the Company may grant Options, PSUs and RSUs that may be settled in Shares issued from treasury, was approved by our Shareholders at the annual and special shareholders’ meeting held on August 9, 2023, further encouraging CAE ownership by employees. Please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Executive Compensation Programs – Long Term Incentive Program Design – Omnibus Incentive Plan
Governance
A double trigger was introduced in the Change of Control provisions for equity-based compensation (PSUs, RSUs and Stock options). All equity awards made starting in FY2024 will vest on a “double trigger” basis, requiring both a Change of Control and without fault termination of employment for equity vesting.
The CEO is required to maintain his Share ownership requirement of 500% of base salary for one year following retirement.

*Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).
65 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The following changes were made to the STIP effective for FY2025:

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
NEW in FY2025
Short-Term Incentive Plan (STIP)
—The Corporate Performance Factor will be composed of two financial measures, adjusted EPS* and revenue, respectively weighted 2/3rd and 1/3rd. These two measures will strengthen focus on profitable growth.
—The financial component of our STIP (representing 75% of the payout) will now be a mix of Business Unit and CAE financial performance (2/3rd weighting to BU performance and 1/3rd weighting to CAE performance) for our Business Unit Leaders. The President and Chief Executive Officer and his direct reports will continue to have financial performance measured 100% on CAE consolidated results.
—The STIP performance grid has been reviewed and will pay out at 50% of target for the achievement of threshold performance. As before, payout can be as low as 0% if performance is below the threshold level.

Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP)
—Our FY2025 LTIP will remain unchanged from FY2024 design.
—The LTIP performance grid has been reviewed and will pay out at 50% of target for the achievement of threshold performance. As before, payout can be as low as 0% if performance is below the threshold level.


*Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).


66 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular We appreciate the importance of engaging with our Shareholders to better understand their views, concerns, and priorities related to our business operations, succession, performance, and executive compensation programs.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Shareholder Engagement
In FY2023 we initiated a proactive engagement process with our Shareholders. We have continued this process in FY2024 and have committed to regular annual shareholder engagement with our Shareholders. As a part of this engagement, we offer to meet with our Shareholders to understand our Shareholders’ perspectives on our executive compensation programs as well as other matters within HR mandate.
For the FY2024 year, we offered to meet with 16 of our largest Shareholders, who together account for approximately 50% of our ownership. Many of these Shareholders indicated that they did not have issues that they wished to discuss and so declined the offer. For those Shareholders we did meet with, these meetings allowed us to share the Board objectives around executive compensation and listen to their feedback and questions about our executive compensation programs.

67 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Much of CAE’s success in developing and growing its worldwide business is attributable to our highly qualified and motivated employees.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Compensation Philosophy
Compensation Objectives
The executive compensation programs are based on a pay-for-performance philosophy. Executives receive salaries, annual short-term incentive awards contingent upon attaining consolidated business results and individual achievements, and long-term incentive awards that motivate executives to create increasing and sustainable value for Shareholders. In addition, executives receive perquisites and participate in pension and benefits programs.
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68 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The principles underlying CAE’s executive compensation programs are as follows:

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Compensation principles
Pay for performance
The majority of compensation is variable, contingent on and directly linked to financial and operational performance metrics, and CAE’s Share price.
Balance
The portion of total compensation that is performance-based increases with an executive’s level of responsibility and strategic scope of the role.
Long-term focus
Long-term stock-based compensation opportunities have a larger weight than short-term cash- based opportunities for our executive leaders.
Shareholder alignment
The financial interests of executives are directly aligned with the interests of our Shareholders through stock-based compensation, and annual and long-term performance metrics that correlate with sustainable Shareholders value growth.
Competitiveness
Total compensation is market competitive to attract, retain, and motivate CAE’s executive team while fostering entrepreneurial spirit. This is achieved by setting target compensation competitively with the median of our comparator group with compensation outcomes above the median when performance is strong and below median when it is not.
Responsibility
Financial and operational performance must not compromise our ethical, environmental and health and safety objectives, outlined in our Code of Business Conduct. Commitment to ethical and corporate responsibilities fundamentally underlies all aspects of our behavior and compensation plans, which provide for compensation to be reduced if these objectives are not upheld.

The following illustrates the relative weight of each compensation policy element, at target:
President and CEO
Other NEOs
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69 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular CAE’s executive compensation program has five main components: base salary, short-term incentive, long-term incentives, pension, and perquisites and benefits.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Executive Compensation Programs
The table below provides highlights of each component and describes the purpose and CAE’s policy for each component.
Overview
Form Plan Highlights Plan Objectives Policy
Base Salary
Cash
Fixed pay annual review
Provide a base of regular income to attract and retain qualified leaders

Recognize scope and responsibilities of the position as well as the experience and sustained performance of the individual
Set competitive with the median of the comparator group
Short-term Incentive (STIP)
Cash
Annual award based on corporate (75%) and individual objectives (KPIs) (25%)

Executives can elect to receive some or all STIP payment as Executive Deferred Share Units
Reward the achievement of the Company’s financial and operational objectives

Reward the achievement of individual objectives aligned with the executive’s area of responsibility and role in realizing operational results

Drive superior individual and corporate performance
Set competitive with the median of the comparator group

Designed to result in above median payouts for superior performance
Performance metrics are aligned to the strategic plan and approved annually
Long-term Incentive (LTIP)
Performance Share Units (60%), Restricted Share Units (20%), Stock Options (20%)
LTIP value is awarded in different medium to long-term compensation vehicles with both time and performance vesting based on achievement of longer-term financial objectives
Align management’s interests with Shareholders value growth
Reward the achievement of sustained market performance

Attract and retain key talent
Set competitive with the median of the comparator group

Ability to award LTI within a range and impact of Share price and financial performance designed to provide pay outcomes closely aligned with performance
Pension
Monthly pension in cash at retirement
Defined Benefit Plan for executives representing 2% of average 5 best years of earnings (salary plus STIP), per year of pensionable service

Supplementary Plan offered to the NEOs for pension above the income tax act cap on registered plans
Support retention of key executives
Set consistent with historical approach
Perquisites and Other Benefits
Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)
Perquisites
ESPP: Employees and executives may purchase CAE Shares up to 18% of their base salary; CAE matches 50% of the employee contributions, up to a maximum of 3% of the employee’s annual base salary

Perquisites: Cash allowance to cover certain expenses to support health and well-being
Provide executives with a Share ownership building vehicle
Set to be market competitive
70 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The base salaries of the President and CEO and other NEOs are determined in accordance with CAE’s compensation philosophy and policies.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Base salaries
CAE’s executives’ salaries are positioned within a competitive range around the market median, based on the individual’s performance and level of experience and the scope and responsibilities of the role.
Base salaries are reviewed by the HRC annually considering individual achievements, general performance, benchmark information and market conditions.
Annual Incentive Program Design
-The annual short-term incentive plan motivates the achievement of specific annual financial and operational results
-To further strengthen alignment with Shareholders the overall corporate performance factor is capped at 100% if the adjusted EPS* result does not meet the target
The Short-Term Incentive Plan (STIP) provides for an annual cash incentive for executives and management employees based on CAE’s consolidated performance and individual achievements. The STIP motivates the achievement of specific annual financial and operational results, aligned with the corporate goals and strategy.
The table below outlines FY2024 STIP target ranges by NEO, which range from 0% to 250% of target for each executive:
STIP Target as a % of Base Salary
NEO
Minimum
Target
Maximum
Marc Parent
0%
125%
250%
Sonya Branco
0%
75%
150%
Carter Copeland
0%
75%
150%
Abha Dogra
0%
55%
110%
Nick Leontidis
0%
75%
150%

The STIP is based 75% on CAE performance and 25% on the executive’s individual performance. The Company performance factor consists of financial measures of varying weights that total 100%. The year-end result for each measure is assessed against predefined targets that are set and approved by the HRC at the beginning of the year. The individual performance factor is based on the executive’s performance against annual objectives and additional predefined quantitative and qualitative goals that reflect the strategic and operational priorities critical to each executive’s role.




71 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular In FY2024, the Company performance factor was based on three financial measures detailed in the table below:

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
The table below illustrates the annual STIP payout calculation for NEOs
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STIP Measure
Performance Measure
Why this Measure is important
Weighting
Adjusted EPS*
Intended to keep management focused on EPS achievement as a critical metric reflecting the profitability of the Company and directly linked with Shareholders interests
60%
Revenue
Highlights the importance of revenue growth in the Company strategy
20%
Adjusted order intake*
Demonstrates the level of growth in sales for the Company’s products and services, thus is representative of future operational growth
20%
To further strengthen alignment with Shareholders the overall corporate performance factor is capped at 100% if the adjusted EPS* result does not meet the target approved by the Board of Directors.
NEW In FY2024, the adjusted EPS* weighting was increased by 10%, bringing it to 60% to further increase management’s focus on Company profitability. Revenue and adjusted order intake* continued to be important measures in FY2024 STIP and were equally weighted at 20% each.
Demonstrating the depth of CAE’s commitment to sustainability, CAE executives have individual sustainability objectives, with diversity as the common objective tied to compensation. Compensation also considers each executive’s responsibility to always act in accordance with our values and our ethical, environmental and health and safety objectives, outlined in CAE’s Code of Business Conduct.
Following a review at year-end that considers overall business and individual performance as well as the performance of the business from a holistic and strategic perspective, the STIP payments for the President and CEO’s direct reports are approved by the HRC and, for the President and CEO, by the Board upon the HRC’s recommendation. Canadian and US-based executives can elect to defer all or a portion of the STIP payment as Executive Deferred Share Units. The amount deferred is converted into a number of DSUs, (see details under Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Executive Compensation Programs – Long Term Incentive Program Design – Executive Deferred Share Units).
NEW In FY2025, the financial component of our STIP (representing 75% of the payout) will now be a mix of Business Unit and CAE financial performance (2/3rd weighting to BU performance and 1/3rd weighting to CAE performance) for our Business Unit Leaders. The President and CEO and his direct reports will continue to be measured 100% on CAE overall financial results. This change aligns our compensation programs with market and reduces compensation risk.
Adjusted EPS* and revenue will be the two financial performance measures in the FY2025 STIP to calculate the Corporate Performance Factor, weighed 2/3rd and 1/3rd, respectively and pay out will be at 50% of target for the achievement of threshold performance. As before, payout can be as low as 0% if performance is below the threshold level.

* Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).
72 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The LTIP is designed to reward executives for their contribution to the creation of Shareholders value.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Long-Term Incentive Program Design
CAE’s long-term incentive plan aligns management’s interests with Share price growth and related Shareholders value creation, and rewards sustained market performance.
For NEOs other than the CEO, the value of the LTIP grants varies by the level of responsibility and scope and is based on each executive’s performance as assessed by the HRC and the Board.
The table below outlines FY2024 LTIP target ranges by NEO:
LTIP Target as a % of Base Salary
NEO
Minimum
Target
Maximum
Marc Parent
-
485%
-
Sonya Branco
100%
175%
250%
Carter Copeland
40%
95%
150%
Abha Dogra
70%
135%
200%
Nick Leontidis
100%
175%
250%

CAE’s LTIP is comprised of PSUs, RSUs and Stock Options. All NEOs were eligible for an annual grant under each of these plans, and awards were allocated as follows:
LTIP Mix


Components
Weighting
Vesting
PSUs
60%
3-year cliff vesting
RSUs
20%
3-year cliff vesting
Stock Options
20%
4-year ratable vesting (25% per year)


73 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular PSUs are a long-term incentive vehicle that vest based on the achievement of financial performance that is directly tied to the achievement of the CAE strategic plan.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Performance Share Units
—PSUs directly tie CAE executives to the achievement of the CAE strategic plan.
—One PSU is equal in value to one Share of CAE.
—Vesting: 3-year cliff subject to the achievement of set performance criteria and the participant’s continued employment with CAE.
—Performance condition: Financial targets as set in the 3-year strategic plan approved by the Board.
—Maximum payout multiplier set at 200%.
NEW In FY2024, the Omnibus Incentive Plan, pursuant to which the Company may grant PSUs that may be settled in Shares issued from treasury, was approved by our Shareholders at the annual and special shareholders’ meeting held on August 9, 2023, further encouraging CAE ownership by employees. Please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Executive Compensation Programs – Long Term Incentive Program Design – Omnibus Incentive Plan
NEW In FY2024, based on feedback received from our Shareholders, the PSU performance measures used by the Company were modified to include three equally weighted financial measures: adjusted segment operating income margin*, net cash provided by operating activities and adjusted ROCE*. These measures were used for PSUs granted under the Omnibus Incentive Plan in FY2024 and are further described below:
PSU Performance Measures
Driver
Performance Measure
Weighting
Why this Measure is Important
Performance Assessment
Profitability
Adjusted segment operating margin*
33%
Reflects the efficiency and profitability of the Company's core operations after deducting operating expenses (excluding interest and taxes)
Measured yearly and weighted:
-1/6th year one
-1/3rd year two
-1/2 year three
Growth
Cash from operations
33%
Focuses on the cash inflows and outflows directly related to the Company's day-to-day business operations, providing a clear picture of the Company's ability to generate cash to meet its obligations
Measured as a cumulative figure over a 3-year period
Return
Adjusted ROCE*
33%
Measures the efficiency with which the Company utilizes its capital to generate profits
Measured at the end of year 3
* Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).
74 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular RSUs are awarded to executives and senior management of CAE and its subsidiaries to enhance alignment with Shareholders and support retention.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Restricted Share Units
—RSU is equal in value to one Share of CAE.
—Vesting: 3-year cliff subject to the participant’s continued employment with CAE.
NEW In FY2024, the Omnibus Incentive Plan, pursuant to which the Company may grant RSUs that may be settled in Shares issued from treasury, was approved by our Shareholders at the annual and special shareholders’ meeting held on August 9, 2023, further encouraging CAE ownership by employees. Please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Executive Compensation Programs – Long Term Incentive Program Design – Omnibus Incentive Plan.
Stock Options
—Exercise price equal to the volume weighted average trading price of the Shares on the TSX for the five (5) trading days before the date of the grant
—Option term: 7 years.
—Vesting: 25% per year starting on the first anniversary date of the grant.
NEW In FY2024, the Omnibus Incentive Plan, pursuant to which the Company may grant Stock Options settled in shares issued from treasury, was approved by our Shareholders at the annual and special shareholders’ meeting held on August 9, 2023. Awards granted under the ESOP remain outstanding and governed by the terms of the ESOP, but no new award will be granted under the ESOP. Please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Executive Compensation Programs – Long Term Incentive Program Design – Omnibus Incentive Plan.
Omnibus Incentive Plan
—Encourage greater Share ownership
—Stock Options are settled in Shares issued from treasury
—PSUs and RSUs are settled in Shares, in cash or in a combination thereof
—Provides flexibility to the Company to grant both whole Share awards, such as PSUs and RSUs as well as Stock Options
In an effort to streamline its equity-based incentive plans, to encourage greater Share ownership by employees and to foster a greater alignment between the long-term interests of the Shareholders and the interests of employees, the Board of CAE adopted on May 31, 2023 the Omnibus Incentive Plan (“Omnibus Incentive Plan”) which was approved by our Shareholders at the annual and special shareholders’ meeting held on August 9, 2023. The Omnibus Incentive Plan is a single plan that allows for different types of equity awards to be granted and to be settled through the issuance of Shares from treasury. The Omnibus Incentive Plan provides flexibility to the Company to grant both whole Share awards, such as PSUs and RSUs as well as Stock Options. The Omnibus Incentive Plan provides that Stock Options will be settled in Shares issued from treasury, while PSUs and RSUs will be settled in Shares (either issued from treasury or purchased on the open market), in cash or in a combination thereof. The Omnibus Incentive Plan does not permit Option grants to non-employee directors. In
75 | CAE INC.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular light of these features, the Omnibus Incentive Plan enhances the ability of the Company to attract, retain and reward key individuals to advance its business strategy, while promoting a greater alignment of interests with the Shareholders of the Company.
The HRC is responsible for administering and interpreting the Omnibus Incentive Plan. Under the terms of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, the HRC will, in its sole discretion, from time to time designate the executive officers and employees to whom awards shall be granted and determine, if applicable, the number of Shares to be covered by such awards and the terms and conditions of such awards.
The total number of Shares reserved for issuance under the Omnibus Incentive Plan is 10,000,000 (representing approximately 3.14% of the issued and outstanding Shares as at March 31, 2024).
The terms and conditions relating to the grants of PSUs, RSUs and Stock Options under the Omnibus Incentive Plan include the following:
Share Units
The HRC is authorized to grant PSUs and RSUs evidencing the right to receive Shares (issued from treasury or purchased on the open market), cash based on the value of a Share or a combination thereof at some future time to eligible persons under the Omnibus Incentive Plan.
RSUs generally become vested, if at all, following a period of continuous employment. PSUs are similar to RSUs, but their vesting is based on the attainment of specified performance metrics as may be determined by the HRC. The terms and conditions of grants of RSUs and PSUs, including the quantity, type of award, grant date, vesting conditions, vesting periods, settlement date and other terms and conditions with respect to these awards will be set out in the participant’s grant agreement. Subject to the achievement of the applicable vesting conditions, the payout value of a PSU or RSU will generally be determined on the settlement date using the volume weighted average price of the Shares on the TSX for the last five (5) trading days (as opposed to the market value of the Shares on the TSX for the past 20 trading days, as it is the case under the legacy PSU Plan and RSU Plan).
Stock Options
All Stock Options granted under the Omnibus Incentive Plan have an exercise price equal to the volume weighted average trading price of the Shares on the TSX for the five (5) trading days before the date of the grant. A Stock Option shall be exercisable during a period established by the HRC which shall not be more than ten (10) years from the grant of the Stock Option. The Omnibus Incentive Plan provides that the exercise period shall automatically be extended if the date on which it is scheduled to terminate shall fall during a black-out period or within nine (9) trading days following the end of a black-out period. In such cases, the extended exercise period shall terminate ten (10) trading days after the last day of the black-out period.
For detailed disclosure pertaining to the terms and conditions of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, see Appendix D titled “Summary of the Omnibus Incentive Plan”. A complete copy of the Omnibus Incentive Plan can be accessed on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca or on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.

76 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular In FY2017, CAE adopted an Executive Deferred Share Unit Plan (“Executive DSU Plan”).

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Executive Deferred Share Unit Plan
—Executive DSU Plan helps our executives build their Share ownership in CAE.
—Allows for elective deferral of STIP to DSUs.
—One DSU is equal in value to one Share of CAE.
—DSUs are only payable when the executive leaves CAE.
—Executive DSU plan is non-dilutive as all DSUs are paid out in cash.
The purpose of the plan is to attract and retain talented individuals to serve as officers and executives of the Company and to help them build their Share ownership in CAE, and to promote a greater long-term alignment of interests between the executives and the Shareholders of the Company.
Canadian and US-based executives can elect to defer a portion of or their entire short-term incentive payment to Executive DSUs annually.
Each DSU has the same value as a Share of CAE. The DSUs accrue dividend equivalents payable in additional DSUs in an amount equal to dividends paid on Shares. The DSUs are only payable when the executive leaves the Company. Upon or within a defined period following the termination of their employment, DSU holders are entitled to receive a lump sum cash payment equal to the number of DSUs credited to their account as of that date multiplied by the Fair Market Value of one (1) Share on the settlement date.

77 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Some NEOs have outstanding participation in the following long-term incentive plans, which are no longer active (no further awards are made under the plans) but have yet to be fully paid out.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Inactive Equity-Based Plans with Legacy Participants
Fiscal 2005 Deferred Share Unit Plan
In FY2005, CAE adopted a Long-Term Incentive Deferred Share Unit Plan (“LTUP”) for executives of CAE and its affiliates that, as amended from time to time, applies to all grants made thereafter. No FY2005 Long-Term Incentive Deferred Share Units (“LTUs”) have been granted by CAE since FY2014. All LTUs are fully vested for remaining plan participants, having vested in 20% increments over five (5) years, commencing one (1) year after the grant date. LTUs accrue dividend equivalents payable in additional units in amounts equal to dividends paid on Shares. LTUs are only redeemable in cash following the unit holder’s retirement or termination of employment at the market value of Shares on the TSX on the settlement date.
Fiscal 2004 Deferred Share Unit Plan
In FY2004, CAE adopted a Long-Term Incentive Deferred Share Unit Plan (“FY2004 LTUP”) for executives of CAE and its affiliates to partially replace the grant of options under CAE’s ESOP. No FY2004 Long-Term Incentive Deferred Share Units (“FY2004 LTUs”) have been granted by CAE since FY2004. All FY2004 LTUs are fully vested for remaining plan participants, having vested in 25% increments over four (4) years, commencing one (1) year after the grant date. FY2004 LTUs accrue dividend equivalents payable in additional units in amounts equal to dividends paid on Shares. FY2004 LTUs are only redeemable in cash following the unit holder’s retirement or termination of employment at the market value of Shares on the TSX on the settlement date.
Fiscal 2015 Performance Share Unit Plan
In FY2015, CAE adopted a Performance Share Unit Plan (“PSU Plan”) for executives and senior management of CAE and its subsidiaries. Under the PSU Plan, a PSU has the same value as a Share of CAE. PSUs vest three years from the grant date, provided that the participant is employed by the Company on the vesting date and the performance targets are achieved.
PSUs granted under the PSU Plan are redeemed at the average fair market value of the Shares on the TSX for the 20 trading days preceding the final vesting date of the grant, Qualifying Event date or such other date as may be determined by the Human Resource Committee from time to time.
The PSU Plan is an unfunded plan and non-dilutive as all vested PSUs are paid out in cash. Therefore, no disclosure of the annual burn rate is provided. Awards granted under the PSU plan remain outstanding and governed by the terms of the PSU Plan, but no new awards will be granted under the PSU Plan. For details concerning the treatment of PSUs following executive termination, resignation, retirement and Change of Control, please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation - Compensation of our Named Executive Officers – Termination and Change of Control Benefits.
Fiscal 2015 time-based Restricted Share Unit Plan
In FY2015, CAE adopted a time-based Restricted Share Unit Plan (“RSU Plan”) for executives and senior management of CAE and its subsidiaries. Under the RSU Plan, an RSU has the same value as a Share of CAE. RSUs are granted for a three-year period and vest on the third anniversary of the grant if the participant remains employed with CAE until that time. Vested RSUs are redeemed at the average fair market value of the Shares on the TSX for the 20 trading days preceding the final vesting date of the grant, Qualifying Event date or such other date as may be determined by the HRC from time to time.
The RSU Plan is an unfunded plan and non-dilutive as all vested RSUs are paid out in cash. Therefore, no disclosure of the annual burn rate is provided. Awards granted under the RSU Plan remain outstanding and governed by the terms of the RSU Plan, but no new awards will be granted under the RSU Plan. For details concerning the treatment of RSUs following executive termination, resignation, retirement and Change of Control, please refer to Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation of our Named Executive Officers – Termination and Change of Control Benefits.

78 | CAE INC.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Employee Stock Option Plan
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular CAE adopted the Amended and Restated Employee Stock Option Plan (“ESOP”), to provide key employees of CAE with an opportunity to purchase Shares and to benefit from the related Share price appreciation, closely aligning the interests of employees with those of Shareholders. Stock Options increase the ability of CAE to attract, retain and reward individuals with exceptional skills.
Stock Options have value only to the extent the Share price increases, so provide a transparent long-term incentive vehicle that directly aligns executives with Shareholder interests in Share price growth over the long-term. CAE’s Stock Options vest 25% per year have a term of seven years, to reward long term Share price growth.
The HRC establishes rules and guidelines for the administration of the ESOP, selects the employees to whom awards are granted and the number of Shares covered by such awards, sets the terms and conditions of awards and cancels, suspends and amends awards. The HRC has the sole discretion to make determinations under, and to interpret, the ESOP.
The ESOP permits, at the discretion of the HRC, the surrender and cancellation without re-issue of an in-the-money Stock Option for cash equal to the fair market value of the Share underlying the Stock option less the Option exercise price, in lieu of the Share itself (the fair market value of a Share is the closing price of a Share on the TSX on the trading day on which the election is made).
For detailed disclosure of the terms and conditions of the ESOP, see Appendix C titled “Summary of the Employee Stock Option Plan”. A complete copy of the ESOP can be accessed on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca or on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under the Equity Compensation Plans
The following table provides information as at March 31, 2024 on the Company’s compensation plans under which equity securities of the Company are authorized for issuance.
Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
(#)
A
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights ($)
B
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column A)
(#)
C
Equity compensation plans approved by securityholders
Employee Stock Option Plan (“ESOP”) 5,751,636 27.01 0
Omnibus Incentive Plan1
1,779,993 28.66 8,220,007
Equity compensation plans not approved by securityholders
- - -
Total 7,531,629 - 8,220,007
1.Under the terms of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, the Company has the option to settle Stock Options in Shares issued from treasury and PSUs and RSUs in Shares (either issued from treasury or purchased on the open market), in cash or in a combination thereof.

The following table details the annual burn rate (i.e., the ratio of securities granted vs CAE’s issued and outstanding Shares) for each of the three most recently completed fiscal years

2024
2023
2022
Employee Stock Option Plan (“ESOP”) 0.0% 0.20% 0.23%
Omnibus Incentive Plan1
0.56% - -
1.The burn rate assumes that PSUs will vest based on a performance multiplier of 100%. If we assume that the PSUs will vest based on our maximum performance multiplier of 200%, the burn rate would increase to 0.84%. The burn rate also assumes that all awards will be settled in Shares issued from treasury. However, under the terms of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, CAE has the option to settle PSUs and RSUs through purchases on the open market or in cash.
79 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular This burn rate indicates the number of Stock Options, PSUs and RSUs granted in each year as a percentage of the weighted average number of securities outstanding in the applicable fiscal year.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
CAE has monitored its long-term dilution by limiting the equity compensation to reasonable awards under its equity programs.
Plan
Plan Maximum1
Outstanding Securities Awarded2
Remaining Securities Available for Grant3
Employee Stock Option Plan (“ESOP”)4
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Omnibus Incentive Plan 10,000,000 (3.14%)
1,779,993 (0.56%)
8,220,007 (2.58%)
1.The maximum number of securities issuable under each equity compensation plan expressed as a fixed number (together with the percentage this number represents relative to the weighted average number of issued and outstanding Shares as of March 31, 2024).
2.The number of outstanding share-settled securities awarded under each equity compensation plan as of March 31, 2024 (together with the percentage this number represents relative to the weighted average number of issued and outstanding Shares as of the same date).
3.The number of securities under each equity compensation plan that are available for grant as of March 31, 2024 (together with the percentage this number represents relative to the weighted average number of issued and outstanding Shares as of the same date).
4.Following approval of the Omnibus Incentive Plan in 2023, no grants were made under the Employee Stock Options plan.


80 | CAE INC.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Pension, Benefits and Perquisites
—Promote long-term employment with the Company.
—Pensions payable under the Supplementary Pension Plan are conditional upon compliance with non-competition and non-solicitation clauses.
—No extra years of service are generally granted under the pension plans.
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Eligible employees participate in the Retirement Plan for Employees of CAE Inc. and associated companies. Executives at a vice president level and higher participate in the Pension Plan for Designated Executive Employees of CAE Inc. and associated companies (the “Designated Pension Plan”), and in the Supplementary Pension Plan of CAE Inc. and associated companies (the “Supplementary Pension Plan”). The Designated Pension Plan is a defined benefit plan to which CAE and participants contribute.
Pensions payable under the Supplementary Pension Plan are paid directly by CAE. See Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation of our Named Executive Officers – Pension Arrangements” for details about the value of the accrued benefit to each of the NEOs. Except as discussed in “Change in Control Contracts” below, CAE does not grant extra years of credited service under its pension plans. Receipt of pension benefits under the Supplementary Pension Plan is conditional upon compliance with non-competition and non-solicitation clauses.

81 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Under the CAE Employee Stock Purchase Plan, employees may make contributions towards the purchase of Shares of up to 18% of their annual base salary.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Provide employees with a Share ownership building vehicle and a savings vehicle beyond the pension plan.
Under the plan, CAE contributes $1 for every $2 of employee contributions, to a maximum contribution of 3% of the participant’s annual base salary.
Change in Control Contracts
All NEOs are entitled to termination of employment benefits following a Change of Control of CAE if the executive’s employment is terminated without cause within two years following the Change of Control. This is to safeguard the Company’s normal course of business in case of Change of Control. See Section 7 – Executive Compensation - Compensation of our Named Executive Officers – Termination and Change of Control Benefits for a summary of the impact of various events on the different compensation programs for the NEOs and details about the approximate incremental value that could be realized by a NEO following termination or a Change of Control event.
Perquisites
Flexible perquisites provide executives with a cash allowance to cover certain expenses such as vehicle expenses, and health and well-being. Such allowance is typical for senior executive positions and is capped at predetermined levels by position.

82 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Our disappointing FY2024 financial performance produced overall consolidated EPS results that were below performance targets.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
FY2024 Compensation Outcome
The lower Adjusted EPS* and Adjusted Order Intake results had a significant impact on both our FY2024 STIP and LTIP incentive plan payout levels. The results of our FY2024 incentive plans are as follows: 4% payout for the STIP CAE performance multiplier and 43% payout for the PSU performance multiplier. These incentive plan outcomes reflect CAE’s financial performance against pre-established targets, specifically below plan performance of our EPS results in FY2024 and demonstrate the strong alignment between performance and incentive plan outcomes.
Base salaries
The salaries of the President and CEO and other NEOs are determined in accordance with CAE’s compensation philosophy and policy, and are reviewed and approved, in the case of the President and CEO, annually by the independent members of the Board of Directors. The HRC reviews benchmark data to ensure that the President and CEO’s and his direct reports’ total direct compensation (base salary, short-term and long-term incentives) are in line with CAE’s compensation philosophy. The changes to base salary are market competitive, based on benchmarking relative to our compensation peer group and reflect individual performance, experience and retention considerations of our executives. The salary increases below were determined at the start of FY2024 and were based on benchmarking conducted by the Committee’s independent compensation advisor.
The table below outlines base salaries of all NEOs:
NEO
FY2023 Base Salary1 ($)
FY2024 Base Salary1 ($)
Increase
Marc Parent
1,260,000
1,323,000
5%
Sonya Branco
565,950
594,250
5%
Carter Copeland
675,000
708,750
5%
Abha Dogra
675,000
708,750
5%
Nick Leontidis
567,600
595,980
5%
1.For Ms. Dogra and Mr. Copeland, the base salary was converted to Canadian dollars using the FY2024 average exchange rate of 1.35.


83 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 75% of short-term incentive awards for the President and CEO and other NEOs is based on the achievement of CAE performance measures, namely adjusted EPS*, revenue and adjusted order intake*.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Short Term Incentive Plan
Corporate Performance
Details on these measures are described under Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Executive Compensation Programs – Annual Incentive Program Design.
The table below illustrates the respective weights given to each FY2024 CAE corporate performance measure, as well as the actual results and related payout levels.
Performance Measure1
Threshold (0%)
Target (100%)2
Maximum (200%)
Actual Performance3
Weighting
Score
Adjusted EPS*
$0.90
$1.05
$1.20
$0.85
60%
0%
Revenue
$4,934M
$5,194M
$5,454M
$4,993M
20%
22%
Adjusted order intake*
$5,068M
$5,391M
$5,715M
$5,054M
20%
0%
STIP Payout





4%
1.If the adjusted EPS* target is not met, the corporate performance multiplier is capped at 100%.
2.Targets were adjusted to exclude the impact of CAE Healthcare financial contributions starting in Q4 FY2024, aligned with the Healthcare business unit divestment timeline.
3.For incentive plans purposes, adjusted EPS* and revenue are normalized for foreign exchange. In addition, revenue includes proportionate revenue generated by Joint Ventures. The numbers presented in this column reflect such adjustments. Actual results before these adjustments are as follow: $0.87 for adjusted EPS and $4,283M for revenue.

The remaining 25% of the NEOs’ annual incentive is awarded based on pre-determined operational and financial measures specific to each executive. As with other performance measures, individual performance is assessed between 0% to 200%. For FY2024, the individual performance factor for NEOs varied between 50% and 200%. The HRC determined the President and CEO’s individual performance factor to be 50% which was recommended to and approved by the Board. The HRC reviewed and approved the President and CEO’s recommendations on the individual performance factors for his direct reports following a detailed discussion about corporate and individual performance (see Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Determination of NEOs Individual Performance).
In assessing the individual performance factor for the CEO, the HRC assesses the CEO’s performance relative to specific financial and operational CEO performance goals that are set at the start of the fiscal year. The specific targets for these goals are not disclosed as they include competitively sensitive information. However, the achievements relevant to the HRC’s consideration and assessment are listed below in Section 7. There were 12 specific categories of objectives for the CEO for FY2024, including but not limited to: growth, orders, profitability, cash generation, sustainability, talent, high-tech evolution and innovation. Mr. Parent’s performance relative to the established goals resulted in an individual performance assessment of 50%. This resulted in an overall short-term incentive payout factor of 16% of target for the CEO, which reflects an approximate $1.1M reduction in short-term incentive compensation relative to FY2023, aligned with the HRC’s assessment of CAE’s financial and operational performance.

* Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).

84 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The table below shows the calculation of the FY2024 STIP payout to each NEO:

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Individual Payout
NEO
Year-end Base Salary1
X
Target STIP
(% of base salary)
X
(
Corporate Performance Factor (75%)
+
Individual Performance Factor (25%)
)
=
2024 STIP
Payout ($)
Marc Parent
$1,323,000
X
125%
X
(
4%
+
50%
)
=
256,331
Sonya Branco
$594,250
X
75%
X
(
4%
+
50%
)
=
69,082
Carter Copeland
$708,750
X
75%
X
(
4%
+
200%
)
=
281,729
Abha Dogra
$708,750
X
55%
X
(
4%
+
170%
)
=
177,364
Nick Leontidis
$595,980
X
75%
X
(
4%
+
180%
)
=
214,553
1.Annual base salary as of March 31, 2024. For Ms. Dogra and Mr. Copeland, the base salary was converted to Canadian dollars using the FY2024 average exchange rate of 1.35.

85 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The table below sets out the LTIP ranges and actual awards to the NEOs granted in fiscal year 2024:

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Long Term Incentive Plan
FY2024 LTIP - Awards Granted in June 2023
NEOs
FY2024
LTIP award (% of base salary)
Salary at time of grant ($)5
FY2024
LTIP award Value ($)
Weighting4
PSUs (60%)1, 4
RSUs (20%)2,4
Stock Options (20%)3
($)
(#)
($)
(#)
($)
(#)
Marc Parent
485%
1,323,000
6,416,550
3,849,930
134,378
1,283,310
44,793
1,283,310
127,060
Sonya Branco
175%
594,250
1,039,938
623,963
21,779
207,988
7,260
207,988
20,593
Carter Copeland
150%
700,403
1,050,604
630,362
22,002
210,121
7,334
210,121
20,804
Abha Dogra
165%
700,403
1,155,664
693,398
24,202
231,133
8,067
231,133
22,884
Nick Leontidis
250%
595,980
1,489,950
893,970
31,203
297,990
10,401
297,990
29,504
1.PSU awards under the Omnibus Plan (see Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Omnibus Incentive Plan for details). Under this plan, the granted units may vest in June 2026, subject to CAE’s performance compared to payout grids approved by the HRC and the participant’s continued employment with CAE. Depending on the overall performance each year during the performance period, the target rate of granted units will be multiplied by a factor ranging from 0% to 200%. Vested PSUs will be settled in Shares (either issued from treasury or purchased on the open market), in cash or in a combination thereof.
2.RSU awards under the Omnibus Plan (see Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Omnibus Incentive Plan for details). Under this plan, 100% of the granted units will vest in June 2026, subject to the participant’s continued employment with CAE. Vested RSUs will be settled in Shares (either issued from treasury or purchased on the open market), in cash or in a combination thereof.
3.Stock options awards under the Omnibus Plan (see Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Omnibus Incentive Plan for details). Under this plan options are granted with an exercise price equal to the weighted average price per Share on the TSX on the five trading days immediately preceding the grant date. At each of the first four anniversaries of the grant, 25% of the award vests and becomes exercisable. Strike price for FY2024 stock options is $28.65.
4.The grant price on grant date is $28.65, representing the weighted average price of the Shares on the TSX on the five trading days immediately preceding the grant date.
5.Annual base salary at time of grant (June 2023). For Mr. Copeland and Ms. Dogra, the base salary was converted to Canadian dollars using a conversion exchange rate of 1.33 on grant date.

86 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The below table presents the PSU performance and related payout details of the fiscal year covered in this disclosure.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
FY2022 PSU (Performance Period Ending on March 31, 2024)
The vesting of the PSUs granted in FY2022 was tied to the performance of two financial metrics, adjusted EPS and revenue (calculated as the sum of CAE consolidated revenues and revenues from joint ventures, irrespective of CAE’s interest in such joint ventures), weighted 75% and 25%, respectively. Three-year financial targets were determined on the basis of the strategic plan approved by the Board of Directors and payout grids were set for each metric and approved by the HRC. For each metric, the target rate of granted units is multiplied by a factor ranging from 0% to 250%. The overall payout multiplier continues to range from 0% to 200%. In accordance with the terms of the FY2022 PSU Plan, the HRC reviewed CAE’s adjusted EPS* and revenue performance for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, and approved the following results for PSUs granted in FY2022:

Threshold
(0%)
Target
(100%)
Maximum (250%)
Actual Performance
Weighting
Score
Adjusted EPS* - FY2022
$0.67
$0.80
$1.03
$0.84
1/6
140%
Adjusted EPS* - FY2023
$1.12
$1.25
$1.48
$0.87
1/3
0%
Adjusted EPS* - FY2024
$1.24
$1.371
$1.60
$0.87
1/2
0%
FY2022 Adjusted EPS* Multiplier





23%
1.FY2024 target was adjusted to exclude the impact of CAE Healthcare financial contributions starting in Q4 FY2024, aligned with the Healthcare business unit divestment timeline.


Threshold
(0%)
Target
(100%)
Maximum (250%)
Actual Performance2
Weighting
Payout Level
Revenue - FY2022
$3,340
$4,175
$5,427
$3,821
1/6
58%
Revenue - FY2023
$3,708
$4,634
$6,023
$4,788
1/3
117%
Revenue - FY2024
$3,959
$5,0011
$6,564
$5,109
1/2
110%
FY2022 Revenue Multiplier





104%
1.Target was adjusted to exclude the impact of CAE Healthcare financial contributions starting in Q4 FY2024, aligned with the Healthcare business unit divestment timeline.
2.For incentive plans purposes, revenue includes proportionate revenue generated by Joint Ventures, and the numbers presented in this column reflect such adjustments. Actual revenue before these adjustments was $3,371M for FY2022, $4,203M for FY2023 and $4,283M for FY2024.

The Committee considered that the overall performance multiplier of 43% of target for FY2022 PSU with the resulting 3-year performance period ending on March 31, 2024 appropriately linked compensation outcomes with CAE’s performance.


* Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B)


87 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The below table shows for each eligible NEO the payout value of FY2022 PSU grants with the resulting 3-year performance period ending March 31, 2024.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
The actual amounts paid out to each eligible NEO in June 2024 for PSUs granted in FY2022 are as follow:
NEO
FY2022
PSUs award
(# of units)
X
FY2022 PSUs
Performance Factor (%)
X
Market Share Price ($)
=
PSU Value3 ($)
Marc Parent
65,190
X
43%
X
27.21
=
762,743
Sonya Branco
18,300
X
43%
X
27.21
=
214,115
Carter Copeland1
7,220
X
43%
X
27.97
=
86,836
Abha Dogra2
-
X
-
X
-
=
-
Nick Leontidis
18,360
X
43%
X
27.21
=
214,818
1.Mr. Copeland joined CAE on August 23, 2021 and received a one-time special LTIP grant on the first of the following month. Numbers presented in this table are based on equity valued as at March 31, 2024 close stock price ($27.97). The actual payout after vesting will be calculated using the average fair market value of the Shares on the TSX for the 20 trading days preceding the final vesting date of the grant.
2.Ms. Dogra was hired during FY2023, therefore no grant was allocated to her during FY2022.
3.PSUs were redeemed using the average fair market value of the Shares on the TSX for the 20 trading days preceding the final vesting date of the grant ($27.21).


88 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Determination of NEOs’ Individual Performance

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
image_3.jpgMarc Parent
President and Chief Executive Officer
Marc Parent has been President and CEO of CAE Inc. since 2009. Prior to that, he held several leadership positions since joining CAE in 2005, including Group President, Simulation Products and Military Training & Services, and Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. He has 40 years of experience in the aerospace industry, having previously held positions with Canadair and Bombardier Aerospace in Canada and the United States.
Mr. Parent has been honoured with many awards. In 1999, he was named one of Canada's Top 40 under 40 Leaders. In 2011, he was named Canadian Defence Review's Defence Executive of the year (which he won again in 2020). He was named CEO of the Year by Les Affaires newspaper in 2018. In 2019, he received the Aerospace Industries Association of Canada’s James C. Floyd Award. In 2020, Mr. Parent was granted the Order of Canada. In 2021, he was awarded the Prix Prospère by the Conseil du patronat du Québec and inducted into Canada’s Aviation Hall of Fame. In 2022, Mr. Parent was named Industry Leader of the Year by the Living Legends of Aviation, inducted into Québec’s Air and Space Hall of Fame, named a Knight of the Ordre national du Québec, and awarded Aviation Week’s Philip J. Klass Award for Lifetime Achievement. And in January 2024, he was inducted as a Living Legend of Aviation, a group of 100 remarkable people of extraordinary accomplishment in aviation.
Mr. Parent is a graduate of mechanical engineering from Montreal’s École Polytechnique and of the Harvard Business School’s Advanced Management Program. He was awarded an Honourary Doctorate by École Polytechnique, and is an active pilot holding an Airline Transport Pilot Licence from Transport Canada.
Main targets and objectives for FY2024 and related results of Marc Parent, the President and CEO, are set out below. As previously discussed, this section paints a portrait of the major achievements of each NEO for FY2024. These were the main key performance indicators (KPIs) in determining the individual performance multiplier applicable to their annual incentive awards.
FY2024 Goals
Growth: Deliver on growth objectives to drive business expansion in this and future fiscal years, with a particular emphasis on risk-adjusted growth and long-term visibility.
Orders: Continue to build backlog in growing markets, leveraging market leadership positions to further expand market share.
Expand profitability and generate cash: Further expand margins in all business segments and convert free cash flow in excess of 100%.
Deleveraging: Reduce overall leverage ratios while continuing to invest in core markets, aided where applicable by portfolio shaping efforts.
Innovation: Continue to develop and deploy industry-leading technology solutions to enhance competitiveness.
Strengthen OEM and regulatory relationships: Continue to expand partnerships and relationships with key industry stakeholders, notably OEMs and regulators, to advance CAE technologies for the benefit of safety and mission readiness.
Sustainability: Continue to foster a culture of diversity and inclusivity. Additionally, expand leadership in carbon reduction efforts through focused initiatives.


FY2024 Achievements
Growth: Achieved revenues of $4.3 billion in FY2024, equating to ~7% growth year-over-year. Additionally, adjusted book-to-sales ratio* for the year was ~1.15x, consistent with full year targets and signaling a continuation of the Company’s strong growth profile in the future. Additionally, successfully expanded CAE’s training solutions footprint to include Air Traffic Control (ATC) with a long-term service agreement with NAV CANADA.
Expand profitability and generate cash: Continued to expand Civil adjusted segment operating income margin* to 22.5% for the year, finishing Q4 at a record level of 27.3%, driven by higher utilization in our training network and ongoing cost discipline. D&S profit contracted sharply during the year, largely reflecting the acceleration of risk recognition on Legacy Contracts. Additionally, CAE generated free cash flow of $418.2 million, representing approximately 26% growth for the year.
Deleveraging: Aided by the divestiture of CAE Healthcare during the year, we continued to deliver CAE’s balance sheet, consistent with our commitments to achieve a sub 3.0x Net Debt/EBITDA ratio* during the fiscal year. Adjusted for Q4 non-cash items, we finished the year at 3.17x, vs 3.49x at the end of FY2023.
Innovation: Further expanded CAE’s technology leadership in core markets with the introduction of numerous new technologies and the expansion of existing industry-leading solutions. Most notably, CAE was the first company in the world to achieve Level-D certification with the world’s first gaming-engine-based visualization system for simulation, CAE Prodigy.
Additionally, CAE’s E-Series MR Visual System was awarded the prestigious Edison Award for excellence in innovation. And finally, CAE’s industry-leading CAE Rise™ training system continued to expand objective training capability across core markets.
Strengthen OEM and regulatory relationships: During FY2024, we made significant strides in strengthening our relationships with partner OEMs and regulatory stakeholders around the world. Our landmark agreement to become The Boeing Company’s authorized training partner for their CBTA training curriculum, as well as the expansion of our ECTS joint venture with Embraer served as meaningful catalysts for our future during FY2024. Similarly, countless partnerships like those with Bell Helicopter on the US Army’s FLRAA program, and our position with General Atomics on Canada’s RPAS program demonstrate our continued momentum as the industry’s training partner of choice. We continue to collaborate with leading regulatory bodies to define the future of training through the application of new technologies, and we remain committed to the impact such collaboration can and will have on safety.
Sustainability: Continued to make meaningful strides in our diversity initiatives, expanding leadership diversity to 32.7% of our senior staff members, as well as 36% of executive officers. We were once again named one of Canada’s top 100 employers for diversity. Additionally, we successfully advanced our carbon reduction efforts with the submission of targets to the Science-Based Targets Initiative (SBTi) and we were recognized for our leadership with a bronze rating from Ecovadis and our inclusion in the S&P Global Sustainability index for 2024.
* Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).
89 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
image_189.jpgSonya Branco
Executive Vice President,
Finance and Chief Financial Officer
Sonya Branco was appointed Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer at CAE in May 2016. In this role, she has global responsibility for the company’s finance and procurement activities. She oversees the financial operations of CAE’s in approximately 250 sites and training locations in over 40 countries, as well as the financial reporting, treasury, global taxation, mergers & acquisitions, structured financing functions and global strategic sourcing.
Ms. Branco has more than 20 years' experience as a financial officer. She joined CAE in 2008 and was appointed to the role of CAE’s Vice President and Corporate Controller in 2011. Her diverse background includes valuable experience in public accounting and financial reporting, strategic planning and mergers and acquisitions.
In her capacity as Corporate Controller, Ms. Branco oversaw all of CAE’s external financial information from subsidiaries and joint ventures globally. Over the past years, Ms. Branco’s role expanded from the financial reporting Controller role to a broader strategic and operational scope in the organization.
Prior to joining CAE, Ms. Branco worked at BCE in Mergers & Acquisitions and at PricewaterhouseCoopers, where she practiced in Audit and Advisory services.
Ms. Branco is a certified professional accountant and she holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Concordia University and a Master’s degree in Business Administration from McGill University’s Desautels Faculty of Management.
Ms. Branco has received numerous awards and is a Gold Medalist of the Ordre des comptables agréés du Québec. She was named one of Canada’s Top 100 Most Powerful Women in 2020 by Women’s Executive Network.
FY2024 Goals
Growth and profitability: Achieve financial targets set for the Company and working with Business Unit leaders to deliver on growth objectives
Cash generation: Achieve increased cash flow generation and cash flow efficiency.
Deleveraging and Financing Strategy: Deleveraging to reinforce balance sheet resilience and execute on financing strategy
Capital allocation and portfolio shaping: Reinforce capital allocation with focused capital deployment and leading portfolio shaping initiatives.
Strategic sourcing strategy: Deliver strategic sourcing strategy and execution to deliver savings, improved supply chain and procurement risk management.
Sustainability: Continue to foster a culture of diversity and inclusivity. Additionally, expand leadership in carbon reduction efforts through focused initiatives.


FY2024 Achievements
Ms. Branco continued to provide strong financial stewardship to CAE in FY2024, managing through several fiscal challenges. Achieved revenues of $4.3 billion in FY2024, equating to ~7% growth year-over-year. Additionally, adjusted book-to-sales ratio* for the year was 1.15x. Continued to expand Civil adjusted segment operating income margin* to 22.5% for the year, finishing Q4 at a record level of 27.3%, driven by higher utilization in our training network and ongoing cost discipline. D&S profit contracted sharply during the year, largely reflecting the acceleration of risk recognition on Legacy Contracts.
Ms. Branco led the focus on cash generation with disciplined capital deployment and delivery of increased efficiency of non-cash working capital resulting in free cash flow* generation of $418.2 million, a 26% increase over the previous year, for an annual cash conversion rate* of 151%. Also successfully increased efficiency in key metrics like days sales outstanding as well as strategic cash repatriation measures.
Aided by the divestiture of CAE Healthcare during the year, by effective cash generation and management, Ms. Branco continued to deliver CAE’s balance sheet, consistent with our commitments to achieve a sub 3.0x Net Debt/EBITDA ratio* during the fiscal year. Net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA* finished the year at 3.17x, vs 3.49x at the end of FY2023.
Ms. Branco led the successful inaugural public debt issuance, which was well received and broadly distributed with investors, establishing a new source of long-term financing for the Company and reducing financing costs. In addition, led the closing of annuity purchases representing significant balance sheet de-risking for the Company and cost savings.
Executed on the divestiture process for CAE’s Healthcare business, crystalizing an enterprise value of $311M, and the subsequent restructuring program to optimize organizational costs. Additionally, as part of the ongoing strategic evaluation of the CAE portfolio, also oversaw the sale of additional smaller assets and the wind down of CAE’s Presagis business and other HC-related business ventures.
Ms. Branco delivered significant procurement value in the direct, indirect and real estate procurement spaces, through advisory services, innovative commercial expertise and strategic business solutions that helped our internal stakeholders achieve their desired business outcomes and created strategic value to the Company. These include the successful navigation through a volatile supply chain to deliver support and value for on-time delivery for the Civil Aviation operations and successful delivery of training centers for continued growth of the business units. Ms. Branco continued to drive digital transformation globally, leveraging data for increased visibility and efficiencies.
Ms. Branco achieved increased DE&I representation within her teams and established effective governance and reporting practices in support of CAE’s 5-year ESG roadmap.
In addition, Ms. Branco led the sustainability and long-term supply chain strategy through an engagement with Ecovadis to measure Supplier Sustainability performance and membership to the International Aerospace Environment Group (IAEG), to harmonize Sustainability expectations for suppliers from the largest aerospace and defence companies. For a second year, CAE held a Supplier Forum themed “Resilient Together”, envisioning a change in the supply chain to foster a sustainable future through innovation, transparency, and collaboration. We also shared our SBTi targets for carbon reduction and rolled out our Supplier recognition program.
* Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B).
90 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
image_191.jpgCarter Copeland
Senior Vice President, Global Strategy
Carter Copeland was appointed CAE’s Senior Vice President, Global Strategy, in August 2021. He is responsible for cultivating strategic plans aimed at driving growth in key areas, as well as optimizing organizational performance. He works in partnership with CAE’s Executive Management Committee, with a particular focus on the company’s growth agenda, as well as areas of resource allocation and organizational design. In June 2022, Mr. Copeland took over the responsibility of CAE Healthcare business in addition to his Global Strategy position. Additionally, he has responsibility for the ongoing evaluation of CAE’s business portfolio and he plays a crucial role in the CAE technology transformation.
Prior to joining CAE, Mr. Copeland served as the President and co- founder of Melius Research, an independent research, consulting, and data analytics firm focused both on traditional industrial firms as well as emerging industrial technology companies.
Before co-founding Melius, Mr. Copeland was Managing Director and Senior Analyst covering the Global Aerospace and Defense sector for Barclays PLC. Prior to Barclays, he held various roles of increasing responsibility in the aerospace and defence research practice at Lehman Brothers.
Before beginning his career on Wall Street, Mr. Copeland served on the staff of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., aiding in monetary policy work and conducting corporate finance research.
Mr. Copeland graduated with honours from the University of Alabama, with a degree in Economics. He also holds an MBA from Washington University in St. Louis, where he was a recipient of the prestigious Wood Fellowship. He is a Chartered Financial Analyst and formerly served as a member of the Corporate Leaders program on the Council of Foreign Relations.
Mr. Copeland is a co-author of the book Lessons from the Titans.
FY2024 Goals
Set corporate strategic planning, manage oversight, and lead associated process management
Oversight of CAE’s Healthcare business unit at the Executive Management Committee level
Evaluation of CAE’s strategic capital deployment plans and portfolio shaping activities
Co-lead efforts on cross-business unit performance evaluation and associated strategic alternatives, as well as benchmarking and risk-adjusted returns assessments
Broaden CAE strategic partnerships across the Aerospace & Defence ecosystem

 


FY2024 Achievements
Continued to set the strategic vision for the Company, with a focus on maintaining market leadership, expanding CAE’s competitive position and supporting technology advancement. Through the oversight of integrated objective setting and the rollout of rigorous government frameworks, provided critical partnership with Company leaders to drive greater alignment and analytical rigor across the enterprise.
Led the divestiture process for CAE’s Healthcare business, crystalizing an enterprise value of $311M, subject to customary adjustments. Before that, he oversaw continued operational momentum in CAE’s Healthcare business, most notably on sustained improvements in gross margin performance and cash conversion. Additionally, as part of the ongoing strategic evaluation of all elements of the CAE portfolio, he oversaw the sale of additional smaller assets and the wind down of CAE’s Presagis business.
Along with the leadership of the D&S business, he led additional detailed analyses of the ongoing risk profile of the D&S program portfolio to provide insights on current and future risk identification and associated risk mitigation efforts. In particular, he oversaw analysis of the risks associated with CAE’s Legacy Contracts, along with related risk mitigation efforts.
In his Global Strategy function, he conducted numerous analyses in support of strategic mapping, operational excellence, and portfolio shaping/M&A. Principal among this work was a partnership with CAE’s Civil Flight Operations Solutions software business to shape future growth, profitability, and organizational structure.
Continued to support advancement of the Company’s carbon reduction efforts, through the evaluation of revised frameworks and methodologies to focus the organization on optimizing its carbon footprint and associated capital deployment and efficiency efforts.


91 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
image_192.jpgAbha Dogra
Chief Technology and Product Officer
Abha Dogra joined CAE in September 2022 and is currently Chief Technology and Product Officer (CTPO), and a member of CAE’s Executive Management Committee (EMC). She leads CAE’s global technology and product management teams by helping shape the company’s broader strategic direction to maximize business growth, while overseeing the development of CAE’s digital and technology roadmap.
In her role, Ms. Dogra champions innovative thinking across CAE and within our customer and supplier ecosystem while being responsible for the growth of IT, engineering, and digital talent within the company. She also supports all global business operations, strategies, and optimization of investments to ensure the company’s continued market leadership role.
Ms. Dogra is a senior executive with over 20 years of experience in the technology industry, driving commercial and non-commercial software products strategy and development. She has worked with Fortune 500 companies to develop high-density skilled teams across different geographies to benefit from diversity of thoughts in problem solving. Prior to CAE, she held a dual role at Schneider Electric as their North America Chief Information Officer and the SVP of Global Digital Technology. Throughout her diverse career, she has worked as a senior technologist in different areas, including Industrial Vertical at PTC, Security & Content Delivery Network (CDN) at Akamai, Information Storage at Iron Mountain, and Human Capital Management Solutions at ADP.
Ms. Dogra holds a Master’s in Computer Science from Boston University and a Master’s in Business Administration with majors in Finance and International Trade from NMIMS in India.
FY2024 Goals
Digitization of Civil Aviation and Defense & Security Training business operations for enhanced customer experience
Advance technology and innovation objectives in current and future markets
Digital transformation of critical business processes for efficiency
Establish clear AI & analytics strategy
Enhance sustainability metrics, including increasing the number of diverse leaders by a minimum of 10% and reduction of carbon emission through Green IT initiatives


FY2024 Achievements
Established a 3-year strategic plan driven by 3 Pillars -People, Process and Products and successfully executed the first year of the plan, while creating the foundation for CAE’s future digital vision.
Generated efficiencies by creating a Unified global technology & Product Management function integrating Defense & Security and establishing a common culture and operating model aligned with the People strategy.
Deployed a global strategy for tech Hubs gaining efficiencies while leveraging talent globally. Upskilled the Global Technology and Products leadership team, notably with the hiring of a Chief Information Security Officer and a Global Product Management Leader.
Reduced technical debt by implementing a ‘Platform & Product’ approach and established governance of digital and software asset purchases.
Released the first ever Level-D certified gaming engine based visual system (Prodigy), 15 insights to provide evidence-based training to pilots for increasing safety & competency through the CAE Rise™ platform and first version of CAE’s training digital platform called CAE Connect to create seamless experience for customers & employees.
Improved CAE breach readiness to align with industry standard with 24X7 monitoring.


92 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
image_193.jpgNick Leontidis
Group President, Civil Aviation1
Nick Leontidis was appointed CAE’s Group President, Civil Aviation, in June 2013. In this position, he is responsible for CAE’s Civil business, which comprises the world’s largest civil aviation training network, and provides comprehensive training solutions for pilots, cabin crew, maintenance technicians and ground personnel, in commercial, business aviation, helicopter, and the emerging eVTOL markets.
Prior to his appointment as Group President, Mr. Leontidis served as CAE’s Executive Vice President, Strategy and Business Development for more than four years. During this time, he played an important leadership role, responsible for CAE’s overall corporate strategy, overseeing all mergers and acquisitions activities and the creation of the New Core Markets segment businesses.
Mr. Leontidis joined CAE as a software engineer in 1988, and was promoted to Vice President of the Visuals Systems group in 1999. From 2001 to 2009 he held a series of executive positions of increasing responsibility in the Civil business unit, where he was instrumental in the creation and growth of the training and services business. His positions included Vice President, Sales and Marketing; Executive Vice President, Simulation Products; Executive Vice President, Civil Aviation Training and Equipment; and finally Executive Vice President, Customers, where he was responsible for sales, marketing, business development, strategic planning, program management and customer services functions across the Civil Simulation and Training business unit.
Mr. Leontidis holds Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Engineering from Concordia University
FY2024 Goals
Achieve financial targets set for the Civil Aviation business unit
Execute integration of Sabre’s AirCentre. Achieve financial and customer renewal objectives
Further expand the Civil Training business’s global footprint to enhance customer experience
Continue to advance our technology and innovation objectives in current and future markets
Capture growth through commercial airline outsourcing
Enhance sustainability metrics, including increasing the number of diverse leaders by a minimum of 10% and ensuring no less than 30% of identified high-potentials are diverse candidates


FY2024 Achievements
With the Civil leadership team, accomplished exceptional performance, inclusive of an adjusted segment operating income* of $548.9M, achieving the highest adjusted segment operating income* performance in the Civil segment’s history, as well as an adjusted order intake* of $3 billion, significantly exceeding target and representing a book-to-sales ratio* of 1.24x.
Oversaw strong sales of 64 Full Flight Simulators (FFS).
Worked on the integration of Sabre’s Air Centre business (Civil Flight Operations Solutions), which is expected to be complete by early FY2025.
Continued to maintain strong progress in growing the Business Aviation Training (BAT) network with the expansion of the Savannah Training Centre. Plans are in progress for the opening of the Vienna Training Centre in FY2025. Additionally, deployed 4 new FFSs within the global BAT training network.
Continued partnership with Aegean Airlines with the Athens training centre newly operational. Additionally, deployed 12 new FFSs within the global CAT Network.
Expanded our high-tech innovation applications by significantly ramping up adoption of CAE Rise™. Some of the notable achievements include delivering the first version of self-serve Rise analytics portal, deriving industry and customer-specific insights from Rise training data for 18 customers and expanding the use of CAE Rise™ for our own training network with a 66% usage rate by instructors.
Largely contributed to entering a new adjacency with NAV Canada agreement. CAE will establish an Air Traffic Services training centre in Montreal to provide initial training to flight service specialists, tower controllers, and instrument flight rules controllers. Training will commence in Q3 FY2025 and we forecast delivering training to over 500 students within the first three years of operations. Through this partnership, he addressed a critical need for the Canadian aviation ecosystem and set the stage for CAE’s expansion into additional international markets.
Re-organized the Civil Leadership Team to better serve our customers through a more integrated approach. Combined our commercial aviation training and simulation products organizations and have regionalized the front-end and delivery teams to maximize customer touchpoints and intimacy as well as to drive an efficient execution.
Optimized the real estate footprint and energy efficiency initiatives in our buildings to achieve similar carbon emissions compared with FY2023 notwithstanding the growth of the Civil business.
Increased the number of diverse leaders among the senior leadership teams as well as the representation of diverse candidates in the identified high potential group.
1.Mr. Leontidis was appointed Chief Operating Officer on May 21, 2024, subsequent to the FY2024 year end.
Not all details of the NEO targets have been disclosed due to the potential competitive prejudice to CAE in doing so. The NEOs’ performance against their objectives was reviewed by the HRC, in addition to having been reviewed by the President and CEO during the fiscal year.
* Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures (see Appendix B)
93 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The HRC acts as an advisory committee to the Board of Directors.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Compensation Governance
Role of the HRC in setting executive compensation
The Board assigns responsibilities to the HRC to review, approve, and administer CAE’s compensation programs. The key components of the HRC’s compensation mandate as well as the decision-making process are outlined in the table:
Performance Measure
Management
CEO
Independent Compensation Consultant
HRC
Board
Executive compensation and benefits programs design
Develop
Review
Review
Recommend
Approve
Annual NEO compensation
Develop
Recommend
Review
Approve
-
Annual CEO compensation
-
-
Develop
Recommend
Approve
Annual and long-term incentive plan measures, targets and performance results
Develop
Review
Review
Recommend
Approve
Comparator group for executive compensation benchmarking purposes
Review
Review
Develop
Approve
-

94 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The HRC retains executive compensation experts to prepare and review executive compensation materials and to provide advice on compensation programs.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Role of the independent compensation consultants
Meridian Compensation Partners (“Meridian”) has been acting as the HRC’s independent compensation consulting firm since October 2020.
Meridian’s mandate during FY2024 was to prepare and review materials presented to the HRC including updates to CAE’s comparator group for benchmarking executive and Board of Directors compensation and on the design of the Company’s executive compensation programs. No CAE Director or officer has any affiliation with Meridian and Meridian meets the independence standards applied to executive compensation consultants.
CAE’s management also retain the services of experts in the field of executive compensation. In the past two years it has used the services of PCI Compensation Consulting (“PCI”) to assist with several analyses related to executive compensation.
The following table shows the fees related to executive compensation work paid by CAE to Meridian and PCI in FY2023 and FY2024.

Meridian
PCI
FY2024
FY2023
FY2024
FY2023
Executive Compensation
$212,668
$263,818
10,000
$15,515
All Other Fees1
43,342
-
-
-
Total
$256,010
$263,818
10,000
$15,515
1. Fees related to work for the Governance Committee, in connection with director compensation.



95 | CAE INC.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Risk Mitigation
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The HRC and the Board of CAE believe that (i) executive compensation should be contingent on performance relative to pre-established targets and objectives and (ii) management must achieve targets and objectives in a manner consistent with CAE’s ethical standards, internal policies and key values. The HRC and the Board regularly review the Company’s compensation policies and practices to ensure that they do not encourage inappropriate risk-taking.
There are numerous risk management practices in place to ensure CAE compensation programs do not encourage inappropriate risk-taking behaviors but focus on long-term Shareholders value creation.
The following characteristics of our compensation program in FY2024 were identified as having risk-mitigating effects:
What we do
ü
Provide a balanced pay mix of short, medium and longer-term compensation
ü
Balance of fixed and at-risk compensation
ü
No overlap of metrics between annual and long-term incentives
ü
60% of long-term incentives vest contingent on performance
ü
Most performance metrics focused on a three-year period
ü
Provide for overlapping performance periods and vesting of equity, to ensure executives are exposed to long term risks of their decision making
ü
Caps on annual bonuses and PSU payout factors
ü
Robust clawback policy, including a market-leading ability to clawback incentive-based compensation in circumstances of misconduct without the need for a financial restatement
ü
Prohibit executives from hedging CAE securities
ü
Robust and market aligned Share ownership guidelines and requirement to retain 25% of the net proceeds of option exercises while employed by CAE
ü
CEO required to maintain Share ownership requirement for one-year post-retirement
ü
The HR Committee retains an independent compensation consultant
ü
Annual Say on Pay vote and engagement with Shareholders on executive pay
What we don’t do
×
Offer excessive perquisites
×
Guarantee annual base salary increases or bonus payments
×
Guarantee a minimum level of vesting for performance-based awards
×
Single-trigger vesting of equity upon a Change of Control
×
Offer loans to executives or directors
×
Re-price, backdate or exchange underwater stock options
×
Count PSUs or options toward Share ownership guidelines
×
Offer excessive severance arrangements to executives
×
Overemphasize any single performance metric

96 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The HRC conducts an annual compensation risk assessment with the assistance of its independent compensation consulting firm Meridian to identify potential risks associated with CAE’s compensation programs, practices and policies.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
In FY2024, the assessment concluded that the risks associated with the compensation programs are not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company.
After considering the overall compensation program and taking into account both its knowledge of the past performance of the CAE management team and the nature of CAE’s various businesses, the HRC is not aware of any risks arising from the CAE’s compensation policies and practices that would be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on CAE.
Comparator Group
The CAE comparator group was reviewed in FY2024 to ensure the companies in the group and underlying selection criteria are still relevant. No changes were made to the comparator group. The comparator group includes size appropriate companies operating in at least one of CAE’s market segments, with a similar financial and operational footprint, or with which CAE competes for talent.

CAE’s comparator group comprises a mix of size appropriate and business relevant Canadian and US companies. The primary criteria for selecting the comparator group companies are:
—Principal place of business
—Company size based on revenue and market capitalization generally 1/3x to 3x CAE on revenue and market capitalization
—Companies with business operations outside of Canada (approximately 90% of CAE’s revenues are generated outside of Canada)
—Companies that compete with CAE for talent (CAE recruits executive talent from the U.S. and internationally and three of the CEO’s direct reports are based in the U.S.)
When CAE benchmarks executive compensation relative to the comparator companies, compensation values in USD for peer U.S. resident executives are converted at par (1:1), to manage foreign exchange considerations in benchmarking compensation.

97 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Comparator Group Financials1

Revenue (C$M)
Market Cap (C$M)
North American Group


Air Canada
21,833
7,035
CGI Inc.
14,449
34,398
WSP Global Inc.
14,437
28,145
Booz Allen Hamilton Holding Corporation
13,634
26,080
BRP Inc.
10,367
6,817
CACI International Inc
9,918
11,432
AMETEK, Inc.
8,712
57,264
Synopsys, Inc.
8,202
118,050
Spirit AeroSystems Holdings, Inc
7,987
5,677
Gartner, Inc
7,801
50,326
Teledyne Technologies Incorporated
7,586
27,545
Open Text Corporation
7,522
14,100
Autodesk, Inc
7,354
75,435
Cadence design Systems, Inc
5,521
114,904
IDEX Corporation
4,372
24,995
Woodward, Inc.,
4,071
12,584
Curtiss-Wright Corporation
3,758
13,267
NFI Group Inc.
3,546
1,531
Hexcel Corporation
2,442
8,197
CAE Inc.
$4,283
$8,903
% Rank
P16
P23
1.Based on the most recent annual reports.







Comparator Group Financials
image_196.jpg


98 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Under CAE’s Share Ownership Guidelines Policy, each executive is expected to meet a minimum equity ownership in the Company.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Executive Share Ownership Requirements
—Share ownership requirements must be achieved within 5 years from hire or promotion to executive position.
—Only Shares, DSUs and 50% of RSUs are included.
—Majority of NEOs retain 25% of the net profit realized from option exercise in CAE Shares for the duration of their employment at CAE.
Shares, DSUs and 50% of RSUs are counted towards Share ownership:
Share Ownership Targets (as a % of base salary)
NEO
% of Base Salary
Marc Parent
500%
Sonya Branco
250%
Carter Copeland
200%
Abha Dogra
200%
Nick Leontidis
250%

The Share ownership guidelines must be met within five years from the date of hire or promotion to the executive position. The Share ownership requirements are tested monthly until the requirement is met. Once the required Share ownership value is reached, the minimum number of Shares/units to be held by the executive is locked-in and the executive is required to hold at least this number of Shares/units until retirement or termination of employment.
In addition, for each option exercise, the CEO, CFO and Group Presidents retain CAE Shares equivalent in value to 25% of the net profit realized on such option exercise for the duration of their employment with CAE. This policy further aligns executive interests with those of our Shareholders and ensures that executives do not take advantage of short-term Share price movement.
In FY2023, the Share ownership guidelines were changed to require the CEO to retain his Share ownership requirement for one year after retirement.
As of March 31, 2024, three of the five NEOs met the ownership guidelines. The table below sets forth the minimum number of Shares/units to be held by the NEOs who have already met the requirement, the required value in dollars to meet the ownership guidelines and the actual value held as a percent of the annual base salary.

99 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
NEO
Share Ownership Requirement as Percent of Salary (%)
Ownership Status
Target Date
Number of Shares/ Units to be Held Once Requirement Met (#)
Value Required to Meet Guidelines1 ($)
Completion to Meet Share Ownership Guidelines (%)
Value Held in Shares/ Units2 ($)
Value of Shares/Units Held as Percent of Salary3 (%)
Marc Parent
500
Already Met
N/A
286,858
N/A
100
19,021,5114
1,438
Sonya Branco5
250
Already Met
N/A
36,553
N/A
100
1,414,003
238
Carter Copeland
200
Time to meet
August 2026
51,200
1,417,500
16
223,929
32
Abha Dogra
200
Time to meet
September 2027
51,200
1,417,500
15
216,619
31
Nick Leontidis
250
Already Met
N/A
65,044
N/A
100
7,874,096
1,321
1.Not applicable if the Share ownership requirement is already met.
2.Calculated based on the number of Shares, DSUs, LTUs, and 50% of RSUs held as of March 31, 2024 and the average closing Share price during five trading days preceding March 31, 2024 ($27.69) in accordance with the Share Ownership Guidelines Policy.
3.Calculated based on the annual base salary as of March 31, 2024. For Mr. Copeland and Ms. Dogra, the base salary was converted to Canadian dollars using the FY2024 average exchange rate of 1.35.
4.Includes 358,153 Shares, 42,985 FY2004 LTUs, 232,111 LTUs and 53,696 RSUs, which respectively represent a value of $9,917,260, $1,190,255, $6,427,154 and $1,486,842, for a total value of $19,021,511 as of March 31, 2024 using the average closing Share price during the five trading days preceding March 31, 2024 ($27.69). Numbers containing fractions have been rounded up for calculation purposes.
5.Mrs. Branco met her share ownership requirement in March 2019, representing 250% of her salary on this date. Since then, she maintained the minimum number of Shares/units (36,553 Shares/units), as required per the Share Ownership policy. As of March 31, 2024, she held a total of 51,065 Shares/units, which value represents 238% of her salary.


100 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Alignment of Compensation and Performance

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Shareholders Return Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative Shareholders return of the Shares with the cumulative returns of each of the S&P/TSX Composite Index and the S&P Aerospace & Defense Select Industry Index for a five-year period commencing March 31, 20191, along with a discussion of the trend in executive officer compensation over the same period (in the paragraph that follows the table).
Comparison of Five-year Cumulative Total Return of CAE Inc. vs. S&P/TSX Composite Index and S&P Aerospace & Defense Select Industry Index
image_198.jpg


2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
CAE Inc.
$100
$61
$123
$111
$105
$96
S&P/TSX Composite Index
$100
$86
$124
$149
$141
$161
S&P Aerospace & Defense Index
$100
$84
$141
$140
$133
$161
1.$100 invested in Shares traded on the TSX on March 31, 2019. Values are as at the last trading date during the month of March in the specified years and from the S&P/TSX Composite Total Return Index and S&P Aerospace & Defense Select Industry Total Return Index, which assume dividend reinvestment.

101 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The CEO realizable pay and performance table shown below in this section reflects annual incentive payouts, which are generally well aligned with Share price and financial performance.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Discussion of trend in executive officer compensation over the same period
Additionally, all of our long-term incentive awards are in the form of CAE equity, the value of which aligns with our financial performance and directly tracks the value of our equity over the lifetime of the award, it is the realized and realizable value of these awards, rather than their grant date value, which is tied directly to our Share price. The components of our executive compensation that align with performance are:
—Annual incentive: Results on the annual scorecard have directionally aligned with Share price performance over the five-year period. Payouts have ranged from 4% to 154% of target over the last five years.
—PSUs: Our PSUs, which are linked to key financial objectives, have paid out in relation to our financial, operating and Share price performance over the five-year timeframe, with well below target payouts in the last two completed cycles (76% of target for FY2021 PSUs, and 43% of target for FY2022 PSUs). PSUs precisely track the underlying value of CAE’s Share price, so there is 100% alignment with Share price performance over the 5-year period.
—RSUs: RSUs precisely track the underlying value of CAE’s Share price, so upon redemption there is 100% alignment with Share price performance over the 5-year period.
—Stock options: Stock options are only valuable to recipients to the extent that Share price appreciates. As of March 31, 2024, FY2020, FY2022, FY2023 and FY2024 stock options grants are out-of-the-money and have no value. Only FY2021 options grants are in-the-money. This is aligned with shareholder experience.

CEO Realizable Pay and Performance
A significant portion (68%) of Mr. Parent’s President and CEO compensation consists of fully at-risk long-term incentives (the FY2024 LTIP mix is 60% PSUs, 20% RSUs, 20% stock options), which are designed to focus the CEO on CAE’s long-term success. LTIP is directly affected by the performance of CAE’s Share price:
—Stock options only have value to the extent the Share price increases;
—RSUs are directly impacted by Share price;
—PSUs are directly impacted by Share price and financial performance.
The table below is a look back comparing grant date total target direct compensation for Mr. Parent to the realizable value of this compensation during the last three years to Shareholder returns. The analysis is based on the return of a $100 investment by a Shareholder at the start of a period, compared to $100 of total direct compensation for the CEO for each year. In all cases, Shareholder returns are closely aligned with CEO realizable compensation value, which suggests our compensation programs are strongly aligned with Shareholder value creation.
Total Target Direct Pay1
Realizable Pay2
% Change in CEO Pay
% Change in TSR
From
To
Change in CEO relative Pay to $100 of CEO Pay
Change in TSR Relative to $100 Invested in CAE Shares
Fiscal 2022
$7,446,013
$5,170,404
-31%
-22%
March 31, 2021
March 31, 2024
$69
$78
Fiscal 2023
$8,946,974
$6,707,958
-25%
-14%
March 31, 2022
March 31, 2024
$75
$86
Fiscal 2024
$9,382,819
$6,580,244
-30%
-8%
March 31, 2023
March 31, 2024
$70
$92
Average
$8,591,935
$6,152,869
-28%
-15%


$72
$85

102 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
1.Includes salary, target bonus, long-term incentive grant of PSUs, RSUs and stock options as reported in the Summary Compensation Table. Excludes pension and all other compensation value.
2.Includes salary, actual bonus paid, value of stock options that are in-the-money and the market value of unvested PSUs and RSUs (assuming PSUs vest at target for FY 2023 and FY2024 grants, actual performance multiplier of 43% for FY2022 cycle). Equity valued as at March 31, 2024 close stock price ($27.97). Excludes pension and all other compensation value.
The table below compares target and realizable CEO compensation values.
image_199.jpg


103 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Compensation of Our Named Executive Officers

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Summary Compensation Table
The first of the following tables provides a summary of compensation earned during the last three fiscal years ended March 31 by the President and Chief Executive Officer, the Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer, and by the three most highly compensated policy-making executives who served as executive officers of CAE or its subsidiaries as at March 31, 2024 (collectively, “Named Executive Officers” or “NEOs”).
Name and Principal Position
Year Salary
Share-Based Awards1
Option-Based Awards2
Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation
Pension Value4
All Other Compensation5
Total
Compensation
Annual Incentive Plan3
Long-Term Incentive Plan



Marc Parent
President and Chief Executive Officer
2024
$1,312,500
$5,133,249
$1,283,306
$256,331
$0
$1,851,000
$100,235
$9,936,621
2023
$1,250,000
$4,888,963
$1,223,011
$1,362,380
$0
$1,890,000
$91,270
$10,705,624
2022
$1,174,400
$3,360,561
$1,441,052
$2,482,500
$0
$2,045,000
$95,250
$10,598,763
Sonya Branco Executive
Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer
2024
$589,533
$831,967
$207,989
$69,082
$0
$283,000
$74,276
$2,055,847
2023
$556,016
$1,086,771
$271,659
$292,879
$0
$332,000
$73,189
$2,612,514
2022
$530,833
$943,328
$405,152
$648,821
$0
$545,000
$73,404
$3,146,538
Carter Copeland6, 7
Senior Vice President, Global Strategy
2024
$706,145
$840,476
$210,120
$281,729
$0
$307,000
$50,786
$2,396,256
2023
$649,157
$776,661
$195,814
$551,925
$0
$400,000
$49,495
$2,623,052
2022
$330,784
$361,028
$154,830
$271,384
$0
$212,000
$28,526
$1,358,552
Abha Dogra6.8
Chief Technology and Product Officer
2024
$703,185
$924,507
$231,128
$177,364
$0
$282,000
$50,786
$2,368,970
2023
$378,239
$654,783
$164,418
$350,295
$0
$320,000
$26,654
$1,894,389
Nick Leontidis
Group President Civil Aviation9
2024
$591,250
$1,191,955
$297,990
$214,553
$0
$372,000
$71,886
$2,739,634
2023
$563,095
$1,135,302
$284,751
$410,801
$0
$788,000
$69,713
$3,251,662
2022
$533,897
$946,642
$406,303
$670,983
$0
$798,000
$68,870
$3,424,695
1.Represents the value of Share-based awards granted under the RSU Plan and the PSU Plan in years FY2022 and FY2023 and under the Omnibus Incentive Plan starting in year FY2024. The value disclosed for the RSUs and PSUs represents the award date value calculated by multiplying the number of RSUs and PSUs awarded at target (100%) by CAE’s weighted average Share price during the five trading days immediately preceding the grant date ($36.82 for units granted in June of FY2022, $35.71 for units granted in September of FY2022, $33.47 for units granted in June of FY2023, $26.83 for units granted in August of FY2023, $21.61 for units granted in October of FY2023 and $28.65 for units granted in June of FY2024). Such value differs from the accounting grant date fair value determined in accordance with IFRS2, Share-based Payments, as the accounting fair value is assessed with the Share price on the date of the award (rather than on a weighted average price). The accounting grant date fair value would be as follows if using the Share closing price on the TSX on the respective grant date($37.24 on June 1, 2021, $37.08 on September 1, 2021, $31.23 on June 10, 2022 , $25.49 on August 22, 2022, $22.82 on October 4, 2022 and $27.83 on June 9, 2023): Mr. Parent: $3,398,895 in FY2022 (a difference of $38,333), $4,561,766 in FY2023 (a negative difference of $327,197) and $4,986,329 in FY2024 (a negative difference of $146,920); Ms. Branco $954,089 in FY2022 (a difference of $10,760), $1,014,038 in FY2023 (a negative difference of $72,733) and $808,155 in FY2024 (a negative difference of $23,812); Mr. Copeland: $374,879 in FY2022 (a difference of $13,851), $726,003 in FY2023 (a negative difference of $50,657) and $816,421 in FY2024 (a negative difference of $24,056); Ms. Dogra: $691,446 in FY2023 (a difference of $36,663) and $898,046 in FY2024 (a negative difference of $26,461); Mr. Leontidis: $957,440 in FY2022 (a difference of $10,798) and $1,059,322, in FY2023 (a negative difference of $75,981) and $1,157,839 in FY2024 (a negative difference of $34,116. Note that the actual value paid, if any, will differ.

104 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
2.Represents the value of option-based awards granted under the ESOP in years FY2022 and FY2023 and under the Omnibus Incentive Plan starting in year FY2024 and determined based on the grant date fair value of the award in accordance with IFRS2. Note that actual value received, if any, will differ. The value of each option is determined using the Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions:


FY2024
June
FY2023
October
FY2023
August
FY2023
June
FY2022
September
FY2022 June
Dividend yield
0.72%
0.88%
0.78%
0.64%
0.65%
0.64%
Expected volatility
41.86%
43.73%
43.40%
42.00%
40.07%
40.53%
Risk-free interest rate
3.72%
3.33%
3.24%
3.30%
0.71%
0.76%
Expected option term
4.52
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.25
4
Black-Scholes Value
36.29%
39.37%
35.95%
34.92%
32.13%
30.92%
3.Represents the STIP payout earned in each fiscal year and paid in the first quarter of the following year (see Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – FY2024 Compensation Decision - Short-Term Incentive Plan for details).
4.The pension value shown corresponds to the compensatory value reported in the Defined Benefit Plan Table and includes the service cost and the impact of the increase in earnings in excess of actuarial assumptions.
5.All other compensation in FY2024 comprises other benefit expenses and allowances paid by CAE as follows:


Automobile Expenses ($)
Health & Insurance Benefits ($)
Other Perquisites ($)
Employer ESPP Contributions ($)
Dividend Equivalents
Total ($)
Marc Parent
$42,999
$17,861
-
$39,375
-
$100,235
Sonya Branco
-
$12,590
$44,000
$17,686
-
$74,276
Carter Copeland
-
$3,536
$47,250
-
-
$50,786
Abha Dogra
-
$3,536
$47,250
-
-
$50,786
Nick Leontidis
$31,447
$13,490
$9,211
$17,738
-
$71,886

Note: Mr. Marc Parent reimburses all variable costs related to his personal use of the CAE corporate aircraft. Accordingly, no amount is included for FY2024 under “All other compensation”.
6.Amounts paid in US dollars have been converted to Canadian dollars using an average exchange rate of $1.35 in FY2024, same rate as used in the MD&A and financial statements.
7.Mr. Copeland joined CAE on August 23, 2021 and received a one-time special LTIP grant of 2,890 Restricted Share Units, 7,220 Performance Share Units and 13,000 stock options on September 1, 2021. Mr. Copeland assumed the responsibility for the Healthcare division as a temporary assignment from June 20, 2022 to December 31, 2022 and permanently as of January 1, 2023 until the sale of the division. In recognition for assuming these additional responsibilities, he received: a temporary assignment salary premium of $35,539, a one-time special LTIP grant of 730 Restrictive Share Units, 2,170 Performance Share Units and 2,200 stock options on August 22, 2022 and a special completion bonus of $99,000.
8.Ms. Dogra joined CAE on September 6, 2022 and received a one-time special LTIP grant of 7,580 Restricted Share Units, 22,720 Performance Share Units and 18,300 stock options on October 4, 2022.
9.Mr. Leontidis was appointed Chief Operating Officer on May 21, 2024, subsequent to the FY2024 year end.

105 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The following table details the outstanding awards under CAE’s Share and option-based plans for the NEOs.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Outstanding Share-Based Awards and Option-Based Awards

Option-Based Awards
Share-Based Awards Market or Payout
Name
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#)
Option Exercise Price1 ($)
Option Expiration Date
Value of Unexercised In-the-Money Options2 ($)
Number of Shares or Units of Shares that have not Vested3 (#)
Market or Payout value of Share- based Awards that have not Vested4 ($)
Value of Vested Share-Based Awards not Paid Out or Distributed5 ($)
Marc Parent
127,060
28.65
06/09/2030
-




112,100
33.47
06/10/2029




125,200
36.82
06/01/2028




482,300
20.57
06/02/2027
3,569,020




253,500
34.17
05/29/2026




343,000
27.14
06/05/2025
284,690




408,000
22.17
06/08/2024
2,366,400



Total



6,220,110
379,632
10,618,307
7,694,436
Sonya Branco
20,593
28.65
06/09/2030
-




24,900
33.47
06/10/2029




35,200
36.82
06/01/2028




105,900
20.57
06/02/2027
783,660




74,200
34.17
05/29/2026




22,250
27.14
06/05/2025
18,468



Total



802,128
76,777
2,147,453
519,301
Carter Copeland
20,804
28.65
06/09/2030
-




2,200
26.83
08/22/2029
2,508




16,100
33.47
06/10/2029




3,000
35.71
09/01/2028



Total



2,508
59,142
1,654,202
-
Abha Dogra
22,884
28.65
06/09/2030
-




18,300
21,61
10/04/2029
116,388



Total



116,388
62,569
1,750,055
-
Nick Leontidis
29,504
28.65
06/09/2030
-




26,100
33.47
06/10/2029




35,300
36.82
06/01/2028




144,200
20.57
06/02/2027
1,067,080




75,800
34.17
05/29/2026




115,000
27.14
06/05/2025
95,450




34,200
22.17
06/08/2024
198,360



Total



1,360,890
90,848
2,541,019
6,274,530
1.Pursuant to the terms of the plan, options under the ESOP and the Omnibus Incentive Plan were granted with an exercise price equal to the weighted average price of the Shares on the TSX on the five trading days immediately preceding the grant date (if the grant date falls within a blackout period or within five trading days following the end of a blackout period, the date of grant shall be presumed to be the sixth trading day following the end of such blackout period).
2.Options are in-the-money if the market value of the Shares covered by the options is greater than the option exercise price. The value shown is equal to the excess, if any, of the Share closing price on the TSX on March 28, 2024 ($27.97) over the option’s exercise price. The actual value realized will be based on the actual in-the-money value upon exercise of the options, if any. The options vest at 25% per year commencing one year after the grant date.
3.Represents the aggregate number of units that have not met all performance or employment conditions for payment as of March 31, 2024.
4.Payout value is established based on the expected payout as per the performance targets achieved as of March 31, 2024 for PSUs and based on the Share closing price on March 28, 2024 ($27.97) for LTUs, and for RSUs and PSUs payable in June 2024 and September 2024, June 2025, August 2025 and October 2025 and June 2026.
5.Represents the portion of units under the LTUP that are vested at the end of the fiscal year and the units under the Executive DSUP and for which payment is deferred to the termination of employment.
106 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The following table shows the value that was vested or earned, as well as the gain earned from options exercised, by the Named Executive Officers during FY2024 in respect of incentive plans.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Incentive Plan Awards – Value Vested or Earned During the Year

Option-Based Awards-Value Vested During the Year1 ($)
Number of Options Exercised During the Year (#)
Gain on Exercise During the Year ($)
Share-based Awards-Value Vested During the Year2 ($)
Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation- Value Earned During the Year3 ($)
Marc Parent
992,332
-
-
2,103,832
256,331
Sonya Branco
290,519
-
-
616,159
69,082
Carter Copeland
2,712
-
-
-
281,729
Abha Dogra
45,659
-
-
-
177,364
Nick Leontidis
296,692
-
-
629,082
214,553
1.This represents the value of potential gains from options that vested during FY2024. These generally include the portion of the options that were awarded in the last four fiscal years that vested in the year. The potential gains are calculated as the excess, if any, of the closing price of Shares on the TSX on each of the option vesting dates in FY2024 over the exercise price. The actual value realized, if any, will differ and will be based on the Share price on the actual exercise date.
2.The value of Share units that vested during FY2024 include: (i) the PSUs that vested on June 2, 2023 based on the average closing price of Shares on the 20 trading days preceding June 2, 2023, specifically $908,473 for Mr. Parent, $266,069 for Ms. Branco and $271,649 for Mr. Leontidis. Mr. Copeland and Ms. Dogra did not benefit from these grants; (ii) the RSUs that vested on June 2, 2023 based on the average closing price of Shares on the 20 trading days preceding June 2, 2023, specifically $1,195,359 for Mr. Parent, $350,090 for Ms. Branco and $357,433 for Mr. Leontidis. Mr. Copeland and Ms. Dogra did not benefit from these grants. None of the other PSUs or RSUs have vested as of March 31, 2024.
3.This represents the value paid to the NEOs under the short-term incentive plan for FY2024 year (see Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation Discussion and Analysis – FY2024 Compensation Decision - Short-Term Incentive Plan for details).

107 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Canadian based NEOs and key executives are members of the contributory Designated Pension Plan registered in Canada, whereas the US based NEOs and key executives are members of the CAE 401K plan for US employees.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Pension Arrangements
—Pensions payable under the Supplementary Pension Plan are conditional upon compliance with non- competition and non-solicitation clauses.
—No extra years of service are generally granted under the pension plans.
All NEOs and Key executives are also members of the non-contributory Supplementary Pension Plan. The amounts payable under these arrangements are based on “average annual earnings” which are calculated on the basis of the 60 highest-paid consecutive months of base salary and STIP payouts.
The Supplementary Pension Plan provides a pension benefit upon normal retirement at age 65 so that the pensions payable under CAE’s pension arrangements will result in an annual pension equal to 2% of average annual earnings (being the five-year top average salary and actual short-term incentive compensation for NEOs other than the President and CEO for each year of pensionable service). The President and CEO’s short-term incentive compensation used for the purpose of determining his average pensionable annual earnings is the target bonus. His maximum annual pension benefit is limited to $1,050,000. Executives may retire from the Company from age 60 with full pension entitlement. An executive is considered as having retired for the purposes of the Supplementary Pension Plan if, at the time of termination of employment with CAE, he/she is at least age 55 with a minimum of 5 years of participation in the Supplementary Pension Plan. The annual pension benefit will be reduced by between 0.5% and 0.25% per month prior to NEO’s normal retirement age depending on the age of the NEO at time of retirement.
Pensions payable under the Supplementary Pension Plan are paid directly by CAE. In Canada, CAE is obligated to fund or provide security to ensure payments under the Supplementary Pension Plan upon retirement of the executive. CAE has elected to provide security by obtaining letters of credit for a trust fund established for those executives who have retired. CAE has secured certain NEO’s and key executives’ pension benefits by a letter of credit for a trust fund established for the executives.
CAE does not generally grant extra years of credited service under its pension plans. Receipt of pension benefits under the Supplementary Pension Plan is conditional upon the compliance with non-competition and non- solicitation clauses.

108 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation

Annual Benefits Payable

Number of years of credited service (#)
At March 28, 2024 ($)
At age 65 ($)
Accrued obligation at start of the year ($)
Compensatory change1 ($)
Non- compensatory change2 ($)
Accrued obligation at year-end3 ($)
Marc Parent
19.17
892,000
1,031,000
12,411,000
1,851,000
(147,000)
14,115,000
Sonya Branco
15.25
271,000
606,000
3,158,000
283,000
238,000
3,679,000
Carter Copeland4
2.60
48,600
554,000
486,000
307,000
77,000
870,000
Abha Dogra4
1.57
28,800
379,000
158,000
282,000
40,000
480,000
Nick Leontidis
24.00
527,000
553,000
7,614,000
372,000
(42,000)
7,944,000
1.The change in benefit obligation that is compensatory includes the service cost and the increase in earnings in excess or below what was assumed. The service cost is the estimated value of the benefits accrued during the calendar year.
2.The change in benefit obligation that is not compensatory includes interest cost, change in assumptions, and gains and losses other than for a difference in earnings and the decrease in the discount rate used to value the pension plans which increases the accrued obligation.
3.The present values of the accumulated benefits reported in the above table are calculated in accordance with the assumptions used for financial reporting purposes. See Note 19 to CAE’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024. The total present value of accumulated benefits in our financial statements is calculated in accordance with IFRS.
4.Mr. Copeland’s and Ms. Dogra’s pension are payable in US dollars converted to Canadian dollars using the FY2024 average exchange rate of 1.35.
Termination and Change of Control Benefits
Payment entitlements upon termination
The various compensation plans applicable to the NEOs also contain different provisions that apply upon termination of employment or Change of Control of CAE. CAE does not have a formal policy for providing severance payment in the case of termination of employment but may provide severance payments and benefits as required by law.
CAE has nevertheless entered into employment agreements with Mr. Parent that provide for the payment of severance amounts and certain other benefits in the event of involuntary termination other than for cause. Mr. Parent’s severance entitlement on termination of employment other than for cause is two years’ salary plus target bonus, and continuation of benefits. Mr. Parent would also be entitled to two years of service credited to the Supplemental Pension Plan. CAE also entered into employment agreements with Mr. Copeland and Ms. Dogra that provide for the equivalent of one year of salary payment in case of termination of employment other than for cause. Severance amounts are undetermined for the other NEOs.
CAE is also party to agreements with all its executive officers who are NEOs, pursuant to which such executives are entitled to termination of employment benefits following a Change of Control of CAE where the executive’s employment is expressly or constructively terminated without cause within two years following the Change of Control. In such event, the executive is entitled to two years of annual compensation (salary, short-term incentive and employee benefits, payable as a lump sum), two years of credited service and the immediate vesting of supplementary credited service for the purposes of any pension or retirement income plans, payment of long-term incentive Deferred Share Units, and vesting of all unvested stock options, RSUs and PSUs, as per plan provisions.

109 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Compensation Program
Resignation and Termination for Cause
Involuntary Termination
Retirement
Change of Control1
Annual Short-Term Incentive
Forfeit
Partial payment based on performance and time in position
Partial payment based on Company performance and time in position
Two times the greater of average three-year bonus or target bonus in case of termination2
Stock Options
Resignation: Vested options remain exercisable until the earlier of 30 days following the termination or the expiry date; unvested options are forfeited
Termination for cause: All options, whether vested or unvested, are forfeited
Stock Options granted prior to FY2024: Vested options remain exercisable until the earlier of 30 days following the termination or the expiry date; unvested options are forfeited
Stock Options granted as of FY2024: Vested options remain exercisable until the earlier of 90 days following the termination or the expiry date; unvested options are forfeited
Stock Options granted prior to FY2024: Vested options remain exercisable until the expiry date; unvested options continue to vest and must be exercised within 30 days following vesting date
Stock Options granted as of FY2024: Vested options remain exercisable until the expiry date; unvested options continue to vest and must be exercised up to the earlier of 90 days following the vesting date or the expiry date
Stock Options granted prior to FY2024: All options become vested, as per plan provisions.
Stock Options granted as of FY2024: Options will vest in full and become exercisable if they are not converted into or substituted by an alternative award; if converted, they will vest in full if a termination not for cause or a resignation for good reason occurs within two years of a Change of Control and will remain exercisable until the earlier of one year following the termination or resignation, or the expiry date
Performance Share Units
Resignation: Vested PSUs granted as of FY2024 will be settled as soon as possible; unvested PSUs are forfeited
Termination for cause: All PSUs are forfeited
PSUs granted prior to FY2024: PSUs partially vest at a rate of 1/6, 1/3 and 1/2 for each full year of employment completed since the grant date
PSUs granted as of FY2024: Vested PSUs will be settled as soon as possible; the Human Resources Committee may determine, in its sole discretion, that a pro-rated portion of the unvested PSUs (based on the number of fiscal years completed since the grant date) will immediately vest
Vested PSUs granted as of FY2024 will be settled as soon as possible; unvested PSUs will continue to vest and be paid out as scheduled, based on their vesting terms, including the achievement of performance criteria
PSUs granted prior to FY2024: Unvested PSUs vest as of the Change of Control date; all vested PSUs become payable at the closing price of CAE Shares on the TSX on such date, as per plan provisions
PSUs granted as of FY2024: PSUs will vest in full if they are not converted into or substituted by an alternative award; if converted, they will vest in full and be settled as soon as possible after vesting if a termination not for cause or a resignation for good reason occurs within two years of a Change of Control
Restricted Share Units
Resignation: Vested RSUs granted as of FY2024 will be settled as soon as possible; unvested PSUs are forfeited
Termination for cause: All RSUs are forfeited
RSUs granted prior to FY2024: RSUs partially vest at a rate of 1/3 for each full year of employment completed since the grant date
RSUs granted as of FY2024: Vested RSUs will be settled as soon as possible; the Human Resources Committee may determine, in its sole discretion, that a pro-rated portion of the unvested RSUs (based on the number of fiscal years completed since the grant date) will immediately vest
Vested RSUs granted as of FY2024 will be settled as soon as possible; unvested RSUs will continue to vest and be paid out as scheduled, based on their vesting terms
RSUs granted prior to FY2024: Unvested RSUs vest as of the Change of Control date; all vested RSUs become payable at the closing price of CAE Shares on the TSX on such date, as per plan provisions
RSUs granted as of FY2024: RSUs will vest in full if they are not converted into or substituted by an alternative award; if converted, they will vest in full and be settled as soon as possible after vesting if a termination not for cause or a resignation for good reason occurs within two years of a Change of Control
Deferred Share Units Grants from 04/2004
Vested units are paid out
Vested units are paid out
All units become vested
All units become vested
Supplemental Pension Plan (SPP)
Resignation: If five or more years of participation in the SPP, accrued deferred pension at age 65 termination for cause: No benefits payable from the SPP
If five or more years of participation in the SPP, accrued deferred pension benefits at age 65
If age 55 or older with a minimum of five years of participation in SPP, immediate monthly pension payable
Immediate vesting and two years of additional service in case of termination2
Severance payments
-
Severance amount3 in case of termination
-
Severance amount4 in case of termination2

110 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
1.Change of Control is defined in the Change of Control Agreements between CAE and each Named Executive Officer. A Change of Control may be triggered by a number of events, notably an acquisition by a person of 20% of CAE’s voting rights which is accompanied by a change in the composition of the Board, an acquisition by a person of 35% of CAE’s voting rights or an acquisition of Shares representing half the equity of CAE. Compensation programs have various definitions of Change of Control events with different impacts on compensation. The provisions illustrated in the above table are for specific events that would provide the maximum benefits to the executives.
2.Pursuant to the Change of Control Agreements between CAE and each NEOs, termination is defined as an involuntary termination that occurs within the first two years following the Change of Control.
3.In the event of involuntary termination when severance is payable, it will be determined at the time of termination, taking into consideration the appropriate factors and current state of legislation and jurisprudence. Mr. Parent’s severance entitlement on termination of employment other than for cause is two years’ salary plus target bonus, and continuation of benefits. Mr. Parent would also be entitled to two years of service credited to the Supplemental Pension Plan. Mr. Copeland’s and Ms. Dogra’s severance entitlement on termination of employment other than for cause is one year of salary. The severance amount is undetermined for other NEOs.
4.The severance amount is equal to two times the sum of base salary, target bonus (or actual bonus averaged over the last three years, if greater), and the sum of the value of employee benefits and perquisites provided to the executive.
In the event of death during active employment with CAE, the executive is deemed to have retired the day before his/her death if he/she was at least age 55, otherwise, he/she is deemed to have terminated his/her employment the day before his/her death.

111 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The following table sets forth estimates of the amounts payable to the NEOs upon specified events, assuming that each such event took place on March 31, 2024.

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
Amounts payable to NEOs upon specified termination events
The table does not quantify benefits under plans that are generally available to salaried employees and do not discriminate in favor of executive officers, including the Retirement Plan for Employees of CAE Inc. and associated companies, the ordinary DSU plan and the Employee Stock Purchase Plan. In addition, the table does not include the value of outstanding equity awards that have previously vested, such as stock options and DSUs/ LTUs, which are set forth above in Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation of our Named Executive Officers – Incentive Plan Awards – Value Vested or Earned During the Year. For descriptions of the compensation plans and agreements that provide for the payments set forth in the following table, including our change in control agreements, see Section 7 – Executive Compensation – Compensation of our Named Executive Officers – Termination and Change of Control Benefits.

Marc Parent
Sonya Branco
Carter Copeland
Abha Dogra
Nick Leontidis
Involuntary Termination
Salary/Severance1
6,053,500
Undetermined
708,750
708,750
Undetermined
LTUs
-
-
Options
-
-
RSUs2
794,573
203,930
105,101
67,917
207,693
PSUs2
825,846
213,902
107,417
63,616
217,432
Supplementary Plan
1,463,000
-
-
-
Total
9,136,919
417,832
921,268
840,283
425,125
Retirement
LTUs
-
-
-
RSUs
-
-
-
PSUs
-
-
-
Options
-
-
-
Supplementary Plan
-
-
-
-
Total





Termination Following Change in Control
Salary/Severance3
6,053,500
2,179,875
2,575,125
2,291,625
2,185,930
LTUs4
-
Options5
892,255
261,220
1,881
87,291
266,770
RSUs6
3,003,782
634,919
452,387
437,647
733,681
PSUs6
8,082,997
1,655,218
1,243,728
1,272,691
1,948,726
Supplementary Plan7
1,463,000
281,000
492,000
464,000
683,000
Total
19,495,534
5,012,232
4,765,121
4,553,254
5,818,107
1.In the event of involuntary termination when severance is payable, it will be determined at the time of termination, taking into consideration the appropriate factors and current state of legislation and jurisprudence. Mr. Parent’s severance entitlement on termination of employment other than for cause is two years’ salary plus target bonus, and continuation of benefits. Mr. Parent would also be entitled to two years of service credited to the Supplemental Pension Plan. Mr. Copeland’s and Ms. Dogra’s severance entitlement on termination of employment other than for cause are one year of salary. Mr. Copeland’s and Ms. Dogra’s severance were converted into Canadian dollars using the FY2024 average exchange rate of 1.35.
112 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular

Section 7 - Executive Compensation
2.The RSU and the PSU values have been established by multiplying the number of units that would have vested upon involuntary termination as of March 31, 2024, based on performance during completed years, where applicable, and using the average fair market value of Shares on the TSX during the 20 trading days preceding the vesting date of March 31, 2024 which would be$26.88. Note that actual value would differ.
3.Severance as per the Change of Control Agreements for each NEO.
4.The LTU value has been calculated by multiplying the number of units that would have vested upon a Change of Control as of March 31, 2024, and which will be redeemable within the year following the year the executive’s employment is terminated. As of March 31, 2024, all LTUs had already vested.
5.Option value has been calculated by multiplying the number of options that would have vested upon a Change of Control as of March 31, 2024 using a closing price of Shares of $27.97 on March 28, 2024, less the applicable option exercise price. Note that actual value will differ.
6.RSU and PSU values have been established by multiplying the number of units that would have vested upon a Change of Control as of March 31, 2024 using a closing price of Shares on the TSX of $27.97 on March 28, 2024. Note that actual value would differ.
7.The Supplementary Pension Plan benefits set forth for each NEO reflect the incremental value of benefits for each termination event that exceeds the present value of benefits set forth in the “Pension Benefits” tables above.

113 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 114 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


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Section 8 – Other Important Information
Other Important Information
The management of CAE is aware of no business to be presented for action by the Shareholders at the Meeting other than that mentioned herein or in the Notice of Meeting.
Interest of informed persons in material transactions
No informed person (including any Director or executive officer) of CAE, any proposed Director of CAE, or any associate or affiliate of any informed person or proposed Director, had any material interest, direct or indirect, in any transaction since the commencement of CAE’s most recently completed financial year or in any proposed transaction which has materially affected or would materially affect CAE or any of its subsidiaries.
Indebtedness of Directors and executive officers
CAE does not offer its Directors or executive officers loans. CAE and its subsidiaries have not given any guarantee, support agreement, letter of credit or similar arrangement or understanding to any other entity in connection with indebtedness of CAE’s Directors or executive officers.
Shareholders proposals
To propose any matter for a vote by the Shareholders at an annual meeting of CAE, a Shareholder must send a proposal to the General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary at CAE’s office at 8585 Côte-de-Liesse, Saint-Laurent, Québec H4T 1G6 ninety (90) to one hundred fifty (150) days before the anniversary of CAE’s previous annual meeting, or within such other timeframe as prescribed by the applicable legislation. Shareholders will be required to submit notice of matters that they wish to raise at CAE’s 2025 annual meeting between March 17, 2025 and May 16, 2025. CAE may omit any proposal from its Circular and annual meeting for a number of reasons under applicable Canadian corporate law, including receipt of the proposal by CAE subsequent to the timeline noted above.

Request additional information
CAE shall provide to any person or company, upon written request to the General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary of CAE at CAE Inc., 8585 Côte-de-Liesse, Saint-Laurent, Québec, H4T 1G6, telephone number 514-734-5779 and facsimile number 514-340-5530:
1. one copy of the latest Annual Information Form of CAE together with one copy of any document or the pertinent pages of any document incorporated by reference therein;
2. one copy of the 2024 Annual Financial Report containing comparative financial statements of CAE for FY2024, together with the Auditors’ Report thereon and Management’s Discussion and Analysis; and
3. one copy of this Circular.
All such documents may also be accessed on CAE’s website (www.cae.com). Additional financial information is provided in CAE’s comparative financial statements and Management’s Discussion and Analysis available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca for the most recently completed financial year.
The contents of this Circular have been approved by the Board of Directors of CAE.
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Mark Hounsell,
General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary
June 14, 2024
Montréal, Québec


115 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 116 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular



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Appendix A – Board of Directors’ Charter
Appendix A – Board of Directors’ Charter
CAE INC.
(“CAE” or the “Company”)
Responsibilities
CAE’s President and Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s other executive officers are responsible for the management of the Company. The Board of Directors (the “Board”) is responsible for the stewardship of the Company and for monitoring the actions of, and providing overall guidance and direction to management. The Board shall act in the best interest of the Company.
Committees
The Board may establish committees, as it deems necessary or desirable, to assist it in the fulfillment of its duties and responsibilities, with such terms of reference as the Board may determine and may delegate from time to time to such committees or other persons any of the Board’s responsibilities that may be lawfully delegated. As such, the Board currently maintains an Audit Committee, a Human Resources Committee and a Governance Committee. Each committee is comprised entirely of independent directors, as determined by the Board in light of securities laws and applicable exchange rules, and each member of a committee is appointed by the Board after thorough review of the requirements for membership on each such committee. The independent directors will periodically, as they see fit, hold meetings without management.
Strategy
The Board will maintain a strategic planning process and annually approve a strategic plan. Separately from the strategic plan, the Board also approves an annual budget for financial performance.
Enterprise Risk Management
The Board is accountable for the oversight of enterprise risk management. As such, the Board will review with management the Company’s risk appetite and risk tolerance and assess whether the Company’s strategy is consistent with the agreed-upon risk appetite and tolerance for the Company. The Board will also review and discuss with management all key enterprise risk exposures on an aggregate, company-wide basis, and the steps management has taken to monitor and to manage those exposures. This includes the review with management of the Board’s expectations as to each committee’s respective responsibilities for risk oversight and management of specific risks to ensure a shared understanding as to accountabilities and roles.
The Board will work with management to promote and actively cultivate a corporate culture that understands and implements enterprise-wide risk management.
Corporate Governance
Corporate governance issues are the responsibility of the full Board. This includes the disclosure thereof, including in the Company’s Annual Activity and Corporate Social Responsibility report and Management Proxy Circular.
The Board periodically reviews a Disclosure Policy for the Company that, inter alia, addresses how the Company shall interact with shareholders, analysts and other stakeholders and covers the accurate and timely communication of all important information. The Company communicates with its stakeholders through a number of channels including its website, and they in turn can provide feedback to the Company in a number of ways, including e-mail.
The Board, through its Governance Committee, regularly reviews reports on compliance with the Company’s Code of Business Conduct and ethical practices. It periodically reviews Company policies with respect to decisions and other matters requiring Board approval.
117 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Audit, Finance and Risk Management

Appendix A – Board of Directors’ Charter
The Board, directly and through the Audit Committee, oversees:
(i)    the integrity and quality of the Company’s financial reporting and the effectiveness of internal controls;
(ii)    the risk management framework, including the identification of the principal risks of the Company’s business, and ensures that there are systems in place to effectively monitor, manage and mitigate these risks;
(iii)    cybersecurity governance, risk management, incident reporting and cyber risk disclosure;
(iv)    the Company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;
(v)    the qualifications and independence of the Company’s external auditors;
(vi)    the performance of the Company’s internal accounting function and external auditors; and
(vii)    the adequacy of the Company’s material public documents prior to their release.
Succession Planning
The Board, with the help of the Human Resources Committee, ensures a succession plan is in place for the President and Chief Executive Officer and for other senior employees of the Company and monitors such plan.
Oversight and Compensation of Management
The Board considers recommendations of the Human Resources Committee with respect to:
(i)    the appointment and compensation of senior officers of the Company at the level of Senior Vice President and above;
(ii)    the implementation of processes for the recruitment, training, development and retention of senior employees who exhibit the highest standards of integrity and competence and any recommendation for improvement of the processes in place to develop high potential individuals, such as the Annual Leadership Development Process;
(iii)    the compensation philosophy for the Company generally;
(iv)    the adoption of any incentive compensation and equity-based plans, including stock option, stock purchase, deferred share unit, restricted share unit or other similar plans, in which employees are or may be eligible to participate; and
(v)    the Company’s retirement policies and special cases.
The Board communicates to the President and Chief Executive Officer and periodically reviews the Board’s expectations regarding management’s performance and conduct of the affairs of the Company. The Board also periodically reviews the President and Chief Executive Officer’s position description and objectives and his performance against these objectives. Each year, after a performance evaluation, the Board approves, with the recommendation of the Human Resources Committee, the President and Chief Executive Officer’s compensation.

118 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Matters

Appendix A – Board of Directors’ Charter
The Board, through the Governance and Human Resources committees, oversees and reviews the Company’s ESG policies, practices, strategy and reporting (including Diversity, Equity and Inclusion; Data Protection and Privacy; Health & Safety (including Aviation Safety); Environment and Climate Change; Ethics and Anti-Corruption; and Human Rights (including Modern Slavery)).
The Board, through the Audit Committee, reviews trends in corporate disclosure of non-financial performance (including ESG related disclosure) and oversees the establishment and maintenance of a system of processes and controls to ensure the integrity, accuracy, and reliability of ESG disclosures to be included in financial reporting.
Directors’ Qualifications, Compensation, Education and Orientation
The Board, through the Governance Committee, develops a process to determine, in light of the opportunities and risks facing the Company, what competencies, skills and personal qualities are required for new directors in order to add value to the Company while ensuring that the Board is constituted of a majority of individuals who are independent. With regards to Board composition, the Board ensures adherence to the term limits imposed on all directors and considers criteria that promote diversity, including but not limited to gender, international background, nationality, age and industry knowledge, in light of the Company’s Policy Regarding Board and Executive Officer Diversity.
The Board, through the Governance Committee, develops a program for the orientation and education of new directors, and ensures that prospective candidates for Board membership understand the role of the Board and its committees, the nature and operation of the Company’s business, and the contributions that individual directors are expected to make, and develops a program of continuing education if needed for directors.
The Board considers recommendations of the Governance Committee with respect to the level and forms of compensation for directors, which compensation shall reflect the responsibilities and risks involved in being a director of the Company.
Assessment of Board and Committee Effectiveness
The Board considers recommendations of the Governance Committee for the development and monitoring of processes for assessing the effectiveness of the Board, the committees of the Board, the committees’ chairs, the Chair of the Board and the contribution of individual directors, which assessments shall be made annually. These results are assessed by the Chair of the Board and/or the Chair of the Governance Committee and are reported to the full Board, which decides on actions deemed necessary, if any. The Board ensures that the number of directors and the composition of the Board permit the Board to operate in a prudent and efficient manner.
Retirement Plans
The Board is responsible for overseeing the management of the Company’s retirement plans and does this through its Human Resources Committee.
Outside Advisors
Directors may hire outside advisors at the Company’s expense, subject to the approval of the Chair of the Board and have access to the advice and services of the Company’s Corporate Secretary, who is also the General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer.
Last updated – February 14, 2024

119 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 120 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular


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Appendix B – Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures
Appendix B – Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures
This Circular includes non-IFRS financial measures, non-IFRS ratios, capital management measures and supplementary financial measures. These measures are not standardized financial measures prescribed under IFRS and therefore should not be confused with, or used as an alternative for, performance measures calculated according to IFRS. Furthermore, these measures should not be compared with similarly titled measures provided or used by other issuers. Management believes that these measures provide additional insight into our operating performance and trends and facilitate comparisons across reporting periods.
DEFINITIONS
A non-IFRS financial measure is a financial measure that depicts our financial performance, financial position, or cash flow and either excludes an amount that is included in or includes an amount that is excluded from the composition of the most directly comparable financial measures disclosed in our financial statements.
A non-IFRS ratio is a financial measure disclosed in the form of a ratio, fraction, percentage, or similar representation, that has a non‑IFRS financial measure as one or more of its components.
A total of segments measure is a financial measure that is a subtotal or total of two or more reportable segments and is disclosed within the notes to our consolidated financial statements, but not in our primary financial statements.
A capital management measure is a financial measure intended to enable an individual to evaluate our objectives, policies and processes for managing our capital and is disclosed within the notes to our consolidated financial statements, but not in our primary financial statements.
A supplementary financial measure is a financial measure that depicts our historical or expected future financial performance, financial position or cash flow and is not disclosed within our primary financial statements, nor does it meet the definition of any of the above measures.
Certain non-IFRS and other financial measures are provided on a consolidated basis and separately for each of our segments (Civil Aviation and Defense and Security) since we analyze their results and performance separately.
PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Gross profit margin (or gross profit as a % of revenue)
Gross profit margin is a supplementary financial measure calculated by dividing our gross profit by revenue for a given period. We track it because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods.
Operating income margin (or operating income as a % of revenue)
Operating income margin is a supplementary financial measure calculated by dividing our operating income by revenue for a given period. We track it because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods.
Adjusted segment operating income or loss
Adjusted segment operating income or loss is a non-IFRS financial measure that gives us an indication of the profitability of each segment because it does not include the impact of any items not specifically related to the segment’s performance. We calculate adjusted segment operating income by taking operating income and adjusting for restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, and impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events. Impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events consist of the impairment of goodwill (as described in Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets (as described in Note
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Appendix B – Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures
| 2024 | Management Proxy Circular 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their repurposing and optimization (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2023) and the cloud computing transition adjustment (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2022). We track adjusted segment operating income because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods. Adjusted segment operating income on a consolidated basis is a total of segments measure since it is the profitability measure employed by management for making decisions about allocating resources to segments and assessing segment performance. Refer to Section 12.3 - Non‑IFRS measure reconciliations of the FY2024 MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS, which reconciliation is incorporated by reference into this Circular.
Adjusted segment operating income margin (or adjusted segment operating income as a % of revenue)
Adjusted segment operating income margin is a non-IFRS ratio calculated by dividing our adjusted segment operating income by revenue for a given period. We track it because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods.
Adjusted effective tax rate
Adjusted effective tax rate is a supplementary financial measure that represents the effective tax rate on adjusted net income or loss. It is calculated by dividing our income tax expense by our earnings before income taxes, adjusting for the same items used to determine adjusted net income or loss. We track it because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of the impact of changes in income tax rates and the mix of income on our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods. Refer to Section 12.3 - Non-IFRS measure reconciliations of the FY2024 MD&A for a calculation of this measure, which calculation is incorporated by reference into this Circular.
Adjusted net income or loss
Adjusted net income or loss is a non-IFRS financial measure we use as an alternate view of our operating results. We calculate it by taking our net income attributable to equity holders of the Company from continuing operations and adjusting for restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, and impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events, after tax, as well as significant one-time tax items. Impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events consist of the impairment of goodwill (as described in Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their repurposing and optimization (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2023) and the cloud computing transition adjustment (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2022). We track adjusted net income because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods. Refer to Section 12.3 - Non-IFRS measure reconciliations of the FY2024 MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS, which reconciliation is incorporated by reference into this Circular.
Adjusted earnings or loss per share (EPS)
Adjusted earnings or loss per share is a non-IFRS ratio calculated by dividing adjusted net income or loss by the weighted average number of diluted shares. We track it because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance on a per share basis and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods. Refer to Section 12.3 - Non-IFRS measure reconciliations of the FY2024 MD&A for a calculation of this measure, which calculation is incorporated by reference into this Circular.
For incentive plans purposes, this measure is further adjusted for currency fluctuations.
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA
EBITDA is a non-IFRS financial measure which comprises net income or loss from continuing operations before income taxes, finance expense – net, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA further adjusts for restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, and
122 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events.

Appendix B – Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures
Impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events consist of the impairment of goodwill (as described in Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their repurposing and optimization (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2023) and the cloud computing transition adjustment (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2022). We use EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to evaluate our operating performance, by eliminating the impact of non-operational or non-cash items. Refer to Section 12.3 - Non-IFRS measure reconciliations of the FY2024 MD&A for a reconciliation of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS, which reconciliation is incorporated by reference into this Circular.
Free cash flow
Free cash flow is a non-IFRS financial measure that shows us how much cash we have available to invest in growth opportunities, repay debt and meet ongoing financial obligations. We use it as an indicator of our financial strength and liquidity. We calculate it by taking the net cash generated by our continuing operating activities, subtracting maintenance capital expenditures, intangible assets expenditures excluding capitalized development costs, other investing activities not related to growth and dividends paid and adding proceeds from the disposal of property, plant and equipment, dividends received from equity accounted investees and proceeds, net of payments, from equity accounted investees. Refer to Section 7.1 - Consolidated cash movements of the FY2024 MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS, which reconciliation is incorporated by reference into this Circular.
Cash conversion rate
Cash conversion rate is a non-IFRS ratio calculated by dividing free cash flow by adjusted net income. We use it to assess our performance in cash flow generation and as a basis for evaluating our capitalization structure.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE MEASURES
Non-cash working capital
Non-cash working capital is a non-IFRS financial measure we use to monitor how much money we have committed in the day-to-day operation of our business. We calculate it by taking current assets (not including cash and cash equivalents and assets held for sale) and subtracting current liabilities (not including the current portion of long-term debt and liabilities held for sale). Refer to Section 8.1 - Consolidated capital employed of the FY2024 MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS, which reconciliation is incorporated by reference into this Circular.
Capital employed
Capital employed is a non-IFRS financial measure we use to evaluate and monitor how much we are investing in our business. We measure it from two perspectives:
Use of capital:
•For the Company as a whole, we take total assets (not including cash and cash equivalents), and subtract total liabilities (not including long-term debt and the current portion of long-term debt);
•For each segment, we take the total assets (not including cash and cash equivalents, tax accounts, employee benefits assets and other non-operating assets), and subtract total liabilities (not including tax accounts, long-term debt and the current portion of long‑term debt, royalty obligations, employee benefit obligations and other non-operating liabilities).
Source of capital:
•In order to understand our source of capital, we add net debt to total equity.
Refer to Section 8.1 - Consolidated capital employed of the FY2024 MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS, which reconciliation is incorporated by reference into this Circular.
123 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular Net debt is a capital management measure we use to monitor how much debt we have after taking into account cash and cash equivalents.

Appendix B – Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures
Adjusted return on capital employed (ROCE)
Adjusted ROCE is a non-IFRS ratio calculated over a rolling four-quarter period by taking net income attributable to equity holders of the Company from continuing operations adjusting for net finance expense, after tax, restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, and impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events divided by the average capital employed from continuing operations. Impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events consist of the impairment of goodwill (as described in Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their repurposing and optimization (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2023) and the cloud computing transition adjustment (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2022). We use adjusted ROCE to evaluate the profitability of our invested capital.
Net debt
We use it as an indicator of our overall financial position, and calculate it by taking our total long-term debt, including the current portion of long-term debt, and subtracting cash and cash equivalents. Refer to Section 8.1 - Consolidated capital employed of the FY2024 MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS, which reconciliation is incorporated by reference into this Circular.
Net debt-to-capital
Net debt-to-capital is a capital management measure calculated as net debt divided by the sum of total equity plus net debt. We use this to manage our capital structure and monitor our capital allocation priorities.
Net debt-to-EBITDA and net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA
Net debt-to-EBITDA and net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA are non-IFRS ratios calculated as net debt divided by the last twelve months EBITDA (or adjusted EBITDA). We use net debt-to-EBITDA and net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA because they reflect our ability to service our debt obligations. Refer to Section 12.3 - Non-IFRS measure reconciliations of the FY2024 MD&A for a calculation of these measures, which calculation is incorporated by reference into this Circular.
Maintenance and growth capital expenditures
Maintenance capital expenditure is a supplementary financial measure we use to calculate the investment needed to sustain the current level of economic activity.
Growth capital expenditure is a supplementary financial measure we use to calculate the investment needed to increase the current level of economic activity.
The sum of maintenance capital expenditures and growth capital expenditures represents our total property, plant and equipment expenditures.

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Appendix B – Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures
GROWTH MEASURES
Adjusted order intake
Adjusted order intake is a supplementary financial measure that represents the expected value of orders we have received:
•For the Civil Aviation segment, we consider an item part of our adjusted order intake when we have a legally binding commercial agreement with a client that includes enough detail about each party’s obligations to form the basis for a contract. Additionally, expected future revenues from customers under short-term and long-term training contracts are included when these customers commit to pay us training fees, or when we reasonably expect the revenue to be generated;
•For the Defense and Security segment, we consider an item part of our adjusted order intake when we have a legally binding commercial agreement with a client that includes enough detail about each party’s obligations to form the basis for a contract. Defense and Security contracts are usually executed over a long-term period but some of them must be renewed each year. For this segment, we only include a contract item in adjusted order intake when the customer has authorized the contract item and has received funding for it.
For incentive plans purposes, this measure is further adjusted for currency fluctuations.
Adjusted backlog
Adjusted backlog is a supplementary financial measure that represents expected future revenues and includes obligated backlog, joint venture backlog and unfunded backlog and options:
•Obligated backlog represents the value of our adjusted order intake not yet executed and is calculated by adding the adjusted order intake of the current period to the balance of the obligated backlog at the end of the previous fiscal year, subtracting the revenue recognized in the current period and adding or subtracting backlog adjustments. If the amount of an order already recognized in a previous fiscal year is modified, the backlog is revised through adjustments;
•Joint venture backlog is obligated backlog that represents the expected value of our share of orders that our joint ventures have received but have not yet executed. Joint venture backlog is determined on the same basis as obligated backlog described above;
•Unfunded backlog represents legally binding Defense and Security orders with the U.S. government that we have received but have not yet executed and for which funding authorization has not yet been obtained. The uncertainty relates to the timing of the funding authorization, which is influenced by the government’s budget cycle, based on a September year-end. Options are included in adjusted backlog when there is a high probability of being exercised, which we define as at least 80% probable, but multi-award indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity (ID/IQ) contracts are excluded. When an option is exercised, it is considered adjusted order intake in that period, and it is removed from unfunded backlog and options.
Book-to-sales ratio
The book-to-sales ratio is a supplementary financial measure calculated by dividing adjusted order intake by revenue in a given period. We use it to monitor the level of future growth of the business over time.

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Appendix B – Non-IFRS and Other Financial Measures
SUPPLEMENTARY NON-FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Full-flight simulators (FFSs) in CAE’s network
A FFS is a full-size replica of a specific make, model and series of an aircraft cockpit, including a motion system. In our count of FFSs in the network, we generally only include FFSs that are of the highest fidelity and do not include any fixed based training devices, or other lower-level devices, as these are typically used in addition to FFSs in the same approved training programs.
Simulator equivalent unit (SEU)
SEU is a measure we use to show the total average number of FFSs available to generate earnings during the period. For example, in the case of a 50/50 flight training joint venture, we will report only 50% of the FFSs under this joint venture as a SEU. If a FFS is being powered down and relocated, it will not be included as a SEU until the FFS is re-installed and available to generate earnings.
Utilization rate
Utilization rate is a measure we use to assess the performance of our Civil simulator training network. While utilization rate does not perfectly correlate to revenue recognized, we track it, together with other measures, because we believe it is an indicator of our operating performance. We calculate it by taking the number of training hours sold on our simulators during the period divided by the practical training capacity available for the same period.

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Appendix C – Summary of the Employee Stock Option Plan
Appendix C – Summary of the Employee Stock Option Plan
The ESOP includes the following provisions:
Eligibility Any salaried employee of CAE or its subsidiaries is eligible to participate in the ESOP. The ESOP does not permit grants to non-employee Directors. Subject to ESOP provisions related to employee death, retirement, or termination without cause, no option granted under ESOP may be exercised unless that employee wishing to exercise such option is currently employed by CAE or one of CAE’s subsidiaries and has served continuously in such capacity since the date of the grant of such option.
Limitations on Grants An ESOP participant (which may include an employee management insider of CAE) may not hold options on more than 5% (on an undiluted basis) of the issued and outstanding Shares. The number of Shares issuable to insiders of CAE at any time under all security-based compensation arrangements cannot exceed 10% of the issued and outstanding Shares. The number of Shares issued to insiders of the Company within any one-year period under all security-based compensation arrangements cannot exceed 10% of the Company’s issued and outstanding Shares.
Exercise Price The weighted average price of the Shares on the TSX on the five trading days immediately preceding the grant date (if the grant date falls within a blackout period or within five trading days following the end of a blackout period, the grant date shall be presumed to be the sixth trading day following the end of such blackout period).
Termination of Employment
Death: options may be exercised to the extent that the optionee was entitled to do so at the time of death. The options can be exercised only during the period expiring on the day that is earlier of six months following the date of death and the option termination date.
Retirement: all unvested options shall continue to vest following the retirement date. Such retired optionee shall be entitled, (a) to exercise any vested options held as of the retirement date until the termination date for each such option; and (b) to exercise any options vesting after the retirement date only during the 30-day period following the vesting date of the post retirement vesting options, after which any such options which remain unexercised shall expire.
Involuntary termination for cause: each unvested option shall terminate and become null, void and of no effect on the date on which the optionee ceases to serve the Company.
Involuntary termination without cause and resignation: the optionee has the right for a period of 30 days (or until the normal expiry date of the option if earlier) from the date of ceasing to be an employee to exercise his or her option to the extent that he/she was entitled to exercise it on the date of ceasing to be an employee. Upon the expiration of such 30-day period (subject to extension if the end of the period falls within a blackout period), each option shall terminate and become null, void and of no effect on the date on which such optionee ceases to serve the Company.
Transferability/ Assignment of Options Options are not transferable or assignable otherwise than by will or by operation of estate law.
Financial Assistance The ESOP does not contain any financial assistance provisions to facilitate employees’ participation in the program.
Amendments The ESOP provides that its terms, as well as those of any option, may be amended, terminated or waived in certain stated circumstances. The ESOP specifies in what situations Shareholders approval is required.
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Appendix C – Summary of the Employee Stock Option Plan
Amendments not Requiring Shareholders Approval
The HRC has the authority, in accordance with and subject to the terms of the ESOP, to amend, suspend or terminate the ESOP or any option granted under the ESOP without obtaining Shareholders approval to:
(a)    (i) amend any terms relating to the granting or exercise of options, including the terms relating to the eligibility for (other than for non-executive Directors) and limitations or conditions on participation in the ESOP, the amount and payment of the exercise price (other than a reduction thereof) or the vesting, exercise, expiry (other than an extension of the termination date except as contemplated in the ESOP), assignment (other than for financing or derivative-type transaction purposes) and adjustment of options, or (ii) add or amend any terms relating to any cashless exercise features;
(b)    amend the ESOP to permit the granting of Deferred or Restricted Share Units under the ESOP or to add or amend any other provisions which result in participants receiving securities of the Company while no cash consideration is received by the Company;
(c)    make changes that are necessary or desirable to comply with applicable laws, rules or regulations of any regulatory authorities having jurisdiction or any applicable stock exchange;
(d)    correct or rectify any ambiguity, defective provision, error or omission in the ESOP or in any option or make amendments of a “housekeeping” nature;
(e)    amend any terms relating to the administration of the ESOP; and
(f)    make any other amendment that does not require Shareholders approval by virtue of the ESOP, applicable laws or relevant stock exchange or regulatory requirements;
provided such amendment, suspension or termination (i) does not adversely alter or impair any previously granted option without the optionee’s consent and (ii) is made in compliance with applicable laws, rules, regulations, by-laws and policies of, and receipt of any required approvals from, any applicable stock exchange or regulatory authorities having jurisdiction.
Amendments Requiring Shareholders Approval
The ESOP provides that Shareholders approval is required to make the following amendments:
(a)    increase the maximum number of Shares issuable under the ESOP, except in the case of an adjustment pursuant to Article VIII thereof (subdivisions, consolidations or reclassifications of Shares or other such events);
(b)    increase the number of Shares that may be issued to insiders or to any one optionee under the ESOP, in both cases except in the case of an adjustment pursuant to Article VIII thereof (subdivisions, consolidations or reclassifications of Shares or other such events);
(c)    allow non-employee Directors to be eligible for awards of options;
(d)    permit any option granted under the ESOP to be transferable or assignable other than by will or pursuant to succession laws (estate settlements);
(e)    reduce the exercise price of an option after the option has been granted or cancel any option and substitute such option by a new option with a reduced exercise price granted to the same optionee, except in the case of an adjustment pursuant to Article VIII of the ESOP;
(f)    extend the term of an option beyond the original expiry date, except in case of an extension due to a blackout period;
(g)    add a cashless exercise feature payable in cash or Shares, which does not provide for a full deduction of the number of underlying Shares from the ESOP reserve;
(h)    add any form of or amendment to financial assistance provisions in the ESOP which is more favourable to optionees; and
(i)    amend any provisions to the amendment provisions of the ESOP.
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Appendix C – Summary of the Employee Stock Option Plan
Change of Control
In the circumstances of a change in the beneficial ownership or control over the majority of the Shares of CAE or the sale of all or substantially all of CAE’s assets, the vesting of all options issued would be accelerated.
A change of control is defined as (i) any event or circumstance where any person, any joint actor thereof or any person acting jointly or in concert therewith, or any combination thereof, acquires beneficial ownership or exercises control or direction, directly or indirectly (whether through a purchase, issuance or exchange of Shares or other voting securities, reorganization, amalgamation, merger, business combination, consolidation or other transaction or series of transactions having similar effect (or a plan of arrangement in connection with any of the foregoing)), other than solely involving the Company and any one or more of its subsidiaries, of a majority of the Shares or other voting securities of the Company or of any successor or resulting corporation or other person; or (ii) the sale or other disposition to a person other than a subsidiary of the Company of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets.
Adjustments If certain corporate events affect the number or type of outstanding Shares, including, for example, a dividend in stock, stock split, stock consolidation or rights offering, adjustments will be made to the terms of the outstanding option grants as appropriate in such circumstances.




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131 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The Omnibus Incentive Plan includes the following provisions:

Appendix D – Summary of the Omnibus Incentive Plan
Appendix D – Summary of the Omnibus Incentive Plan
Eligibility
The HRC, in its sole discretion, from time to time designates the executive officers, employees and consultants of the Company or any of its subsidiaries to whom awards of PSUs, RUSs and/or Stock Options shall be granted and determine, if applicable, the number of Shares to be covered by such awards and the terms and conditions of such awards. The Omnibus Incentive Plan does not permit Stock Option grants to non-employee directors.
Limitations on Grants
The number of Shares issuable from treasury to any one participant shall not exceed more than 5% (on an undiluted basis) of the issued and outstanding Shares. The number of Shares issuable from treasury to insiders of CAE at any time under all security-based compensation arrangements cannot exceed 10% of the issued and outstanding Shares. The number of Shares issued from treasury to insiders of the Company within any one-year period under all security-based compensation arrangements cannot exceed 10% of the Company’s issued and outstanding Shares. The total number of Shares available for issuance under the Omnibus Incentive Plan shall be 10,000,000.
Exercise Price of Stock Options
All Stock Options granted under the Omnibus Incentive Plan have an exercise price which shall not be less than the market price of the Shares on the date of the grant.
For purposes of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, the “market price “of the Shares as at a given date shall be the volume weighted average trading price of the Shares on the TSX for the five (5) trading days before such date. The HRC may, in its discretion, provide for procedures whereby Shares are sold, at the request of the participant, to cover the exercise price and the applicable withholding taxes, otherwise known as a “cashless exercise”, or to provide cash payments representing the value of the remaining Shares underlying the Stock Options.
In the event of a “cashless exercise”, as permitted by the HRC, a participant may authorize a third-party broker to (i) pay on his or her behalf the Exercise Price for the number of Shares in respect of which the Stock Option is exercised, (ii) sell such portion of the Shares received upon exercise of the Stock Option which is sufficient to cover such Exercise Price and the amount necessary to satisfy any withholding tax obligations of the Company or any subsidiary, and (iii) remit to the Company or such subsidiary, as applicable, the portion of the proceeds sufficient to cover such withholding tax obligations.
Stock Option Term
The HRC shall determine, at the time of granting a Stock Option, the period during which the Stock Option is exercisable, which shall not be more than ten (10) years from the date of grant. Unless otherwise determined by the HRC, all unexercised Stock Options shall be cancelled at the expiry of such term. Should the expiration date for a Stock Option fall within a black-out period or within nine (9) trading days following the end of a black-out period, such expiration date shall be automatically extended to that date which is the tenth (10th) trading day after the end of the black-out period.
Share Unit Grant Date
Unless otherwise determined by the HRC, the date of grant of PSUs and RSUs shall not be before the sixth (6th) trading day following the day on which the HRC approves the grant of PSUs and RSUs. Should the date of grant fall within a black-out period or within five (5) trading days after the end of a black-out period, then the date of grant shall be deemed to be the later of the sixth (6th) trading day following the end of such black-out period or the sixth (6th) trading day following the day on which the HRC approved the grant.
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Appendix D – Summary of the Omnibus Incentive Plan
Vesting
Each PSU, RSU or Stock Option awarded to a participant shall be exercisable at such time or times and/or pursuant to the achievement of such performance criteria and/or other vesting conditions as the HRC may determine in its sole discretion at the time of granting the particular award.
Unless otherwise determined by the HRC, PSUs credited to a participant’s account in respect of which the performance criteria have not been achieved, shall automatically be forfeited and be cancelled effective the last day of the applicable performance period.
Settlement of Share Units
All vested PSUs and RSUs shall be settled as soon as practicable following the applicable “share unit vesting determination date” but in all cases prior to the last day of the restriction period. The applicable settlement date shall be determined by the HRC but shall not fall within a black-out period or within five (5) trading days after the end of a black-out period, unless the last day of the “restriction period” falls within this period.

For the purposes of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, the “share unit vesting determination date” shall be the date on which the HRC determines if the vesting conditions with respect to PSUs or RSUs (including any applicable performance criteria) have been met, and as a result, establishes the number of PSUs or RSUs, as applicable, that become vested, if any.

For the purposes of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, the “restriction period” shall be the applicable restriction period in respect of a particular PSU or RSU, which period, unless otherwise determined by the HRC at the time the PSU or RSU is granted, shall end on the trading day preceding December 31 of the calendar year which is three (3) years after the calendar year in which the PSU or RSU was granted.

The Company, in its sole discretion, may settle (or cause a subsidiary to settle), vested PSUs or RSUs, by providing a participant (or the liquidator, executor or administrator, as the case may be, of the estate of the participant) with: (i) in the case of settlement of PSUs or RSUs for their cash equivalent, delivery of cash to the participant representing the cash equivalent, through wire transfer, cheque or any other form of payment deemed acceptable by the HRC; (ii) in the case of settlement of PSUs or RSUs for Shares, delivery of Shares issued from treasury and/or purchased on the participant’s behalf on the open market; or (iii) in the case of settlement of the PSUs or RSUs for a combination of Shares and the cash equivalent, a combination of (i) and (ii) above.
Determination of Amounts
For purposes of determining the cash equivalent of PSUs or RSUs to be paid, such calculation will be made as of the settlement date based on the market value on such date multiplied by the number of vested PSUs or RSUs in the participant’s account, net of any applicable taxes.

For the purposes of determining the number of Shares to be issued or delivered to a participant upon settlement of PSUs or RSUs, such calculation will be made as of the settlement date based on the whole number of Shares corresponding to the vested PSUs or RSUs recorded in the participant’s account, net of the whole number of Shares to be sold to satisfy any applicable taxes.
Termination of Employment
Termination for Cause: all awards granted to such participant, whether vested or unvested on the termination date, shall be forfeited. For the purposes of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, the determination by the HRC that the participant was discharged for cause shall be binding on the participant. “Cause” shall include a breach of the Company’s Code of Business Conduct or other CAE policy, failure to perform specified and required duties after a written warning, serious misconduct or negligence of, among other things, a professional, ethical or legal nature, or moral turpitude.
Resignation:
(i) all unvested PSUs, RSUs and/or Stock Options granted to such participant will be forfeited on the termination date;

Appendix D – Summary of the Omnibus Incentive Plan

(ii) all PSUs and RSUs granted to such participant and vested pursuant to the Omnibus Incentive Plan on the termination date will be settled (based on the vesting terms, including, if applicable, achievement of performance criteria, as determined in the final and sole discretion of the HRC) as soon as possible; and
(iii) all vested Stock Options granted to such participant will remain exercisable until the earlier of: (A) thirty (30) days after the termination date; and (B) the expiry date of the options, after which time all such Stock Options will expire. For greater certainty, if, following a participant’s resignation, the end of the thirty (30) day period during which Stock Options may be exercised should fall within a black-out period or within nine (9) trading days following the end of a black-out period, such period shall be extended to the tenth (10th) trading day following the end of such black-out period.
Retirement:
(i) all unvested PSUs and/or RSUs granted to such participant will continue to vest as determined by the HRC and will be settled, as applicable, based on their vesting terms, including, if applicable, achievement of performance criteria, as determined in the final and sole discretion of the HRC;
(ii) all unvested Stock Options granted to such participant will continue to vest in accordance with the terms of the Omnibus Incentive Plan and the participant’s grant agreement. Once vested, such Stock Options may only be exercised until the earlier of: (A) ninety (90) days following their vesting and (B) the expiry date of the Stock Options, after which time all unvested Stock Options will automatically expire. For greater certainty, if, following a participant’s retirement, the end of the ninety (90) day period during which Stock Options may be exercised should fall within a black-out period or within nine (9) trading days following the end of a black-out period, such period shall be extended to the tenth (10th) trading day following the end of such black-out period;
(iii) all PSUs and RSUs granted to such participant and vested pursuant to the Omnibus Incentive Plan on the termination date will be settled (based on the vesting terms, including, if applicable, achievement of performance criteria, as determined in the final and sole discretion of the HRC) as soon as possible; and
(iv) all vested Stock Options granted to such participant will remain exercisable until their expiry date after which time all such Stock Options will automatically expire.
Death or Long-Term Disability:
(i) all unvested PSUs and/or RSUs granted to such participant will fully vest at target on the termination date and be settled as soon as possible (regardless of vesting terms including, if applicable, achievement of performance criteria);
(ii) all unvested Stock Options granted to such participant will vest on the termination date and may only be exercised until the earlier of: (A) six (6) months following the termination date; and (B) the expiry date of the Stock Options, after which time all unvested Stock Options will automatically expire;
(iii) all PSUs and RSUs granted to such participant and vested pursuant to the Omnibus Incentive Plan on the termination date will be settled (based on the vesting terms, including, if applicable, achievement of performance criteria, as determined in the final and sole discretion of the HRC) as soon as possible; and
(iv) all vested Stock Options granted to such participant will remain exercisable until the earlier: of (A) six (6) months after the termination date; and (B) the expiry date of the Stock Options, after which time all such options will automatically expire.
For greater certainty, if, following a participant’s death or long-term disability, the end of the six (6) month period during which Stock Options may be exercised should fall within a black-out period or within nine (9) trading days following the end of a black-out period, such period shall be extended to the tenth (10th) trading day following the end of such black-out period.
Termination without cause:
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Appendix D – Summary of the Omnibus Incentive Plan
(i) the HRC may, in its sole discretion, determine that a portion of the PSUs and/or RSUs granted to such participant, pro-rated to the number of fiscal years completed since their grant, will immediately vest on the termination date and be settled (based on their vesting terms, including, if applicable, achievement of performance criteria, up to the termination date, as determined in the final and sole discretion of the HRC);
 (ii) all unvested Stock Options granted to such participant will be forfeited on the termination date;
(iii) all PSUs and RSUs granted to such participant and vested pursuant to the Omnibus Incentive Plan on the termination date will be settled (based on the vesting terms, including, if applicable, achievement of performance criteria, as determined in the final and sole discretion of the HRC) as soon as possible; and
(iv) all vested Stock Options granted to such participant will remain exercisable until the earlier of: (A) ninety (90) days after the termination date; and (B) the expiry date of the Stock Options, after which time all such Stock Options will automatically expire.
For greater certainty, if, following a participant’s termination without cause, the end of the ninety (90) day period during which Stock Options may be exercised should fall within a black-out period or within nine (9) trading days following the end of a black-out period, such period shall be extended to the tenth (10th) trading day following the end of such black-out period.
Transferability/ Assignment of Awards Except as specifically provided in a grant agreement approved by the HRC, each award granted under the Omnibus Incentive Plan shall not be transferable or assignable otherwise than by will or by the laws of succession.
Financial Assistance Unless otherwise determined by the HRC, the Company shall not offer financial assistance to any participant in regards to the exercise, vesting or payment of any award granted under the Omnibus Incentive Plan.
Amendments The Omnibus Incentive Plan provides that its terms, as well as those of any grants, may be suspended, terminated, amended or revised in certain stated circumstances. The Omnibus Incentive Plan specifies in what situations Shareholders approval is required.
Amendments not Requiring Shareholders Approval
The Board may suspend or terminate the Omnibus Incentive Plan at any time, or from time to time amend or revise the terms of the Omnibus Incentive Plan or any granted awards without the consent of the participants, provided that such suspension, termination, amendment or revision shall:
(i) not materially adversely alter or impair the rights of any participant, without the consent of such participant, except as permitted by the provisions of the Omnibus Incentive Plan;
(ii) be in compliance with applicable law and with the prior approval, if required, of the Shareholders, a stock exchange or any other regulatory body having authority over the Company; and
(iii) be subject to Shareholders approval, where required by law or the requirements of a stock exchange, provided that the Board may, from time to time, in its absolute discretion and without approval of the Shareholders of the Company make the following amendments:
a.amend any terms and conditions relating to the granting of awards, including the terms relating to the eligibility for and limitations or conditions on participation in the Omnibus Incentive Plan (other than to allow non-employee directors of the Company to be eligible for awards of Stock Options under the Omnibus Incentive Plan), the amount and payment of the exercise price (other than a reduction thereof) or the vesting, exercise, expiry (other than an extension of the expiry date except if due to a black-out period) and adjustment of awards as provided hereunder;

Appendix D – Summary of the Omnibus Incentive Plan
b.make changes that are necessary or desirable to comply with applicable laws, rules or regulations of any regulatory authorities having jurisdiction or any relevant stock exchange;
c.correct or rectify any ambiguity, defective provision, error or omission in the Omnibus Incentive Plan or make amendments of a "housekeeping" nature;
d.amend any terms relating to the administration of the Omnibus Incentive Plan; and
e.make any other amendment that does not require Shareholders approval by virtue of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, applicable laws, rules or regulations of any regulatory authorities having jurisdiction or any relevant stock exchange.
The Board may also, by resolution, advance the date on which any award may be exercised or payable or, subject to applicable regulatory provisions, including any rules of a stock exchange, extend the expiration date of any award, in the manner to be set forth in such resolution, provided that the period during which a Stock Option is exercisable or a PSU or RSU remains outstanding does not exceed: (i) in the case of Stock Options, ten (10) years from the Stock Option grant date subject to an extension due to a black-out period; and (ii) in the case of PSUs and RSUs, the last day of the restriction period in respect of such PSUs and RSUs. The Board shall not, in the event of any such advancement or extension, be under any obligation to advance or extend the date on or by which any Stock Option may be exercised or any PSU or RSU may remain outstanding with respect to any other participant.
Amendments Requiring Shareholders Approval
The Omnibus Incentive Plan provides that the Board shall be required to obtain Shareholders approval to make the following amendments:
(i) increase the maximum number of Shares issuable under the Omnibus Incentive Plan, except in the case of an adjustment as provided under the Omnibus Incentive Plan;
(ii) increase the number of Shares that are issuable or that may be issued to insiders or to any one participant under the Omnibus Incentive Plan, except in the case of an adjustment as provided under the Omnibus Incentive Plan;
(iii) allow non-employee directors of the Company to be eligible for awards of Stock Options under the Omnibus Incentive Plan;
(iv) permit any award granted under the Omnibus Incentive Plan to be transferable or assignable other than by will or pursuant to succession laws;
(v) reduce the exercise price of a Stock Options after the Stock Option has been granted to a participant or cancel any Stock Option and substitute such Stock Option by a new Stock Option with a reduced exercise price granted to the same participant, except in the case of an adjustment provided under the Omnibus Incentive Plan;
(vi) extend the term of a Stock Option beyond the original expiry date, except in case of an extension due to a black-out period;
(vii) add any form of financial assistance and any amendment to a financial assistance provision in the Omnibus Incentive Plan which is more favourable to participants; and
(viii) amend any provisions to the amendment provisions of the Omnibus Incentive Plan.
Change of Control
In the context of a change of control, all awards granted to a participant will be converted into or substituted by alternative awards, to the extent possible, and Stock Options, PSUs and RSUs which are not converted into or substituted by an alternative award shall vest and, in the case of Stock Options, become exercisable in full immediately prior to the consummation of the transaction constituting the change of control.
If alternative awards are available and a participant is terminated without cause or submits a resignation for good reason within twenty-four (24) calendar months after a change of control, all outstanding alternative awards which are not then exercisable shall vest and alternative awards in
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Appendix D – Summary of the Omnibus Incentive Plan
which Stock Options were converted will become exercisable in full upon such termination or resignation. Alternative awards in which PSUs and RSUs were converted will be settled as soon as possible after vesting. Alternative awards in which Stock Options were converted will remain exercisable until the earlier of: (i) one (1) year after the termination or resignation; and (ii) the original expiry date of the Stock Options, after which time all such alternative awards will expire.

A change of control is defined as (i) any event or circumstance where any person, any joint actor thereof or any person acting jointly or in concert therewith, or any combination thereof, acquires beneficial ownership or exercises control or direction, directly or indirectly (whether through a purchase, issuance or exchange of Shares or other voting securities, reorganization, amalgamation, merger, business combination, consolidation or other transaction or series of transactions having similar effect (or a plan of arrangement in connection with any of the foregoing)), other than solely involving the Company and any one or more of its subsidiaries, of a majority of the Shares or other voting securities of the Company or of any successor or resulting Company or other person; (ii) the sale or other disposition to a person other than a subsidiary of the Company of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets; (iii) the Company undergoing a liquidation or dissolution; or (iv) as a result of or in connection with: (A) a contested election of directors; or (B) a reorganization, amalgamation, merger, business combination, consolidation or other transaction or series of transactions involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries and another corporation or other entity, the nominees named in the most recent management information circular of the Company for election to the Board of directors no longer constitute a majority of the members of the Board of Director.
Adjustments In the event of any subdivision, consolidation, reclassification, reorganization or any other change affecting the Shares, or any merger, amalgamation or consolidation of the Company with or into another corporation, or any distribution to all security holders of cash, evidences of indebtedness or other assets not in the ordinary course, or any transaction or change having a similar effect, the Board shall in its sole discretion, subject to the required approval of any stock exchange, determine the appropriate adjustments or substitutions to be made in such circumstances in order to maintain the economic rights of the participants in respect of awards under the Omnibus Incentive Plan, including, without limitation, adjustments to the exercise price, adjustments to the number of Shares to which a participant is entitled upon exercise or settlement, adjustments permitting the immediate exercise of any outstanding awards that are not otherwise exercisable or adjustments to the number or kind of Shares reserved for issuance.


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138 | CAE INC. | 2024 | Management Proxy Circular The Rights Plan includes the following provisions:

Appendix E – Summary of the Rights Plan
Appendix E – Summary of the Rights Plan
Issue of Rights CAE issued one right (a “Right”) in respect of each Common Share outstanding at the close of business on March 7, 1990 (the “Record Time”). CAE has issued and will continue to issue Rights on the same basis for each Common Share issued after the Record Time but prior to the earlier of the Separation Time and the Expiration Time (both defined below).
Rights Certificates and Transferability Before the Separation Time, the Rights will be evidenced by certificates or book entry confirmation statements for the Common Shares and such Rights are not transferable separate from the Common Shares. From and after the Separation Time, the Rights will be evidenced by separate Rights Certificates or in separate book entry confirmation statements and will be transferable separate from and independent of the Common Shares.
Exercise of Rights
Rights are not exercisable before the Separation Time. After the Separation Time and before the Expiration Time, each Right entitles the holder to acquire one Common Share for the exercise Price of $100 (subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments) (the “Exercise Price”). This Exercise Price is a price in excess of the estimated maximum value of the Common Shares during the term of the Rights Plan as determined by the Board of Directors.
Upon the occurrence of a Flip-In Event (defined below) prior to the Expiration Time (defined below), each Right (other than any Right held by an “Acquiring Person”, which will become null and void as a result of such Flip-In Event) may be exercised to purchase that number of Common Shares which have an aggregate market price equal to twice the Exercise Price of the Rights for a price equal to the Exercise Price. Effectively, this means a Shareholder (other than the Acquiring Person) can acquire additional Common Shares from treasury at half their Market Price.
Definition of “Acquiring Person” Subject to certain exceptions, an Acquiring Person is a person who is the Beneficial Owner (defined below) of 20% or more of the outstanding Common Shares.
Definition of “Beneficial Ownership”
A person is a Beneficial Owner if such person or its affiliates or associates or any other person acting jointly or in concert:
1.owns the securities in law or equity; and
2.has the right to acquire (immediately or within 60 days) the securities upon the exercise of any convertible securities or pursuant to an agreement, arrangement or understanding (other than a customary underwriting agreement, pledge of securities or business combination agreement requiring Shareholder approval).
However, a person is not a Beneficial Owner under the Rights Plan where:
1.the securities have been deposited or tendered pursuant to a take-over bid, unless those securities have been taken up or paid for;
2.by reason of the holders of such securities having agreed to deposit or tender such securities to a take-over bid pursuant to a Permitted Lock-Up Agreement;
3.such person (including a fund manager, trust company, pension fund administrator, trustee or non-discretionary client accounts of registered brokers or dealers) is engaged in the management of investment funds for others, as long as that person:
a)holds those Common Shares in the ordinary course of its business for the account of others; and
b)is not making a take-over bid or acting jointly or in concert with a person who is making a take-over bid; or
4.such person is a registered holder of securities as a result of carrying on the business of or acting as a nominee of a securities depository.
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Appendix E – Summary of the Rights Plan
Definition of “Separation Time”
Separation Time occurs on the tenth business day after the earlier of:
1.the first date of public announcement that a Flip-In Event has occurred;
2.the date of the commencement or announcement of the intent of a person to commence a take-over bid (other than a Permitted Bid or Competing Bid) or such later date as determined by the Board; and
3.the date on which a Permitted Bid or Competing Bid ceases to qualify as such or such later date as determined by the Board.
Definition of a “Flip-In Event”
A Flip-In Event occurs when a person becomes an Acquiring Person.
Upon the occurrence of a Flip-In Event, any Rights that are beneficially owned by an Acquiring Person or any of its related parties to whom the Acquiring Person has transferred its Rights will become null and void as a result of which the Acquiring Person’s investment in CAE will be greatly diluted if a substantial portion of the Rights are exercised after a Flip-In Event occurs.
Definition of “Permitted Bid”
A Permitted Bid is a take-over bid made by a person (the “Offeror”) pursuant to a take-over bid circular that complies with the following conditions:
1.the bid is made to all registered holders of Common Shares (other than Common Shares held by the Offeror) on identical terms and conditions;
2.no Common Shares may be taken up or paid for under the bid for 105 days following the commencement of the bid or such shorter minimum period as is permitted by securities legislation;
3.no Common Shares may be taken up or paid for unless more than 50% of the outstanding Common Shares held by Shareholders other than the Offeror and certain related parties have been deposited pursuant to the bid and not withdrawn;
4.the Common Shares may be deposited to and withdrawn from the take-over bid at any time before its expiry; and
5.if, on the date specified for take-up and payment, the condition in paragraph 3 above is satisfied, the bid shall remain open for an additional period of at least 10 days to permit the remaining Shareholders to tender their Common Shares.
Definition of “Competing Bid”
A Competing Bid is a take-over bid that:
1.is made while another Permitted Bid is in existence; and
2.satisfies all the requirements of a Permitted Bid except that no Common Shares may be taken up or paid for under the Competing Bid until it has been open for deposit for at least the same number of days as the minimum initial deposit period of the Permitted Bid.
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Appendix E – Summary of the Rights Plan
Definition of “Permitted Lock-Up Agreement”
A Permitted Lock-Up Agreement is an agreement between a person making a take-over bid and one or more Shareholders (each a “Locked-up Person”) under which the Locked-up Persons agree to deposit or tender their Common Shares to such take-over bid and which provides:
1.(i) no limit on the right of the Locked-up Persons to withdraw its Common Shares in order to deposit them to a Competing Bid (or terminate the agreement in order to support another transaction) where the price or value represented under the Competing Bid (or other transaction) exceeds the price or value represented under the original take-over bid; or (ii) limits such right to withdraw its Common Shares in order to deposit them to a Competing Bid (or terminate the agreement in order to support another transaction) where the price or value represented under the Competing Bid (or other transaction) exceeds the price or value represented under the original take-over bid by as much as or more than an amount specified under the original take-over bid, and the specified amount is not more than 7% of the price or value represented under the original take-over bid, and the Competing Bid (or other transaction) is made for the same number of Common Shares as the original take-over bid; and
2.for no “break-up” fee or “top-up” fee in excess of the greater of: (i) 2.5% of the price or value payable under the original take-over bid to Locked-up Persons; and (ii) 50% of the amount by which the price or value payable to Locked-up Persons under a Competing Bid (or other transaction) exceeds the price or value payable to Locked-up Persons under the original take-over bid, shall be payable by such Locked-up Persons in the event that the original take-over bid is not successfully completed or if any Locked-up Person fails to tender their Common Shares under the original take-over bid.
Definition of “Independent Shareholders” Independent Shareholders generally means holders of Common Shares other than (i) any Acquiring Person, any Offeror, any Affiliate, Associate or joint actor of an Acquiring Person or Offeror, or (ii) any person holding Common Shares under any employee benefit plan, stock purchase plan, deferred profit sharing plan or similar plan or trust for the benefit of employees of the Company or its subsidiaries unless the beneficiaries of the plan or trust direct how Common Shares will be voted and whether such shares will be tendered to a Take-over Bid.
Redemption of Rights The Rights may be redeemed by the Board at its option with the prior approval of the Shareholders at any time before a Flip-In Event occurs at a redemption price of $0.00001 per Right. In addition, the Rights will be redeemed automatically in the event of a successful Permitted Bid, Competing Bid or a bid for which the Board has waived the operation of the Rights Plan. CAE is not required to pay the redemption price to any holder of Rights unless the holder is entitled to receive at least $10.00 in respect of all Rights held by such holder.
Waiver
Before a Flip-In Event occurs, the Board may waive the application of the Flip-In provisions of the Rights Plan to any prospective Flip-In Event which would occur by reason of a take-over bid made by a take-over bid circular to all registered holders of Common Shares. However, if the Board waives the Rights Plan with respect to a particular bid, it will be deemed to have waived the Rights Plan with respect to any other take-over bid made by take-over bid circular to all registered holders of Common Shares before the expiry of that first bid. Other waivers of the “Flip-In” provisions of the Rights Plan will require prior approval of the Shareholders.
The Board may also waive the “Flip-In” provisions of the Rights Plan in respect of any Flip-In Event provided that the Board has determined that the Acquiring Person became an Acquiring Person through inadvertence and has reduced its ownership to such a level that it is no longer an Acquiring Person.

Appendix E – Summary of the Rights Plan
Term of the Rights Plan Provided that the reconfirmation of the Rights Plan is approved by Shareholders at the Meeting, the Rights Plan will continue indefinitely, provided that it must be reconfirmed every three years. If the Rights Plan is not approved by Shareholders at the Meeting, the Rights Plan will terminate on August 14, 2024.
Amending Power Except for minor amendments to correct typographical errors and amendments to maintain the validity of the Rights Plan as a result of a change of law, Shareholder or rightsholder approval is required for amendments to the Rights Plan.
Rights Agent The rights agent is Computershare Trust Company of Canada.
Rightsholder not a Shareholder Until a Right is exercised, the holders thereof as such, will have no rights as a Shareholder.


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EX-99.2 3 annualreport2024.htm EX-99.2 ANNUAL REPORT Annual Report 2024
Financial Report FISCAL YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, 2024


 
At CAE, we equip people in critical roles with the expertise and solutions to create a safer world. As a technology company, we digitalize the physical world, deploying software-based simulation training and critical operations support solutions. Above all else, we empower pilots, cabin crew, maintenance technicians, airlines, business aviation operators, and defence and security forces to perform at their best every day and when the stakes are the highest. Around the globe, we’re everywhere customers need us to be with approximately 13,000 employees in more than 240 sites and training locations in over 40 countries. CAE represents more than 75 years of industry firsts—the highest-fidelity flight and mission simulators as well as training programs powered by digital technologies. We embed sustainability in everything we do. Today and tomorrow, we’ll make sure our customers are ready for the moments that matter. Read our Global Annual Activity and Sustainability report. Our Global Annual Activity and Sustainability Report for fiscal year 2024 is available online. This report is a testament to CAE’s commitment to transparency and sustainable growth, encapsulating our strategic vision, performance highlights, sustainability practices and achievements. It serves as a single source of information for our stakeholders, emphasizing that sustainability is built in CAE’s core business strategy and activities at the outset. Learn more about how our solutions generate benefits across the key pillars of sustainability: environmental, social and governance (ESG). cae.com/sustainability/ cae.com Follow us on : @CAE_Inc. linkedin.com/company/cae


 
A message from our Chief Executive Officer Building a stronger CAE for all our stakeholders Over the past year, CAE has continued to leverage our unparalleled experience to foster innovation and help make the world a safer place. We fixed our gaze on the horizon. We made bold, forward- thinking decisions. We positioned CAE for future success. We continued our attractive revenue growth trajectory, driven by market-related factors as well as ongoing share expansion. We identified ways to further strengthen our competitive position and demonstrated clear market leadership with the introduction of new technologies and solutions that make our company an unquestioned leader in advancing safety, readiness and operational efficiency. We also seized the opportunity to de-risk pre-COVID contractual exposures, streamline our portfolio, and extend our position as sustainability leaders. Moreover, we maintained our status as aviation’s lead training innovator. We know that our ongoing investments in technology will not only contribute to our future returns, but also make a positive impact on our customers’ success and the millions of people they serve. Today, we enjoy a strong financial position that is bolstered by ongoing deleveraging efforts, providing us the optionality to invest in our future and return cash to shareholders. With this foundation firmly in place, we have shaped an exciting future for our company, our customers, our employees, and our shareholders. Marc Parent, C.M. President and Chief Executive Officer


 
Bold actions to secure our future In a market challenged by high inflation, we moved to reshape our company in meaningful ways to drive greater focus, efficiency, and optimization across the portfolio. The divestiture of our Healthcare business in February 2024 positioned it for future growth under new ownership while enabling us to focus on our core aerospace and defence markets. At the executive level, in May 2024, we appointed Nick Leontidis to the newly created role of Chief Operating Officer (COO). Nick, a 36-year CAE veteran and former Group President of our Civil Aviation business segment, will drive rigorous program execution, help build our backlog, promote enhanced collaboration across departments, and further entrench our culture of One CAE. This new organizational structure will allow us to continue to capitalize on the powerful synergies between our two business segments, and unlock further value for CAE now and in the future. We also took necessary steps to re-baseline our Defense & Security business, through changes in leadership and the accelerated recognition of risks on eight specific fixed-price contracts that were awarded before COVID. Although they are a small fraction of our programs, those eight contracts represented a drag on the segment’s performance and future risk profile. With this repositioning, CAE is ready to take advantage of the right people, the right technology, and the right opportunities in the pipeline to unlock long-term success. Civil Aviation reaches new heights Our Civil Aviation business continues to set the standard for performance in the marketplace. It executed exceptionally well again in FY24, posting strong growth and record profitability. Delivering exceptional value for our customers continues to be our top priority, and we were proud to demonstrate how CAE can rapidly and effectively scale our training and flight operations solutions to meet the needs of our customers as they grow. In Commercial Aviation, we maintained our attractive market share through organic network expansion and outsourcing agreements with major airlines. In Business Aviation, we deployed several new simulators to meet growing customer demand and to serve new geographies. Furthermore, we leveraged our strong airline relationships and innovative new software solutions in our Flight Operation Solutions segment, which further augmented our addressable markets.


 
This year was one of remarkable momentum in orders from both new and existing customers, with a full-year book-to-sales ratio (1) of 1.24x and a record year-end adjusted backlog (1) of $6.4 billion, including orders for 64 full- flight simulators (FFS). During the year, we signed multiple key training agreements with airline partners including Akasa Air, Air France KLM Group, Air Europa, ITA Airways, and Delta Airlines among many others. Furthermore, we expanded our training centre footprint with the opening of CAE’s Savannah training centre and began work on the opening of new CAE training centres in Athens, Greece and Vienna, Austria. Finally, we continued to develop and roll out CAE Flight Operations Solutions’ modernized software portfolio, which aims to deliver incremental value to our customers and capture additional share. As a company, our vision is to be the partner of choice across all of our end markets, including original equipment manufacturers and regulatory partners. In this spirit, this year we took our longstanding partnership with Boeing to the next level, officially becoming a Boeing Authorized Training Provider. CAE is proud to be the first to offer Boeing’s Competency-Based Training and Assessment curriculum. Working together, we aim to enhance training efficacy and aviation safety through collaborative data sharing and complementary digital capabilities. Defense & Security focused on profitable new growth The re-baselining of our Defense & Security business segment has created a firm base from which to thrive. We see a clear path to improving profitability in the coming quarters through the efforts taken to accelerate the recognition of contractual risks. Defense continues to demonstrate its ability to capture new business in a year marked by large strategic program wins, with strong order intake resulting in a full-year book-to-sales ratio (1) of 1.04x. Additionally, subsequent to year-end, SkyAlyne — our joint venture with KF Aerospace for defence aviation training — was awarded an $11.2 billion, 25-year contract from the Government of Canada to train the next generation of Royal Canadian Air Force pilots and aircrew. The impending ramp-up on these successes and several additional large strategic wins anticipated in FY25 point to a strong growth outlook and further improvement in our margin rates. Our unique combination of digital capabilities and expertise has proven invaluable in providing new opportunities and expanding the addressable market across five domains: air, land, sea, space and cyber. During the year, we were proud to be selected on Canada’s Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) program, and we were excited to secure synergistic cross-CAE opportunities with the award of a Bombardier Global 6500 full-flight simulator to support the High Accuracy Detection and Exploitation System (HADES) program. Strong underlying tailwinds across the defence market remain intact, and we are poised to capture an increasing share of our markets.


 
Positioning CAE at the forefront of innovation Over the past year, we made remarkable advances in accelerating the development of next-generation technologies under our consolidated Global Technology and Product (GTP) organization, which brought groundbreaking innovations to market and streamlined processes to drive efficiencies across our company. GTP has been a catalyst for cross-business-unit technology collaboration, yielding transformative results and paving the way for future tech development across our entire company. By integrating our Civil Aviation and Defense & Security technological ecosystems, we leveraged our capabilities to enhance human performance, elevate safety in our industry and further increase our business value, giving rise to unique products like CAE Rise and CAE Prodigy. Our One CAE approach allowed us to invest efficiently in our core technologies, generating value across our business lines. Exemplifying the power of our technology collaboration in action, CAE Prodigy became the first full-flight simulator with a gaming engine-powered image generator to achieve Level D qualification — the highest level of qualification available. This same technology will soon power our most advanced simulation products in defence, and offers an unmatched capability for our defence customers. Alongside Prodigy, further advancement of our newly launched CAE Connect platform delivers an unparalleled digitally connected customer experience to our Commercial and Business aviation customers. At CAE, we are tireless innovators. Driven by curiosity, we have been proactive in identifying more than 100 potential use cases throughout the organization for artificial intelligence. These efforts will create value and optimize operations for both our customers and our own organization. Day in and day out, our pursuit of excellence through technological innovation continues to position us at the forefront of our industry. From training solutions for future platforms to integrated software as a service (SaaS) for flight operations and optimization, our technologies helped to move the world forward safer, faster and more sustainably. Forging a more sustainable world Our mission is to make the world a safer place, and that extends to safeguarding a sustainable future in all that we do. As part of our sustainability journey, CAE is committed to decarbonizing our entire value chain, including our operations, training centres, products, services and supply chain. This year, we honoured our commitment to further integrate sustainability into our business model and strategic decision-making by submitting near-term science-based targets to the Science Based Targets initiative. With this step, CAE has set clear objectives across our business lines to reduce our carbon footprint and promote sustainable practices. Our persistent efforts on sustainability have been recognized through our improved performance across various sustainability scores, including those from S&P and the Carbon Disclosure Project. Inclusion in the S&P 2024 Global Sustainability Index placed CAE in the top 15% of our industry, a testament to the hard work of our employees, partners and stakeholders who are helping us build a more sustainable future. Diversity, equity and inclusion, another cornerstone of our sustainability strategy, remains vital for fostering fairness, innovation and resilience, and ensuring long-term success for our organization and the communities in which we operate. For the first time in 2024, we were recognized as one of Canada’s Best Diversity Employers and among America’s Greatest Workplaces for Women, a testament to our commitment to creating a workplace where all employees feel valued. This year, we also took strides in our commitment to build enduring, meaningful and mutually beneficial relationships with Indigenous communities. We started this journey by convening our first Indigenous Advisory Board meeting and attaining Committed status in Progressive Aboriginal Relations Certification.


 
I am truly grateful for all the opportunities I had this year to engage, listen and understand the evolving needs of our customers and partners. Thank you for continuing to choose CAE. Defining the future of our industry in FY25 and beyond As we reflect on a transformative year, where we took bold action to position ourselves for future success, we are seeing proof that our strategy is working. We are capitalizing on exciting opportunities across Civil and Defense. We have set the stage for enduring profitable growth and value creation in excess of market rates, with strong cash generation. Innovation is what makes us different, and we will continue to harness its power to expand our market-leading position. Our approach, based on common solutions and scalable technology, will allow us to leverage our core strengths across our company and drive our growth to new heights. Working as a team, we are developing technologies that will shape the future state of our industry and help our customers advance their safety, readiness, and operational efficiency goals. Technology alone does not drive innovation – people do. CAE’s team of 13,000 people around the world work together every day to develop and deploy the solutions of tomorrow. On behalf of CAE management, I would like to close by acknowledging the important role of our people in our achievements, and thanking them for their hard work and dedication. (1) This report includes non-IFRS financial measures, non-IFRS ratios, capital management measures and supplementary financial measures. These measures are not standardized financial measures prescribed under IFRS and therefore should not be confused with, or used as an alternative for, performance measures calculated according to IFRS. Furthermore, these measures should not be compared with similarly titled measures provided or used by other issuers. Refer to Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions” and Section 12.3 “Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of CAE’s MD&A for the year ended March 31, 2024 (which sections are incorporated by reference into this report) for the definitions and reconciliations of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS. * This report includes forward-looking statements about our activities, events and developments that we expect to or anticipate may occur in the future including, for example, statements about our vision, strategies, market trends and outlook, future revenues, earnings, cash flow growth, profit trends, growth capital spending, expansions and new initiatives, including initiatives that pertain to environmental, social and governance matters, financial obligations, available liquidities, expected sales, general economic and political outlook, inflation trends, prospects and trends of an industry, expected annual recurring cost savings from operational excellence programs, our management of the supply chain, estimated addressable markets, demands for CAE’s products and services, our access to capital resources, our financial position, the expected accretion in various financial metrics, the expected capital returns to shareholders, our business outlook, business opportunities, objectives, development, plans, growth strategies and other strategic priorities, and our competitive and leadership position in our markets, the expansion of our market shares, CAE's ability and preparedness to respond to demand for new technologies, the sustainability of our operations, our ability to retire the Legacy Contracts (as defined in Section 6.2 “Defense and Security” of CAE’s MD&A for the year ended March 31, 2024) as expected and to manage and mitigate the risks associated therewith, the impact of the retirement of the Legacy Contracts and other statements that are not historical facts. By their nature, forward-looking statements require us to make assumptions and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties associated with our business which may cause actual results in future periods to differ materially from results indicated in forward-looking statements. While these statements are based on management’s expectations and assumptions regarding historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors that we believe are reasonable and appropriate in the circumstances, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements as there is a risk that they may not be accurate. For more information, readers should refer to the sections “Caution regarding forward-looking statements” and “Material assumptions” under Section 2 of CAE’s MD&A for the year ended March 31, 2024, which sections are incorporated by reference into this report.


 
 

Table of Contents
 
Management’s Discussion and Analysis  
1. HIGHLIGHTS
2. INTRODUCTION
3. ABOUT CAE
3.1 Who we are
3.2 Our mission
3.3 Our vision
3.4 Our strategy
3.5 Our operations
4. FOREIGN EXCHANGE
5. CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
5.1 Results from operations – fourth quarter of fiscal 2024
5.2 Results from operations – fiscal 2024
5.3 Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs
5.4 Impairment of goodwill
  5.5 Consolidated adjusted orders and adjusted backlog
6. RESULTS BY SEGMENT
6.1 Civil Aviation
6.2 Defense and Security
7. CONSOLIDATED CASH MOVEMENTS AND LIQUIDITY
7.1 Consolidated cash movements
7.2 Sources of liquidity
7.3 Government participation
7.4 Contingencies and commitments
8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION
8.1 Consolidated capital employed
8.2 Off balance sheet arrangements
8.3 Financial instruments
9. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
10. BUSINESS RISK AND UNCERTAINTY
10.1 Strategic risks
10.2 Operational risks
10.3 Cybersecurity risks
10.4 Talent risks
10.5 Financial risks
10.6 Legal and regulatory risks
10.7 Environmental, social & governance risks
10.8 Reputational risks
10.9 Technological risks
11. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
12. NON-IFRS AND OTHER FINANCIAL MEASURES AND SUPPLEMENTARY NON-FINANCIAL INFORMATION
12.1 Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions
12.2 Supplementary non-financial information definitions
12.3 Non-IFRS measure reconciliations
13. CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING POLICIES
13.1 New and amended standards adopted
13.2 New and amended standards not yet adopted
13.3 Use of judgements, estimates and assumptions
14. INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
15. OVERSIGHT ROLE OF AUDIT COMMITTEE AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS
16. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
17. SELECTED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Consolidated Financial Statements 58
Board of Directors and Executive Officers 114
Shareholder and Investor Information 115




Management’s Discussion and Analysis
for the fourth quarter and year ended March 31, 2024
1.     HIGHLIGHTS
RE-BASELINING OF THE DEFENSE AND SECURITY BUSINESS, DEFENSE AND SECURITY IMPAIRMENTS AND ACCELERATED RISK RECOGNITION ON LEGACY CONTRACTS
On May 21, 2024, we announced a re-baselining of our Defense and Security business along with impairments and unfavourable contract adjustments related to eight previously identified fixed-price legacy contracts (the Legacy Contracts, as defined in Section 6.2 “Defense and Security” of this MD&A). In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, we recorded a $568.0 million non-cash impairment of Defense and Security goodwill and $90.3 million in unfavourable contract profit adjustments as a result of accelerated risk recognition on the Legacy Contracts. We also recorded a $35.7 million impairment of related technology and other non-financial assets which are principally related to the Legacy Contracts.

DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS AND RECLASSIFICATION OF COMPARATIVE FIGURES
On February 16, 2024, we announced the closing of the sale of our Healthcare business. In accordance with the requirements of IFRS 5, Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations, the Healthcare segment is presented as discontinued operations. Consequently, the comparative consolidated income statement and consolidated statement of comprehensive income are reclassified as if the operation had been discontinued from the beginning of the comparative year. Unless otherwise indicated, results are presented on a continuing operations basis.

OTHER HIGHLIGHTS
On May 21, 2024, we announced that our Board of Directors approved, subject to the approval of the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), the re-establishment of a normal course issuer bid (NCIB). The NCIB is expected to commence shortly after regulatory approvals are obtained. The common shares that may be repurchased under such program over a period of approximately one year will represent up to 5 percent of the issued and outstanding common shares. The establishment of the program and the timing and amount of any purchases under the program is subject to regulatory approvals.

On May 21, 2024, we announced the appointment of Nick Leontidis to the new position of Chief Operating Officer (COO) as part of a senior leadership reorganization to further strengthen our execution capabilities and drive additional synergies between our Defense and Security business and Civil Aviation business. Mr. Leontidis was previously CAE’s Group President, Civil Aviation. As COO, he will have overall responsibility for both of CAE’s Civil and Defense business segments.

FINANCIAL
FOURTH QUARTER OF FISCAL 2024
 (amounts in millions, except per share amounts, adjusted ROCE and book-to-sales ratio) Q4-2024 Q4-2023 Variance $ Variance %
Performance
Revenue $ 1,126.3  $ 1,197.4  $ (71.1) (6  %)
Operating (loss) income $ (533.0) $ 178.3  $ (711.3) (399  %)
Adjusted segment operating income1 $ 125.7  $ 193.4  $ (67.7) (35  %)
Net (loss) income attributable to equity holders of the Company $ (504.7) $ 93.6  $ (598.3) (639  %)
Basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) – continuing operations $ (1.58) $ 0.29  $ (1.87) (645  %)
Basic and diluted EPS – discontinued operations $ 0.06  $ 0.02  $ 0.04  200  %
Adjusted EPS1
$ 0.12  $ 0.33  $ (0.21) (64  %)
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 215.2  $ 180.6  $ 34.6  19  %
Free cash flow1
$ 191.1  $ 147.6  $ 43.5  29  %
Liquidity and Capital Structure
Capital employed1
$ 7,216.8  $ 7,621.4  $ (404.6) (5  %)
Adjusted return on capital employed (ROCE)1
% 5.9  % 5.6 
Total debt $ 3,074.3  $ 3,250.1  $ (175.8) (5  %)
Net debt1
$ 2,914.2  $ 3,032.5  $ (118.3) (4  %)
Growth
Adjusted order intake1
$ 1,550.5  $ 1,406.2  $ 144.3  10  %
Adjusted backlog1
$ 12,183.9  $ 10,796.4  $ 1,387.5  13  %
Book-to-sales ratio1
1.38  1.17 
Book-to-sales ratio for the last 12 months 1.15  1.21 
1 Non-IFRS financial measure, non-IFRS ratio, capital management measure, or supplementary financial measure. Refer to Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions" and Section 12.3 "Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for the definitions and reconciliations of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

FISCAL 2024
 (amounts in millions, except per share amounts) FY2024 FY2023 Variance $ Variance %
Performance
Revenue $ 4,282.8  $ 4,010.6  $ 272.2  %
Operating (loss) income $ (185.4) $ 466.0  $ (651.4) (140  %)
Adjusted segment operating income $ 549.7  $ 538.4  $ 11.3  %
Net (loss) income attributable to equity holders of the Company $ (325.3) $ 220.6  $ (545.9) (247  %)
Basic and diluted EPS – continuing operations $ (1.02) $ 0.69  $ (1.71) (248  %)
Basic and diluted EPS – discontinued operations $ 0.07  $ 0.01  $ 0.06  600  %
Adjusted EPS $ 0.87  $ 0.87  $ —  —  %
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 566.9  $ 408.4  $ 158.5  39  %
Free cash flow $ 418.2  $ 333.1  $ 85.1  26  %

2.     INTRODUCTION
In this management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A), we, us, our, CAE and Company refer to CAE Inc. and its subsidiaries. Unless we have indicated otherwise:
–This year and 2024 mean the fiscal year ending March 31, 2024;
–Last year, prior year and a year ago mean the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023;
–Dollar amounts are in Canadian dollars.
 
This MD&A was prepared as of May 27, 2024. It is intended to enhance the understanding of our annual consolidated financial statements and notes for the year ended March 31, 2024 and should therefore be read in conjunction with this document. We have prepared it to help you understand our business, performance and financial condition for the year ended March 31, 2024. Except as otherwise indicated, all financial information has been reported in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards (IFRS), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). All quarterly information disclosed in the MD&A is based on unaudited figures.

The MD&A provides you with a view of CAE as seen through the eyes of management and helps you understand the Company from a variety of perspectives:
–Our mission;
–Our vision;
–Our strategy;
–Our operations;
–Foreign exchange;
–Consolidated results;
–Results by segment;
–Consolidated cash movements and liquidity;
–Consolidated financial position;
–Discontinued operations;
–Business risk and uncertainty;
–Related party transactions;
–Non-IFRS and other financial measures and supplementary non-financial information;
–Changes in accounting policies;
–Internal control over financial reporting;
–Oversight role of Audit Committee and Board of Directors (the Board).
 
You will find our most recent financial report and Annual Information Form (AIF) on our website (www.cae.com), SEDAR+ (www.sedarplus.ca) and EDGAR (www.sec.gov). Holders of CAE’s securities may also request a printed copy of the Company’s consolidated financial statements and MD&A free of charge by contacting Investor Relations (investor.relations@cae.com).

NON-IFRS AND OTHER FINANCIAL MEASURES
This MD&A includes non-IFRS financial measures, non-IFRS ratios, capital management measures and supplementary financial measures. These measures are not standardized financial measures prescribed under IFRS and therefore should not be confused with, or used as an alternative for, performance measures calculated according to IFRS. Furthermore, these measures should not be compared with similarly titled measures provided or used by other issuers. Management believes that these measures provide additional insight into our operating performance and trends and facilitate comparisons across reporting periods.


2 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Performance Measures
–Gross profit margin (or gross profit as a % of revenue);
–Operating income margin (or operating income as a % of revenue);
–Adjusted segment operating income or loss;
–Adjusted segment operating income margin (or adjusted segment operating income as a % of revenue);
–Adjusted effective tax rate;
–Adjusted net income or loss;
–Adjusted earnings or loss per share (EPS);
–EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA;
–Free cash flow.

Liquidity and Capital Structure Measures
–Non-cash working capital;
–Capital employed;
–Adjusted return on capital employed (ROCE);
–Net debt;
–Net debt-to-capital;
–Net debt-to-EBITDA and net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA;
–Maintenance and growth capital expenditures.

Growth Measures
–Adjusted order intake;
–Adjusted backlog;
–Book-to-sales ratio.

Definitions of all non-IFRS and other financial measures are provided in Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions” of this MD&A to give the reader a better understanding of the indicators used by management. In addition, when applicable, we provide a quantitative reconciliation of the non-IFRS and other financial measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS. Refer to Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions” for references to where these reconciliations are provided.

ABOUT MATERIAL INFORMATION
This MD&A includes the information we believe is material to investors after considering all circumstances, including potential market sensitivity. We consider something to be material if:
–It results in, or would reasonably be expected to result in, a significant change in the market price or value of our shares; or
–It is likely that a reasonable investor would consider the information to be important in making an investment decision.
 
CAUTION REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This MD&A includes forward-looking statements about our activities, events and developments that we expect to or anticipate may occur in the future including, for example, statements about our vision, strategies, market trends and outlook, future revenues, earnings, cash flow growth, profit trends, growth capital spending, expansions and new initiatives, including initiatives that pertain to environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters, financial obligations, available liquidities, expected sales, general economic and political outlook, inflation trends, prospects and trends of an industry, expected annual recurring cost savings from operational excellence programs, our management of the supply chain, estimated addressable markets, demands for CAE’s products and services, our access to capital resources, our financial position, the expected accretion in various financial metrics, the expected capital returns to shareholders, our business outlook, business opportunities, objectives, development, plans, growth strategies and other strategic priorities, and our competitive and leadership position in our markets, the expansion of our market shares, CAE's ability and preparedness to respond to demand for new technologies, the sustainability of our operations, our ability to retire the Legacy Contracts (as defined in Section 6.2 “Defense and Security” of this MD&A) as expected and to manage and mitigate the risks associated therewith, the impact of the retirement of the Legacy Contracts and other statements that are not historical facts. Since forward-looking statements and information relate to future events or future performance and reflect current expectations or beliefs regarding future events, they are typically identified by words such as “anticipate”, “believe”, “could”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “likely”, “may”, “plan”, “seek”, “should”, “will”, “strategy”, “future” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon suggesting future outcomes or statements regarding an outlook. All such statements constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities legislation and “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the “safe harbor” provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. By their nature, forward‑looking statements require us to make assumptions and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties associated with our business which may cause actual results in future periods to differ materially from results indicated in forward‑looking statements. While these statements are based on management’s expectations and assumptions regarding historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors that we believe are reasonable and appropriate in the circumstances, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements as there is a risk that they may not be accurate.


CAE Financial Report 2024 I 3
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Important risks that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to, strategic risks, such as geopolitical uncertainty, global economic conditions, competitive business environment, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) leverage and encroachment, inflation, international scope of our business, level and timing of defence spending, constraints within the civil aviation industry, our ability to penetrate new markets, research and development (R&D) activities, evolving standards and technology innovation and disruption, length of sales cycle, business development and awarding of new contracts, strategic partnerships and long-term contracts, risk that we cannot assure investors that we will effectively manage our growth, estimates of market opportunity and competing priorities; operational risks, such as supply chain disruptions, program management and execution, mergers and acquisitions, business continuity, subcontractors, fixed price and long-term supply contracts, our continued reliance on certain parties and information, and health and safety; cybersecurity risks; talent risks, such as recruitment, development and retention, ability to attract, recruit and retain key personnel and management, corporate culture and labour relations; financial risks, such as availability of capital, customer credit risk, foreign exchange, effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting, liquidity risk, interest rate volatility, returns to shareholders, shareholder activism, estimates used in accounting, impairment risk, pension plan funding, indebtedness, acquisition and integration costs, sales of additional common shares, market price and volatility of our common shares, seasonality, taxation matters and adjusted backlog; legal and regulatory risks, such as data rights and governance, U.S. foreign ownership, control or influence mitigation measures, compliance with laws and regulations, insurance coverage potential gaps, product-related liabilities, environmental laws and regulations, government audits and investigations, protection of our intellectual property and brand, third-party intellectual property, foreign private issuer status, and enforceability of civil liabilities against our directors and officers; ESG risks, such as extreme climate events and the impact of natural or other disasters (including effects of climate change) and more acute scrutiny and perception gaps regarding ESG matters; reputational risks; and technological risks, such as information technology (IT) and reliance on third-party providers for information technology systems and infrastructure management. The foregoing list is not exhaustive and other unknown or unpredictable factors could also have a material adverse effect on the performance or results of CAE. Additionally, differences could arise because of events announced or completed after the date of this MD&A. You will find more information about the risks and uncertainties affecting our business in Section 10 “Business risk and uncertainty” of this MD&A. Readers are cautioned that any of the disclosed risks could have a material adverse effect on CAE’s forward-looking statements. Readers are also cautioned that the risks described above and elsewhere in this MD&A are not necessarily the only ones we face; additional risks and uncertainties that are presently unknown to us or that we may currently deem immaterial may adversely affect our business.
 
Except as required by law, we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. The forward-looking information and statements contained in this MD&A are expressly qualified by this cautionary statement.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this MD&A. While we believe that information provides a reasonable basis for these statements, that information may be limited or incomplete. Our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on these statements.

MATERIAL ASSUMPTIONS
The forward-looking statements set out in this MD&A are based on certain assumptions including, without limitation: the prevailing market conditions, geopolitical instability, the customer receptivity to our training and operational support solutions, the accuracy of our estimates of addressable markets and market opportunity, the realization of anticipated annual recurring cost savings and other intended benefits from restructuring initiatives and operational excellence programs, the ability to respond to anticipated inflationary pressures and our ability to pass along rising costs through increased prices, the actual impact to supply, production levels, and costs from global supply chain logistics challenges, the stability of foreign exchange rates, the ability to hedge exposures to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange rates, the availability of borrowings to be drawn down under, and the utilization, of one or more of our senior credit agreements, our available liquidity from cash and cash equivalents, undrawn amounts on our revolving credit facility, the balance available under our receivable purchase facility, the assumption that our cash flows from operations and continued access to debt funding will be sufficient to meet financial requirements in the foreseeable future, access to expected capital resources within anticipated timeframes, no material financial, operational or competitive consequences from changes in regulations affecting our business, our ability to retain and attract new business, our ability to effectively execute and retire the Legacy Contracts while managing the risks associated therewith, and our ability to complete the integration of the AirCentre business and the separation of the CAE Healthcare business within the anticipated time periods and at the expected cost levels. Air travel is a major driver for CAE's business and management relies on analysis from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) to inform its assumptions about the rate and profile of recovery in its key civil aviation market. Accordingly, the assumptions outlined in this MD&A and, consequently, the forward-looking statements based on such assumptions, may turn out to be inaccurate. For additional information, including with respect to other assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements made in this MD&A, refer to Section 10 “Business risk and uncertainty” of this MD&A.

4 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

3.     ABOUT CAE
3.1       Who we are
At CAE, we equip people in critical roles with the expertise and solutions to create a safer world. As a technology company, we digitalize the physical world, deploying software-based simulation training and critical operations support solutions. Above all else, we empower pilots, cabin crew, maintenance technicians, airlines, business aviation operators and defence and security forces to perform at their best every day and when the stakes are the highest. Around the globe, we’re everywhere customers need us to be with approximately 13,000 employees in more than 240 sites and training locations in over 40 countries. CAE represents more than 75 years of industry firsts–the highest-fidelity flight and mission simulators as well as training programs powered by digital technologies. We embed sustainability in everything we do. Today and tomorrow, we’ll make sure our customers are ready for the moments that matter.
 
CAE’s common shares are listed on the Toronto and New York stock exchanges (TSX / NYSE) under the symbol CAE.

3.2       Our mission
To lead at the frontier of digital immersion with high-tech training and operational support solutions to make the world a safer place.

3.3       Our vision
To be the worldwide partner of choice in civil aviation and defence and security by revolutionizing our customers’ training and critical operations with digitally immersive solutions to elevate safety, efficiency and readiness.
3.4       Our strategy
CAE’s four strategic pillars
There are four fundamental pillars that underpin our strategy and investment thesis:
–Efficient growth;
–Technology and market leadership;
–Revolutionizing training and critical operations;
–Skills and culture.

Efficient growth
Our business features a high degree of recurring revenues due to the underlying characteristics of our technology-enabled solutions and regulatory requirements across our markets. We seek to maximize the benefits of our strong competitive position to deliver premium growth and profitability through a focus on operational rigour, cost optimization, capital efficiency, and a disciplined approach to pursuing organic and inorganic growth.

Technology and market leadership
We have a rich and long-dated history of customer centricity, innovation and delivering state-of-the-art technology solutions that define the forefront of the industries we operate in. As a result, we constantly seek new ways to enhance the performance of our customers by fostering a culture of continuous improvement and innovation. This drives technology leadership, deeper customer partnerships, and new customer development, enabling us to capitalize on the ample headroom in our large, growing addressable markets.

Revolutionizing training and critical operations
We are a global leader in the application of training, digital immersion, critical operations, and modelling and simulation technologies. We seek to use data-driven applications and advanced analytics to produce measurable and demonstrated outcomes in our markets. The efficacy of our technology solutions enables customized, collaborative, and multi-domain offerings. Furthermore, our technologies are deployed with a focus on driving sustainability.

Skills and culture
Our core values are innovation, integrity, empowerment, excellence and One CAE. We employ these values across a diverse global team to drive a unique social impact. We seek to create an employee experience and environment that values teamwork, professional growth, and engagement. As a result, our employees across the globe share a passion to prepare our customers for the moments that matter.

CAE Financial Report 2024 I 5
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

3.5       Our operations
Our operations are managed through two segments:
–Civil Aviation – We provide comprehensive training solutions for flight, cabin, maintenance and ground personnel in commercial, business and helicopter aviation, a complete range of flight simulation training devices, ab initio pilot training and crew sourcing services, as well as aircraft flight operations solutions. The civil aviation market includes major commercial airlines, regional airlines, business aircraft operators, civil helicopter operators, aircraft manufacturers, third-party training centres, flight training organizations, maintenance, repair and overhaul organizations (MRO) and aircraft finance leasing companies;
–Defense and Security – We are a global training and simulation provider delivering scalable, platform-independent solutions that enable and enhance force readiness and security. The defence and security market includes defence forces, OEMs, government agencies and public safety organizations worldwide.

On February 16, 2024, we announced the closing of the sale of CAE’s Healthcare business. The Healthcare segment is presented as discontinued operations and you will find more details in Section 9 “Discontinued operations” of this MD&A.

CIVIL AVIATION MARKET
We have the unique capability and global scale to address the total lifecycle needs of the professional pilot, from cadet to captain, with our comprehensive aviation training solutions. We are the world’s largest provider of civil aviation training services. Our deep industry experience and thought leadership, large installed base, strong relationships and reputation as a trusted partner enable us to access a broader share of the market than any other company in our industry. We provide aviation training services in more than 35 countries and through our broad global network of approximately 70 sites, we serve all sectors of civil aviation including airlines and other commercial, business and helicopter aviation operators.
 
Among our thousands of customers, we have long-term training centre operations, training services agreements and joint ventures with approximately 50 major airlines and aircraft operators around the world. Our range of training solutions includes product and service offerings for pilots, cabin crew and aircraft maintenance technicians, training centre operations, curriculum development, courseware solutions and consulting services. We currently manage 343 full-flight simulators (FFSs), including those operating in our joint ventures. We offer industry-leading technology, and we are shaping the future of training through innovations such as our next generation training systems, including CAE Real-time Insights and Standardized Evaluations (CAE Rise), which improves training quality, objectivity and efficiency through the integration of untapped flight and simulator data-driven insights into training. In the development of new pilots, we operate the largest ab initio flight training network in the world and have approximately 20 cadet training programs globally. With our CAE flight operation solutions, we have further strengthened our position as a technology leader, complementing our flight simulator and training solutions while increasing our total addressable market.
 
Quality, fidelity, reliability and innovation are hallmarks of the CAE brand in flight simulation and we are the world leader in the development of civil flight simulators. We continuously innovate our processes and lead the market in the design, manufacture and integration of civil FFSs for major and regional commercial airlines, business aircraft operators, third-party training centres and OEMs. For example, as we are entering a new era of aviation with Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), disruptive aerospace companies are building new aircraft types from the ground up. This will create a large demand for trained professional pilots to safely fly both passengers and cargo across markets. CAE has already partnered with five electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) developers in order to support the evolution of this new industry. We are positioned to develop the pilot workforce of the future and ensure safe introduction of eVTOL operations by leveraging our technologies and expertise in aviation safety.

We have established a wealth of experience in developing first‑to‑market simulators for more than 35 types of aircraft models. Our flight simulation equipment, including FFSs, are designed to meet the rigorous demands of their long and active service lives, often spanning several decades of continuous use. Our global reach enables us to provide best-in-class support services such as real-time, remote monitoring and enables us to leverage our extensive worldwide network of spare parts and service teams.

We believe the Civil Aviation segment is positioned as a gateway in a highly regulated, secular growth market, with an addressable market estimated at approximately $6.5 billion, and headroom for growth.
 
Market drivers
Demand for training and flight operations solutions in the civil aviation market is driven by the following:
–Pilot and maintenance training and industry regulations;
–Safety and efficiency imperatives of commercial airlines and business aircraft operators;
–Expected long-term secular global growth in air travel;
–Expected long-term growth, including new aircraft deliveries and renewal of the active fleet of commercial and business aircraft;
–Demand for trained aviation professionals;
–Complexity of flight operations solutions;
–Emergence of the newer market for advanced air mobility.


6 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Pilot and maintenance training and industry regulations
Civil aviation training is a largely recurring business driven by a highly-regulated environment through global and domestic standards for pilot licensing and certification, amongst other regulatory requirements. These recurring training requirements are mandatory and are regulated by national and international aviation regulatory authorities such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 

In recent years, pilot certification processes and regulatory requirements have become increasingly stringent. Simulation-based pilot certification training is taking on a greater role internationally with the Multi-Crew Pilot License, with the Airline Transport Pilot certification requirements in the U.S. and with Upset Prevention and Recovery Training requirements mandated by both EASA and the FAA.

Safety and efficiency imperatives of commercial airlines and business aircraft operators
The commercial airline industry is competitive, requiring operators to continuously pursue operational excellence and efficiency initiatives to achieve satisfactory returns while continuing to maintain the highest safety standards and the confidence of air travelers. Airlines are finding it increasingly more effective to seek expertise in training from trusted partners such as CAE to address growing efficiency gaps, pilot capability gaps, evolving regulatory and training environments, and on-going aircraft programs. Additionally, CAE offers business jet pilots one of the most advanced, respected and accessible training programs in the industry, covering a wide spectrum of business aircrafts. Partnering with CAE gives immediate access to a world-wide fleet of simulators, courses, programs and instruction capabilities, and allows them flexibility in pursuing fleet training options that suit their business.

Our pilot training system, CAE Rise, is well positioned to elevate the pilot training experience. This system enables instructors to deliver training in accordance with airlines’ Standard Operating Procedures and enables instructors to objectively assess pilot competencies using live data during training sessions. Furthermore, CAE Rise augments instructors’ capability to identify pilot proficiency gaps and evolve airline training programs to the most advanced aviation safety standards, including Advanced Qualification Program and Evidence Based Training methodologies.

Expected long-term secular global growth in air travel
The secular growth in air travel results in long-term demand for flight, cabin, maintenance and ground personnel, which in turn drives demand for training and flight operations solutions.

In commercial aviation, as per the International Air Transport Association (IATA), global air passenger demand, measured by revenue passenger-kilometers (RPKs), has shown a strong increase of 37% for calendar 2023 compared to calendar 2022. For the first three months of calendar 2024, worldwide passenger traffic increased by 17% compared to the first three months of calendar 2023. Passenger traffic in Asia grew by 31%, while in Europe and North America it increased by 11% and 7% respectively over the same period.

Air cargo has seen a slight reduction in demand in recent months, with cargo tonne-kilometers down 2% for calendar 2023 compared to calendar 2022. For the first three months of calendar 2024, cargo tonne-kilometers increased by 13% compared to the first three months of calendar 2023.

In business aviation, the recovery post-COVID has been very strong, reaching a historical peak in calendar 2021. Both the FAA and Eurocontrol, the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, have shown a decrease in flight activity in the last year. The activity remains above the calendar 2019 average for both FAA and EASA. The FAA has shown a decrease of 4% in the total number of business jet flights, remaining at 12% above calendar 2019 levels, which includes all domestic and international flights over the past 12 months. The European business jet market has declined; according to Eurocontrol, the total number of business aviation flights in Europe have decreased by 6% over the same period, remaining stable with calendar 2019 levels.

Additionally, high inflation, the continuing military hostilities in Ukraine, the war between Hamas and Israel, and industry supply chain issues are causing disruptions to our Civil operations.

Expected long-term growth, including new aircraft deliveries and renewal of the active fleet of commercial and business aircraft
As an integrated training solutions provider, our long-term growth is closely tied to the active commercial and business aircraft fleet. Both commercial and business aviation fleets are expected to grow over the next decade, with significant backlogs reported by all OEMs. Short and medium-term growth in aircraft fleets may experience pressure as OEMs face supply, capacity, and certification challenges in delivering aircraft.

Major business jet OEMs are continuing with plans to introduce a variety of new aircraft models in the upcoming years including Dassault's Falcon 10X and the Bombardier Global 8000.
 
Our business aviation training network, comprehensive suite of training programs, key long-term OEM partnerships and ongoing network investments, position us well to effectively address the training demand arising from the entry-into-service of these new aircraft programs.

Our strong competitive moat in the aviation market, as defined by our extensive global training network, best-in-class instructors, comprehensive training programs and strength in training partnerships with airlines and business aircraft operators, allows us to effectively address training needs that arise from a growing active fleet of aircraft.
CAE Financial Report 2024 I 7
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

We are well positioned to leverage our technology leadership and expertise, including CAE 7000XR Series FFSs, CAE 400XR, 500XR, and 600XR Series Flight Training Devices and CAE Simfinity™ ground school solutions, in delivering training equipment solutions that address the growing training needs of airlines, business jet operators, helicopter operators and now AAM.

Demand for trained aviation professionals
Demand for trained aviation professionals is driven by air traffic growth, pilot retirements and by the number of aircraft deliveries. The expansion of global economies and operator aircraft fleets have resulted in demand for qualified aviation professionals to support the expected growth of the commercial and business aviation markets. We are well positioned in the training products and services market to address operators’ training requirements.

In June 2023, we released our 2023 Aviation Talent Forecast in which we estimated a global requirement of 1.3 million new aviation professionals over the next ten years to sustain growth in the civil aviation industry and support mandatory retirements. In the commercial aviation domain, the projections show demand for 1.2 million new aviation professionals, including 252,000 pilots, 328,000 maintenance technicians and 599,000 cabin crew professionals. The business aviation segment anticipates 106,000 professionals comprising 32,000 pilots and 74,000 maintenance technicians. Furthermore, we expect additional demand for new professionals in the emerging AAM sector with the future entry-into-service of eVTOL aircraft.

Complexity of flight operations solutions
Airlines need to closely manage their operations which come with daily challenges. To help optimize these operations, we offer a suite of flight service products. This suite of products provides solutions for flight operations including training management, crew management, flight management, airport management, in-flight services management and operations control. These products enable optimized management for schedule disruptions and allows for maximized resources for all personnel and aircrafts.

The benefits for our flight management solution include reduced fuel and carbon emissions for both regular and irregular operations. Our crew and airport management solution decreases disruption related crew costs and improved staff utilization. Finally, our movement management solution decreases delay and cancellation costs for airlines.

Emergence of the newer market for advanced air mobility
AAM and the developing eVTOL aircraft are emerging into a new era of aviation. We look at this new industry as a potential new avenue for pilot training. This technology is expected to promote community acceptance, instill confidence in the public, influence regulators to implement rules and policies that will stimulate growth, and ensure safety in this emerging industry.

DEFENSE AND SECURITY MARKET
Defense and Security addresses the critical needs of its customers operating in complex environments. The ever-changing global landscape requires the U.S. and its allies to prepare for the possibility of near-peer threats across multi‑domain operations in air, land, sea, space and cyber. Aligned with the priorities of U.S. and allied national defence strategies, we leverage our core training and simulation expertise with advanced digital technologies to deliver innovative and scalable solutions that address military training modernization and enhanced mission support requirements.

Our customers depend on synthetic training and next-generation situational awareness to ensure mission success through planning, preparation, and analysis in complex, multi-domain environments. Leveraging our global training system, we work with the military, government, and industry to deliver tailored solutions at the pace and point of need. From mixed-reality task training devices to high‑fidelity full‑mission simulators and aircrews to maintenance technicians, we support more than 85 different platforms across more than 145 sites and all domains. Our extensive suite of simulation-based technologies coupled with advanced capabilities like biometrics, real-time feedback, artificial intelligence (AI) and adaptive rehearsal scenarios enhances training to deliver scalable and integrated solutions to critical personnel.

Utilizing the strength and expertise that spans our global business, our solutions range from turnkey training centres to tailored live, virtual, and constructive solutions at government-owned locations. We are everywhere our customers need us to be with a global network and local expertise to deliver training efficacy at all proficiency levels. At the CAE Dothan Training Center in Alabama, U.S. Army fixed-wing candidates enter initial training, while the U.S. Air Force (USAF) initial entry training is maintained at CAE’s Pueblo Training Center in Colorado. Outside of the U.S., we provide basic and advanced flight training at NATO Flight Training Centres across multiple sites in Canada. Leveraging our expertise and strategic partnerships, we also support training in Europe with the International Flight Training School in Italy, a joint venture with Leonardo, along with providing ab initio training for the German Air Force at CAE’s Bremen Training Centre in Germany and a site in Montpellier, France.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

As a collaborative partner with industry and government, we enhance customer readiness and mitigate challenges to enable rapid modernization. New generational platforms and programs are rapidly transforming global training and require adaptive approaches to advance defence force readiness. We are essential team members for generational programs like Canada’s Future Aircrew Training (FAcT) through SkyAlyne, our joint venture with KF Aerospace, the MQ-9B SkyGuardian® Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) with General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. as well as the Bell Textron’s tiltrotor aircraft for the U.S. Army Future Long Range Assault Aircraft. We continue to create opportunities through partnerships with Lockheed Martin on global C-130 training solutions, Boeing to support mission-critical platforms like the P-8 and CH-47 and our position as the Authorized Training Provider for Bombardier’s Global 6500 for the High Accuracy Detection and Exploitation System. Increasing complexities of contracts and systems drive the industry toward collaboration as we continue to leverage our strategic relationships and culture of innovation to meet the ever-changing market landscape.

The mission readiness of defence and security forces requires connecting customers, platforms and locations in a secured multi‑domain environment for training and rehearsal. A real-time enterprise network, like the USAF Simulators Common Architecture Requirements and Standards (SCARS), is critical in enhancing operational test and training infrastructure and supporting distributed mission training and multi-domain operations. We lead the integration and standardization of aircraft simulators on SCARS to operate and train together in a strict cyber secure environment. Leveraging our expertise on SCARS and other programs like Flight School Training Support Services for the U.S. Army, and the Platforms and Systems Training Contract for the Royal Australian Navy, we address the vast complexity and scale of digital environments, empower decision-makers at every level and advance the rigor of data‑driven capabilities and assessments so that our customers stay ahead of the evolving security landscapes.

We believe the Defense and Security segment is positioned as a strategic partner to achieve transformational digital training solutions, next-generation situational awareness, and multi-domain operations. We estimate our addressable defence market across all five domains to be approximately US$22.7 billion.
 
Market drivers
Demand for training and operational support solutions in the defence and security markets is driven by the following:
–Continued increase in defence spending as a reflection of heightened global tensions;
–Expected stable demand on enduring platforms and increased opportunities on next-generation systems and technology;
–Maximization of efficiencies through outsourced training and support services;
–Increased competition straining military aviation recruitment, training and retention;
–Demand for integrated network training systems to support multi-domain conflict;
–Expanded utilization of synthetic environments to support efficacy, reduce costs and lower environmental impact.

Continued increase in defence spending as a reflection of heightened global tensions
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, global military expenditures increased by 6.8% in 2023, reaching US$2.4 trillion. The immediate challenges posed by geopolitical instability and near-peer threats across multi‑domain operations will continue to drive expected increases in defence budgets. Economic headwinds and a potential need to reverse current levels of deficit spending could impact global defence; however, training is fundamental to achieving and maintaining mission readiness and budget pressures will push more training into the cost-effective virtual environment, thus creating increased opportunities for our products, services and digital capabilities.

Expected stable demand on enduring platforms and increased opportunities on next-generation systems and technology
We generate a high degree of recurring business from our strong position on enduring platforms, including long-term service contracts. Defence forces in mature markets maximize the use of their existing platforms through upgrades, updates, and life extension programs of existing assets, creating opportunities for simulator upgrades and training support services. In addition, substantial demand for enduring platforms such as the C-130, P-8, F-16, C295, MH-60R, NH90 and MQ-9 in global defence markets requires new training systems and services. Opportunities continue to expand as defence forces prepare for next-generation platforms, and the ever-increasing interaction and teaming of manned and unmanned systems. Our global reach with critical defence customers in key regions, as well as strategic relationships with OEM provider including Boeing, Lockheed Martin and Bell Textron uniquely position us to support next-generation platforms, and enable the efficient transition from current to future state training.

Maximization of efficiencies through outsourced training and support services
Another driver for our expertise and capabilities is the efficiency gained by our customers from outsourcing training and support services. Defence forces and governments continue to find ways to maximize efficiency and enhance readiness, which includes allowing active‑duty personnel to focus on operational requirements. There has been a growing trend among defence forces to consider outsourcing a variety of training and operational support services. We expect this trend to continue, which aligns directly with our strategy to grow long‑term, recurring services business. We believe governments will increasingly look to industry for training and operational support solutions to achieve faster delivery, lower capital investment requirements, and desired readiness levels.

Increased competition straining military aviation recruitment, training and retention
High demand from the civil commercial and business aviation sector has impacted the recruitment, training and retention of military pilots. The challenge has led to defence forces looking at numerous initiatives to address the potential pilot shortage, including modernization efforts and initiatives related explicitly to training innovation, such as the U.S. Air Force Pilot Training Transformation project and Canada's FAcT program. Defence forces are considering outsourcing instructor pilot positions and adopting new technologies that help make pilot training more effective and efficient to increase throughput, creating opportunities for our products, services and solutions.


CAE Financial Report 2024 I 9
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Demand for integrated network training systems to support multi-domain conflict
The shift in the nature of the geopolitical environment and the pivot to preparing for a near‑peer adversary, combined with limited personnel and budget pressures, have prompted defence forces globally to outsource the development, management and delivery of training systems required to support today’s complex environments. Increasingly, defence forces are considering a more integrated and holistic approach to training across all domains – air, land, sea, space and cyber. Defence forces are seeking to maximize commonality for increased efficiencies, cost savings, integration and immersive training across multi-domain operations. As a training systems integrator, we leverage our leadership experience on programs like the USAF SCARS, to address the enterprise training network and deliver comprehensive solutions that enhance operational test and training infrastructure and support distributed mission training and multi‑domain operations.

Expanded utilization of synthetic environments to support efficacy, reduce costs and lower environmental impact
One of the underlying drivers for our expertise and capabilities is the increasing use of synthetic training throughout the defence community. More defence forces and governments are adopting synthetic environments for a greater percentage of their overall approach to improve training effectiveness, reduce operational demands on platforms, lower risks in training and significantly lower costs. Additional benefits of synthetic training mitigate our customers’ environmental impact by providing a safer form of multi-domain training with a significant reduction in the carbon footprint compared to live training in a real environment. At the same time, these digitally immersive synthetic environments, when combined with AI and cloud computing, can provide a tool for planning, course of action analysis, and mission support.

4.     FOREIGN EXCHANGE
We report all dollar amounts in Canadian dollars. We value assets, liabilities and transactions that are measured in foreign currencies using various exchange rates as required by IFRS.
 
The tables below show the variations of the closing and average exchange rates for the three main currencies in which we operate.
 
We used the closing foreign exchange rates below to value our assets, liabilities and adjusted backlog in Canadian dollars at the end of each of the following periods: 
      Increase /
  2024  2023  (decrease)
U.S. dollar (US$ or USD) 1.35  1.35  —  %
Euro (€ or EUR) 1.46  1.47  (1  %)
British pound (£ or GBP) 1.71  1.67  %

We used the average quarterly and yearly foreign exchange rates below to value our revenues and expenses throughout the following periods:
Increase / Increase /
  Q4-2024 Q4-2023 (decrease) FY2024 FY2023 (decrease)
U.S. dollar (US$ or USD) 1.35  1.35  —  % 1.35  1.32  %
Euro (€ or EUR) 1.46  1.45  % 1.46  1.38  %
British pound (£ or GBP) 1.71  1.64  % 1.69  1.59  %
 
For fiscal 2024, the effect of translating the results of our foreign operations into Canadian dollars resulted in an increase in revenue of $80.7 million and an increase in adjusted segment operating income of $8.9 million, when compared to fiscal 2023. We calculated this by translating the current year’s foreign currency revenue and net income of our foreign operations using the average monthly exchange rates from the previous year and comparing these adjusted amounts to our current year reported results. You will find more details about our foreign exchange exposure and hedging strategies in Section 10 "Business risk and uncertainty" of this MD&A. A sensitivity analysis for foreign currency risk is included in Note 30 of our consolidated financial statements.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

5.     CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
5.1       Results from operations – fourth quarter of fiscal 2024
 
(amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Q4-2024 Q3-2024 Q2-2024 Q1-2024 Q4-2023
Continuing operations
Revenue $ 1,126.3  1,094.5  1,050.0  1,012.0  1,197.4 
Cost of sales $ 844.8  791.9  765.3  726.3  860.6 
Gross profit $ 281.5  302.6  284.7  285.7  336.8 
As a % of revenue2
% 25.0  27.6  27.1  28.2  28.1 
Research and development expenses $ 41.7  38.1  33.3  36.7  37.8 
Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 138.1  140.9  132.3  123.7  134.2 
Other (gains) and losses $ 36.3  (4.8) (2.2) (1.4) (9.3)
After-tax share in profit of equity accounted investees $ (24.6) (16.7) (14.3) (16.6) (19.3)
Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs $ 55.0  23.5  37.9  15.0  15.1 
Impairment of goodwill $ 568.0  —  —  —  — 
Operating (loss) income $ (533.0) 121.6  97.7  128.3  178.3 
As a % of revenue2
% —  11.1  9.3  12.7  14.9 
Finance expense – net $ 52.4  52.4  47.1  53.1  50.4 
(Loss) earnings before income taxes $ (585.4) 69.2  50.6  75.2  127.9 
Income tax (recovery) expense $ (80.6) 8.2  (8.3) 7.9  30.8 
As a % of earnings before income taxes
(effective tax rate) % 14  12  (16) 11  24 
Net (loss) income from continuing operations $ (504.8) 61.0  58.9  67.3  97.1 
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations $ 20.5  (1.9) 2.2  0.5  4.8 
Net (loss) income $ (484.3) 59.1  61.1  67.8  101.9 
Attributable to:          
Equity holders of the Company   $ (484.2) 56.5  58.4  65.3  98.4 
Non-controlling interests $ (0.1) 2.6  2.7  2.5  3.5 
   $ (484.3) 59.1  61.1  67.8  101.9 
EPS attributable to equity holders of the Company        
Basic and diluted – continuing operations $ (1.58) 0.18  0.17  0.20  0.29 
Basic and diluted – discontinued operations $ 0.06  (0.01) 0.01  —  0.02 
Adjusted segment operating income2
$ 125.7  145.1  135.6  143.3  193.4 
Adjusted net income2
$ 38.7  76.6  85.2  76.3  106.1 
Adjusted EPS2
$ 0.12  0.24  0.26  0.24  0.33 

Revenue was 6% lower compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
Revenue was $1,126.3 million this quarter, $71.1 million or 6% lower than the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. Revenue variances by segment were as follows:

 (amounts in millions)
Three months ended March 31 2024 2023 Variance $ Variance %
Civil Aviation $ 700.8  $ 661.4  $ 39.4  %
Defense and Security 425.5  536.0  (110.5) (21  %)
Revenue $ 1,126.3  $ 1,197.4  $ (71.1) (6  %)

You will find more details in Section 6 "Results by segment" of this MD&A.


2 Non-IFRS financial measure, non-IFRS ratio, capital management measure, or supplementary financial measure. Refer to Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions" and Section 12.3 "Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for the definitions and reconciliations of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.
CAE Financial Report 2024 I 11
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Gross profit was 16% lower compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
Gross profit was $281.5 million this quarter (25.0% of revenue) compared to $336.8 million (28.1% of revenue) in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. The decrease in gross profit and gross profit margin compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 was mainly due to the impact of unfavourable profit adjustments of $90.3 million recorded this quarter related to the Legacy Contracts in Defense and Security, partially offset by higher revenue recognized in Civil Aviation.

Operating loss was $533.0 million this quarter, a decrease of $711.3 million compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
Operating loss was $533.0 million this quarter compared to an operating income of $178.3 million (14.9% of revenue) in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. Operating income (loss) variances by segment were as follows:

 (amounts in millions)
Three months ended March 31 2024 2023 Variance $ Variance %
Civil Aviation $ 147.0  $ 149.3  $ (2.3) (2  %)
Defense and Security (680.0) 29.0  (709.0) (2,445  %)
Operating (loss) income $ (533.0) $ 178.3  $ (711.3) (399  %)

You will find more details in Section 6 "Results by segment" of this MD&A.

Adjusted segment operating income was 35% lower compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
Adjusted segment operating income was $125.7 million this quarter (11.2% of revenue) compared to $193.4 million (16.2% of revenue) in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. Adjusted segment operating income (loss) variances by segment were as follows:

 (amounts in millions)
Three months ended March 31 2024 2023 Variance $ Variance %
Civil Aviation $ 191.4  $ 162.9  $ 28.5  17  %
Defense and Security (65.7) 30.5  (96.2) (315  %)
Adjusted segment operating income $ 125.7  $ 193.4  $ (67.7) (35  %)

You will find more details in Section 6 "Results by segment" of this MD&A.

Finance expense - net was 4% higher compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
Finance expense - net was $52.4 million this quarter, compared to $50.4 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. The increase was mainly due to higher finance expense on lease liabilities.

Effective tax rate was 14% this quarter
Income tax recovery this quarter amounted to $80.6 million, representing an effective tax rate of 14%, compared to an income tax expense of $30.8 million for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, representing an effective tax rate of 24%. The adjusted effective tax rate3 on our adjusted net income was 47% this quarter compared to 23% in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. The increase in the adjusted effective tax rate was mainly attributable to the derecognition of tax assets previously recorded in Europe partially offset by the change in the mix of income from various jurisdictions.

Net income from discontinued operations was $20.5 million this quarter
Net income from discontinued operations was $20.5 million this quarter compared to $4.8 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. The increase compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 was mainly attributable to the after-tax gain on disposal of discontinued operations of $16.5 million in relation to the sale of the Healthcare business.

You will find more details in Section 9 “Discontinued operations” of this MD&A.

3 Non-IFRS financial measure, non-IFRS ratio, capital management measure, or supplementary financial measure. Refer to Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions" and Section 12.3 "Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for the definitions and reconciliations of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

5.2       Results from operations – fiscal 2024
 
(amounts in millions, except per share amounts) FY2024 FY2023
Continuing operations
Revenue $ 4,282.8  4,010.6 
Cost of sales $ 3,128.3  2,927.1 
Gross profit $ 1,154.5  1,083.5 
As a % of revenue
% 27.0  27.0 
Research and development expenses $ 149.8  129.0 
Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 535.0  501.5 
Other (gains) and losses $ 27.9  (22.4)
After-tax share in profit of equity accounted investees $ (72.2) (53.2)
Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs $ 131.4  62.6 
Impairment of goodwill $ 568.0  — 
Operating (loss) income $ (185.4) 466.0 
As a % of revenue
% —  11.6 
Finance expense – net $ 205.0  173.6 
(Loss) earnings before income taxes $ (390.4) 292.4 
Income tax (recovery) expense $ (72.8) 62.6 
As a % of earnings before income taxes (effective tax rate) % 19  21 
Net (loss) income from continuing operations $ (317.6) 229.8 
Net income from discontinued operations $ 21.3  2.1 
Net (loss) income $ (296.3) 231.9 
Attributable to:    
Equity holders of the Company $ (304.0) 222.7 
Non-controlling interests $ 7.7  9.2 
  $ (296.3) 231.9 
EPS attributable to equity holders of the Company  
Basic and diluted – continuing operations $ (1.02) 0.69 
Basic and diluted – discontinued operations $ 0.07  0.01 
Adjusted segment operating income $ 549.7  538.4 
Adjusted net income $ 276.8  275.9 
Adjusted EPS $ 0.87  0.87 

Revenue was 7% higher compared to last year
Revenue was $4,282.8 million this year, $272.2 million or 7% higher than last year. Revenue variances by segment were as follows:

 (amounts in millions)
Years ended March 31 2024 2023 Variance $ Variance %
Civil Aviation $ 2,435.8  $ 2,166.4  $ 269.4  12  %
Defense and Security 1,847.0  1,844.2  2.8  —  %
Revenue $ 4,282.8  $ 4,010.6  $ 272.2  %

You will find more details in Section 6 "Results by segment" of this MD&A.
 
Gross profit was 7% higher compared to last year
Gross profit was $1,154.5 million this year (27.0% of revenue) compared to $1,083.5 million (27.0% of revenue) last year. The increase in gross profit compared to last year was mainly due to higher revenue recognized in Civil Aviation, partially offset by the impact of unfavourable profit adjustments on contracts recorded in the current and prior year, specifically $90.3 million related to the Legacy Contracts recorded in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, compared to $28.9 million recorded on two U.S. programs in the first quarter of fiscal 2023.
CAE Financial Report 2024 I 13
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Operating loss was $185.4 million this year, a decrease of $651.4 million compared to last year
Operating loss was $185.4 million this year compared to an operating income of $466.0 million (11.6% of revenue) last year. Operating income (loss) variances by segment were as follows:

 (amounts in millions)
Years ended March 31 2024 2023 Variance $ Variance %
Civil Aviation $ 442.0  $ 430.3  $ 11.7  %
Defense and Security (627.4) 35.7  (663.1) (1,857  %)
Operating (loss) income $ (185.4) $ 466.0  $ (651.4) (140  %)

You will find more details in Section 6 "Results by segment" of this MD&A.

Adjusted segment operating income was 2% higher compared to last year
Adjusted segment operating income was $549.7 million this year (12.8% of revenue) compared to $538.4 million (13.4% of revenue) last year. Adjusted segment operating income variances by segment were as follows:
 (amounts in millions)
Years ended March 31 2024 2023 Variance $ Variance %
Civil Aviation $ 548.9  $ 485.3  $ 63.6  13  %
Defense and Security 0.8  53.1  (52.3) (98  %)
Adjusted segment operating income $ 549.7  $ 538.4  $ 11.3  %
You will find more details in Section 6 "Results by segment" of this MD&A.

Finance expense - net was $31.4 million higher than last year
 
FY2023 to
(amounts in millions)
FY2024
Finance expense - net, prior period $ 173.6 
Change in finance expense from the prior period:  
Increase in finance expense on long-term debt (other than lease liabilities) $ 18.8 
Increase in finance expense on lease liabilities 9.2 
Decrease in finance expense on royalty obligations (0.6)
Increase in other finance expense 7.2 
Decrease in borrowing costs capitalized 0.9 
Increase in finance expense from the prior period $ 35.5 
Change in finance income from the prior period:  
Increase in interest income on loans and finance lease contracts $ (0.7)
Increase in other finance income (3.4)
Increase in finance income from the prior period $ (4.1)
Finance expense - net, current period $ 205.0 

Net finance expense was $205.0 million, $31.4 million higher compared to the same period last year. The increase was mainly due to higher finance expense on long-term debt from an increased level of borrowing and higher variable interest rates and higher finance expense on lease liabilities in support of training network expansions.

Effective tax rate was 19% this year
Income tax recovery this year amounted to $72.8 million, representing an effective tax rate of 19%, compared to an income tax expense of $62.6 million for the same period last year, representing an effective tax rate of 21%. The adjusted effective tax rate on our adjusted net income was 17% this year compared to 22% last year. The decrease in the adjusted effective tax rate was mainly attributable to the change in the mix of income from various jurisdictions, the recognition of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets in relation to the statutory combination of certain foreign operations and an income tax benefit resulting from the tax court decision in the first quarter of fiscal 2024, partially offset by the derecognition of tax assets previously recorded in Europe.

Net income from discontinued operations was $21.3 million this year
Net income from discontinued operations was $21.3 million this year, $19.2 million higher compared to the same period last year. The increase was mainly due to the after-tax gain on disposal of discontinued operations of $16.5 million incurred in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024 in relation to the sale of the Healthcare business.

You will find more details in Section 9 “Discontinued operations” of this MD&A.
14 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

5.3       Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs

FY2024 FY2023 Q4-2024 Q4-2023
Integration and acquisition costs $ 79.9  $ 65.8  $ 15.0  $ 14.8 
Severances and other employee related costs
31.2  2.0  19.7  0.3 
Impairment of non-financial assets - net
19.2  1.8  19.2  — 
Other costs
1.1  2.8  1.1  — 
Impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their
repurposing and optimization
—  (9.8) —  — 
Total restructuring, integration and acquisition costs
$ 131.4  $ 62.6  $ 55.0  $ 15.1 

On February 16, 2024, concurrent with the sale of our Healthcare business, we announced that we will further streamline our operating model and portfolio, optimize our cost structure and create efficiencies. For the year ended March 31, 2024, costs related to this restructuring program totalled $39.3 million and included $15.8 million of severances and other employee related costs and $16.8 million of impairment of intangible assets related to the termination of certain product offerings within the Civil Aviation segment. We expect to record approximately $10 million of additional restructuring expenses over the next two quarters.

For the year ended March 31, 2024, restructuring, integration and acquisition costs associated with the fiscal 2022 acquisition of AirCentre amounted to $76.8 million (2023 – $48.9 million) and those related to the fiscal 2022 acquisition of L3H MT amounted to $12.9 million (2023 – $17.6 million).

The ongoing integration costs associated with the AirCentre acquisition relate mainly to IT infrastructure migration and integration and are expected to be substantially complete by mid fiscal 2025. While a significant portion of the integration costs associated with the L3H MT acquisition were incurred by the end of fiscal 2023, additional integration costs were incurred in fiscal 2024 following the completion of IT infrastructure and systems integration and structural organizational changes.

For the year ended March 31, 2023, restructuring, integration and acquisition costs include gains on the reversal of impairment of an intangible asset of $6.8 million in the Defense and Security segment and property, plant and equipment of $3.0 million in the Civil Aviation segment, following their repurposing and optimization and new customer contracts and opportunities.

5.4       Impairment of goodwill
We performed the annual impairment test for goodwill during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024. We determined the recoverable amount of each of our cash generating units (CGUs) based on fair value less costs of disposal calculations using a discounted cash flow model. The recoverable amount of each CGU is calculated using estimated cash flows derived from our five-year strategic plan as approved by the Board of Directors. The cash flows are based on expectations of market growth, industry reports and trends, and past performance. Cash flows subsequent to the five‑year period were extrapolated using a constant terminal value growth rate of 2%, which is consistent with forecasts included in industry reports specific to the industry in which each CGU operates. The discount rates used to calculate the recoverable amounts reflect each CGUs’ specific risks and market conditions, including the market view of risk for each CGU, and range from 9.0% to 10.9%.

In fiscal 2024, the assumptions used in determining the recoverable amount of the Defense and Security CGU using the discounted cash flow model, including expected revenue growth, margin projections and the discount rate, were impacted by the general economic headwinds and the re-baselining of the Defense and Security business resulting in the delayed recovery and growth of the CGU. As a result of the impairment test performed, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $568.0 million. The recoverable amount of the Defense and Security CGU after the impairment, based on the fair value less costs of disposal calculation, was $2.1 billion.

Variations in assumptions and estimates, particularly in the expected revenue growth, margin projections and the discount rate could have a significant impact on fair value. For the Defense and Security CGU, a decrease of 1% in expected revenue growth would have resulted in an additional impairment of approximately $85 million, a decrease of 1% in margin projections would have resulted in an additional impairment of approximately $190 million, and an increase of 1% in the discount rate of 10.9% would have resulted in an additional impairment of approximately $245 million.

No impairment charge was identified for the CGUs included in the Civil Aviation segment. A decrease of 1% in expected revenue growth, a decrease of 1% in margin projections, or an increase of 1% in the discount rate would not have resulted in an impairment charge for any of the Civil Aviation CGUs.

You will find more details in Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements.

CAE Financial Report 2024 I 15
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

5.5       Consolidated adjusted orders and adjusted backlog

Adjusted backlog4 13% higher compared to last year
(amounts in millions) FY2024 FY2023
Obligated backlog4, beginning of period
$ 8,961.9  $ 7,871.4 
+ adjusted order intake 4,937.4  4,856.4 
- revenue
(4,282.8) (4,010.6)
+ / - adjustments
(101.2) 244.7 
Obligated backlog, end of period $ 9,515.3  $ 8,961.9 
Joint venture backlog4 (all obligated)
464.1  300.2 
Unfunded backlog and options4
2,204.5  1,534.3 
Adjusted backlog $ 12,183.9  $ 10,796.4 
 
Fiscal 2024 adjustments were mainly due to contract cancellations and contract amendments, partially offset by foreign exchange movements.

The book-to-sales ratio for the quarter was 1.38x. The ratio for the last 12 months was 1.15x. 

In fiscal 2024, $935.7 million was added to the unfunded backlog and $623.9 million was transferred to obligated backlog. 

You will find more details in Section 6 "Results by segment" of this MD&A.

6.     RESULTS BY SEGMENT
We manage our business and report our results in two segments: 
–Civil Aviation;
–Defense and Security.
 
The method used for the allocation of assets jointly used by the operating segments and costs and liabilities jointly incurred (mostly corporate costs) between operating segments is based on the level of utilization when determinable and measurable, otherwise the allocation is based on a proportion of each segment’s cost of sales and revenue.
 
Unless otherwise indicated, elements within our segment revenue and adjusted segment operating income analysis are presented in order of magnitude.

6.1       Civil Aviation
FISCAL 2024 CONTRACT AWARDS
Civil Aviation obtained contracts this quarter expected to generate future revenues of $832.1 million, including contracts for 7 FFSs. This brings the total civil order intake to $3,025.5 million and 64 FFSs for the year.

Notable contract awards for fiscal 2024 included:
–A 10-year commercial aviation training agreement with Air France KLM Group;
–A multi-year exclusive commercial aviation training agreement with ITA Airways;
–A 10-year commercial training agreement extension with Air Europa;
–A 3-year business aviation training agreement with Solairus Aviation;
–A 4-year air traffic control training agreement with NAV Canada;
–A 7-year next-gen flight operations solutions agreement extension with Saudia;
–Six Boeing B737 Max FFSs and two previous B737 Max FFS options converted to firm orders to Ryanair;
–A 7-year next-gen crew management and aircraft operations solutions agreement with Air India;
–A 5-year business aviation training agreement with Clay Lacy Aviation;
–A 5-year next-gen crew management and flight operations solutions agreement with Wizz Air.

4 Non-IFRS financial measure, non-IFRS ratio, capital management measure, or supplementary financial measure. Refer to Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions" and Section 12.3 "Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for the definitions and reconciliations of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.
16 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

FINANCIAL RESULTS
(amounts in millions) FY2024 FY2023 Q4-2024 Q3-2024 Q2-2024 Q1-2024 Q4-2023
Revenue $ 2,435.8  2,166.4  700.8  622.1  572.6  540.3  661.4 
Operating income $ 442.0  430.3  147.0  101.0  88.4  105.6  149.3 
Adjusted segment operating income $ 548.9  485.3  191.4  124.2  114.3  119.0  162.9 
As a % of revenue5 % 22.5  22.4  27.3  20.0  20.0  22.0  24.6 
Depreciation and amortization $ 272.0  243.4  69.9  70.7  65.2  66.2  64.0 
Property, plant and equipment
expenditures
$ 225.8  240.6  58.0  65.9  37.5  64.4  49.5 
Intangible asset expenditures $ 109.5  88.6  33.1  21.9  22.7  31.8  24.8 
Capital employed5
$ 4,871.7  4,710.4  4,871.7  4,774.6  4,778.8  4,710.9  4,710.4 
Adjusted backlog $ 6,440.4  5,730.8  6,440.4  6,119.8  5,903.1  5,764.8  5,730.8 
Supplementary non-financial information
Simulator equivalent unit 272  257  279  275  268  268  265 
FFSs in CAE's network 343  324  343  336  331  327  324 
Utilization rate % 76  72  78  76  71  77  78 
FFS deliveries 47  46  17  13  11  17 

Revenue up 6% compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
The increase compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 was mainly due to higher revenue from training services, driven by a more favourable sales mix and higher utilization and increased volume from recently deployed simulators in our network, and higher revenue from simulator lifecycle support services. The increase was partially offset by lower revenue recognized from simulator sales.

Revenue was $2,435.8 million this year, $269.4 million or 12% higher than last year
The increase compared to last year was mainly due to higher revenue from training services, driven by a more favourable sales mix and higher utilization and increased volume from recently deployed simulators in our network, higher revenue from simulator lifecycle support services and the foreign exchange impact on the translation of our foreign operations.

Operating income down 2% compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
Operating income was $147.0 million (21.0% of revenue) this quarter, compared to $149.3 million (22.6% of revenue) in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. This quarter’s operating income included restructuring, integration and acquisition costs of $44.4 million compared to $13.6 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

The decrease compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 was mainly due to higher restructuring, integration and acquisition costs. The decrease was offset by a higher contribution from training services, driven by higher utilization and increased volume from recently deployed simulators in our network and a more favourable sales mix.

Operating income was $442.0 million this year, $11.7 million or 3% higher than last year.
Operating income was $442.0 million (18.1% of revenue) this year, compared to $430.3 million (19.9% of revenue) last year. This year's operating income included restructuring, integration and acquisition costs of $106.9 million compared to $52.0 million last year.

The increase compared to last year was mainly due to a higher contribution from training services, driven by a more favourable sales mix and higher utilization and increased volume from recently deployed simulators in our network. The increase was partially offset by higher restructuring, integration and acquisition costs and higher selling, general and administrative expenses in support of business growth.

Adjusted segment operating income up 17% compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
Adjusted segment operating income was $191.4 million (27.3% of revenue) this quarter, compared to $162.9 million (24.6% of revenue) in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

The increase compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 was mainly due to a higher contribution from training services, driven by higher utilization and increased volume from recently deployed simulators in our network and a more favourable sales mix.


5 Non-IFRS financial measure, non-IFRS ratio, capital management measure, or supplementary financial measure. Refer to Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions" and Section 12.3 "Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for the definitions and reconciliations of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.
CAE Financial Report 2024 I 17
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Adjusted segment operating income was $548.9 million this year, $63.6 million or 13% higher than last year
Adjusted segment operating income was $548.9 million (22.5% of revenue) this year, compared to $485.3 million (22.4% of revenue) last year.
 
The increase compared to last year was mainly due to a higher contribution from training services, driven by a more favourable sales mix and higher utilization and increased volume from recently deployed simulators in our network. The increase was partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses in support of business growth.

Property, plant and equipment expenditures were $58.0 million this quarter and $225.8 million for the year
Growth capital expenditures were $42.2 million for the quarter and $155.7 million for the year. Maintenance capital expenditures were $15.8 million for the quarter and $70.1 million for the year.
 
Capital employed increased by $97.1 million compared to last quarter and increased by $161.3 million compared to last year
The increase in capital employed compared to last quarter was due to movements in foreign exchange rates, higher other assets, higher investment in equity accounted investees and higher right-of-use assets. The increase is partially offset by a lower investment in non-cash working capital.

The increase in capital employed compared to last year was due to higher property, plant and equipment, higher investment in equity accounted investees, higher other assets and higher right-of-use assets. The increase was partially offset by a lower investment in non-cash working capital.

Adjusted backlog up 12% compared to last year
(amounts in millions) FY2024 FY2023
Obligated backlog, beginning of period $ 5,555.2  $ 4,718.3 
+ adjusted order intake 3,025.5  2,827.1 
- revenue (2,435.8) (2,166.4)
+ / - adjustments (37.4) 176.2 
Obligated backlog, end of period $ 6,107.5  $ 5,555.2 
Joint venture backlog (all obligated) 332.9  175.6 
Adjusted backlog $ 6,440.4  $ 5,730.8 

Fiscal 2024 adjustments were mainly due to contract cancellations, partially offset by foreign exchange movements.

This quarter's book-to-sales ratio was 1.19x. The ratio for the last 12 months was 1.24x.

6.2       Defense and Security
RE-BASELINING OF THE DEFENSE AND SECURITY BUSINESS, DEFENSE AND SECURITY IMPAIRMENTS AND ACCELERATED RISK RECOGNITION ON LEGACY CONTRACTS
Within the Defense and Security segment, we have a number of fixed-price contracts which offer certain potential advantages and efficiencies but can also be negatively impacted by adverse changes to general economic conditions, including unforeseen supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, availability of labour and execution difficulties. These risks can result in cost overruns and reduced profit margins or losses. For further details, refer to Section 10 “Business risk and uncertainty” of this MD&A. While these risks can often be managed or mitigated, there are eight distinct legacy contracts entered into prior to the COVID-19 pandemic that are fixed-price in structure, with little to no provision for cost escalation, and that have been more significantly impacted by these risks (the Legacy Contracts). Although only a small fraction of the current business, they have disproportionately impacted overall Defense and Security profitability. The Legacy Contracts include one that was inherited with the fiscal 2022 acquisition of L3Harris Technologies’ Military Training business and have completion dates mainly within the next two fiscal years.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, we recorded a $568.0 million non-cash impairment of Defense and Security goodwill and $90.3 million in unfavourable contract profit adjustments as a result of accelerated risk recognition on the Legacy Contracts. We also recorded a $35.7 million impairment of related technology and other non-financial assets which are principally related to the Legacy Contracts.

The recognition of risks associated with the Legacy Contracts has been accelerated in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024 following revised agreements on scope and timing with customers, suppliers and other stakeholders, which resulted in profit adjustments associated with the reassessment of estimated costs.


18 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

FISCAL 2024 CONTRACT AWARDS
Defense and Security was awarded $718.4 million in orders this quarter and $1,911.9 million in total for fiscal 2024. Unfunded contracts in the quarter were valued at $1.2 million and $935.7 million in total for fiscal 2024.

Notable contract awards for fiscal 2024 included:
–General Dynamics Information Technology to support the U.S. Army Flight School Training Support Services at Fort Novosel, Alabama with training and simulation solutions for initial entry-level and graduate-level rotary wing flight training. Under the terms of the 12-year contract, CAE will build and operate CAE-owned full-flight simulators for the CH-47F and UH-60M platforms to meet the U.S. Army Aviation Center of Excellence’s rotary wing simulation services requirements;
–The U.S. Air Force (USAF) for the modification and maintenance of F-16 training devices;
–General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. for support of the Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) program, delivering aircrew and maintenance technician training, supporting training devices and courseware to meet Canada’s RPAS requirements;
–The USAF to provide Rotary Wing, Introductory Flight Training at the CAE Dothan Training Centre in Dothan, Alabama. The program extends through 2033 and supports all initial USAF rotary-wing air, ground and simulation training;
–The USAF for continuation of flight training on KC-135 devices;
–The Commonwealth of Australia to continue supporting their Australian Defence Force Aerospace Simulator Integrated Support and Training program;
–Leidos to support the U.S. Army High Accuracy Detection and Exploitation System by providing Flight Training Service for the Bombardier Global 6000/6500 Full Flight Simulator at the CAE Dothan Training Center;
–Bell Textron to support the U.S. Army Future Long Range Assault Aircraft program. As part of a teaming arrangement with Bell for their Future Vertical Lift family of systems, CAE is expected to provide maintenance training devices, assist in the development of flight training devices, and deliver other training products;
–The U.S. Army to finalize the development of the Soldier Virtual Trainer prototype to include Weapons Skills Development, the SVT Core computational system, and Intelligent Tutor.

FINANCIAL RESULTS
(amounts in millions) FY2024 FY2023 Q4-2024 Q3-2024 Q2-2024 Q1-2024 Q4-2023
Revenue $ 1,847.0  1,844.2  425.5  472.4  477.4  471.7  536.0 
Operating (loss) income $ (627.4) 35.7  (680.0) 20.6  9.3  22.7  29.0 
Adjusted segment operating
income (loss) $ 0.8  53.1  (65.7) 20.9  21.3  24.3  30.5 
As a % of revenue % —  2.9  —  4.4  4.5  5.2  5.7 
Depreciation and amortization $ 96.7  86.8  26.3  23.6  23.2  23.6  23.2 
Property, plant and equipment              
expenditures
$ 102.3  25.4  33.3  19.3  23.9  25.8  11.9 
Intangible asset expenditures $ 26.4  28.2  8.0  5.2  6.7  6.5  9.4 
Capital employed $ 2,041.2  2,565.0  2,041.2  2,627.0  2,697.4  2,698.6  2,565.0 
Adjusted backlog $ 5,743.5  5,065.6  5,743.5  5,626.5  5,870.0  5,418.7  5,065.6 
 
Revenue down 21% compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
The decrease compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 was mainly due to the impact on revenue of the unfavourable profit adjustments on the Legacy Contracts and lower level of activity on our North American programs.

Revenue was $1,847.0 million this year, $2.8 million higher than last year
The increase compared to last year was mainly due to the foreign exchange impact on the translation of our foreign operations and a higher level of activity on our European and North American programs, partially offset by the impact on revenue of the unfavourable profit adjustments on the Legacy Contracts.

Operating loss was $680.0 million this quarter, a decrease of $709.0 million compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
Operating loss was $680.0 million this quarter, compared to an operating income of $29.0 million (5.4% of revenue) in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. This quarter’s operating loss included the impairment of goodwill of $568.0 million and the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets of $35.7 million. The fourth quarter of fiscal 2024 also included restructuring, integration and acquisition costs of $10.6 million compared to $1.5 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

The decrease of $709.0 million compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 was mainly due to the impairment of goodwill, technology and other non-financial assets, the impact of unfavourable profit adjustments on the Legacy Contracts of $90.3 million, higher restructuring, integration and acquisition costs and higher net research and development expenses. The decrease was also due to lower margins on our North American programs, partially offset by lower selling, general and administrative expenses.


CAE Financial Report 2024 I 19
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Operating loss was $627.4 million this year, a decrease of $663.1 million compared to last year
Operating loss was $627.4 million this year, compared to an operating income of $35.7 million (1.9% of revenue) last year. This year’s operating loss included the impairment of goodwill of $568.0 million and the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets of $35.7 million. Fiscal 2024 also included restructuring, integration and acquisition costs of $24.5 million compared to $10.6 million last year.

The decrease of $663.1 million compared to last year was mainly due to the impairment of goodwill, technology and other non‑financial assets and the impact of unfavourable profit adjustments on contracts recorded in the current and prior year, specifically $90.3 million related to the Legacy Contracts recorded in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, compared to $28.9 million recorded on two U.S. programs in the first quarter of fiscal 2023, and higher restructuring, integration and acquisition costs. The decrease was further due to higher net research and development expenses, partially offset by lower selling, general and administrative expenses.

Adjusted segment operating loss was $65.7 million this quarter, a decrease of $96.2 million compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023
Adjusted segment operating loss was $65.7 million this quarter, compared to an adjusted segment operating income of $30.5 million (5.7% of revenue) in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. 

The decrease of $96.2 million compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 was mainly due to the impact of unfavourable profit adjustments on the Legacy Contracts of $90.3 million and higher net research and development expenses. The decrease was also due to lower margins on our North American programs, partially offset by lower selling, general and administrative expenses.
 
Adjusted segment operating income was $0.8 million this year, $52.3 million or 98% lower than last year
Adjusted segment operating income was $0.8 million this year, compared to $53.1 million (2.9% of revenue) last year.
 
The decrease of $52.3 million compared to last year was mainly due to the impact of unfavourable profit adjustments on contracts recorded in the current and prior year, specifically $90.3 million related to the Legacy Contracts recorded in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, compared to $28.9 million recorded on two U.S. programs in the first quarter of fiscal 2023. The decrease was further due to higher net research and development expenses, partially offset by lower selling, general and administrative expenses.

Capital employed decreased by $585.8 million compared to last quarter and decreased by $523.8 million compared to last year
The decrease compared to last quarter was mainly due to the impairment of goodwill, technology and other non-financial assets, and lower non-cash working capital. The decrease was partially offset by higher right-of-use assets and movements in foreign exchange rates.

The decrease compared to last year was mainly due to the impairment of goodwill, technology and other non-financial assets, and lower non-cash working capital and was partially offset by higher right-of-use assets.

Adjusted backlog up 13% compared to last year
(amounts in millions) FY2024 FY2023
Obligated backlog, beginning of period $ 3,406.7  $ 3,153.1 
+ adjusted order intake 1,911.9  2,029.3 
- revenue (1,847.0) (1,844.2)
+ / - adjustments (63.8) 68.5 
Obligated backlog, end of period $ 3,407.8  $ 3,406.7 
Joint venture backlog (all obligated) 131.2  124.6 
Unfunded backlog and options 2,204.5  1,534.3 
Adjusted backlog $ 5,743.5  $ 5,065.6 

Fiscal 2024 adjustments were mainly due to contract amendments.

This quarter's book-to-sales ratio was 1.69x. The ratio for the last 12 months was 1.04x.

In fiscal 2024, $935.7 million was added to the unfunded backlog and $623.9 million was transferred to obligated backlog. 

20 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

7.     CONSOLIDATED CASH MOVEMENTS AND LIQUIDITY
We manage liquidity and regularly monitor the factors that could affect it, including:
–Cash generated from operations, including timing of milestone payments and management of working capital;
–Capital expenditure requirements;
–Scheduled repayments of long-term debt obligations, our credit capacity and expected future debt market conditions.
 
7.1       Consolidated cash movements
(amounts in millions) FY2024 FY2023 Q4-2024 Q4-2023
Cash provided by operating activities* $ 438.8  $ 522.9  $ 46.7  $ 158.5 
Changes in non-cash working capital 128.1  (114.5) 168.5  22.1 
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 566.9  $ 408.4  $ 215.2  $ 180.6 
Maintenance capital expenditures6 (102.5) (62.8) (23.2) (14.8)
Intangible assets expenditures excluding capitalized development costs (33.4) (39.3) (7.6) (13.7)
Proceeds from the disposal of property, plant and equipment 4.0  5.7  0.3  0.9 
Net payments to equity accounted investees (43.9) (10.9) (3.4) (0.4)
Dividends received from equity accounted investees 37.1  40.9  6.8  20.6 
Other investing activities (10.2) (6.3) (0.8) (1.2)
Impact of discontinued operations 0.2  (2.6) 3.8  (24.4)
Free cash flow6
$ 418.2  $ 333.1  $ 191.1  $ 147.6 
Growth capital expenditures6 
(227.3) (206.0) (68.5) (48.1)
Capitalized development costs (114.5) (87.1) (34.5) (22.8)
Net proceeds from the issuance of common shares 7.8  16.3  0.2  0.8 
Business combinations, net of cash acquired —  (6.4) —  — 
Other cash movements, net —  (28.7) (2.2) 3.1 
Proceeds from disposal of discontinued operations 275.3  —  275.3  — 
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (13.7) 16.4  1.3  2.6 
Impact of discontinued operations (0.2) 2.6  (3.8) 24.4 
Net change in cash before proceeds and repayment of long-term debt $ 345.6  $ 40.2  $ 358.9  $ 107.6 
* before changes in non-cash working capital        

Net cash provided by operating activities of $215.2 million this quarter
Net cash provided by operating activities was $34.6 million higher compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. The increase was mainly due to a higher contribution from non-cash working capital, partially offset by lower net income adjusted for non-cash items, including impairment of goodwill and other non-financial assets and deferred income taxes.

Net cash provided by operating activities of $566.9 million this year
Net cash provided by operating activities was $158.5 million higher than the same period last year. The increase was mainly due to a higher contribution from non-cash working capital, partially offset by lower net income adjusted for non-cash items, including impairment of goodwill and other non-financial assets and deferred income taxes.

Free cash flow of $191.1 million this quarter
Free cash flow was $43.5 million higher compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. The increase was mainly due to a higher net cash provided by operating activities.

Free cash flow of $418.2 million this year
Free cash flow was $85.1 million higher compared to last year. The increase was mainly due to a higher net cash provided by operating activities, partially offset by higher maintenance capital expenditures and higher net payments to equity accounted investees.

Property, plant and equipment expenditures were $91.7 million this quarter and $329.8 million for the year
Growth capital expenditures were $68.5 million this quarter and $227.3 million for the year. Maintenance capital expenditures were $23.2 million this quarter and $102.5 million for the year.


6 Non-IFRS financial measure, non-IFRS ratio, capital management measure, or supplementary financial measure. Refer to Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions" and Section 12.3 "Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for the definitions and reconciliations of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.
CAE Financial Report 2024 I 21
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

7.2       Sources of liquidity
 
We have a committed unsecured revolving credit facility at floating rates, provided by a syndicate of lenders. We and some of our subsidiaries can borrow funds directly from this credit facility to cover operating and general corporate expenses and to issue letters of credit up to a maximum of US$200.0 million (2023 – US$200.0 million).

The total amount available through this revolving credit facility at March 31, 2024 was US$1.0 billion (2023 – US$1.0 billion). There was US$22.1 million drawn under the facility as at March 31, 2024 (2023 – US$320.0 million), and US$18.2 million was used for letters of credit (2023 – US$32.5 million). The applicable interest rate on this revolving credit facility is variable, based on the bank’s prime rate, bankers’ acceptance rates or SOFR plus a margin based on CAE's credit rating.

We manage several bilateral facilities for the issuance of performance bonds, advance payment guarantees or similar instruments. Some of these facilities are covered by an unsecured Export Development Canada Performance Security Guarantee account for US$225.0 million (2023 – US$225.0 million). As at March 31, 2024 the total outstanding for these instruments was $194.4 million (2023 – $198.5 million).

We manage an uncommitted receivable purchase facility of up to US$400.0 million (2023 – US$400.0 million), in which we sell interests in certain of our accounts receivable to third parties for cash consideration. As at March 31, 2024, the carrying amount of the original accounts receivable sold to financial institutions pursuant to the receivable purchase facility totalled $303.7 million (2023 – $266.7 million) of which $44.9 million (2023 – $42.4 million), corresponding to the extent of our continuing involvement, remains in accounts receivable with a corresponding liability included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

We have certain debt agreements which require the maintenance of standard financial covenants. As at March 31, 2024, we are compliant with all our financial covenants.

The following table summarizes the long-term debt:
  As at March 31 As at March 31
(amounts in millions) 2024 2023
Total long-term debt $ 3,074.3  $ 3,250.1 
Less:
Current portion of long-term debt 253.7  133.4 
Current portion of lease liabilities 55.2  81.2 
Long-term portion of long-term debt $ 2,765.4  $ 3,035.5 
 
Credit rating
In June, 2023, CAE received an initial issuer credit rating of BBB- from S&P Global Ratings with a stable outlook. Such rating was also assigned to CAE's unsecured senior notes Series 1 due in June 2028.

Unsecured senior notes
In June 2023, we completed a private offering of $400.0 million of unsecured senior notes, bearing interest at 5.541% per annum, payable in equal semi-annual installments until maturity in June 2028. The net proceeds were used to repay certain indebtedness outstanding under the Revolving Facility and for general corporate purposes. Concurrently, we entered into fixed to fixed cross currency principal and interest rate swap agreements to effectively convert the $400.0 million unsecured senior notes into U.S. dollars. We have designated the swap agreements as a hedge of our net investments in U.S. entities against foreign currency fluctuations.

Term loans
In February 2024, we prepaid a US$175.0 million term loan due in July 2024. In March 2024, we repaid a term loan of US$50.0 million.

Pension obligations
We maintain defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans. Our defined benefit pension plans are considered sufficiently funded. We expect to pay employer contributions and benefits of $30.6 million in fiscal 2025.

In June 2023, we entered into an annuity purchase transaction in which the pension obligations of $168.9 million associated with certain retired members of Canadian defined benefit pension plans were transferred to a third-party insurer. This transaction reduces our future pension liability growth and the funding volatility risk.

7.3       Government participation

We have agreements with various governments whereby the latter contribute a portion of the cost, based on expenditures incurred by CAE, of certain R&D programs for modeling, simulation and training services technology.

You will find more details in Note 26 of our consolidated financial statements.

22 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

7.4       Contingencies and commitments

Contingencies
From time to time, CAE is involved in legal proceedings, audits, litigations and claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We operate in a highly regulated environment across many jurisdictions and is subject to, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to import-export controls, trade sanctions, anti-corruption, national security and aviation safety of each country. In addition, contracts with government agencies are subject to procurement regulations and other specific legal requirements. We are also required to comply with tax laws and regulations of any country in which we operate.

We are subject to investigations and audits from various government and regulatory agencies. In addition, CAE may identify, investigate, remediate and voluntarily disclose potential non-compliance with those laws and regulations. As a result, we can be subject to potential liabilities associated with those matters. Although it is possible that liabilities may be incurred in instances for which no accruals have been made, we do not believe that the ultimate outcome of these matters will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Commitments
We enter into contractual obligations and commercial commitments in the normal course of our business. The table below represents our contractual obligations and commitments for the next five fiscal years and thereafter:
(amounts in millions) 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Thereafter Total
Long-term debt (excluding interest) $ 253.7  $ 265.0  $ 174.1  $ 164.1  $ 644.1  $ 1,021.4  $ 2,522.4 
Lease liabilities 88.2  75.9  72.1  62.5  53.0  570.3  922.0 
Purchase commitments 329.3  127.0  92.0  21.0  5.5  3.2  578.0 
  $ 671.2  $ 467.9  $ 338.2  $ 247.6  $ 702.6  $ 1,594.9  $ 4,022.4 
 
As at March 31, 2024, the Company had additional commitments of $65.9 million related to leases not yet commenced that have not been recognized as a lease liability nor included in the table above.

We have purchase commitments related to agreements that are enforceable and legally binding. Most are agreements with subcontractors to provide services for long-term contracts that we have with our clients. The terms of the agreements are significant because they set out obligations to buy goods or services in fixed or minimum amounts, at fixed, minimum or variable prices and at various points in time.

As at March 31, 2024, we had other long-term liabilities that are not included in the table above such as employee benefits obligations and deferred tax liabilities. CAE’s cash obligation in respect of the employee benefits obligations depends on various elements including market returns, actuarial gains and losses and interest rates. We did not include deferred tax liabilities since future payments of income taxes depend on the amount of taxable earnings and on whether there are tax loss carry‑forwards available.

CAE Financial Report 2024 I 23
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

8.     CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION
8.1       Consolidated capital employed
 
  
As at March 31 As at March 31
(amounts in millions) 2024 2023
Use of capital7:
   
Current assets $ 2,006.5  $ 2,235.0 
Less: cash and cash equivalents (160.1) (217.6)
Current liabilities (2,358.4) (2,246.7)
Less: current portion of long-term debt 308.9  214.6 
Non-cash working capital7 $ (203.1) $ (14.7)
Property, plant and equipment 2,515.6  2,387.1 
Intangible assets 3,271.9  4,050.8 
Other long-term assets 2,040.1  1,763.6 
Other long-term liabilities (407.7) (565.4)
Capital employed $ 7,216.8  $ 7,621.4 
Source of capital7:
   
Current portion of long-term debt $ 308.9  $ 214.6 
Long-term debt 2,765.4  3,035.5 
Less: cash and cash equivalents (160.1) (217.6)
Net debt7
$ 2,914.2  $ 3,032.5 
Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company 4,224.9  4,507.7 
Non-controlling interests 77.7  81.2 
Capital employed $ 7,216.8  $ 7,621.4 
 
Adjusted return on capital employed (ROCE)7
Adjusted ROCE was 5.9% this quarter, which compares to 5.8% in the fourth quarter of last year and 7.0% last quarter.
Non-cash working capital decreased by $188.4 million compared to last year
The decrease was mainly due to lower contract assets and the disposal of the Healthcare business. The decrease was partially offset by higher accounts receivable.

Property, plant and equipment increased by $128.5 million compared to last year
The increase was mainly due to capital expenditures in excess of depreciation.

Intangible assets decreased by $778.9 million compared to last year
The decrease was mainly due to impairment charges incurred, principally related to the impairment of goodwill in Defense and Security, and the disposal of the Healthcare business, partially offset by additions in excess of depreciation.

Other long-term assets increased by $276.5 million compared to last year
The increase was mainly due to higher right-of-use assets in support of training network expansions, higher deferred tax assets and a higher investment in equity accounted investees.

Other long-term liabilities decreased by $157.7 million compared to last year
The decrease was mainly due to lower deferred tax liabilities and lower royalty obligations.

Total debt decreased by $175.8 million compared to last year
The decrease in total debt was mainly due to net repayment of borrowings, partially offset by additions and remeasurements of lease liabilities in support of training network expansions.


7 Non-IFRS financial measure, non-IFRS ratio, capital management measure, or supplementary financial measure. Refer to Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions" and Section 12.3 "Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for the definitions and reconciliations of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.
24 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Net debt8 decreased by $118.3 million compared to last year
(amounts in millions) FY2024 FY2023
Net debt, beginning of period $ 3,032.5  $ 2,700.1 
Impact of cash movements on net debt        
(see table in the consolidated cash movements section 7.1)
(345.6) (40.2)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on long-term debt   (6.3)   223.3 
Non-cash lease liability movements 177.0  126.1 
Other   68.7    23.2 
Impact of discontinued operations (12.1) — 
Change in net debt during the period $ (118.3) $ 332.4 
Net debt, end of period $ 2,914.2  $ 3,032.5 
As at March 31 As at March 31
Liquidity measures 2024 2023
Net debt-to-capital8 
% 40.4  % 39.8 
Net debt-to-EBITDA8
15.90  3.81 
Net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA8
3.17  3.49 

Total equity decreased by $286.3 million this year
The decrease compared to last year was mainly due to the net loss realized this year.

Outstanding share data
Our articles of incorporation authorize the issue of an unlimited number of common shares and an unlimited number of preferred shares issued in series. We had a total of 318,312,233 common shares issued and outstanding as at March 31, 2024 with total share capital of $2,252.9 million. In addition, we had 6,459,922 options outstanding. As at April 30, 2024, we had a total of 318,380,758 common shares issued and outstanding and 6,381,934 options outstanding.

Repurchase and cancellation of common shares
On May 21, 2024, we announced that our Board of Directors approved, subject to the approval of the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), the re-establishment of a normal course issuer bid (NCIB). The NCIB is expected to commence shortly after regulatory approvals are obtained. The common shares that may be repurchased under such program over a period of approximately one year will represent up to 5 percent of the issued and outstanding common shares. The establishment of the program and the timing and amount of any purchases under the program is subject to regulatory approvals.

Share-based compensation
In August 2023, CAE's shareholders approved the Omnibus Incentive Plan, which allows equity awards to be granted to eligible participants in the form of stock options, restricted share units (RSUs) and performance share unit (PSUs). The total number of shares reserved for issuance under the Omnibus Incentive Plan is 10,000,000. The Omnibus Incentive Plan supplements the existing cash‑settled RSU and PSU plans and stock option plan (collectively, the “Existing Plans”). Awards granted under the Existing Plans will remain outstanding and governed by the respective terms of such plans, but no new awards will be granted under any of the Existing Plans. All awards made under the Omnibus Incentive Plan are considered equity-settled arrangements.

8.2       Off balance sheet arrangements

In the normal course of business, we manage an uncommitted receivable purchase facility in which we sell interests in certain of our accounts receivable to third parties for cash consideration with limited recourse to CAE.

You will find more details about our financial assets program in Section 7.2 "Sources of liquidity".

8 Non-IFRS financial measure, non-IFRS ratio, capital management measure, or supplementary financial measure. Refer to Section 12.1 “Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions" and Section 12.3 "Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for the definitions and reconciliations of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.
CAE Financial Report 2024 I 25
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

8.3       Financial instruments

We are exposed to various financial risks in the normal course of business. We enter into forward contracts and swap agreements to manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and share price which have an effect on our share‑based payments costs. We formally assess, both at inception of the hedge relationship and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives we use in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of hedged items in relation to the hedged risk. We enter into these transactions to reduce our exposure to risk and volatility, and not for trading or speculative purposes. We only enter into contracts with counterparties that are of high credit quality.
 
Classification of financial instruments
We have made the following classifications for our financial instruments:

Financial assets:
–Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and derivative instruments not designated as hedging instrument in a hedge relationship, are classified at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL);
–Accounts receivable, non-current receivables, net investment in finance leases and advances are classified at amortized cost, except for those that are acquired for the purpose of selling or repurchasing in the near term and classified as held for trading which are measured at FVTPL;
–Equity investments are classified at fair value through OCI (FVOCI).

Financial liabilities:
–Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, long-term debt, including interest payable, as well as lease liabilities and royalty obligations are classified at amortized cost;
–Contingent consideration arising on business combinations and derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments in a hedge relationship are classified at FVTPL.
 
Fair value of financial instruments
The fair value of a financial instrument is determined by reference to the available market information at the reporting date. When no active market exists for a financial instrument, we determine the fair value of that instrument based on valuation methodologies as discussed below. In determining assumptions required under a valuation model, we primarily use external, readily observable market data inputs. Assumptions or inputs that are not based on observable market data incorporate our best estimates of market participant assumptions. Counterparty credit risk and our own credit risk are taken into account in estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities.
 
The following assumptions and valuation methodologies have been used to measure the fair value of financial instruments:
–The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their carrying values due to their short-term maturities;
–The fair value of derivative instruments, which include forward contracts, swap agreements and embedded derivatives accounted for separately and is calculated as the present value of the estimated future cash flows using an appropriate interest rate yield curve and forward foreign exchange rate. Assumptions are based on market conditions prevailing at each reporting date. The fair value of derivative instruments reflect the estimated amounts that we would receive or pay to settle the contracts at the reporting date;
–The fair value of the equity investments, which does not have a readily available market value, is estimated using a discounted cash flow model, which includes some assumptions that are not based on observable market prices or rates;
–The fair value of non-current receivables is estimated based on discounted cash flows using current interest rates for instruments with similar risks and remaining maturities;
–The fair value of long-term debts, royalties obligations and other non-current liabilities are estimated based on discounted cash flows using current interest rates for instruments with similar risks and remaining maturities.

A description of the fair value hierarchy is discussed in Note 28 of our consolidated financial statements.

Financial risk management
Due to the nature of the activities that we carry out and as a result of holding financial instruments, we are exposed to credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk, including foreign currency risk and interest rate risk. Our exposure to credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk is managed within risk management parameters documented in corporate policies. These risk management parameters remain unchanged since the previous period, unless otherwise indicated.
 
Credit risk
Credit risk is defined as our exposure to a financial loss if a debtor fails to meet its obligations in accordance with the terms and conditions of its arrangements with CAE. We are exposed to credit risk on our accounts receivable and certain other assets through our normal commercial activities. We are also exposed to credit risk through our normal treasury activities on our cash and cash equivalents and derivative financial assets. Credit risks arising from our normal commercial activities are managed with regards to customer credit risk.

26 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Our customers are mainly established companies, some of which have publicly available credit ratings, as well as government agencies, which facilitates risk assessment and monitoring. In addition, we typically receive substantial non-refundable advance payments for contracts with customers. We closely monitor our exposure to major airline companies in order to mitigate our risk to the extent possible. Furthermore, our trade receivables are held with a wide range of commercial and government organizations and agencies. As well, our credit exposure is further reduced by the sale of certain of our accounts receivable to third-party financial institutions for cash consideration on a limited recourse basis (receivable purchase facility). We do not hold any collateral as security. The credit risk on cash and cash equivalents is mitigated by the fact that they are mainly in place with a diverse group of major North American and European financial institutions.
 
We are exposed to credit risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to our derivative financial instruments. We use several measures to minimize this exposure. First, we enter into contracts with counterparties that are of high credit quality. We signed International Swaps & Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) Master Agreements with all the counterparties with whom we trade derivative financial instruments. These agreements make it possible to offset when a contracting party defaults on the agreement, for each of the transactions covered by the agreement and in force at the time of default. Also, collateral or other security to support derivative financial instruments subject to credit risk can be requested by CAE or our counterparties (or both parties, if need be) when the net balance of gains and losses on each transaction exceeds a threshold defined in the ISDA Master Agreement. Finally, we monitor the credit standing of counterparties on a regular basis to help minimize credit risk exposure.
 
The carrying amounts presented in Note 10 and Note 28 of our consolidated financial statements represent the maximum exposure to credit risk for each respective financial asset as at the relevant dates. A summary of our exposure to credit risk and credit loss allowances for accounts receivable and contract assets by segments is included in Note 30 of our consolidated financial statements.

Client concentration risk
For the year ended March 31, 2024, contracts with the U.S. federal government and its various agencies included in the Defense and Security segment accounted for 21% (2023 – 23%) of consolidated revenue.

Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is defined as the potential risk that we cannot meet our cash obligations as they become due. We manage this risk by establishing cash forecasts, as well as long-term operating and strategic plans. The management of consolidated liquidity requires a regular monitoring of expected cash inflows and outflows which is achieved through a forecast of our consolidated liquidity position, for efficient use of cash resources. Liquidity adequacy is assessed in view of seasonal needs, stress-test results, growth requirements and capital expenditures, and the maturity profile of indebtedness, including availability of credit facilities, working capital requirements, compliance with financial covenants and the funding of financial commitments. We manage our liquidity risk to maintain sufficient liquid financial resources to fund our operations and meet our commitments and obligations. We also regularly monitor any financing opportunities to optimize our capital structure and maintain appropriate financial flexibility.

Market risk
Market risk is defined as our exposure to a gain or a loss in the value of our financial instruments as a result of changes in market prices, whether those changes are caused by factors specific to the individual financial instruments or its issuer, or factors affecting all similar financial instruments traded in the market. We are mainly exposed to foreign currency risk and interest rate risk.
 
We use derivative instruments to manage market risk against the volatility in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and share-based payments in order to minimize their impact on our results and financial position. Our policy is not to utilize any derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign currency risk
Foreign currency risk is defined as our exposure to a gain or a loss in the value of our financial instruments as a result of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. We are exposed to foreign exchange rate variability primarily in relation to certain sale commitments, expected purchase transactions and debt denominated in a foreign currency, as well as on our net investment from our foreign operations which have functional currencies other than the Canadian dollar (in particular the U.S. dollar, Euro and British pound). In addition, these operations have exposures to foreign exchange rates primarily through cash and cash equivalents and other working capital accounts denominated in currencies other than their functional currencies.
 
We mitigate foreign currency risks by having our foreign operations transact in their functional currency for material procurement, sale contracts and financing activities.
 
We use forward foreign currency contracts and foreign currency swap agreements to manage our exposure from transactions in foreign currencies and to hedge our net investment in U.S. entities. These transactions include forecasted transactions and firm commitments denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency hedging programs are typically unaffected by changes in market conditions, as related derivative financial instruments are generally held until their maturity, consistent with the objective to fix currency rates on the hedged item.


CAE Financial Report 2024 I 27
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is defined as our exposure to a gain or a loss to the value of our financial instruments as a result of fluctuations in interest rates. We bear some interest rate fluctuation risk on our floating rate long-term debt and some fair value risk on our fixed interest long‑term debt. We mainly manage interest rate risk by fixing project-specific floating rate debt in order to reduce cash flow variability. We have floating rate debts through our revolving credit facilities and other specific floating rate debts. A mix of fixed and floating interest rate debt is sought to reduce the net impact of fluctuating interest rates. Derivative financial instruments used to manage interest rate exposures are mainly interest rate swap agreements. As at March 31, 2024, 93% (2023 – 73%) of the long-term debt bears fixed interest rates.

Our interest rate hedging programs are typically unaffected by changes in market conditions, as related derivative financial instruments are generally held until their maturity to establish asset and liability management matching, consistent with the objective to reduce risks arising from interest rate movements.

Hedge of share-based payments expense
We have entered into equity swap agreements with major Canadian financial institutions to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in our share price relating to the cash-settled share-based payments plans. Pursuant to the agreement, we receive the economic benefit of dividends and share price appreciation while providing payments to the financial institutions for the institution’s cost of funds and any share price depreciation. The net effect of the equity swap agreements partly offset movements in our share price impacting the cost of the cash-settled share-based payments plans.
 
Hedge of net investments in foreign operations
As at March 31, 2024, we have designated a portion of our unsecured senior notes, term loans, revolving credit facility, fixed to fixed cross currency principal and interest rate swap agreements and foreign currency contracts as a hedge of our net investments in U.S. entities. Gains or losses on the translation of the designated portion of these USD denominated long‑term debts are recognized in OCI to offset any foreign exchange gains or losses on translation of the financial statements of those U.S. entities.

A sensitivity analysis for foreign currency risk and interest rate risk is included in Note 30 of our consolidated financial statements.

Indemnifications
In certain transactions involving business dispositions or sales of assets, we may provide indemnification to the counterparties with respect to future claims for certain unknown liabilities that exist, or arise from events occurring, prior to the transaction date, including liabilities for taxes, legal matters, environmental exposures, product liability, and other obligations. The terms of the indemnifications vary in duration and scope. While some of the indemnifications specify a maximum potential exposure and/or a termination date, many do not.

We believe that, other than liabilities already accrued, the maximum potential future payments that we could be required to make under these indemnifications are not determinable at this time, as any future payments would be dependent on the type and extent of the related claims, and all available defences, including insurance, which cannot be estimated. However, historically, costs incurred to settle claims related to these indemnifications have not been material our consolidated financial position, net income or cash flows.

28 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

9.     DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
On February 16, 2024, we announced the closing of the sale of our Healthcare business to Madison Industries for an enterprise value of $311 million. The total consideration, after preliminary working capital and selling price adjustments, amounted to $293.4 million and is subject to further working capital adjustments based on closing accounts. The final determination of the working capital adjustment will be concluded during fiscal 2025. This transaction better positions CAE to efficiently allocate capital and resources to secure growth opportunities on the horizon in our much larger, core simulation and training markets: Civil Aviation and Defense and Security.
The Healthcare business, which offers healthcare students and clinical professionals integrated physical, digital and virtual education and training solutions, is reported as discontinued operations.

The after-tax gain on disposal of the Healthcare business is as follows:

Consideration received in cash $ 275.3 
Short-term holdback receivable 8.0 
Long-term non-contingent receivable 10.1 
Total consideration $ 293.4 
Net assets disposed $ 269.6 
Impairment of non-financial assets of the disposal group excluded from the sale 7.8 
Reclassification to income of gains on foreign currency exchange differences from OCI (2.5)
Transaction fees and other costs 12.2 
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations before income taxes $ 6.3 
Income tax recovery (10.2)
After-tax gain on disposal of discontinued operations $ 16.5 
The net income and other comprehensive (loss) income from discontinued operations are as follows:
FY2024 FY2023 Q4-2024 Q4-2023
Revenue $ 131.7  $ 192.7  $ 14.8  $ 59.1 
Expenses 132.7  184.7  20.0  50.8 
Operating (loss) income $ (1.0) $ 8.0  $ (5.2) $ 8.3 
Finance expense 3.6  4.1  0.6  1.0 
(Loss) earnings before income taxes $ (4.6) $ 3.9  $ (5.8) $ 7.3 
Income tax (recovery) expense (9.4) 1.8  (9.8) 2.5 
Net income from discontinued operations before after-tax
gain on disposal $ 4.8  $ 2.1  $ 4.0  $ 4.8 
After-tax gain on disposal of discontinued operations 16.5  —  16.5  — 
Net income from discontinued operations $ 21.3  $ 2.1  $ 20.5  $ 4.8 
For the year ended March 31, 2024, depreciation and amortization of $6.1 million (2023 – $12.0 million) is included in the net income from discontinued operations.
FY2024 FY2023 Q4-2024 Q4-2023
Foreign currency exchange differences on translation of foreign operations $ 0.9  $ 5.8  $ 2.6  $ (0.1)
Reclassification to income of gains on foreign currency
exchange differences (2.5) —  (2.5) — 
Income taxes (5.4) —  (5.4) — 
Other comprehensive (loss) income from discontinued operations $ (7.0) $ 5.8  $ (5.3) $ (0.1)
No amount of net income and other comprehensive income (loss) from discontinued operations are attributable to non‑controlling interest.

CAE Financial Report 2024 I 29
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

As part of the transaction, the major classes of assets and liabilities disposed of were as follows:
Current assets
$ 112.3 
Property, plant and equipment
6.9 
Right-of-use assets
9.8 
Intangible assets, including goodwill of $120.4 million
168.0 
Deferred tax assets
26.5 
Other non-current assets
14.5 
Assets disposed
$ 338.0 
Current liabilities $ 37.1 
Long-term debt (lease liabilities), including current portion 12.2 
Deferred tax liabilities 1.4 
Other non-current liabilities
17.7 
Liabilities disposed
$ 68.4 
Net assets disposed
$ 269.6 

As a result of the closing of the sale, royalty obligations related to the discontinued operations of $36.9 million previously presented as liabilities held for sale were converted into R&D obligations as shown in Note 19 of our consolidated financial statements.

The net cash flows from discontinued operations are as follows:
FY2024 FY2023
Operating activities $ 0.4  $ 3.6 
Investing activities 261.6  (12.4)
Financing activities (1.3) (1.4)
Net cash flows provided by (used in) discontinued operations $ 260.7  $ (10.2)
30 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

10.     BUSINESS RISK AND UNCERTAINTY
Risk strategy and philosophy
We operate in several industry segments which present a variety of risks and uncertainties. Our risk management strategy is forward‑looking and aligned with our business strategy. CAE’s risk-taking activities are undertaken with the understanding that risk‑taking and effective management of risks are necessary and integral to achieving strategic objectives and managing business operations.

When making decisions about risk-taking and risk management, we place the highest priority on the following objectives:
–To protect the health and safety of our employees, customers, stakeholders and the general public;
–To protect our reputation and brand;
–To maintain financial strength;
–To effectively and prudently deploy capital invested by our shareholders; and
–To safeguard the expectations we have established with our shareholders, customers and creditors.

The risks and uncertainties described below are risks that we currently believe could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. These are not necessarily the only risks we face; additional risks and uncertainties that are presently unknown to us or that we may currently deem immaterial may adversely affect our business. One should carefully consider the following risk factors, in addition to the other information contained herein, before deciding to purchase CAE securities.

Risk governance
We maintain strong risk governance practices. Management and the Board discuss the critical risks facing our business quarterly, annually during the strategic planning and budgeting processes, and on an ad hoc basis, as deemed necessary. To mitigate the risks that may impact our business or future performance, management has established an enterprise risk management (ERM) policy and a framework that provides a structured approach to identify, assess, manage, monitor and report on risks.

This framework relies on the Three Lines Model where the business segments, the risk management function and our internal audit function work in collaboration to manage critical risks and continuously improve the risk management process, as presented below.

CAE’s ERM Framework

ermframework.jpg
Management develops and deploys risk strategies that align with our strategic objectives and business processes. Management continuously reviews the evolution of the critical risks facing our business and the Board oversees the risk management process and validates it through procedures performed by our internal auditors, when it deems necessary.

Risk approach and implementation
CAE promotes a strong risk culture that allows individuals and groups to make better risk-informed decisions aligned with our strategic objectives and risk appetite. A strong risk culture also allows us to maximize opportunities. Early identification of risks also helps CAE be more proactive and prevent major incidents. A strong risk culture and common approach to risk management are integral to our risk management practices.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Each business unit and functional group identifies and assesses critical and emerging risks on an ongoing basis. Emerging risks are defined as risks that are not fully understood at the current time because they are developing quickly or unexpectedly, and for which the impacts on CAE are difficult to assess or are in the process of being assessed. Risk owners are responsible for managing risks they own, and for reporting, via the chain of command, the evolution of their risk profile. All risks are either measured quantitatively or assessed qualitatively and aggregated at an enterprise level. Risk assessment criteria provide a consistent risk assessment process and risk ratings.

CAE’s comprehensive enterprise risk profile is updated on a regular basis as well as when a major shift occurs, such as for significant merger and acquisition activity. It is prepared considering CAE’s strategic and business plans and identifies an owner for each risk. It is presented to the Executive Management Committee, and a summary thereof to the Board together with risk management activities to address such risks. All risks or weaknesses are reported to the Executive Management Committee or the Senior Vice President, Investor Relations and Enterprise Risk Management, who assess their potential impact. Depending on the severity, a risk strategy is selected (risk acceptance, transference, avoidance or reduction), implemented, monitored and reported in accordance with the risk management process.

Risk Categories
We have grouped the risks that our business faces in the following categories and investors should read this Business Risk and Uncertainty section in full:
–Strategic: risks arising from inability to implement appropriate business plans or strategies, from inappropriate decision‑making processes or inappropriate utilization or allocation of resources and the inability to adapt to competition and changes in the market or financial environment;
–Operational: risks of loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, and systems or from external events;
–Cybersecurity: risks arising from breach of technical infrastructure or unauthorized use of technology within CAE resulting in loss of business and personal information;
–Talent: risks arising from failure to effectively manage talent recruitment, development, retention, key person reliance, wellbeing, health and safety, and resource allocation;
–Financial: risks arising from ineffective management of financial tools leading to a loss in revenue/profit, shareholder value and/or CAE’s overall stability;
–Legal and Regulatory: risks arising from failure to comply with local and international laws or to identify proper legal protection (e.g., patents) or to implement appropriate corporate governance practices to shield CAE from unfavourable consequences;
–Environmental, Social & Governance: risks arising from environmental, social and/or governance events, conditions or ineffective practices leading to a tarnished reputation, loss of confidence, legal sanctions, or financial impact;
–Reputational: risks of a tarnished reputation and/or loss of confidence and trust with customers and key stakeholders caused by reputational impacting events; and
–Technological: risks arising from ineffective practices related to IT infrastructure, technology investment and privacy and records retention.

10.1      Strategic risks

Geopolitical uncertainty
Geopolitical developments (e.g., political tensions, changes in government commitment, direction and regulatory requirements) can disrupt CAE’s operations and have a significant impact on CAE’s financial position. Throughout fiscal 2024, global uncertainty continued to intensify, such as continuing military hostilities in Ukraine, war between Hamas and Israel, and, in some parts of the world, political instability has become more pronounced, protracted and unpredictable. Such rising or persisting geopolitical tensions, policy changes and prolonged political instability in various countries where we have a presence could lead to delays or cancellation of orders, deliveries or projects, difficulties or increased costs related to repatriating capital or the expropriation of assets in which we have invested significant resources, particularly when the customers are state‑owned or state-controlled entities. Additionally, geopolitical developments can have potentially wide-ranging consequences for global market volatility and economic conditions, and the resulting impacts to the economy, financial markets, inflation, interest rates and unemployment, among others, could adversely affect CAE’s performance. It is also possible that in the markets we serve, unanticipated political instability and political developments impacting international trade, including trade disputes, increased tariffs and sanctions, may negatively impact markets and cause weaker macroeconomic conditions or drive political or national sentiment, impacting CAE’s operating environment, results and financial position.

As a result of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, certain countries, including Canada and the U.S., have imposed strict financial and trade sanctions against Russia, which have had, and may continue to have, far-reaching effects on the global economy and energy and commodity prices. CAE has suspended all services and training to Russian airlines and aircraft operators, which has impacted our results of operations in fiscal 2024 and will continue to impact our results going forward. Depending on the extent, duration and severity of the war, it may have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein.

Global economic conditions
CAE’s results from operations are sensitive to and may be significantly impacted by changes in the economic conditions of the industries and geographic areas in which we operate. CAE may fail to anticipate and/or react in an agile manner to known and unanticipated global economic conditions (e.g., business cycles, trends, inflation, unemployment, financial soundness, and supplier and consumer confidence). Also, any prolonged or significant impact arising from difficult economic conditions may have an adverse effect on our business, results from operations and financial condition.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Competitive business environment
We sell our simulation products, training services and software solutions in highly competitive international markets and we expect such competition to intensify in the future. CAE may lose its competitive advantage by failing to anticipate and/or react in an agile manner to known and unexpected moves by existing or new competitors. New participants have emerged in recent years and the competitive environment is intense, with aerospace and defence companies positioning themselves to try to take greater market share by consolidating through mergers and acquisitions and vertical integration strategies and by developing their own internal capabilities. Some of our competitors in the simulation and training markets are also involved in other major segments of the aerospace and defence industry beyond simulation and training. As such, some of them are larger than we are, and may have greater financial, technical, marketing, manufacturing and distribution resources and market share which could adversely affect CAE’s ability to compete successfully. In addition, our main competitors are either aircraft manufacturers, or have well-established relationships with aircraft manufacturers, airlines and governments, which may give them an advantage when competing for projects.

Moreover, as we expand our product portfolio to software solutions, we face new competitors who are able to leverage a larger installed customer base and their involvement beyond software solutions to adopt more aggressive pricing policies and offer more attractive sales terms, which could cause us to lose potential sales or to sell our software at lower prices. We also face competition from niche companies that offer particular software solutions that attempt to address certain problems that our software solves or certain customer needs. We expect to continue to invest significant resources in research and development to continue to enhance our software solutions and leverage a high level of customer satisfaction, but there is no assurance that we can satisfy customer demands as they evolve.

Finally, economic growth and pressure underlie the demand for all of our products and services. Periods of economic recession, constrained credit, government austerity and/or international commercial sanctions generally lead to heightened competition for demand of our services and products. This in turn, typically leads to a reduction in profit on sales won during such a period. Should such conditions occur, we could experience price and margin erosion.

OEM leverage and encroachment
We secure data, parts, equipment and many other inputs from a wide variety of OEMs, subcontractors and other sources. CAE may lose its competitive advantage by failing to anticipate and/or react in an agile manner to known and unanticipated changes from existing and/or new OEMs. Also, we are not always able to find two or more sources for inputs that we require, and, in the case of specific aircraft simulators and other training equipment, significant inputs can only be sole-sourced. We may therefore be vulnerable to delivery schedule delays, the financial condition of the sole-source suppliers and their willingness to deal with us. Within their corporate groups, some sole-source suppliers include businesses that compete with parts of our business and reap certain critical advantages; an OEM controls the pricing for the data, parts and equipment packages that are often required to manufacture a simulator specific to that OEM’s aircraft, which in turn, is a critical capital cost for any simulation-based training service provider. This could lead to onerous licencing terms, high licence fees or even refusal to licence to us the data, parts and equipment packages that are often required to manufacture and operate a simulator based on an OEM’s aircraft.

CAE, as an independent training provider and simulator manufacturer, has the ability to replicate certain aircraft platforms without data, parts and equipment from the OEM. Where we use an internally produced simulation model for an aircraft or develop courseware without using OEM-sourced and licenced data, parts and equipment, the OEM in question may attempt retaliatory or obstructive actions against us to block the provision of training services or manufacturing, sale and/or deployment for training of a simulator for such aircraft, claiming breach of intellectual property rights or other legal basis. Such actions may cause us to incur material legal fees and/or may delay or prevent completion of the simulator development project or provision of training services, which may negatively impact our financial results.

Similarly, where we use open-source software, freeware or commercial off-the-shelf software from a third party, the third party in question or other persons may attempt retaliatory or obstructive actions against us to block the use of such software or freeware, claiming breach of licence rights or other legal basis. Such actions may cause us to incur material legal fees and/or may delay or prevent completion of the simulator development project or provision of training services, which may negatively impact our financial results.

Inflation
Our operations are vulnerable to increases in costs of significant inputs, such as energy, components, raw materials, and transportation. Ongoing inflation would further drive up our overall operational costs. We may not be able to pass unplanned increases in costs to our customers in full or at all in a timely manner, successfully negotiate requests for equitable adjustment from our government customers, or otherwise offset such unforeseen cost increases through efficiencies and the like, and as a result any significant increases in our costs and/or the failure of our measures to limit their impact could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and/or results of operations.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

International scope of our business
We have operations in over 40 countries including our joint venture operations. We also sell and deliver products and services to customers around the world. Sales to customers outside Canada made up approximately 90% of revenue in fiscal 2024. We expect sales outside Canada to continue to represent a significant portion of revenue in the foreseeable future. As a result, we are subject to the risks inherent in conducting business abroad, including, among other things:
–Change in Canadian and foreign government policies, laws, regulations and regulatory requirements, or the interpretation, application, and/or enforcement thereof, including with regards to sourcing restrictions, requirements to expend a portion of program funds locally and governmental industrial cooperation or participation requirements (also known as offset arrangements);
–Adoption of new, and the expansion of existing tariffs, embargoes, controls, sanctions, trade, work or travel restrictions and other restrictions;
–Recessions and other economic crises in other regions or specific foreign economies and the impact on our cost of doing business in those regions;
–Acts of war, civil unrest, force majeure and terrorism;
–Social and economic instability;
–Risk that inter-governmental relationships may deteriorate such that CAE’s operations in a given country may be negatively impacted;
–Limitations on the CAE’s ability to repatriate cash, funds or capital invested or held in jurisdictions outside Canada;
–Difficulties, delays and expenditures that may be experienced or incurred in connection with the movement and clearance of personnel and goods through the customs and immigration authorities of multiple jurisdictions; and
–Complexity and corruption risks of using foreign representatives, consultants and other business partners.
While the impact of these risks is difficult to predict, any one of them could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, reputation and/or cash flows.

Level and timing of defence spending
A significant portion of our revenue is generated by sales to defence and security customers around the world. We provide products and services for numerous programs to Australian, Canadian, European, UAE, U.K., U.S., and other foreign governments as both the prime and/or subcontractor. As defence spending comes from public funds and is always competing with other public interests for funding, there is a risk associated with the level of spending a particular country may devote to defence as well as the timing of defence contract awards, which can be very difficult to predict and may be impacted by numerous factors such as the political environment, foreign policy, macroeconomic conditions, the nature of the international threat environment and the risk of availability of funding influenced by customers’ budget cycles. Fluctuations in defence spending in the markets in which we operate or a significant delay in the timing of defence procurement could have a material negative impact on our future revenue, earnings and operations.

Civil aviation industry
A significant portion of our revenue comes from supplying equipment and training services to the commercial and business airline industries. The civil aviation market is predominantly driven by long-term trends in airline passenger and cargo traffic. The principal factors underlying long-term traffic growth are sustained economic growth and political stability both in developed and emerging markets. Potential impediments to steady growth include acts of terrorism, health crises, natural disasters, the interruption of global mobility, oil price volatility, increased global environmental regulations or other major world events.

Demand for training solutions in the civil aviation market is further influenced by airline profitability, availability of aircraft financing, OEMs ability to supply aircraft, world trade policies, technological advances, government-to-government relations, national aviation authority regulations, price and other competitive factors, fuel prices and geopolitical environment.

Constraints in the credit market may reduce the ability of airlines and others to purchase new aircraft, negatively affecting the demand for our training equipment and services, and the purchase of our products. In addition, airline consolidations, fleet decisions or financial challenges involving airline customers could impact our revenues and limit our opportunity to generate profits from those customers.

Our ability to penetrate new markets
Penetration of new markets, including as a result of new technologies, represents both a risk and an opportunity for CAE. Success in these markets is by no means assured. As we operate in new markets, unforeseen difficulties, major investments and additional expenditures could arise, which may have an adverse effect on our operations, financial position, profitability and reputation. Penetrating a new market is inherently more difficult than managing within our already established markets. New products and technologies introduced in new markets could also generate unanticipated safety or other concerns resulting in expanded product liability risks, potential product recalls and other regulatory issues that could have an adverse impact on us.

Research and development activities
We carry out some of our R&D initiatives with the financial participation of governments, including the Government of Quebec and the Government of Canada. We also receive investment tax credits from federal and provincial governments in Canada and from the federal government in the U.S. and the U.K. on eligible R&D activities that we undertake. The level of government financial participation and investment tax credits we receive reflects government policy, fiscal policy and other political and economic factors. We may not, in the future, be able to replace these existing programs with programs of comparable benefit to us, which could have a negative impact on our financial performance and R&D activities. Moreover, the investment tax credits available to us can be reduced by changes to the respective governments’ legislation which could have a negative impact on our financial performance and R&D activities. In addition, these credits and programs are routinely subject to review and audit, which may result in challenges and disputes and could result in reductions or reversals of grants, credits or contributions previously received.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis


Furthermore, our R&D investments in new products or technologies may or may not be successful. Our results may be impacted if we invest in products that are not accepted on the market, if customer demand or preferences change, if new products are not brought to market in a timely manner, if we lack commercial or procurement experience, if we experience delays in obtaining regulatory approvals, or if our products become obsolete. We may also incur cost overruns in developing and bringing to market new products.

Evolving standards and technology innovation and disruption
The civil aviation and defense and security markets in which we operate are characterized by changes in customer requirements, new aircraft models, evolving industry standards, increased power to analyze data and evolving customer expectations influenced by global trends such as climate change, pandemics, the growth of developing markets, population growth and demographic factors. CAE may fail to catch the next wave of market disruption and/or be displaced by disruptive technologies or services due to inadequate resourcing, organization and management of transformation. If we do not accurately predict the needs of our existing and prospective customers, develop new products, enhance existing products and services and invest in and develop new technologies that address those evolving standards and technologies, we may lose current customers and be unable to attract new customers or penetrate new markets successfully. This could reduce our revenue and market share.

The evolution of technology could also have a negative impact on the value of our fleet of FFSs or require significant investments to our fleet to update to the evolving technology. The adoption of new technologies, such as AI, machine learning and unmanned aerial systems or remotely piloted aircraft, presents opportunities for us, but may result in new and complex risks. Also, our business could be negatively affected if our products do not successfully integrate or operate with other sophisticated software, hardware, computing and communications systems that are also continually evolving.

Length of sales cycle
The sales cycle for our products and services can be long and unpredictable, ranging from 6 to 18 months for Civil Aviation applications and from 6 to 24 months or longer for Defense and Security applications. During the time when customers are evaluating our products and services, we may incur expenses and management time. Incurring these expenditures in a period that has no corresponding revenue will affect our operating results and financial position. We may pre-build certain products in anticipation of orders to come and to facilitate a faster delivery schedule to gain competitive advantage; if orders for those products do not materialize when expected, we have to carry the pre-built product in inventory for a period of time until a sale is realized.

Business development and awarding of new contracts
We obtain most of our contracts through competitive bidding processes. As the competitive environment intensifies, the number of bid protests may increase. Significant costs and managerial time are required to prepare bids and proposals for contracts that may not ultimately be awarded to CAE, may be split with competitors, or may be delayed beyond the timeframe we had planned. A significant portion of our revenue is dependent on obtaining new orders and continued replenishment of our adjusted backlog. We cannot be certain that we will continue to win contracts through competitive bidding processes at the same rate as we have in the past. Moreover, certain foreign governments increasingly rely on certain types of contracts that are subject to multiple competitive bidding processes, including multi-vendor indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (ID/IQ), General Services Administration Pricing Schedule and other supply chain leveraging strategies, which may result in greater competition and increased pricing pressure. Furthermore, our competitive environment is also affected by a significant number of bid protests from unsuccessful bidders on new program awards. Bid protests can result in contract modifications or the award decision being reversed and loss of the contract award. Even where a bid protest does not result in the loss of an award, the resolution can extend the time until the contract activity can begin, which can reduce our earnings in the period in which the contract would otherwise be performed.

Strategic partnerships and long-term contracts
We have long-term strategic partnerships and contracts with major airlines, aircraft operators and defence forces around the world, including Authorized Training Provider agreements. These long-term contracts are included in our backlog at the awarded amount but could be subject to unexpected adjustments or cancellations and therefore do not represent a guarantee of our future revenues. We cannot be certain that these partnerships and contracts will be renewed on similar terms, or at all, when they expire, and our financial results could be adversely affected by our partners' level of operations, revenue, financial health, contribution and indemnifications. We can make no assurance that customers will fulfill existing purchase commitments, exercise purchase options or purchase additional products or services from CAE.

CAE cannot assure investors that we will effectively manage our growth
Our growth has placed and may continue to place significant demands on our management and operational and financial infrastructure. As our operations grow in size, scope and complexity, and as we identify and pursue new opportunities, we may be subject to both transition and growth-related risks, including capacity constraints and pressure on our internal systems and controls, and may need to increase the scale of our infrastructure (financial, management, informational, personnel and otherwise). There can be no assurance we will be able to respond adequately or quickly enough to the changing demands that material expansion will impose on management, team members and existing infrastructure, and changes to our operating structure may result in increased costs or inefficiencies that we cannot anticipate. Our ability to manage future growth effectively requires us to continue to implement and improve financial, management and operational processes and systems and to expand, train and manage our employee base. As our organization continues to grow and we are required to implement more complex organizational management structures, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain the benefits of our corporate culture and efficiencies, including our ability to quickly develop and launch new and innovative products. Any of these difficulties could adversely impact our business performance and results of operations.

CAE Financial Report 2024 I 35
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Estimates of market opportunity
The estimates of market opportunity included in this MD&A, including those we have generated ourselves, are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates. While our estimates of the addressable markets included in this report were made in good faith and are based on assumptions and estimates we believe to be reasonable, these estimates may not prove to be accurately indicative of our future growth. Further, even if the estimates of our market opportunity do prove to be accurate, we could fail to capture a significant portion, or any portion, of the available markets.

Competing priorities
Responding to competing priorities as well as critical and time-sensitive matters as they emerge throughout the organization may divert management’s attention from our key strategic priorities, and cause us to reduce, delay, or alter initiatives that could otherwise increase our long-term value.

10.2      Operational risks

Supply chain disruptions
Unpredictable shifts in supply and demand patterns on a global scale may cause delays in project delivery, increase price pressure from single sourced items and overall project costs and result in declining bid performance. The widening geopolitical fractures and tensions intensify global supply chain imbalances. Further, conservative and protective behaviours from businesses and governments, such as increasing demand and hoarding, as well as increased competition for critical raw materials or components may hinder our ability to secure such commodities in a timely fashion or at budgeted costs or both, thus impacting our operational and financial performance. In this context, supply chain disruptions may hinder our ability to execute projects in a timely manner, support aftermarket needs, finish projects or leave us with unsold materials or products, all of which could result in penalties or impacts on contract profitability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Delays and volatility specific to our supply chain requirements could ultimately have an overall negative impact on our ability to compete on the market, our client relationships, our growth, reputation, financial performance and cash flows.

Program management and execution
CAE may fail to accurately estimate the resources and costs required to fulfill contract commitments, as well as to effectively manage and control our costs, which may impact our profitability.

When making proposals, we rely heavily on our estimates of costs and timing for completing the associated projects, as well as assumptions regarding technical issues. We may bid on programs for which the work activities, deliverables, and timelines are vague or for which the solicitation incompletely describes the actual work, which may result in inaccurate pricing assumptions. Furthermore, we may realize the lost opportunity cost of not bidding on and winning other contracts that we may have pursued otherwise.

Contracts are often long-term and may involve new technologies, unforeseen events, such as technological difficulties, cost fluctuations, significant inflation, problems with suppliers, and cost overruns. These factors affect the cost estimates of the contracts we bid on, which can result in the contractual price becoming less favourable or even unprofitable for us. Our profitability could also be negatively affected if we continue to experience increased labour/material inflationary pressures, economic headwinds and global supply chain disruptions.

If we experience difficulties or do not meet program milestones, we may be unable to achieve program milestones as currently scheduled and may have to devote more resources than originally anticipated, which may impact timely execution and profitability.

Mergers and acquisitions
CAE may fail to achieve the expected strategy, synergies and outcomes associated with the integration of acquired entities. The realization of anticipated benefits from mergers, acquisitions and related activities depends, in part, upon our ability to integrate the acquired business, the realization of synergies both in terms of successfully marketing our broadened product and service portfolio, efficient consolidation of the operations of the acquired businesses into our existing operations, cost management to avoid duplication, information systems integration, technology investments, staff reorganization, establishment of controls, procedures, and policies, performance of the management team and other personnel of the acquired operations as well as cultural alignment. There can be no assurance that we will realize anticipated synergies, or that we will meet any financial and performance targets provided. In addition, our inability to adequately integrate an acquired business in a timely manner might result in departures of qualified personnel or lost business opportunities which would negatively impact operations and financial results. There are also risks associated with the acquisition of a business where certain legacy liabilities could arise and where there is strong reliance and dependency on certain key suppliers.

Business continuity
CAE may be unable to recover from business interruptions, including pandemics, natural disasters, political/social unrest, terrorism, and IT disruptions including those at third-party suppliers and service providers, in an efficient and timely manner. Such disruptions may cause delays in the execution of certain programs which require us to incur additional non-compensable costs, including overtime work, that are necessary to meet clients’ schedules to avoid penalties or sanctions under contracts or even the cancellation of some contracts. These business interruptions can also have a detrimental effect on our customers’ operations and may lead to aircraft being grounded and flights delayed. Our vulnerability and that of our partners and service providers to security breaches, denial of service attacks or other hacking or phishing attacks has also increased since the COVID-19 pandemic, the increased geopolitical tensions and our recent acquisitions.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Subcontractors
We engage subcontractors for many of our contracts with whom we may have disputes, including with regard to the quality and timeliness of their work, customer concerns, or their failure to comply with applicable laws. Subcontractors may not be able to acquire or maintain the quality of the materials, components, subsystems and services they supply, which might result in greater product returns, service problems and warranty claims. In connection with our government contracts, we may be required to procure certain materials, components and parts from local suppliers or supply sources approved by government authorities and CAE relies on subcontractors and other suppliers to comply with applicable laws, regulations and other requirements regarding procurement of counterfeit, unauthorized or otherwise non-compliant parts or materials. Each of these subcontractor risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Fixed price and long-term supply contracts
We provide a number of our products and services through fixed-price contracts that enable us, contrary to cost-reimbursable contracts, to benefit from performance improvements, cost reductions and efficiencies, but also require us to absorb cost overruns reducing profit margins or incurring losses if we are unable to achieve estimated costs and revenues. It can be difficult to estimate all of the costs associated with these contracts, including assumptions on future rates of inflation, or to accurately project the level of sales we may ultimately achieve. In addition, a number of contracts to supply equipment and services to commercial airlines and defence organizations are long-term agreements that can run up to 25 years. While some of these contracts can be adjusted for increases in inflation and costs, the adjustments may not fully offset the increases, or we may not be able to successfully negotiate requests for equitable adjustment from our government customers, which could negatively affect the results of our operations. Other contracts involve new technologies and applications and unforeseen events, such as technological challenges, fluctuations in the price of raw materials, a significant increase in inflation, problems with our suppliers and cost overruns, can result in the contractual price becoming less favourable or even unprofitable to us over time. Some of our programs rely on the supply of OEM systems as specified by our customers and over which we may have limited control over pricing and against which our customer contracts may not sufficiently provision to cover unplanned price increases from such OEMs.

In particular, within the Defense and Security segment, we have a number of fixed-price contracts which offer certain potential advantages and efficiencies but can also be negatively impacted by adverse changes to general economic conditions, including unforeseen supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, availability of labour and execution difficulties. These risks can result in cost overruns and reduced profit margins or losses. While these risks can often be managed or mitigated, there are eight distinct legacy contracts entered into prior to the COVID-19 pandemic that are fixed-price in structure, with little to no provision for cost escalation, and that have been more significantly impacted by these risks (the Legacy Contracts).

The recognition of risks associated with the Legacy Contracts has been accelerated in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024 following revised agreements on scope and timing with customers, suppliers and other stakeholders, which resulted in profit adjustments associated with the reassessment of estimated costs. The extent to which the ongoing risk retirement on these programs might impact Defense and Security margins in the coming quarters will depend on the actual timing of program close outs, customer acceptance, and the ability to mitigate associated risks and costs as we continue to execute them.

If our efforts to execute and retire the Legacy Contracts within expected timeframes and within projected costs are not as anticipated, whether individually or in the aggregate, it could result in continuing material impacts on the overall Defense and Security segment financial position and results, the severity of which cannot be predicted at this time.

Continued reliance on certain parties and information
Following an acquisition closing date, CAE may remain reliant on the target’s personnel, good faith, expertise, historical performance, technical resources and information systems, timely support, proprietary information and judgment in providing the services to customers under a transitional services agreement. Accordingly, we may continue to be exposed to adverse developments in the business and affairs of parties with which we contract.

Although we strive to conduct a sufficient level of investigation in connection with any acquisition or related transaction, an unavoidable level of risk remains regarding the accuracy, quality and completeness of the information provided to CAE. There may also be liabilities, deficiencies or other claims associated with companies or assets we acquire that we failed to discover or were unable to quantify accurately or at all in our due diligence which may result in unanticipated costs. CAE may not be in a position to independently verify the accuracy or completeness of such information, and there may be events which may have occurred with respect to acquisition targets, or which may affect the completeness or accuracy of the information provided which are unknown to CAE.

Health and safety
We strive to maintain a safe work environment for all our employees and contractors and for customers training in our facilities, and to mitigate workplace incidents, risks and hazards. As part of our operations, employees may be required to engage in high-risk activities that include handling hazardous materials, operating complex machinery and working in environments that may pose physical hazards. Despite our rigorous safety protocols and training programs, there remains an inherent risk of accidents, injuries or illnesses occurring on the job. Any significant incident could result in operational disruptions, legal liabilities, increased insurance costs, and reputational harm. In addition, failure to comply with health and safety regulations could lead to substantial fines and impact our ability to secure future contracts.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

10.3      Cybersecurity risks

Cybersecurity
CAE’s operational continuity and business performance is dependent on the reliability and trust of our digital value chains. These value chains support our critical business, operational and sales functions. CAE could be negatively impacted by threats to the security of its digital, IT and other related electronic systems. CAE could be faced with the risk of disruption, loss, theft, misuse, or unauthorized access to pertinent sensitive data (e.g., intellectual property) and confidential information (e.g., customer, partner and employee information) stored on CAE’s systems and technologies and/or those of its partners, suppliers, and vendors and non‑compliance with regulatory, legislative and commercial security requirements.

Cybersecurity incidents related to our information technology systems, digital platforms and software supply chain are a threat to the integrity, reliability, and availability of technology and data. Cybersecurity incidents may take the form of system failures and non‑availability, software bugs or defects, cyber-attacks, cyber extortion (including ransomware), breaches of systems security, electronic crime, malware, unauthorized attempts to gain access to our proprietary and sensitive information, hacking, phishing, identity theft, theft of intellectual property and confidential information, denial-of-service attacks aimed at causing network failures and services interruption and other cybersecurity threats to our information technology infrastructure and systems.

Continued use of remote work and use of video conferencing and collaborative platforms (initially implemented by CAE in response to the pandemic) has increased the pressure on our information technology infrastructure which, in turn, may increase CAE’s vulnerability to these risks. In addition, subcontractors may, based on the requirements of their participation in our processes, be granted access to our IT platform and software solutions, thereby exposing us to heightened IT and cybersecurity risks.

A successful breach of security of our information systems could lead to theft or misuse of our customers’, employees’, suppliers’, shareholders’, or business contacts’ proprietary, confidential, or personal data information and result in third-party claims against us, reputational harm, regulatory fines or financial loss.

IT, digital and cybersecurity risks could disrupt our operations and cause our airline customers’ operations to be significantly disrupted by having to ground their fleet or delay flights.

Cybersecurity risks include the risk of loss of, corruption of, or unauthorized disclosure or access to business information and data, confidential, classified or restricted information. This may include unauthorized access to information belonging to CAE, our employees, or our business partners, including aircraft OEMs, fixed based operations and customers. These risks expose us to client attrition, non-compliance with privacy legislation or any other laws in effect, litigation, regulatory fines, penalties or regulatory action, compliance costs, corrective measures, investigative or restoration costs, cost hikes to maintain and upgrade technological infrastructures and systems or reputational harm, all of which could have a negative effect on CAE’s operating results, reporting capabilities, profitability and reputation.

Given the highly evolving nature of cyber or other security threats or disruptions and their increased frequency, the impact of any future incident cannot be easily predicted, and the costs related to such threats or disruptions may not be fully insured or indemnified by other means. This is accentuated by the increasing geopolitical stressors. In addition, the digital transformation, and the adoption of emerging technologies, such as AI, deep fakes, quantum threats, use of automated techniques by adversaries and the increasing use of “frontier” cyber offensive techniques, call for continued focus and investment to manage our risks effectively.

Furthermore, we may experience similar security threats at customer sites that we operate or manage or to which we gain access to deliver services. CAE may be impacted by cybersecurity risks and similar incidents at our customers, suppliers and partners. These parties have varying levels of cybersecurity maturity, expertise and safeguards. In addition, some of these parties may have an elevated threat condition due their involvement in government and defense contracts, which can similarly elevate the risk to CAE and the likelihood of the threats we face.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

10.4      Talent risks

Recruitment, development and retention
CAE may be unable to attract, develop and retain top talent, key people and critical roles to achieve CAE’s global strategic objectives. To support our growth strategies, objectives and normal business operations, CAE needs to maintain a sufficient, qualified and engaged workforce. Our financial position, global brand reputation and ability to achieve strategic objectives may be negatively affected by a failure to manage attrition, to retain and integrate key personnel, to maintain an appropriately sized workforce to meet contract needs and to transition employees from completed projects to new projects or between internal business groups. The identification and the development of our future leaders are becoming a necessity to secure a solid succession planning for critical roles. Since the pandemic and as broadly reflected in the industry, CAE has been faced with new talent-related challenges and risks, including higher employee mobility, a re-evaluation of employee’s relationship with their workplace and a highly competitive employee marketplace which may make it more difficult to recruit, attract and retain skilled personnel, reducing the availability of our workforce and causing human impacts that may, in turn, negatively impact our business.

Key personnel and management
Our continued success will depend in part on our ability to attract, recruit and retain key personnel and management with relevant skills, expertise and experience, including technology developers of our intellectual property. CAE is dependent on the industry experience, qualifications and knowledge of a variety of employees, including our executive officers, managers and other key employees to execute our business plan and operate our business. If we were to experience a shortfall, illness or a substantial turnover in our leadership or other key employees or teams, our business, results from operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. The emergency succession plan put in place to deal with any situation which requires immediate replacement of our key personnel and management presents logistical challenges in its application and incremental costs to CAE. Failure to successfully implement such a succession plan, where relevant, for key roles, could impair our business until qualified replacements are found.

Corporate culture
We believe that a critical contributor to our success has been our corporate culture, which is based on our core values of One CAE, Innovation, Empowerment, Excellence and Integrity. As we continue to grow and develop, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate a growing number of new employees, based in various countries around the world, some of whom come to us via acquisitions. In addition, we must preserve our ability to execute quickly in further developing our products and services and implementing new features and initiatives. Preserving our corporate culture is crucial as it affects employee engagement, innovation, and operational effectiveness. Failing to adapt could hinder recruitment, retention, and our overall business strategy execution.

Labour relations
Approximately 2,300 employees are represented by unions and are covered by 54 collective agreements as of March 31, 2024. These collective bargaining agreements have varying terms and expiration dates. If we experience difficulties with renewals and renegotiations of existing collective agreements or if our employees pursue new collective representation, we could incur additional expenses and may be subject to work stoppages, slow-downs or other labour-related disruptions. Any such expenses or delays could adversely affect our programs served by employees who are covered by such agreements or representation.

10.5      Financial risks

Availability of capital
We depend, in part, upon our debt funding and access to capital markets. We have various debt facilities, including lease liabilities, with maturities ranging between calendar 2024 and 2071, and we cannot provide assurance that these facilities will be refinanced at the same cost, for the same duration and on similar terms as were previously available. If we require additional debt funding, our market liquidity may not be sufficient considering multiple factors including significant instability or disruptions of the capital markets, a deterioration in or weakening of our financial position due to internal or external factors, restrictions or prohibitions on CAE’s access to these facilities, or significant increase in the cost of one or more of these facilities, including credit facilities or the issuance of medium- and long-term debt, which may adversely affect our ability to fund our operations and contractual or financing commitments.

Our unsecured senior notes, term loans and revolving credit facility include standard events of default and covenant provisions whereby accelerated repayment and/or termination of the agreements may result if we were to default on payment or violate certain covenants. In the event that we are unable to maintain compliance with such covenants, we may have restricted access to capital, and we would be required to obtain amendments or waivers from our lenders, refinance the indebtedness subject to covenants or take other mitigating actions prior to a potential breach.

Availability of capital could also be negatively impacted should a deterioration of CAE’s financial position result in a reduction or downgrade of its credit rating. This could limit CAE’s access to sources of short-term and long-term debt financing. In addition, this could significantly increase the costs associated with utilizing short-term or long-term debt facilities or future refinancing of such facilities, which would in turn have a material adverse effect on CAE’s business, financial profile and results of operations.

Customer credit risk
We are exposed to credit risk on accounts receivable from our customers. Adverse changes in a customer's financial condition could cause us to limit or discontinue business with that customer, require us to assume more credit risk relating to that customer's future business, or result in uncollectible trade accounts receivable from that customer. Future credit losses relating to any one of our major customers could be material and could result in a material charge to our financial results.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Foreign exchange
Our operations are global with approximately 90% of our revenue generated from worldwide exports and international activities generally denominated in foreign currencies, mainly the U.S. dollar, the Euro and the British pound. Our revenue is generated approximately 50% in the U.S., and the balance in Europe and the rest of the world.

Three areas of our business are exposed to fluctuations of foreign exchange rates; our global network of training, software and services operations, our production operations abroad (mainly in Germany, and the U.S.) and our production operations in Canada as a significant portion of the revenue generated in Canada is in foreign currencies, while a large portion of our operating costs is in Canadian dollars.

For our Canadian operations, when the Canadian dollar increases in value, it negatively affects the translation of our foreign currency denominated revenue and hence our financial results because our results are consolidated in Canadian dollars for financial reporting purposes. However, when the Canadian dollar decreases in value, it negatively affects our foreign currency-denominated costs. Since not all of our revenue is hedged, it is not possible to completely offset the effects of changing foreign currency values, which leaves some residual exposure that may impact our financial results. This residual exposure may be higher when currencies experience significant short-term volatility.

Business conducted through our foreign operations are substantially based in local currencies which are translated to Canadian dollars for financial reporting purposes. Appreciation of foreign currencies against the Canadian dollar would have a positive translation impact and a devaluation of foreign currencies against the Canadian dollar would have the opposite effect.

Effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting
Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting may fail to prevent certain material errors and fraud. A control system can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Due to the inherent limitations in control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues within an organization are detected. The inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Controls can also be circumvented by individual acts of certain persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. Due to these inherent limitations, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected in a timely manner or at all.

Any failure of our internal controls could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, harm our reputation and limit our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations, causing investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. If we are unable to implement any of the required changes to our internal control over financial reporting effectively or efficiently or are required to do so earlier than anticipated, it could adversely affect our operations, financial reporting and results of operations.

Liquidity risk
CAE faces liquidity risks which stem from holding assets that cannot be readily converted to cash when needed. The increased geopolitical uncertainty and general economic conditions have amplified the unpredictability of business and transaction cycles, thereby bringing uncertainty as to the cash we expect to generate from our operations and our ability to meet financial requirements in the foreseeable future.

Interest rates
We are exposed to risk on the interest rate of our debt. If interest rates increase, our floating rate long-term debt would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and net income and cash flows would decrease, which could materially and adversely affect CAE’s financial condition and operating results. Increasing interest rates may also restrict our ability to expand into new markets if we do not have access to debt or equity capital on acceptable terms, which in turn may negatively affect our competitiveness and results of operations. Similarly, changes in interest rates may negatively affect the ability of our customers to deploy capital or to obtain credit to finance their businesses on acceptable terms, which will impact their demand and ability to pay for our products and services.

Returns to shareholders
Payment of dividends and other cash or capital returns (such as a normal course issuer bid for the repurchase of our outstanding shares) to our shareholders are at the discretion of the Board of Directors and depend on various factors, including our operating cash flows, sources of capital, the satisfaction of solvency tests and other financial requirements, our operations and financial results, our ability to repatriate cash from our subsidiaries, as well as our dividend and other policies which may be reviewed from time to time.

No assurance can be given as to whether or when CAE will declare and pay dividends in the future, or the frequency or amount of any such dividend. In addition, there is no assurance that shareholders who have their common shares enrolled in CAE’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP) will continue to have their common shares participate in the DRIP, which may have an impact on our cash flows.

Cash disbursements used for the repurchase of our outstanding shares may have an impact on available cash to use to respond to unforeseen challenges or other capital allocation priorities that might have generated higher returns or contributed to CAE's long-term growth.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Shareholder activism
We may be subject to legal and business challenges in the operation of our business due to actions instituted by activist shareholders or others who may from time to time engage in proxy solicitations, advance shareholder proposals, attempt to acquire control via a hostile take-over bid or otherwise or attempt to involve themselves in the governance, strategic direction, and operations of CAE. Responding to such challenges can be costly and time-consuming, disrupting operations, requiring us to incur increased advisory fees and related costs, and diverting the attention of CAE’s board, senior management and employees from the pursuit of our business strategies. Perceived uncertainties as to CAE’s future direction resulting from such challenges could result in the loss of potential business opportunities, cause concern to current or potential investors, make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners, and affect our relationships with vendors, customers and other third parties. Actions of activist shareholders may cause significant fluctuations in the market price for CAE’s securities based on temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of CAE’s business.

Estimates used in accounting
Accounting for our contracts, notably contracts for the design, engineering, and manufacturing of training devices, requires judgment associated with estimating contract revenue and costs and assumptions for schedule and technical issues. Because of the significance of the judgments and estimation processes involved in accounting for our contracts, materially different amounts could be recorded if we used different assumptions or if the underlying circumstances were to change. Changes in underlying assumptions, circumstances or estimates may have an impact on our financial statements including but not limited to impairment testing and fair value determination, and may adversely affect our future results of operations and financial condition.

Impairment risk
The carrying amounts of our non-financial assets subject to amortization are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill and assets that are not yet available for use are tested for impairment annually or at any time if an indicator of impairment exists. Factors that may result in a change in circumstances, indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill or non-financial assets may not be recoverable include reduced future estimated cash flows, slower growth rates than forecasted and a decline in our share price and market capitalization. Change in key assumptions, such as a failure to meet our five-year strategic plan or other unanticipated circumstances, including market conditions, may affect the accuracy or validity of our estimates. Because of the significance of our goodwill and other non-financial assets, any future impairment of these assets could require material non-cash charges to our operating results, which also could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

Pension plans
Economic and capital market fluctuations can negatively affect the investment performance, funding and expense associated with our defined benefit pension plans. Pension funding for these plans is based on actuarial estimates and is subject to limitations under applicable regulations. Actuarial estimates prepared during the year were based on, amongst others, assumptions regarding the performance of financial markets, discount rates, inflation rates, future salary increases, estimated retirement ages and mortality rates. The actuarial funding valuation reports determine the amount of cash contributions that we are required to make into registered retirement plans. There can be no assurance that our pension expense and the funding of these plans will not increase in the future, thereby negatively impacting our earnings, cash flow and shareholders' equity.

Indebtedness
CAE may achieve strategic growth objectives by financing costs of acquisitions out of available liquidities, including cash on hand and/or advances or drawdowns under one or more of our revolving credit facility or other debt financing. Such borrowings could have material adverse consequences for CAE, including: limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, product development, debt service requirements, acquisitions and general corporate or other purposes; restricting our flexibility and discretion to operate our business; negatively impacting the credit rating of our long-term debt; limiting our ability to declare dividends on our common shares or buy back our outstanding shares; having to dedicate a portion of our cash flows from operations to the payment of interest on our existing indebtedness and not having such cash flows available for other purposes, exposing us to increased interest expense on borrowings at variable rates; limiting our ability to adjust to changing market conditions; placing CAE at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have incurred less debt; making CAE more vulnerable in a downturn in general economic conditions; and making it more difficult for us to satisfy our covenants with respect to our indebtedness. There is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain additional indebtedness or other financing on terms favourable to us or at all in order to repay the principal on such indebtedness when it becomes due.

If we are unable to generate sufficient funds to meet our obligations under our outstanding indebtedness, we may be required to refinance, restructure or otherwise amend or waive some or all of such obligations, sell assets or raise additional cash through additional issuances of our equity. In such case, we cannot make any assurances that we would be able to obtain such refinancing on terms as favourable as our current financing or that amendments or waivers would be obtained, that such restructuring, sales of assets or issuances of equity can be accomplished or, if accomplished, would raise sufficient funds to meet these obligations.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Acquisition and integration costs
We incur a number of costs associated with completing acquisitions and integrating the operations of CAE and acquired companies. The substantial majority of these costs are non-recurring expenses resulting from an acquisition and will consist of transaction costs related to the acquisition, including financial, legal and accounting costs, facilities and information technology systems costs and employment‑related costs. Such expenses are difficult to estimate accurately and may exceed estimates. We may also fail to accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition or other strategic transaction, including tax and accounting charges. Accordingly, the benefits from an acquisition may be offset by unexpected costs incurred in integrating the businesses, which could cause our revenue assumptions to be inaccurate.

Sales of additional common shares
Any future issuance of common shares, or other securities convertible into common shares, may result in dilution to present and prospective common shareholders as well as dilution in earnings per share. CAE cannot predict the size of future issuances of common shares or the effect that future issuances and sales of common shares will have on the market price of the common shares. Issuances of a substantial number of additional common shares (or securities convertible into common shares), or the perception that such issuances could occur, may adversely affect the prevailing market price for the common shares.

Market price and volatility of our common shares
The market price of our common shares may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control and are unrelated to our performance. There can be no assurance that the market price of the common shares will not experience significant fluctuations in the future, including fluctuations that are unrelated to our performance.

Following a significant decline in the market price of a company’s securities, there may be instances of securities class action litigation being instituted against such company. If we were involved in any similar litigation, we could incur substantial costs, our management’s attention and resources could be diverted and it could harm our business, financial condition, operating results and future prospects.

Seasonality
Our business, revenues and cash flows are affected by certain seasonal trends. In the Civil Aviation segment, the level of training delivered is driven by the availability of pilots to train, which tends to be lower in the second quarter as pilots are flying more and training less, thus, driving lower revenues. In the Defense and Security segment, revenue and cash collection is not as consistent across quarters throughout the year as contract awards and availability of funding are influenced by customers’ budget cycles. We expect these trends to continue, but may be disturbed by the volatile geopolitical environment, supply chain and/or labour disruptions.

Taxation matters
We collect and pay significant amounts of taxes to various tax authorities. As our operations are complex and the related tax interpretations, regulations, legislation and jurisprudence that pertain to our activities are subject to continual change and evolving interpretation, the final outcome of the taxation of many transactions is uncertain. Also, a substantial portion of our business is conducted in foreign countries and is thereby subject to numerous countries’ tax laws and fiscal policies. A change in applicable tax laws, treaties or regulations or their interpretation, such as the introduction of Pillar Two Model Rules designed to ensure large multinational enterprises pay a minimum level of tax on income arising in each jurisdiction they operate, could result in a higher effective tax rate on our earnings which could significantly impact our financial results.

Adjusted backlog
Adjusted backlog represents management’s estimate of the aggregate amount of the revenues expected to be realized in the future. The termination, modification, delay, or suspension of multiple contracts may have a material and adverse effect on future revenues and profitability. We cannot guarantee that the revenues initially anticipated in our new orders will be realized in full, in a timely manner, or at all, or that, even if realized, such revenues will result in profits or cash generation as expected, and any shortfall may be significant.

10.6      Legal and regulatory risks

Data rights and governance
In providing services and solutions to clients, we collect, utilize, store and communicate confidential, personal, classified and proprietary information that may be highly sensitive. Any security breach, improper use and other types of unauthorized access or misappropriation of such information could not only lead to regulatory penalties, audits or investigations by various government agencies relating to our compliance with applicable laws, but also damage to our reputation or loss of confidence in our products and services.

Further, the management, use and protection of personal information (or personal data) are becoming increasingly important, particularly given the high value attributed to such information and the potential exposure to operational risks, reputational risks, and regulatory compliance risks, including compliance with the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, the U.K.’s General Data Protection Regulation, Canada’s federal Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act and substantially similar equivalents at the provincial level, the California Consumer Privacy Act, and the proliferation of similar regulatory frameworks in other regions. Compliance with these requirements may prove to be complex and may add to our compliance costs. Further, our use of AI poses evolving risks as we continue to incorporate AI systems into our operations.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

U.S. foreign ownership, control or influence mitigation measures
CAE and certain of our subsidiaries are parties to agreements with various departments and agencies of the U.S. government, including the U.S. Department of Defense, which require that these subsidiaries be issued facility security clearances under the U.S. Government National Industrial Security Program. This program requires that any corporation that maintains a facility security clearance be insulated from foreign ownership, control or influence (FOCI) via a mitigation agreement. As a Canadian company, we have entered into a FOCI mitigation agreement with the U.S. Department of Defense that enables these U.S. subsidiaries to obtain and maintain the requisite facility security clearances to enter into and perform on classified contracts with the U.S. government. Specifically, the mitigation agreement is a Special Security Agreement (SSA) for CAE USA Inc. If CAE fails to maintain compliance with the SSA, the facility security clearances for CAE USA Inc. could be terminated. If this occurred, our U.S. subsidiaries would no longer be eligible to enter into new contracts requiring a facility security clearance and could lose the right to perform certain existing contracts with the U.S. government to completion.

Compliance with laws and regulations
CAE operates in a highly regulated environment across many jurisdictions and is subject to, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to import-export controls, trade sanctions, anti-corruption, national security and aviation safety of each country. These laws and regulations may change without notice, which could impact our sales and operations in ways which we cannot predict. Any change could present opportunities or, to the contrary, have a materially negative effect on our results of operations or financial condition. For instance, changes imposed by a regulatory agency, including changes to safety standards imposed by aviation authorities, could mean that we will not be permitted to sell or licence certain products to customers, which could cause a potential loss of revenue. We could also be required to make unplanned modifications to our products and services, causing delays, higher inventory levels or resulting in postponed or cancelled sales or changes to sales predictions. Our compliance with government import-export regulations (e.g., International Traffic in Arms Regulations) may also be investigated or audited and we can be subject to potential liabilities associated with those matters.

Export control restrictions could also negatively impact our operations. For example, CAE’s technology and services may be subject to export permit approvals and regulatory requirements which could take several months to obtain, thereby resulting in potential delays in obtaining export permits or even preventing us from exporting to certain countries, entities or people in or from a country. Also, failure to comply with export control requirements could lead to fines and/or being excluded from government contracts or subcontracts and reputational damages, which would negatively affect our revenue from operations and profitability and could have a negative effect on our ability to procure other government contracts in the future.

As a contractor to various governments, CAE must comply with procurement regulations and other specific legal requirements, such as sourcing restrictions, requirements to expend a portion of program funds locally and governmental industrial cooperation or participation requirements (also known as offset arrangements). These regulations and other requirements, although often customary in government contracting, increase our contract performance risks and compliance costs and are regularly evolving. Failure to comply with these regulations and other requirements could negatively impact our revenue from operations and profitability, and could have a negative effect on our ability to procure other government contracts in the future. In various jurisdictions, governments have been pursuing and may continue to pursue policies that could negatively impact our profitability, including seeking to shift additional responsibility and performance risks to the contractor.

In addition, CAE’s global operations are subject to Canadian and foreign laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (Canada), the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (United States), the U.K. Bribery Act and other anti-corruption laws. Failure by CAE and its employees or by any business partner or supplier working on our behalf to comply with anti-corruption requirements could result in administrative, civil, or criminal liabilities, including suspension and debarment from bidding for or performing government contracts

Insurance coverage potential gaps
CAE products, services and/or operations can result in injury or damage to customers and other third parties, exposing CAE to substantial claims and litigation. Such claims could relate to, among other things, personal injury, loss of life, property damage and financial loss.

As part of its business operations, CAE maintains a certain level of insurance coverage, subject to varying limits, deductibles or retentions. There can be no assurance that the available insurance will be sufficient in limits and comprehensive in scope to respond to potential claims. Our insurance is purchased from a number of third-party insurers, often in layered insurance arrangements. In the event that limits purchased or coverage may be inadequate, CAE may be forced to bear substantial costs, resulting in an adverse impact on our financial condition, cash flows, or operating results. Moreover, any accident, failure of, or defect in our products or services, even if fully indemnified or insured, could significantly impact the cost and availability of adequate insurance in the future.

Product-related liabilities
Simulators, software solutions and other products sold by CAE may contain defects or may be subject to human error which may present a safety risk. Said defects, or human error due to manual input, could result in warranty claims, potential product liability and personal injury claims and/or major disruption in the operations of our customers. CAE may incur significant costs to issue a product recall or to modify or retrofit these products to ensure their safety, whether these are mandated by aviation authorities or otherwise. In addition to litigation and settlement costs related to liability claims, an adverse judgment against CAE or customers’ fleet being grounded due to potential safety risks in our software solutions may cause reputational damage and have a significant adverse effect on our business and operating results.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

CAE may also be subject to product liability claims relating to equipment and services of discontinued operations or businesses sold, whereby CAE has retained past liabilities.

Environmental laws and regulations
CAE is exposed to various environmental risks and is subject to complying with environmental laws and regulations which vary from country to country and are subject to change. CAE’s inability to comply with environmental laws and regulations could result in penalties, lawsuits and potential harm to our reputation.

New laws and regulations, stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations, the discovery of previously unknown contamination, new clean-up requirements or claims on environmental indemnities we committed to may result in us having to incur substantial costs. This could have a materially negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Government audits and investigations
Government agencies routinely audit and investigate government contractors, as well as recipients of government grants and contributions, thereby increasing performance and compliance costs. These agencies may review our performance under our contracts, business processes, cost structure, and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. Our incurred costs for each year are subject to audit by government agencies, which can result in payment demands related to costs they believe should be disallowed or a reduction or reversal of government grants and contributions to R&D programs. Although we work with governments to assess the merits of claims and, where appropriate, reserve for amounts disputed, we could be required to provide repayments to governments which could have a negative effect on our results of operations. We may continue to experience an increased number of audits and challenges to government accounting matters and business systems for current and past years, as well as a lengthened period of time required to close open audits, an increased number of broad requests for information and an increased risk of withholding of payments. If an audit or investigation were to uncover improper or illegal activities, we could be subject to further fines, administrative actions, termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments or debarment from business with the government. The government could impose additional payment withholds or seek consideration for material not in compliance with associated sourcing standards.

Protection of our intellectual property and brand
We rely, in part, on trade secrets, copyrights and contractual restrictions, such as confidentiality agreements, patents, industrial designs, trademarks, and licences to establish and protect our proprietary rights. These may not be effective in preventing a misuse of our technology or in deterring others from developing similar technologies. We may be limited in our ability to acquire or enforce our intellectual property rights in some countries. Litigation related to our intellectual property rights could be lengthy and costly and could negatively affect our operations or financial results, whether or not we are successful in defending a claim. As the partner of choice elevating safety, efficiency and readiness, our brand is a significant asset. From time to time, we may authorize the use of our brand, under third party licence agreements. Additionally, in certain of our flight training organizations, we outsource some flying to third-party providers, but ultimately remain accountable for their performance operating for our brand. Adverse publicity related to incidents or litigation involving us, our partners or suppliers may impact the value of our brand.

Third-party intellectual property
Our products may contain sophisticated software and computer systems that are supplied to us by third parties. Moreover, our production of simulators often depends on receiving confidential or proprietary data on the functions, design and performance of a product or system that our simulators are intended to simulate. Our training systems may also involve the collection and analysis of customer performance data in connection with the use of our training systems. We may not be able to obtain access to such software, systems and data sets on reasonable terms, or at all. Infringement claims could be brought against us or against our customers. We may not be successful in defending these claims and we may not be able to develop certain functionalities, designs, and processes that do not infringe on the rights of third parties, or obtain licences on terms that are commercially acceptable, if at all. The markets in which we operate are subject to extensive patenting by third parties. Our ability to modify existing products or to develop new products and services may be constrained by third-party patents such that we incur incremental costs to licence the use of the patent or design around the claims made therein.

Foreign private issuer status
As a “foreign private issuer,” as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the U.S. Securities Act, we are permitted, under a multijurisdictional disclosure system adopted by the securities regulatory authorities in Canada and the U.S., to prepare our disclosure documents filed under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (U.S. Exchange Act), in accordance with Canadian disclosure requirements. Under the U.S. Exchange Act, we are subject to reporting obligations that, in certain respects, are less detailed and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. As a result, we do not file the same reports that a U.S. domestic issuer would file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), although we are required to file or furnish to the SEC the continuous disclosure documents that we are required to file in Canada under Canadian securities laws.

In relying on NYSE rules that permit a foreign private issuer to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country, CAE is permitted to follow certain Canadian corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under the corporate governance standards for U.S. domestic issuers, except to the extent that such laws would be contrary to U.S. securities laws and provided that we disclose the significant differences between our corporate governance practices and the applicable corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Further, as a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from a number of requirements under U.S. securities laws that apply to public companies that are not foreign private issuers. In particular, we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the U.S. Exchange Act. CAE is exempt from the provisions of Regulation FD, which prohibits the selective disclosure of material non-public information to, among others, broker‑dealers and holders of a company’s securities under circumstances in which it is reasonably foreseeable that the holder will trade in our securities on the basis of the information.

Even though Canadian securities law requirements regarding the disclosure of material and non-public information by public companies are similar to U.S. securities law requirements and we voluntarily comply with Regulation FD, these exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which purchasers are entitled as investors. Shareholders should not expect to receive the same information at the same time as such information is provided by U.S. domestic companies. In addition, we have four months after the end of each fiscal year to file our Annual Information Form with the SEC and are not required under the U.S. Exchange Act to file quarterly reports with the SEC as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the U.S. Exchange Act would do.

Enforceability of civil liabilities against our directors and officers
CAE is governed by the Canada Business Corporations Act with our principal place of business in Canada. Most of our directors and officers reside in Canada or elsewhere outside the U.S. The majority of our assets and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these directors and officers may be located outside the U.S. Consequently, it may be difficult for investors who reside in the U.S. to effect service of process in the U.S. upon CAE or upon such persons who are not residents of the U.S., or to realize upon judgments of courts of the U.S. predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Similarly, some of CAE’s directors and officers may be residents of countries other than Canada and all or a substantial portion of the assets of such persons may be located outside Canada. As a result, it may be difficult for Canadian investors to initiate a lawsuit within Canada against these persons.

10.7      Environmental, social & governance risks

Extreme climate events and the impact of natural or other disasters (including effects of climate change)
Extreme climate events or natural or other disasters, such as earthquakes, fires, floods and similar events (including effects of climate change) could disrupt our internal operations, damage our infrastructure or properties, endanger our employee's health and safety, impact the availability and cost of materials, resources and services, decrease air travel, amend the regulatory framework, increase insurance and other operating costs and have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial position or liquidity as well as our business model. In addition, we are exposed to liabilities that are unique to the products and services that we provide, and therefore we cannot be certain that insurance coverage will be sufficient or available to cover all significant risk exposures.

More acute scrutiny and perception gaps regarding ESG matters
Evolving stakeholder expectations with respect to ESG matters may pose risks to CAE’s competitive advantage, brand and reputation, ability to attract and retain talent, financial outlook, cost of capital, global supply chain and business continuity, which may impact our ability to achieve long-term business objectives. Increased public awareness and growing concerns about climate change (including the “anti-flying” movement and tendencies towards sustainable travel initiatives) and the global transition to a low carbon economy result in a broad range of impacts, including potential risks for CAE and its business partners’ market outlook.

CAE may fail to adequately monitor the emerging risks in a rapidly changing ecosystem and to sufficiently address evolving expectations related to corporate culture, business conduct and ethics, responsible management of its supply chain, transparency, respect for human rights, working and safety conditions as well as diversity and inclusion, among other factors, which could affect corporate profitability and reputation.

Additional ESG-related regulations, changes in reporting frameworks and guidance, emergence of ‘’greenwashing’’ legal actions by activist groups, increasing regulatory expectations as well as continuing reforms pertaining to mandatory disclosure create a new and evolving set of compliance risks. Gaps in perception and acceptability of how ESG factors in shareholder value also call for increased vigilance when it comes to ESG reporting and communication.

More acute generalized scrutiny also adds pressure to secure reliable and precise ESG data with clear accountability across the organization and to deploy robust data collection processes with effective controls that will allow external verification in the near future. A lack of precise, auditable and complete data accurately reflecting the progress on CAE’s multi-year roadmap could hinder our credibility as an ESG leader in the industry.

As CAE’s ESG performance is assessed by proxy advisory agencies, we could also face governance issues if we do not meet their expectations.

CAE Financial Report 2024 I 45
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

10.8      Reputational risks

Reputational risk
Reputational risk may arise under many situations including, among other things:
–Quality or performance issues of our products or services and new technologies we launch;
–Inability to penetrate new markets or to meet expectations or demand for newly developed products and technologies;
–Failure to maintain ethically and socially responsible operations;
–Relationships or dealings with customers and other counterparties that could expose CAE to ethics, compliance and reputational risks;
–Negative perceptions regarding the defence and security industry and related product and service offerings;
–Injuries or death arising from health and safety incidents during the operation process or training activities; and
–Alleged or proven non-compliance with laws or regulations by our employees, agents, subcontractors, suppliers and/or business partners.

Any negative publicity about CAE or damage to our image and reputation could have a negative adverse impact on customers' and other key stakeholders’ perception and trust, may prevent CAE to recruit necessary talent and may cause the cancellation of current work or negatively influence our ability to obtain contracts. Many of CAE’s other risks intersect with reputational risk and may therefore amplify this risk.

10.9      Technological risks

Information technology
CAE’s operations depend on information technology infrastructure and applications, hosted internally or outsourced. In expanding product portfolio to software solutions and increasing our focus on digital strategy and AI, this dependence on information technology infrastructure and systems has only grown in importance. Our business also requires the appropriate and secure utilization of sensitive and confidential information belonging to third parties such as aircraft OEMs, national defence forces and customers. Any material interruption in technology systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and/or results of operations. Similarly, any material technological issue with our software solutions or with data feeds, infrastructure or systems provided by third parties, may lead to financial loss and/or impairment in our customer's operations.

System modernization, updates and system replacements can temporarily disrupt our business activities and result in productivity disruptions. Conversely, failure to maintain, upgrade, replace or properly implement such new information technology systems could result in increased risk of a cybersecurity incident and have an adverse effect on operational efficiency, revenue or reputation. In addition, the digital transformation and the adoption of emerging technologies, such as AI and machine learning, require continued focus and investment to manage those risks effectively.

Reliance on third-party providers for information technology systems and infrastructure management
Operations for some information technology systems maintenance and support services and infrastructure management functions are outsourced to third-party service providers. If these service providers are disrupted or do not perform effectively, it may have a material adverse impact on CAE's operations and customers.

Third-party providers’ services are often subscription-based subjecting us to various subscription pricing models based on market trends. Strategic renegotiation of such agreements can be lengthy, and it is important to manage and review performance of our third‑party providers on a continuous basis.

46 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

11.  RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Outstanding balances with our equity accounted investees are as follows:
(amounts in millions) 2024 2023
Accounts receivable $ 58.8  $ 59.5 
Contract assets 34.2  25.6 
Other non-current assets 22.9  17.1 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 4.7  5.7 
Contract liabilities 64.9  58.0 
 
Transactions with our equity accounted investees are as follows:
(amounts in millions) 2024 2023
Revenue $ 258.7  $ 223.0 
Purchases 6.0  4.6 
Other income 0.6  1.2 
 
Compensation of key management personnel
Key management personnel have the ability and responsibility to make major operational, financial and strategic decisions for CAE and include members of the Board and certain executive officers. The compensation expense of key management for employee services recognized in income are as follows:
 
(amounts in millions) 2024 2023
Salaries, termination and other short-term employee benefits $ 8.7  $ 7.6 
Post-employment benefits – defined benefit plans 3.8  4.4 
Share-based payments expense 4.4  1.7 
    $ 16.9  $ 13.7 

For the year ended March 31, 2024, the compensation earned by non-employee Directors amounted to $3.3 million (2023 –  $2.9 million), which include the grant date fair value of deferred share units (DSUs) as well as cash payments.

CAE Financial Report 2024 I 47
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

12.   NON-IFRS AND OTHER FINANCIAL MEASURES AND SUPPLEMENTARY NON-FINANCIAL INFORMATION
12.1       Non-IFRS and other financial measure definitions
This MD&A includes non-IFRS financial measures, non-IFRS ratios, capital management measures and supplementary financial measures. These measures are not standardized financial measures prescribed under IFRS and therefore should not be confused with, or used as an alternative for, performance measures calculated according to IFRS. Furthermore, these measures should not be compared with similarly titled measures provided or used by other issuers. Management believes that these measures provide additional insight into our operating performance and trends and facilitate comparisons across reporting periods.

A non-IFRS financial measure is a financial measure that depicts our financial performance, financial position, or cash flow and either excludes an amount that is included in or includes an amount that is excluded from the composition of the most directly comparable financial measures disclosed in our financial statements.

A non-IFRS ratio is a financial measure disclosed in the form of a ratio, fraction, percentage, or similar representation, that has a non‑IFRS financial measure as one or more of its components.

A total of segments measure is a financial measure that is a subtotal or total of two or more reportable segments and is disclosed within the notes to our consolidated financial statements, but not in our primary financial statements.

A capital management measure is a financial measure intended to enable an individual to evaluate our objectives, policies and processes for managing our capital and is disclosed within the notes to our consolidated financial statements, but not in our primary financial statements.

A supplementary financial measure is a financial measure that depicts our historical or expected future financial performance, financial position or cash flow and is not disclosed within our primary financial statements, nor does it meet the definition of any of the above measures.
Certain non-IFRS and other financial measures are provided on a consolidated basis and separately for each of our segments (Civil Aviation and Defense and Security) since we analyze their results and performance separately.

PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Gross profit margin (or gross profit as a % of revenue)
Gross profit margin is a supplementary financial measure calculated by dividing our gross profit by revenue for a given period. We track it because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods.

Operating income margin (or operating income as a % of revenue)
Operating income margin is a supplementary financial measure calculated by dividing our operating income by revenue for a given period. We track it because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods.

Adjusted segment operating income or loss
Adjusted segment operating income or loss is a non-IFRS financial measure that gives us an indication of the profitability of each segment because it does not include the impact of any items not specifically related to the segment’s performance. We calculate adjusted segment operating income by taking operating income and adjusting for restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, and impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events. Impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events consist of the impairment of goodwill (as described in Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their repurposing and optimization (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2023) and the cloud computing transition adjustment (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2022). We track adjusted segment operating income because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods. Adjusted segment operating income on a consolidated basis is a total of segments measure since it is the profitability measure employed by management for making decisions about allocating resources to segments and assessing segment performance. Refer to Section 12.3 “Non‑IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.

Adjusted segment operating income margin (or adjusted segment operating income as a % of revenue)
Adjusted segment operating income margin is a non-IFRS ratio calculated by dividing our adjusted segment operating income by revenue for a given period. We track it because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Adjusted effective tax rate
Adjusted effective tax rate is a supplementary financial measure that represents the effective tax rate on adjusted net income or loss. It is calculated by dividing our income tax expense by our earnings before income taxes, adjusting for the same items used to determine adjusted net income or loss. We track it because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of the impact of changes in income tax rates and the mix of income on our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods. Refer to Section 12.3 “Non‑IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for a calculation of this measure.

Adjusted net income or loss
Adjusted net income or loss is a non-IFRS financial measure we use as an alternate view of our operating results. We calculate it by taking our net income attributable to equity holders of the Company from continuing operations and adjusting for restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, and impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events, after tax, as well as significant one-time tax items. Impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events consist of the impairment of goodwill (as described in Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their repurposing and optimization (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2023) and the cloud computing transition adjustment (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2022). We track adjusted net income because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods. Refer to Section 12.3 “Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.

Adjusted earnings or loss per share (EPS)
Adjusted earnings or loss per share is a non-IFRS ratio calculated by dividing adjusted net income or loss by the weighted average number of diluted shares. We track it because we believe it provides an enhanced understanding of our operating performance on a per share basis and facilitates the comparison across reporting periods. Refer to Section 12.3 “Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for a calculation of this measure.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA
EBITDA is a non-IFRS financial measure which comprises net income or loss from continuing operations before income taxes, finance expense – net, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA further adjusts for restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, and impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events. Impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events consist of the impairment of goodwill (as described in Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their repurposing and optimization (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2023) and the cloud computing transition adjustment (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2022). We use EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to evaluate our operating performance, by eliminating the impact of non-operational or non-cash items. Refer to Section 12.3 “Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for a reconciliation of these measures to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.

Free cash flow
Free cash flow is a non-IFRS financial measure that shows us how much cash we have available to invest in growth opportunities, repay debt and meet ongoing financial obligations. We use it as an indicator of our financial strength and liquidity. We calculate it by taking the net cash generated by our continuing operating activities, subtracting maintenance capital expenditures, intangible assets expenditures excluding capitalized development costs, other investing activities not related to growth and dividends paid and adding proceeds from the disposal of property, plant and equipment, dividends received from equity accounted investees and proceeds, net of payments, from equity accounted investees. Refer to Section 7.1 “Consolidated cash movements” of this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE MEASURES
Non-cash working capital
Non-cash working capital is a non-IFRS financial measure we use to monitor how much money we have committed in the day-to-day operation of our business. We calculate it by taking current assets (not including cash and cash equivalents and assets held for sale) and subtracting current liabilities (not including the current portion of long-term debt and liabilities held for sale). Refer to Section 8.1 “Consolidated capital employed” of this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.


CAE Financial Report 2024 I 49
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Capital employed
Capital employed is a non-IFRS financial measure we use to evaluate and monitor how much we are investing in our business. We measure it from two perspectives:

Use of capital:
–For the Company as a whole, we take total assets (not including cash and cash equivalents), and subtract total liabilities (not including long-term debt and the current portion of long-term debt);
–For each segment, we take the total assets (not including cash and cash equivalents, tax accounts, employee benefits assets and other non-operating assets), and subtract total liabilities (not including tax accounts, long-term debt and the current portion of long‑term debt, royalty obligations, employee benefit obligations and other non-operating liabilities).

Source of capital:
–In order to understand our source of capital, we add net debt to total equity.

Refer to Section 8.1 “Consolidated capital employed” of this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.

Adjusted return on capital employed (ROCE)
Adjusted ROCE is a non-IFRS ratio calculated over a rolling four-quarter period by taking net income attributable to equity holders of the Company from continuing operations adjusting for net finance expense, after tax, restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, and impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events divided by the average capital employed from continuing operations. Impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events consist of the impairment of goodwill (as described in Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024), the impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their repurposing and optimization (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2023) and the cloud computing transition adjustment (as described in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2022). We use adjusted ROCE to evaluate the profitability of our invested capital.

Net debt
Net debt is a capital management measure we use to monitor how much debt we have after taking into account cash and cash equivalents. We use it as an indicator of our overall financial position, and calculate it by taking our total long-term debt, including the current portion of long-term debt, and subtracting cash and cash equivalents. Refer to Section 8.1 “Consolidated capital employed” of this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure to the most directly comparable measure under IFRS.

Net debt-to-capital
Net debt-to-capital is a capital management measure calculated as net debt divided by the sum of total equity plus net debt. We use this to manage our capital structure and monitor our capital allocation priorities.

Net debt-to-EBITDA and net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA
Net debt-to-EBITDA and net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA are non-IFRS ratios calculated as net debt divided by the last twelve months EBITDA (or adjusted EBITDA). We use net debt-to-EBITDA and net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA because they reflect our ability to service our debt obligations. Refer to Section 12.3 “Non-IFRS measure reconciliations” of this MD&A for a calculation of these measures.

Maintenance and growth capital expenditures
Maintenance capital expenditure is a supplementary financial measure we use to calculate the investment needed to sustain the current level of economic activity.

Growth capital expenditure is a supplementary financial measure we use to calculate the investment needed to increase the current level of economic activity.

The sum of maintenance capital expenditures and growth capital expenditures represents our total property, plant and equipment expenditures.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

GROWTH MEASURES
Adjusted order intake
Adjusted order intake is a supplementary financial measure that represents the expected value of orders we have received:
–For the Civil Aviation segment, we consider an item part of our adjusted order intake when we have a legally binding commercial agreement with a client that includes enough detail about each party’s obligations to form the basis for a contract. Additionally, expected future revenues from customers under short-term and long-term training contracts are included when these customers commit to pay us training fees, or when we reasonably expect the revenue to be generated;
–For the Defense and Security segment, we consider an item part of our adjusted order intake when we have a legally binding commercial agreement with a client that includes enough detail about each party’s obligations to form the basis for a contract. Defense and Security contracts are usually executed over a long-term period but some of them must be renewed each year. For this segment, we only include a contract item in adjusted order intake when the customer has authorized the contract item and has received funding for it.

Adjusted backlog
Adjusted backlog is a supplementary financial measure that represents expected future revenues and includes obligated backlog, joint venture backlog and unfunded backlog and options:
–Obligated backlog represents the value of our adjusted order intake not yet executed and is calculated by adding the adjusted order intake of the current period to the balance of the obligated backlog at the end of the previous fiscal year, subtracting the revenue recognized in the current period and adding or subtracting backlog adjustments. If the amount of an order already recognized in a previous fiscal year is modified, the backlog is revised through adjustments;
–Joint venture backlog is obligated backlog that represents the expected value of our share of orders that our joint ventures have received but have not yet executed. Joint venture backlog is determined on the same basis as obligated backlog described above;
–Unfunded backlog represents legally binding Defense and Security orders with the U.S. government that we have received but have not yet executed and for which funding authorization has not yet been obtained. The uncertainty relates to the timing of the funding authorization, which is influenced by the government’s budget cycle, based on a September year-end. Options are included in adjusted backlog when there is a high probability of being exercised, which we define as at least 80% probable, but multi-award indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity (ID/IQ) contracts are excluded. When an option is exercised, it is considered adjusted order intake in that period, and it is removed from unfunded backlog and options.

Book-to-sales ratio
The book-to-sales ratio is a supplementary financial measure calculated by dividing adjusted order intake by revenue in a given period. We use it to monitor the level of future growth of the business over time.

12.2       Supplementary non-financial information definitions

Full-flight simulators (FFSs) in CAE's network
A FFS is a full-size replica of a specific make, model and series of an aircraft cockpit, including a motion system. In our count of FFSs in the network, we generally only include FFSs that are of the highest fidelity and do not include any fixed based training devices, or other lower-level devices, as these are typically used in addition to FFSs in the same approved training programs.

Simulator equivalent unit (SEU)
SEU is a measure we use to show the total average number of FFSs available to generate earnings during the period. For example, in the case of a 50/50 flight training joint venture, we will report only 50% of the FFSs under this joint venture as a SEU. If a FFS is being powered down and relocated, it will not be included as a SEU until the FFS is re-installed and available to generate earnings.

Utilization rate
Utilization rate is a measure we use to assess the performance of our Civil simulator training network. While utilization rate does not perfectly correlate to revenue recognized, we track it, together with other measures, because we believe it is an indicator of our operating performance. We calculate it by taking the number of training hours sold on our simulators during the period divided by the practical training capacity available for the same period.

CAE Financial Report 2024 I 51
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

12.3       Non-IFRS measure reconciliations
Reconciliation of adjusted segment operating income
Defense
(amounts in millions) Civil Aviation and Security Total
Three months ended March 31 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024 2023
Operating income (loss) $ 147.0  $ 149.3  $ (680.0) $ 29.0  $ (533.0) $ 178.3 
Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs 44.4  13.6  10.6  1.5  55.0  15.1 
Impairments and other gains and losses arising from
significant strategic transactions or specific events:
Impairment of goodwill —  568.0  —  568.0 — 
Impairment of technology and other non-financial assets —  35.7  —  35.7 — 
Adjusted segment operating income (loss) $ 191.4  $ 162.9  $ (65.7) $ 30.5  $ 125.7  $ 193.4 

Defense
(amounts in millions) Civil Aviation and Security Total
Years ended March 31 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024 2023
Operating income (loss) $ 442.0  $ 430.3  $ (627.4) $ 35.7  $ (185.4) $ 466.0 
Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs 106.9  52.0  24.5  10.6  131.4  62.6 
Impairments and other gains and losses arising from
significant strategic transactions or specific events:
Impairment of goodwill —  568.0  —  568.0 — 
Impairment of technology and other non-financial assets —  35.7  —  35.7 — 
Impairment reversal of non-financial assets
following their repurposing and optimization —  3.0  —  6.8  —  9.8 
Adjusted segment operating income $ 548.9  $ 485.3  $ 0.8  $ 53.1  $ 549.7  $ 538.4 


Reconciliation of adjusted net income and adjusted EPS
Three months ended Years ended
March 31 March 31
(amounts in millions, except per share amounts) 2024 2023 2024 2023
Net (loss) income attributable to equity holders of the Company $ (484.2) $ 98.4  $ (304.0) $ 222.7 
Net income from discontinued operations (20.5) (4.8) (21.3) (2.1)
Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, after tax 42.3  12.5  101.0  48.2 
Impairments and other gains and losses arising from
significant strategic transactions or specific events:
Impairment of goodwill, after tax 473.7  —  473.7  — 
Impairment of technology and other non-financial assets, after tax 27.4  —  27.4  — 
Impairment reversal of non-financial assets
following their repurposing and optimization, after tax —  —  —  7.1 
Adjusted net income $ 38.7  $ 106.1  $ 276.8  $ 275.9 
Average number of shares outstanding (diluted) 318.3  318.7  318.2  318.4 
Adjusted EPS $ 0.12  $ 0.33  $ 0.87  $ 0.87 


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Calculation of adjusted effective tax rate
Three months ended Years ended
March 31 March 31
(amounts in millions, except effective tax rates) 2024 2023 2024 2023
(Loss) earnings before income taxes $ (585.4) $ 127.9  $ (390.4) $ 292.4 
Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs 55.0  15.1  131.4  62.6 
Impairments and other gains and losses arising from
significant strategic transactions or specific events:
Impairment of goodwill 568.0  —  568.0  — 
Impairment of technology and other non-financial assets 35.7  —  35.7  — 
Impairment reversal of non-financial assets
following their repurposing and optimization —  —  —  9.8 
Adjusted earnings before income taxes $ 73.3  $ 143.0  $ 344.7  $ 364.8 
Income tax (recovery) expense $ (80.6) $ 30.8  $ (72.8) $ 62.6 
Tax impact on restructuring, integration and acquisition costs 12.7  2.6  30.4  14.4 
Tax impact on impairments and other gains and losses arising
from significant strategic transactions or specific events:
Tax impact on impairment of goodwill 94.3  —  94.3  — 
Tax impact on impairment of technology and other non-financial assets 8.3  —  8.3  — 
Tax impact on impairment reversal of non-financial assets
following their repurposing and optimization —  —  —  2.7 
Adjusted income tax expense $ 34.7  $ 33.4  $ 60.2  $ 79.7 
Effective tax rate 14  % 24  % 19  % 21  %
Adjusted effective tax rate 47  % 23  % 17  % 22  %


Reconciliation of EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA, net debt-to-EBITDA and net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA
Last twelve months ended
March 31
(amounts in millions, except net debt-to-EBITDA ratios) 2024 2023
Operating (loss) income $ (185.4) $ 466.0 
Depreciation and amortization 368.7  330.2 
EBITDA $ 183.3  $ 796.2 
Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs 131.4  62.6 
Impairments and other gains and losses arising from
significant strategic transactions or specific events:
Impairment of goodwill 568.0  — 
Impairment of technology and other non-financial assets 35.7  — 
Impairment reversal of non-financial assets
following their repurposing and optimization —  9.8 
Adjusted EBITDA $ 918.4  $ 868.6 
Net debt $ 2,914.2  $ 3,032.5 
Net debt-to-EBITDA 15.90  3.81 
Net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA 3.17  3.49 

CAE Financial Report 2024 I 53
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

13.   CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING POLICIES
13.1     New and amended standards adopted
Amendments to IAS 12 - International Tax Reform — Pillar Two Model Rules
In May 2023, the IASB issued International Tax Reform—Pillar Two Model Rules, which amends IAS 12 - Income taxes to introduce a temporary exception to the requirements to recognize and disclose information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes. This amendment to IAS 12 was adopted in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 and the exception has been applied retrospectively but no adjustments to previously reported figures were required.

Certain other amendments to accounting standards were applied for the first time on April 1, 2023, but did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

13.2     New and amended standards not yet adopted
Certain amendments to accounting standards have been published that are not mandatory for March 31, 2024 reporting periods and have not been early adopted. These amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements in the current or future reporting periods and on foreseeable future transactions.

Amendments to IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements
In January 2020, IASB issued a narrow-scope amendment to IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements, which clarifies that the classification of liabilities as current or non-current is based on rights that are in existence at the end of the reporting period. Classification is unaffected by expectations about whether an entity will exercise its right to defer settlement of a liability or events after the reporting date. The amendment also clarifies what IAS 1 means when it refers to the ‘settlement’ of a liability.

In October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements, which specify that for long-term debt with covenants to be complied with after the reporting date, such covenants do not affect the classification of debt as current or non‑current at the reporting date, but do require disclosures in the notes to the financial statements.

Amendments to IAS 1 will be effective for the fiscal period beginning on April 1, 2024.

13.3     Use of judgements, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies, the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the period reported. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in applying accounting policies. The areas involving a high degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed below. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Changes will be reported in the period in which they are identified.

Business combinations
Business combinations are accounted for in accordance with the acquisition method as of the date control is transferred. The consideration transferred and the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities are measured at their fair value at the date of acquisition, which may be estimated using an income, market or cost valuation method. Depending on the complexity of determining these valuations, we either consult with independent experts or develop the fair value internally by using appropriate valuation techniques which are generally based on a forecast of the total expected future net discounted cash flows. These evaluations are linked closely to the assumptions made by management regarding the future performance of the related assets and the discount rate. Contingent consideration is measured at fair value using a discounted cash flow model.

The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to the net identifiable assets acquired, as well as the estimated useful life of non-financial assets, could impact the net income of subsequent periods through depreciation and amortization, and in certain instances through impairment charges. We believe that the estimated fair values assigned to the net identifiable assets acquired are based on reasonable assumptions that a marketplace participant would use. While we use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately value the net identifiable assets acquired at the acquisition date, estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement.

During the measurement period, for up to 12 months following the acquisition, we recorded adjustments to the initial estimate of the net identifiable assets acquired based on new information obtained that would have existed as of the date of the acquisition. Any adjustment that arises from information obtained that did not exist as of the date of the acquisition will be recorded in the period the adjustment arises.

Development costs
Development costs are recognized as intangible assets and are amortized over their useful lives when they meet the criteria for capitalization. Forecasted revenue and profitability for the relevant projects are used to assess compliance with the capitalization criteria and to assess the recoverable amount of the assets.


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Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Impairment of non-financial assets 
Our impairment test for goodwill is based on estimates of the recoverable amount of the CGU or group of CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated and uses valuation models such as the discounted cash flows model (level 3). Management applies significant judgement in developing the cash flow model, which includes the use of key assumptions including expected revenue growth, margin projections and the discount rates. Management also applies judgement when reflecting the impact surrounding current market view of risk and uncertainty and macroeconomic conditions. These estimates, including the methodology used, can have a material impact on the respective values and ultimately the amount of any goodwill impairment.
 
Likewise, whenever property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are tested for impairment, the determination of the assets’ recoverable amount involves the use of estimates by management and can have a material impact on the respective values and ultimately the amount of any impairment.
 
Revenue recognition
Transaction price allocated to performance obligations
In allocating the transaction price for contracts with multiple performance obligations, we estimate the stand-alone selling price using the expected cost plus a margin approach if they are not directly observable.

Determining the measure of progress of performance obligations satisfied over time
For contracts where revenue is recognized over time using the cost input method, we apply judgement in estimating the total costs to complete the contract.

The determination of the total costs to complete a contract is based on estimates that can be affected by several factors, including program management and execution difficulties, technological challenges, cost of materials, supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, availability of labour and problems with suppliers or subcontractors.

Management conducts monthly reviews of our estimated costs to complete as well as our revenue and margins recognized, on a contract-by-contract basis. The impact of any revisions in cost and revenue estimates is reflected in the period in which the need for a revision becomes known.

Defined benefit pension plans
The cost of defined benefit pension plans and the present value of the employee benefit obligations are determined using actuarial valuations. Actuarial valuations involve, amongst others, making assumptions about discount rates, future salary increases and mortality rates. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date. Any changes in these assumptions will impact the carrying amount of the employee benefit obligations and the cost of the defined benefit pension plans. In determining the appropriate discount rate, management considers the interest rates of high quality corporate bonds that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid, and that have terms to maturity approximating the terms of the related pension liability. The mortality rate is based on publicly available mortality tables for the specific country. Future salary increases and pension increases are based on expected future inflation rates for the specific country. Individual discount rates are derived from the yield curve and are used to determine the service cost and interest cost of the Canadian defined benefit pension plans at the beginning of the year. The present value of the employee benefit obligations for these Canadian plans is determined based on the individual discount rates derived from the yield curve at the end of the year. 
Other key assumptions for pension obligations are based, in part, on current market conditions. See Note 20 of our consolidated financial statements for further details regarding assumptions used.

Income taxes
We are subject to income tax laws in numerous jurisdictions. Judgement is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes. The determination of tax liabilities and assets involves uncertainties in the interpretation of complex tax regulations. We provide for potential tax liabilities based on the weighted average probability of the possible outcomes. Differences between actual results and those estimates could influence the income tax liabilities and deferred tax liabilities in the period in which such determinations are made.
 
Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against the losses that can be utilized. Significant management judgement is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognized, based upon the likely timing and the level of future taxable profits together with future tax planning strategies. The recorded amount of total deferred tax assets could be altered if estimates of projected future taxable income and benefits from available tax strategies are lowered, or if changes in current tax regulations are enacted that impose restrictions on the timing or extent of our ability to utilize future tax benefits.

CAE Financial Report 2024 I 55
 



Management’s Discussion and Analysis

14.   INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The Company has established and maintains disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that material information relating to the Company is communicated to the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer by others, particularly during the period in which annual and interim filings are prepared, and that information required to be disclosed by the Company in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted by the Company under Canadian and U.S. securities laws is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified under those laws and the related rules.

As of March 31, 2024, management evaluated, under the supervision of and with the participation of the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined under National Instrument 52-109 adopted by the Canadian Securities Administrators and in Rule 13(a)-15(e) under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

The Company has also established and maintains internal control over financial reporting, as defined under National Instrument 52-109 and in Rule 13(a)-15(f) under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed, under the supervision of the President and Chief Executive Officer as well as the Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by management and other key CAE personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024 using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of March 31, 2024.

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter and fiscal year 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. During fiscal 2024, our U.S. Defense and Security operations completed the initial phase of implementation of a new ERP system. Management employed appropriate procedures to ensure internal controls over financial reporting were in place during and after the conversion.

15.   OVERSIGHT ROLE OF AUDIT COMMITTEE AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS
The Audit Committee reviews our annual MD&A and related consolidated financial statements with management and the external auditor and recommends them to the Board for their approval. Management and our internal auditor also provide the Audit Committee with regular reports assessing our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting. The external auditor reports regularly to management on any weaknesses it finds in our internal control, and these reports are reviewed by the Audit Committee. 

16.   ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
You will find additional information about CAE, including our most recent AIF, on our website at www.cae.com, or on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca or on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.
 
56 I CAE Financial Report 2024




Management’s Discussion and Analysis

17.   SELECTED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following table provides selected quarterly financial information for the past three fiscal years. 
 (amounts in millions, except per share amounts) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Total
Fiscal 2024          
 Revenue $ 1,012.0  1,050.0  1,094.5  1,126.3  4,282.8 
 Net income (loss) $ 67.8  61.1  59.1  (484.3) (296.3)
     Equity holders of the Company
        Continuing operations $ 64.8  56.2  58.4  (504.7) (325.3)
        Discontinued operations $ 0.5  2.2  (1.9) 20.5  21.3 
     Non-controlling interests $ 2.5  2.7  2.6  (0.1) 7.7 
 Basic and diluted EPS attributable to equity holders of the Company $ 0.20  0.18  0.17  (1.52) (0.95)
     Continuing operations $ 0.20  0.17  0.18  (1.58) (1.02)
     Discontinued operations $ —  0.01  (0.01) 0.06  0.07 
 Adjusted EPS $ 0.24  0.26  0.24  0.12  0.87 
 Average number of shares outstanding (basic) 318.0  318.2  318.3  318.3  318.2 
 Average number of shares outstanding (diluted) 318.8  319.2  319.1  318.3  318.2 
Fiscal 2023          
 Revenue $ 893.7  949.6  969.9  1,197.4  4,010.6 
 Net income $ 3.7  46.3  80.0  101.9  231.9 
     Equity holders of the Company
        Continuing operations $ 6.8  44.2  76.0  93.6  220.6 
        Discontinued operations $ (5.1) 0.3  2.1  4.8  2.1 
     Non-controlling interests $ 2.0  1.8  1.9  3.5  9.2 
 Basic and diluted EPS attributable to equity holders of the Company $ —  0.14  0.25  0.31  0.70 
     Continuing operations $ 0.02  0.14  0.24  0.29  0.69 
     Discontinued operations $ (0.02) —  0.01  0.02  0.01 
 Adjusted EPS $ 0.07  0.19  0.27  0.33  0.87 
 Average number of shares outstanding (basic) 317.1  317.8  317.9  317.9  317.7 
 Average number of shares outstanding (diluted) 318.2  318.4  318.3  318.7  318.4 
Fiscal 2022          
 Revenue $ 721.1  780.0  816.6  902.2  3,219.9 
 Net income $ 47.3  17.2  28.4  57.1  150.0 
     Equity holders of the Company
        Continuing operations $ 43.5  15.7  33.2  47.8  140.2 
        Discontinued operations $ 2.9  (1.7) (7.0) 7.3  1.5 
     Non-controlling interests $ 0.9  3.2  2.2  2.0  8.3 
 Basic and diluted EPS attributable to equity holders of the Company $ 0.16  0.04  0.08  0.17  0.45 
     Continuing operations $ 0.15  0.05  0.10  0.15  0.45 
     Discontinued operations $ 0.01  (0.01) (0.02) 0.02  — 
 Adjusted EPS $ 0.18  0.17  0.20  0.27  0.82 
 Average number of shares outstanding (basic) 293.6  316.5  316.9  317.0  311.0 
 Average number of shares outstanding (diluted) 295.8  318.7  318.7  318.5  312.9 

The following table provides selected annual financial information for the past three fiscal years.
 (amounts in millions)
2024 2023 2022
 Financial position:      
 Total assets $ 9,834.1  $ 10,436.5  $ 9,578.8 
 Total non-current financial liabilities(1)
2,855.4  3,179.6  2,959.9 
 Total net debt 2,914.2  3,032.5  2,700.1 

(1) Includes long-term debt, long-term derivative liabilities and other long-term liabilities meeting the definition of a financial liability.   

 

 
CAE Financial Report 2024 I 57
 
 

CAE INC.
 
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
 
Consolidated income statement
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
Consolidated statement of financial position
Consolidated statement of changes in equity
Consolidated statement of cash flows
 
Note 1 - Nature of operations and summary of material accounting policies
Note 2 - Discontinued operations
Note 3 - Business combinations
Note 4 - Operating segments and geographic information
Note 5 - Other (gains) and losses
Note 6 - Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs
Note 7 - Finance expense - net
Note 8 - Income taxes
Note 9 - Share capital and earnings per share
Note 10 - Accounts receivable
Note 11 - Balance from contracts with customers
Note 12 - Inventories
Note 13 - Property, plant and equipment
Note 14 - Intangible assets
Note 15 - Leases
Note 16 - Other non-current assets
Note 17 - Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
Note 18 - Provisions
Note 19 - Debt facilities
Note 20 - Employee benefits obligations
Note 21 - Other non-current liabilities
Note 22 - Supplementary cash flows information
Note 23 - Accumulated other comprehensive income
Note 24 - Share-based payments
Note 25 - Employee compensation
Note 26 - Government participation
Note 27 - Contingencies and commitments
Note 28 - Fair value of financial instruments
Note 29 - Capital risk management
Note 30 - Financial risk management
Note 31 - Related party transactions
 

58 | CAE Financial Report 2024


Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 
The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed, under the supervision of and with the participation of the President and Chief Executive Officer as well as the Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards (IFRS), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024 using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of March 31, 2024.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included herein.

    
/s/ Marc Parent                                                   /s/ Sonya Branco
President and Chief Executive Officer                Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer
  
May 27, 2024

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 59


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of CAE Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of CAE Inc. and its subsidiaries (together, the Company) as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, and its financial performance and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.


60 | CAE Financial Report 2024


Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Revenue recognition – Estimated costs to complete certain contracts
As described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers for the design, engineering, and manufacturing of training devices over time using the cost input method when management determines that these devices have a sufficient level of customization such that they have no alternative use and the Company has enforceable rights to payment for work completed to date. For the year ended March 31, 2024, a portion of total consolidated revenue of $4.3 billion related to revenue recognized from contracts with customers over time using the cost input method. For contracts where revenue is recognized over time using the cost input method, management applies judgment in estimating the total costs to complete the contract. The determination of the total costs to complete a contract is based on estimates that can be affected by several factors, including program management and execution difficulties, technological challenges, cost of materials, supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, availability of labour and problems with suppliers or subcontractors. The impact of any revisions in cost and revenue estimates is reflected in the period in which the need for a revision becomes known.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition for estimated costs to complete certain contracts is a critical audit matter are that there was judgment applied by management in estimating the total costs to complete the contracts. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to the total costs to complete the contracts estimated by management.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process including controls over the estimation of the total costs to complete the contracts. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for estimating the total costs to complete the contracts for a sample of contracts, which included testing the completeness, accuracy and relevance of the data used in the estimate of the work performed to date as a proportion of the total work to be performed; and evaluating the reasonableness of total costs to complete the contracts by considering the factors identified by management as impacting those costs. Evaluating the reasonableness of total costs to complete the contracts involved assessing, on a sample basis, management’s ability to reasonably estimate total costs to complete the contracts by comparing changes in estimated costs with the prior year estimate or estimated costs to complete the contracts for new contracts; performing a lookback analysis to assess variances between actual and estimated costs for completed contracts; and performing procedures to evaluate the timely identification of factors which may warrant a modification to a previous cost estimate.

Goodwill impairment assessment – Defense and Security cash-generating unit
As described in Notes 1, and 14 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $2.0 billion as of March 31, 2024, of which $850.5 million relates to the Defense and Security cash-generating unit. Management conducts impairment tests for goodwill annually during the fourth quarter, or more frequently, if events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may be impaired. Where the recoverable amount of a cash generating unit (CGU) to which goodwill has been allocated is lower than the CGU’s carrying value, the related goodwill is impaired. The recoverable amount of an asset or a CGU is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs of disposal. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. In the fourth quarter, management used significant judgment in determining the recoverable amount of the Defense and Security CGU. The recoverable amount is based on the fair value less costs of disposal calculation using a discounted cash flow model, which includes the use of key assumptions including expected revenue growth, margins projections and the discount rate. As a result of the impairment test performed, the Company recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $568.0 million on the Defense and Security CGU.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment assessment of the Defense and Security CGU is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the estimate of the recoverable amount for the Defence and Security CGU; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s key assumptions related to expected revenue growth, margins projections, and the discount rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.


CAE Financial Report 2024 | 61


Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s annual goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the Defense and Security CGU. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing management’s process for developing the estimate of the recoverable amount for the Defense and Security CGU; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the fair value less costs of disposal calculation; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the discounted cash flow model; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the key assumptions used by management related to expected revenue growth, margins projections and the discount rate. Evaluating the reasonableness of the assumptions used by management related to expected revenue growth and the margins projections involved assessing whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the Defense and Security CGU; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model; and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate assumption.

/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Montréal, Canada
May 27, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1991.
62 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Consolidated Financial Statements




Consolidated Income Statement
Years ended March 31  
(amounts in millions of Canadian dollars, except per share amounts)
Notes 2024 2023
Reclassified
(Note 1)
Continuing operations
Revenue $ 4,282.8  $ 4,010.6 
Cost of sales   3,128.3  2,927.1 
Gross profit   $ 1,154.5  $ 1,083.5 
Research and development expenses   149.8  129.0 
Selling, general and administrative expenses   535.0  501.5 
Other (gains) and losses 27.9  (22.4)
Share of after-tax profit of equity accounted investees (72.2) (53.2)
Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs 131.4  62.6 
Impairment of goodwill 14  568.0  — 
Operating (loss) income $ (185.4) $ 466.0 
Finance expense – net 205.0  173.6 
(Loss) earnings before income taxes $ (390.4) $ 292.4 
Income tax (recovery) expense (72.8) 62.6 
Net (loss) income from continuing operations $ (317.6) $ 229.8 
Net income from discontinued operations 2 21.3  2.1 
Net (loss) income $ (296.3) $ 231.9 
Attributable to:    
Equity holders of the Company $ (304.0) $ 222.7 
Non-controlling interests 7.7  9.2 
(Loss) earnings per share attributable to equity holders of the Company    
Basic and diluted – continuing operations $ (1.02) $ 0.69 
Basic and diluted – discontinued operations 0.07  0.01 

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 63



Consolidated Financial Statements


Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
Years ended March 31  
(amounts in millions of Canadian dollars)
Notes 2024 2023
Reclassified
(Note 1)
Net (loss) income from continuing operations   $ (317.6) $ 229.8 
Items that may be reclassified to net (loss) income
Foreign currency exchange differences on translation of foreign operations $ (4.7) $ 325.3 
Net gain (loss) on hedges of net investment in foreign operations 8.0  (112.6)
Reclassification to income of gains on foreign currency exchange differences (1.6) (6.4)
Net loss on cash flow hedges (11.9) (14.0)
Reclassification to income of losses (gains) on cash flow hedges 5.0  (5.5)
Income taxes (1.0) 9.9 
  $ (6.2) $ 196.7 
Items that will never be reclassified to net (loss) income
Remeasurement of defined benefit pension plan obligations 20  $ 16.0  $ 74.2 
Income taxes (4.2) (19.7)
$ 11.8  $ 54.5 
Other comprehensive income from continuing operations $ 5.6  $ 251.2 
Net income from discontinued operations $ 21.3  2.1 
Other comprehensive (loss) income from discontinued operations (7.0) 5.8 
Total comprehensive (loss) income $ (297.7) $ 488.9 
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the Company $ (305.4) $ 475.6 
Non-controlling interests 7.7  13.3 
 
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

64 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Consolidated Financial Statements



Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
As at March 31
(amounts in millions of Canadian dollars)

Notes 2024 2023
Assets
   
Cash and cash equivalents   $ 160.1  $ 217.6 
Accounts receivable 10  624.7  615.7 
Contract assets 11  537.6  693.8 
Inventories 12  573.6  583.4 
Prepayments   68.0  64.1 
Income taxes recoverable   35.3  48.3 
Derivative financial assets 7.2  12.1 
Total current assets
  $ 2,006.5  $ 2,235.0 
Property, plant and equipment 13  2,515.6  2,387.1 
Right-of-use assets 15  545.8  426.9 
Intangible assets 14  3,271.9  4,050.8 
Investment in equity accounted investees 588.8  530.7 
Employee benefits assets 20  65.7  51.1 
Deferred tax assets 233.3  125.1 
Derivative financial assets 4.2  9.2 
Other non-current assets 16  602.3  620.6 
Total assets
  $ 9,834.1  $ 10,436.5 
Liabilities and equity
     
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 17  $ 1,035.3  $ 1,036.7 
Provisions 18  42.6  26.7 
Income taxes payable 31.1  21.1 
Contract liabilities 11  911.7  905.7 
Current portion of long-term debt 19  308.9  214.6 
Derivative financial liabilities 28.8  41.9 
Total current liabilities
  $ 2,358.4  $ 2,246.7 
Provisions 18  14.0  20.1 
Long-term debt 19  2,765.4  3,035.5 
Royalty obligations   74.4  119.4 
Employee benefits obligations 20  98.7  91.9 
Deferred tax liabilities 36.6  129.3 
Derivative financial liabilities 2.9  6.5 
Other non-current liabilities 21  181.1  198.2 
Total liabilities
  $ 5,531.5  $ 5,847.6 
Equity
     
Share capital $ 2,252.9  $ 2,243.6 
Contributed surplus   55.4  42.1 
Accumulated other comprehensive income 23  154.0  167.2 
Retained earnings   1,762.6  2,054.8 
Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company   $ 4,224.9  $ 4,507.7 
Non-controlling interests   77.7  81.2 
Total equity
  $ 4,302.6  $ 4,588.9 
Total liabilities and equity
  $ 9,834.1  $ 10,436.5 

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.








CAE Financial Report 2024 | 65



Consolidated Financial Statements


Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity
Attributable to equity holders of the Company  
Common shares Accumulated other Non-
(amounts in millions of Canadian dollars, Number of Stated Contributed comprehensive Retained controlling Total
except number of shares)
Notes shares value surplus income earnings Total interests equity
Balances as at March 31, 2022 317,024,123  $ 2,224.7  $ 38.6  $ (31.2) $ 1,777.6  $ 4,009.7  $ 76.9  $ 4,086.6 
Net income   —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 222.7  $ 222.7  $ 9.2  $ 231.9 
Other comprehensive income   —  —  —  198.4  54.5  252.9  4.1  257.0 
Total comprehensive income   —  $ —  $ —  $ 198.4  $ 277.2  $ 475.6  $ 13.3  $ 488.9 
Exercise of stock options 24  882,167  18.9  (2.6) —  —  16.3  —  16.3 
Equity-settled share-based payments expense 24  —  —  6.1  —  —  6.1  —  6.1 
Transactions with non-controlling interests —  —  —  —  —  —  (9.0) (9.0)
Balances as at March 31, 2023 317,906,290  $ 2,243.6  $ 42.1  $ 167.2  $ 2,054.8  $ 4,507.7  $ 81.2  $ 4,588.9 
Net (loss) income —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ (304.0) $ (304.0) $ 7.7  $ (296.3)
Other comprehensive (loss) income   —  —  —  (13.2) 11.8  (1.4) —  (1.4)
Total comprehensive (loss) income   —  $ —  $ —  $ (13.2) $ (292.2) $ (305.4) $ 7.7  $ (297.7)
Exercise of stock options 24  405,943  9.3  (1.5) —  —  7.8  —  7.8 
Equity-settled share-based payments expense 24  —  —  14.8  —  —  14.8  —  14.8 
Transactions with non-controlling interests   —  —  —  —  —  —  (11.2) (11.2)
Balances as at March 31, 2024 318,312,233  $ 2,252.9  $ 55.4  $ 154.0  $ 1,762.6  $ 4,224.9  $ 77.7  $ 4,302.6 

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Consolidated Financial Statements



Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

Years ended March 31      
(amounts in millions of Canadian dollars)
Notes 2024

2023
Operating activities
     
Net (loss) income   $ (296.3) $ 231.9 
Adjustments for:      
Depreciation and amortization 374.8  342.2 
Impairment of goodwill 14 568.0  — 
Impairment (reversal) of non-financial assets – net 57.3 (2.4)
Share of after-tax profit of equity accounted investees   (72.2) (53.2)
Deferred income taxes (166.5) 10.4 
Investment tax credits (14.8) (5.4)
Equity-settled share-based payments expense 14.8  6.1 
Defined benefit pension plans 8.3  4.8 
Other non-current liabilities   (9.7) (15.9)
Derivative financial assets and liabilities – net   (12.7) (3.7)
After-tax gain on disposal of discontinued operations 2 (16.5) — 
Other   4.3  8.1 
Changes in non-cash working capital 22  128.1  (114.5)
Net cash provided by operating activities   $ 566.9  $ 408.4 
Investing activities
     
Business combinations, net of cash acquired $ —  $ (6.4)
Proceeds from disposal of discontinued operations 2 275.3  — 
Property, plant and equipment expenditures 13  (329.8) (268.8)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment   4.0  5.7 
Advance payments for property, plant and equipment —  (30.1)
Intangible assets expenditures 14 (147.9) (126.4)
Net payments to equity accounted investees (43.9) (10.9)
Dividends received from equity accounted investees   37.1  40.9 
Other   (10.2) (4.7)
Net cash used in investing activities   $ (215.4) $ (400.7)
Financing activities
     
Net (repayment of) proceeds from borrowing under revolving credit facilities 19  $ (396.7) $ 44.5 
Proceeds from long-term debt 19  433.5  31.2 
Repayment of long-term debt 19  (370.4) (161.0)
Repayment of lease liabilities 19  (69.5) (83.4)
Net proceeds from the issuance of common shares   7.8  16.3 
Other   —  (0.2)
Net cash used in financing activities   $ (395.3) $ (152.6)
Effect of foreign currency exchange differences on cash and cash equivalents   $ (13.7) $ 16.4 
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents   $ (57.5) $ (128.5)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
  217.6  346.1 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
  $ 160.1  $ 217.6 

The Company has elected to present a consolidated statement of cash flows that includes both continuing and discontinued operations. Amounts related to discontinued operations by operating, investing and financing activities are disclosed in Note 2.

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
CAE Financial Report 2024 | 67



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unless otherwise stated, all tabular amounts are in millions of Canadian dollars)
 
The consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue by the board of directors on May 27, 2024.
 
NOTE 1 – NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 
Nature of operations
CAE equips people in critical roles with the expertise and solutions to create a safer world. As a technology company, CAE digitalizes the physical world, deploying software-based simulation training and critical operations support solutions.

CAE Inc. and its subsidiaries’ (CAE or the Company) operations are managed through two segments:
 
(i)Civil Aviation – Provides comprehensive training solutions for flight, cabin, maintenance and ground personnel in commercial, business and helicopter aviation, a complete range of flight simulation training devices, ab initio pilot training and crew sourcing services, as well as aircraft flight operations solutions;
(ii)Defense and Security – A global training and simulation provider delivering scalable, platform-independent solutions that enable and enhance force readiness and security.
 
On February 16, 2024, the Company announced the closing of the sale of its Healthcare business and presented the Healthcare segment as discontinued operations (Note 2).

CAE Inc. is incorporated and domiciled in Canada with its registered and main office located at 8585 Côte-de-Liesse, Saint-Laurent, Québec, Canada, H4T 1G6. CAE common shares are traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
 
Basis of preparation
The material accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are described below. These policies have been consistently applied to all years presented, unless otherwise stated.
 
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Part I of the CPA Canada Handbook – Accounting and IFRS Accounting Standards (IFRS), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
 
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, except for the following items measured at fair value: contingent consideration, derivative financial instruments, financial instruments at fair value through profit and loss, financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (OCI) and liabilities for cash-settled share-based arrangements.

Basis of consolidation
Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Company has control. Control exists when the Company is exposed to, or has the right to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through the power over the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date control is obtained and they are no longer consolidated on the date control ceases. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

As at March 31, 2024, the Company's principal subsidiaries, including all subsidiaries representing individually more than 5% of total consolidated assets and 5% of consolidated revenue, are as follows:

  % equity
Subsidiary Country of incorporation interest
CAE USA Inc. United States 100  %
CAE SimuFlite Inc. United States 100  %
 
Joint arrangements
Joint arrangements are arrangements in which the Company exercises joint control as established by contracts requiring unanimous consent for decisions about the activities that significantly affect the arrangement’s returns. When the Company has the rights to the net assets of the arrangement, the arrangement is classified as a joint venture and is accounted for using the equity method. When the Company has rights to the assets and obligations for the liabilities relating to an arrangement, the arrangement is classified as a joint operation and the Company accounts for each of its assets, liabilities and transactions, including its share of those held or incurred jointly, in relation to the joint operation.
 

68 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Under the equity method of accounting, interests in joint ventures are initially recognized at cost and adjusted thereafter to recognize the Company’s share of the profits or losses and movements in OCI of the investee. When the Company’s share of losses in a joint venture equals or exceeds its interests in the joint ventures, the Company does not recognize further losses, unless it will incur obligations or make payments on behalf of the joint ventures. During the year ended March 31, 2024, the Company's unrecognized share of profit in joint ventures was $2.0 million (2023 – losses of $0.1 million). As at March 31, 2024, the cumulative unrecognized share of losses for these joint ventures was $10.3 million (2023 – $12.3 million) and the cumulative unrecognized share of comprehensive loss of these joint ventures was $9.3 million (2023 – $11.4 million).
 
Unrealized gains resulting from transactions with joint ventures are eliminated, to the extent of the Company’s share in the joint venture. For sales of products or services from the Company to its joint ventures, the elimination of unrealized profits is considered in the carrying value of the investment in equity accounted investees in the consolidated statement of financial position and in the share in profit or loss of equity accounted investees in the consolidated income statement.

As at March 31, 2024, the Company does not have any investment in equity accounted investees representing individually more than 5% of total consolidated assets.

Business combinations
Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair value of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred and the equity interests issued by the Company, if any, at the date control is obtained. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Acquisition-related costs, other than share and debt issue costs incurred to issue financial instruments that form part of the consideration transferred, are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair value at the acquisition date. If a business combination is achieved in stages, the Company remeasures its previously held interest in the acquiree at its acquisition-date fair value and recognizes the resulting gain or loss, if any, in income. 
 
Contingent consideration classified as a liability is measured at fair value, with subsequent changes recognized in income. If the contingent consideration is classified as equity, it is not remeasured and its subsequent settlement is recorded within equity.
 
New information obtained during the measurement period, up to 12 months following the acquisition date, about facts and circumstances existing at the acquisition date affect the acquisition accounting.
 
Non-controlling interests
Non-controlling interests (NCI) represent equity interests in subsidiaries owned by outside parties. The share of net assets of subsidiaries attributable to non-controlling interests is presented as a component of equity. Changes in the Company’s ownership interest in subsidiaries that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions.
 
The Company treats transactions with non-controlling interests as transactions with equity owners of the Company. For interests purchased from non-controlling interests, the difference between any consideration paid and the relevant share acquired of the carrying value of net assets of the subsidiary is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals of non-controlling interests are also recorded in equity.
 
Financial instruments and hedging relationships
Recognition, classification and measurement
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset in one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument in another entity. Financial assets and financial liabilities, including derivatives, are recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the financial instrument. On initial recognition, all financial instruments are measured at fair value.

Financial instruments are subsequently measured based on their classification, which are:
–Financial instruments measured at amortized cost;
–Financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL);
–Financial instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI).
 
Financial assets
A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if it meets both of the following conditions:
–     The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and
–  The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise, on specific dates, to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
 
Financial assets at amortized cost are subsequently measured using the effective interest rate (EIR) method and are subject to impairment. Gains and losses are recognized in income when the asset is derecognized, modified or impaired. The Company’s financial assets at amortized cost include accounts receivable and advances to a portfolio investment.


CAE Financial Report 2024 | 69



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Financial assets at FVTPL include financial assets held for trading, financial assets designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss, and financial assets mandatorily required to be measured at fair value. Financial assets are classified as held for trading if they are acquired for the purpose of selling or repurchasing in the near term. Derivatives, including separated embedded derivatives, are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments. Financial assets with cash flows that are not SPPI are classified and measured at FVTPL, irrespective of the business model. Financial assets at FVTPL are carried in the statement of financial position at fair value with net changes in fair value recognized in the income statement. The Company’s financial assets at FVTPL include cash and cash equivalents, and derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments in a hedge relationship.

Financial assets at FVOCI are equity investments the Company has irrevocably elected to classify at FVOCI. This classification is determined on an instrument-by-instrument basis. Gains and losses on these financial assets are never transferred to income. Dividends are recognized in the income statement when the right of payment has been established, except when the Company benefits from such proceeds as a recovery of part of the cost of the financial asset, in which case, such gains are recorded in OCI.

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, unless the Company changes its business model for managing a specific financial asset.

Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at FVTPL include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at FVTPL. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments in a hedge relationship. Separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments.

Financial liabilities at FVTPL are carried in the statement of financial position at fair value with net changes in fair value recognized in the income statement. The Company’s financial liabilities measured at FVTPL include contingent liabilities arising on business combinations and also derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments in a hedge relationship.

Financial liabilities at amortized cost are subsequently measured using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in income when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process. The Company’s financial liabilities at amortized cost include accounts payables, accrued liabilities, long-term debt, including interest payable, and royalty obligations.
 
Transaction costs
Transaction costs that are directly related to the acquisition or issuance of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than those classified as FVTPL and FVOCI) are included in the fair value initially recognized for those financial instruments. These costs are amortized to income using the EIR method.
 
Offsetting of financial assets and financial liabilities
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is presented in the consolidated statement of financial position when the Company has an unconditional and legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intends to settle on a net basis or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
 
Hedge accounting
The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, cross currency swaps and interest rate swaps to hedge its foreign currency risks and interest rate risks, respectively. A hedging relationship qualifies for hedge accounting when it meets all of the following effectiveness requirements:
–There is ‘an economic relationship’ between the hedged item and the hedging instrument;
–The effect of credit risk does not ‘dominate the value changes’ that result from that economic relationship;
–The hedge ratio of the hedging relationship is the same as that resulting from the quantities of:
–The hedged item that the Company actually hedges; and
–The hedging instrument that the Company actually uses to hedge that quantity of hedged item.

For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified as:
–Cash flow hedges when hedging the exposure to variability in cash flows that is either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction or the foreign currency risk in an unrecognized firm commitment;
–Hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation;
–Fair value hedges when hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment.

Documentation
At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Company formally documents the designation of the hedge, the risk management objectives and strategy, the hedging relationship between the hedged item and hedging item and the method for testing the effectiveness of the hedge, which must be reasonably assured over the term of the hedging relationship and can be reliably measured. The Company formally assesses, both at inception of the hedge relationship and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of hedged items in relation to the hedged risk.
70 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Cash flow hedge
The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognized in OCI, while the ineffective portion is recognized immediately in income. Amounts accumulated in OCI are reclassified to income in the period in which the hedged item affects income. However, when the forecasted transactions that are hedged items result in recognition of non-financial items, gains and losses previously recognized in OCI are included in the initial carrying value of the related non-financial assets acquired or liabilities incurred. The deferred amounts are ultimately recognized in income as the related non-financial items are derecognized or amortized.

Hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively when the hedging relationship no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, when the designation is revoked, or when the hedging instrument expires or is sold. Any cumulative gain or loss directly recognized in OCI at that time remains in OCI until the hedged item is recognized in income. When it is probable that a hedged transaction will not occur, the cumulative gain or loss that was recognized in OCI is recognized in income immediately.

Hedge of net investments in foreign operations
The Company has designated certain long-term debts, fixed to fixed cross currency principal and interest rate swap agreements and forward currency contracts as a hedging item of the Company’s overall net investments in foreign operations whose activities are denominated in a currency other than the Company’s functional currency. The portion of gains or losses on the hedging item that is determined to be an effective hedge is recognized in OCI and is limited to the translation gain or loss on the net investment.

Derecognition
Financial assets
A financial asset is derecognized when:
–The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired; or
–The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset and either has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset or has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

The Company is involved in a program in which it sells interests in certain of its accounts receivable. The Company continues to act as a collection agent. Under the program, the Company transfers some significant risks and rewards of the accounts receivable it sells and retains others. The accounts receivable are derecognized up to an amount corresponding to the extent of the Company's continuing involvement, which represents its maximum retained exposure.

Impairment of financial assets
The Company uses the expected credit loss (ECL) model for calculating impairment of financial assets and recognizes expected credit losses as loss allowances for assets measured at amortized cost. ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Company expects to receive, discounted at the original or credit adjusted effective interest rate. ECLs are recognized in two stages. For credit exposures for which there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, ECLs are provided for credit losses that result from default events that are possible within the next 12-months (a 12-month ECL). For those credit exposures for which there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, a loss allowance is required for credit losses expected over the remaining life of the exposure, irrespective of the timing of the default (a lifetime ECL).

For trade receivables and contract assets, the Company applies the simplified approach permitted by IFRS 9 - Financial Instruments, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognized from initial recognition of the assets.

Financial liabilities
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged, cancelled or expired.
 
When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability, and the difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the income statement.
 
Foreign currency translation
Foreign operations
CAE Inc.’s consolidated financial statements are presented in Canadian dollars, which is also the parent company’s functional currency. The functional currency of each of the Company’s subsidiaries is the currency of the primary economic environment in which they operate. Determination of the functional currency may involve certain judgements to determine the primary economic environment in which the subsidiary operates. Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries that have a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar are translated from their functional currency to Canadian dollars at exchange rates in effect at the reporting date. Revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are included in OCI.
 

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 71



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
When CAE Inc. and its subsidiaries have a long-term intercompany balance receivable from or payable to a foreign operation for which settlement is not planned in the foreseeable future, such item is considered, in substance, a part of the Company’s net investment in that foreign operation. Gains or losses arising from the translation of those intercompany balances denominated in foreign currencies are also included in OCI.

Transactions and balances
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the prevailing exchange rate at the reporting date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities, and revenue and expense items denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rate prevailing at the dates of the respective transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions are recognized in income, except when deferred in OCI as qualifying cash flow hedges and qualifying net investment hedges.

Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly-liquid investments with original terms to maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase.
 
Accounts receivable
Receivables are initially recognized at fair value and are subsequently carried at amortized cost, net of credit loss allowances, based on expected recoverability. The amount of the allowance is the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows, discounted at the original effective interest rate. The loss is recognized in income. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously provided for or written-off are recognized in income.
 
Inventories
Raw materials are valued at the lower of average cost and net realizable value. Spare parts to be used in the normal course of business are valued at the lower of cost, determined on a specific identification basis, and net realizable value. Work in progress is stated at the lower of cost, determined on a specific identification basis, and net realizable value. The cost of work in progress includes material, labour and an allocation of manufacturing overhead, which is based on normal operating capacity.
 
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to generate revenue. In the case of raw materials and spare parts, the replacement cost is the best measure of net realizable value.
 
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Costs include expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition or manufacturing of the item. The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment that is initially recognized includes, when applicable, the initial present value estimate of the costs required to dismantle and remove the asset and restore the site on which it is located at the end of its useful life. Purchased software that is integral to the functionality of the related equipment is capitalized as part of that equipment. Subsequent costs, such as updates on training devices, are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset only when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be reliably measured; otherwise, they are expensed.
 
A loss on disposal is recognized in income when the carrying value of a replaced item is derecognized, unless the item is transferred to inventories. If it is not practicable to determine the carrying value, the cost of the replacement and the accumulated depreciation calculated by reference to that cost will be used to derecognize the replaced part. The costs of day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognized in income as incurred. Gains and losses on disposal of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with its carrying amount, and are recognized within other gains and losses.
 
The different components of property, plant and equipment are recognized separately when their useful lives are materially different and such components are depreciated separately in income.

Land is not depreciated. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation methods are as follows: 
  Method Depreciation rate/period
Buildings and improvements
Declining balance/Straight-line
2.5% to 10%/3 to 40 years
Simulators
Straight-line (10% residual)
Not exceeding 25 years
Machinery and equipment
Declining balance/Straight-line
20% to 35%/2 to 15 years
Aircraft
Straight-line (residual not exceeding 15%)
Not exceeding 25 years
Aircraft engines
Based on utilization
Not exceeding 3500 hours

As at March 31, 2024, the average remaining depreciation period for full-flight simulators is 11.2 years (2023 – 11.6 years).    

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed and adjusted, if appropriate, on a prospective basis at each reporting date.
72 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Leases
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Company as a lessee
The Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. If it is reasonably certain that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term through a purchase option, the leased asset is depreciated over its useful life. The depreciation periods, residual values (only applicable when it is reasonably certain that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term) and depreciation methods are as follows:
  Method Depreciation period
Buildings and land Straight-line
 Not exceeding 50 years
Simulators
Straight-line (10% residual)
Not exceeding 25 years
Machinery and equipment Straight-line
Not exceeding 7 years
Aircraft
Straight-line (residual not exceeding 15%)
Not exceeding 25 years
Aircraft engines Based on utilization
Not exceeding 3500 hours

In addition, the right-of-use asset is reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate. Lease payments comprise of fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, the exercise price under a purchase option that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewal period that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise and penalties for early termination of a lease if the Company is reasonably certain to terminate.

The lease liability is subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method and is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, the estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee or the Company’s assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, renewal or termination option. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

Lease modifications
A lease modification is a change in the scope of a lease, or the consideration for a lease, that was not part of its original terms and conditions. A lease modification is accounted for as a separate lease if the modification increases the scope of the lease by adding the right to use one or more underlying assets and the consideration for the lease increases by an amount commensurate with the stand-alone price that reflects the circumstances of the contract. Any other modification is not accounted for as a separate lease.

For a lease modification resulting in a decrease in the scope of the lease, the lease liability is remeasured, using a revised discount rate, to reflect the modified lease payments and the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset is reduced to reflect the partial or full termination of the lease. The difference between the reduction in the lease liability and the reduction in the corresponding right-of-use asset’s carrying value is recognized in profit or loss.

For all other lease modifications, the lease liability is remeasured, using a revised discount rate, to reflect the modified lease payments, with a corresponding adjustment to the right-of-use asset.

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets
The Company recognizes the payments associated with short-term leases and leases of low-value assets as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.



CAE Financial Report 2024 | 73



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Sale and leaseback transaction
In a sale and leaseback transaction, the transfer of an asset is recognized as a sale when the customer has obtained control of the underlying asset which is aligned with the Company’s revenue recognition policy, otherwise the Company continues to recognize the transferred asset on the balance sheet and record a financial liability equal to the proceeds transferred. When the transfer of an asset satisfies the Company’s revenue recognition policy to be accounted for as revenue, a partial recognition of the profit from the sale is recorded immediately after the sale, which is equivalent to the proportion of the asset not retained by the Company through the lease. The proportion of the asset retained by the Company through the lease is recognized as a right-of-use asset and the lease liability is measured as the present value of future lease payments.

The Company as a lessor
The Company determines, at lease commencement, whether each lease is a finance or an operating lease. Leases in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred are classified as finance leases. All other leases are accounted for as operating leases.

With regards to finance leases, the asset is derecognized at the commencement of the lease. The net present value of the minimum lease payments and any discounted unguaranteed residual values of leased assets are presented as investment in finance leases. Finance income is recognized over the term of the lease based on the effective interest method. Revenue from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the corresponding lease.

When the Company subleases one of its leases, it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sub-lease separately. It assesses the lease classification of a sub-lease with reference to the right-of-use asset arising from the head lease, not with reference to the underlying asset.

Intangible assets
Goodwill
Goodwill is measured at cost less accumulated impairment losses, if any. 
 
Goodwill arises on the acquisition of subsidiaries. Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate of the cost of an acquisition, including the Company’s best estimate of the fair value of contingent consideration and the acquisition-date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree, over the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the acquiree at the acquisition date.
 
Gains and losses on the disposal of an entity include the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the entity sold.
 
Research and development (R&D)
Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development costs are also charged to income in the period incurred unless they meet all the specific capitalization criteria established in IAS 38, Intangible Assets. Capitalized development costs are stated at cost and net of accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Amortization of the capitalized development costs commences when the asset is available for use as intended by management and is included in research and development expenses.
 
Other intangible assets
Intangible assets acquired separately are measured at cost upon initial recognition. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is the fair value as at the acquisition date. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost, net of accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. 

The cost of an internally generated intangible asset comprises all directly attributable costs necessary to create, produce, and prepare the asset to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.

Gains and losses on disposal of intangible assets are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with its carrying amount and are recognized within other gains and losses.

Configuration or customization costs in a cloud computing arrangement are also included when they meet the specific capitalization criteria.
 
Amortization
Amortization is calculated using the straight-line method for all intangible assets over their estimated useful lives as follows:
  Amortization period
Capitalized development costs
3 to 10 years
Customer relationships
3 to 20 years
Licenses
3 to 20 years
Technology, software and ERP
3 to 12 years
Other intangible assets
2 to 40 years

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
As at March 31, 2024, the average remaining amortization period for the capitalized development costs is 6.8 years (2023 ‑ 6.3 years). Amortization methods and useful lives are reviewed and adjusted, if appropriate, on a prospective basis at each reporting date.

Impairment of non-financial assets
The carrying amounts of the Company’s non-financial assets subject to amortization are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill and assets that are not yet available for use are tested for impairment annually or at any time if an indicator of impairment exists.
 
The recoverable amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit (CGU) is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs of disposal. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset; unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. In such cases, the CGU that the asset belongs to is used to determine the recoverable amount.
 
For the purposes of impairment testing, the goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to CGUs or groups of CGUs, which generally corresponds to its operating segments or one level below, that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination, irrespective of whether other assets or liabilities of the acquiree are assigned to those units.

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Where the recoverable amount of a CGU to which goodwill has been allocated is lower than the CGU’s carrying amount, the related goodwill is impaired. Any remaining amount of impairment exceeding the impaired goodwill is recognized on a pro rata basis of the carrying amount of the other assets in the respective CGU. Impairment losses are recognized in income. 
 
The Company evaluates impairment losses, other than goodwill impairment, for potential reversals at each reporting date. An impairment loss is reversed if there is any indication that the loss has decreased or no longer exists due to changes in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized. Such reversal is recognized in income.
 
Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or construction of a qualifying asset are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. A qualifying asset is one that takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use. Capitalization of borrowing costs ceases when the asset is completed and ready for use as intended by management. All other borrowing costs are recognized as finance expense in income, as incurred. 

Other assets
Restricted cash
The Company is required to hold a defined amount of cash as collateral under the terms of certain subsidiaries’ external bank financing, government-related sales contracts and business combination arrangements.
 
Deferred financing costs
Deferred financing costs related to the revolving credit facilities, when it is probable that some or all of the facilities will be drawn down, and deferred financing costs related to sale and leaseback agreements are included in other assets at cost and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the related financing agreements.
 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Provisions
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated. Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. The increase in the provision due to passage of time is recognized as a finance expense. When there are a number of similar obligations, the likelihood that an outflow will be required in settlement is determined by considering the class of obligations as a whole.

Estimated contract losses
Provisions for estimated contract losses are recognized as an onerous contract provision in the period in which it is determined that the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The unavoidable costs under a contract reflect the least net cost of exiting from the contract, which is the lower of the cost of fulfilling it and any compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfil it.
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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Restoration and simulator removal
In certain situations, simulators are installed at locations that are not owned by the Company. In some of these cases, the Company has an obligation to dismantle and remove the simulators from these sites and to restore the location to its original condition. A provision is recognized for the present value of estimated costs to be incurred to dismantle and remove the simulators from these sites and restore the location. The provision also includes amounts relating to leased land and buildings where restoration costs are contractually required at the end of the lease. Where such costs arise as a result of capital expenditure, these restoration costs are also capitalized.
 
Restructuring
Restructuring costs consist mainly of severances and other related costs.

Legal claims
The amount represents a provision for certain legal claims brought against the Company. The corresponding charge is recognized in income. Management’s best estimate is that the outcome of these legal claims will not give rise to any significant loss beyond the amounts provided at March 31, 2024.
 
Warranties
A provision is recognized for expected warranty claims on products sold based on historical experience of the level of repairs and returns. It is expected that most of these costs will be incurred in a period ranging from 1 to 3 years. Assumptions used to calculate the provision for warranties were based on current sales levels and current information available about returns based on the warranty period of products sold.

Long-term debt
Long-term debt is recognized initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. They are subsequently stated at amortized cost. Any difference between the proceeds, net of transaction costs, and the redemption value is recognized in income over the period of borrowings using the effective interest method.
 
Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognized as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down. In these cases, the fee is deferred until the drawdown occurs. To the extent that there is no evidence that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down, the fee is capitalized as a pre-payment for liquidity services and amortized over the period of the facility to which it relates.
 
Share capital
Common shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares or stock options are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.
 
When share capital recognized as equity is repurchased, the amount of the consideration paid, which includes directly attributable costs, net of tax, is recognized as a deduction from equity.
 
Revenue recognition
The Company recognizes revenue when it transfers the control of the promised goods or services to the customer. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company is expected to be entitled to in exchange for transferring promised goods or services. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price when it is highly probable that there will be no significant reversal of revenue in the future. Variable consideration is usually derived from sales incentives, in the form of discounts or volume rebates, and penalties. The Company identifies the various performance obligations of the contract and allocates the transaction price based on the estimated relative stand-alone selling prices of the promised goods or services underlying each performance obligation.

The Company’s performance obligations are satisfied over time or at a point in time depending on the transfer of control to the customer.

Sales of goods and services
Customized training devices
Revenue from contracts with customers for the design, engineering, and manufacturing of training devices are recognized over time using the cost input method when the Company determines that these devices have a sufficient level of customization such that they have no alternative use and the Company has enforceable rights to payment for work completed to date. The measure of progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation is generally determined by comparing the actual direct costs incurred to date to the total estimated direct costs for the entire contract. When the Company determines that there is an alternative use for these devices, revenue is recognized at a point in time, when the customer obtains control of the device.

Standardized training devices
Revenue from contracts with customers for the manufacturing of standardized training devices is recognized at a point in time, when the customer obtains control of the device.


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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Training services
Revenue from the sale of training hours or training courses are recognized at a point in time, when services are rendered. For flight schools, cadet training courses are offered mainly by way of ground school and live aircraft flight. For both phases, revenue is recognized over time, using the time elapsed input method.

Product maintenance, support and updates
Revenue from the sale of product maintenance services and post-delivery customer support are recognized over time, using the time elapsed output method or costs incurred method. Revenue from update services, to enhance a training device currently owned by a customer, are recognized over time, using the cost input method. 
 
Spare parts
Revenue from the sale of spare parts is recognized at a point in time, which is generally on delivery to the customer.
 
Software arrangements 
Revenue from software arrangements that provide the Company’s customers with the right to use the software without any significant development or integration work is recognized at a point in time, on delivery. Revenue from fixed-price software arrangements and software customization contracts that require significant production, modification, or customization of software is recognized over time using the cost input method. Revenue from Software as a service (SaaS) arrangements provide the Company's customers with the right to access a cloud-based environment that the Company provides and manages, the right to receive support and to use the software, however the customer does not have the right to control the software. Revenue from SaaS arrangements is recognized over time, using the time elapsed output method.

Other
Significant financing component
The Company accounts for a significant financing component on contracts of more than 12 months where timing of cash receipts and revenue recognition differ substantially. The transaction price for such contracts is adjusted for the time value of money, using the rate that would be reflected in a separate financing transaction between the Company and its customers at contract inception, to take into consideration the significant financing component.
 
Non-monetary transactions
The Company may also enter into sales arrangements where little or no monetary consideration is involved. The non-monetary transactions are measured at the most reliable measure of the fair value of the asset or service given up or fair value of the asset or service received.

Contract modifications
Contract modifications, which consist of an increase in the scope or price of a contract, are accounted for as a separate contract when the additional goods or services to be delivered are distinct from those delivered prior to the contract modification and when the price increases by an amount of consideration that reflects its stand-alone selling price. Contract modifications are treated prospectively when the additional goods or services are distinct, but the price increase does not reflect the stand-alone selling price. When the remaining goods or services are not distinct, the Company recognizes an adjustment to revenue of the initial contract on a cumulative catch-up basis at the date of the contract modification.

Costs to obtain and to fulfill a contract
The Company recognizes incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an asset when they are expected to be recovered over a period of more than one year. The Company recognizes costs directly related to fulfilling a contract with a customer as an asset when they generate or enhance resources that will be used to satisfy the performance obligation in the future, and they are expected to be recovered. These assets are amortized on a systematic basis that is consistent with the Company’s transfer of the related goods or services to the customer.

Right to invoice
If the Company has the right to invoice a customer in an amount that directly corresponds with the value of the Company’s performance to date, then revenue can be recognized at the invoice amount.

Contract balances
The timing of revenue recognition, billing and cash collections results in accounts receivable, contract assets and contract liabilities on the consolidated financial position.

Contract assets are recognized when revenue is recognized in excess of billings or when the Company has a right to consideration and that right is conditional to something other than the passage of time. Contract assets are subsequently transferred to accounts receivable when the right to payment becomes unconditional.

Contract liabilities are recognized when payments received from customers are in excess of revenue recognized. Contract liabilities are subsequently recognized in revenue when the Company satisfies its performance obligations.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Contract assets and contract liabilities are reported in a net position on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period and are classified as current based on the Company's normal operating cycle.

Employee benefits
Defined benefit pension plans
The Company maintains defined benefit pension plans that provide benefits based on length of service and final average earnings.
 
The defined benefit asset or liability comprises the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the reporting date less the fair value of plan assets out of which the obligations are to be settled. The defined benefit obligations are actuarially determined for each plan using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash flows using the interest rate of high-quality corporate bonds that are denominated in the currency in which the benefit will be paid and that have terms to maturity approximating the terms of the related pension obligation. In countries where there is no deep market in such bonds, the market rates on government bonds are used.

The value of any employee benefit asset recognized is restricted to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in the future contributions to the plan (asset ceiling test). Minimum funding requirements may give rise to an additional liability to the extent that they require paying contributions to cover an existing shortfall. Plan assets can only be used to fund employee benefits, are not available to the creditors of the Company, nor can they be paid directly to the Company. Fair value of plan assets is based on market price information.
 
The Company determines the net pension cost of its Canadian defined benefit plans utilizing individual discount rates derived from the yield curve.
 
Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments, changes in actuarial assumptions and the effect of any asset ceiling and minimum liability are recognized to OCI in the period in which they arise. Past service costs are recognized as an expense as incurred at the earlier of when the plan amendment or curtailment occurs and when the entity recognizes related termination benefits.
 
Defined contribution pension plans
The Company also maintains defined contribution plans for which the Company pays fixed contributions to publicly or privately administered pension insurance plans on a mandatory, contractual or voluntary basis. The Company has no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts if the fund does not hold sufficient assets to pay the benefits to all employees. Obligations for contributions to defined contribution pension plans are recognized as an employee benefit expense in income as the services are provided.

Termination benefits
Termination benefits are recognized as an expense when the Company is demonstrably committed, without realistic possibility of withdrawal, to a formal detailed plan to either terminate employment before the normal retirement date, or to provide termination benefits as a result of an offer made to encourage voluntary redundancy. Termination benefits for voluntary redundancies are recognized as an expense, if the Company has made an offer of voluntary redundancy, based on the number of employees expected to accept the offer. Benefits falling due more than 12 months after the reporting date are discounted to their present value.
 
Share-based payment transactions
The Company’s share-based payment plans consist of two categories: equity-settled share-based payment plans comprised of the stock option plan, a restricted share units (RSU) plan and a performance share units (PSU) plan; and cash-settled share-based payments plans that include the stock purchase plan, deferred share units (DSU) plans, a restricted share units (RSU) plan and a performance share units (PSU) plan. 
 
For both categories, the fair value of the employee services received in exchange is recognized as an expense in income. Service and non-market performance conditions attached to the transactions are not taken into account in determining fair value.

Stock options 
The cost of stock option transactions is measured at fair value using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The compensation expense is measured at the grant date and recognized over the service period with a corresponding increase to contributed surplus. The cumulative expenses recognized for stock option transactions at each reporting date represents the extent to which the vesting period has expired and management’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. For options with graded vesting, each tranche is considered a separate grant with a different vesting date and fair value, and each tranche is accounted for separately. When the stock options are exercised, the Company issues new common shares and the proceeds received net of any directly attributable transaction costs are credited to share capital.
 
Equity-settled RSU and PSU plans
The cost of RSU and PSU transactions is measured at fair value using the Company’s share price on the date of the grant. The number of units expected to vest are estimated at the grant date and subsequently re-measured at the end of each reporting period. The resulting compensation expense, adjusted for expectations related to attainment of performance criteria, if any, and cancellations, is recognized over the vesting period, with a corresponding increase to contributed surplus, on a straight-line basis.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Cash-settled plans
For cash-settled plans, a corresponding liability is recognized. The fair value of employee services received is calculated by multiplying the number of units expected to vest with the fair value of one unit as of grant date based on the market price of the Company’s common shares. The fair value of the stock purchase plan is a function of the Company’s contributions. Until the liability is settled, the Company re-measures the fair value of the liability at the end of each reporting period and at the date of settlement, with any changes in fair value recognized in income for the period. The Company has entered into equity swap agreements in order to reduce its earnings exposure related to the fluctuation in the Company’s share price relating to the DSU plans, RSU plan and PSU plan.
 
Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs
Restructuring costs
Restructuring costs are part of a program that is planned and controlled by management, and materially changes either the scope of a business undertaken by the Company or the manner in which that business is conducted. Restructuring costs include costs directly related to significant exit activities, such as the sale or termination of a line of business, the closure of business locations or the relocation of business activities, significant changes in management structure, or fundamental reorganizations that have a material effect on the nature and focus of the Company’s operations.

For the Company, restructuring costs include severances and other employee related costs, cost associated with the impairment (or reversal of impairment) of non-financial assets, including property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets, intangible assets and inventory, and other direct costs associated with the closing or relocation of facilities, the closing of a product line or activity, or the downsizing of operations.

Restructuring costs are expensed when incurred, or when a legal or constructive obligation exists. A restructuring provision is only recognized when an obligating event has arisen.

Integration costs
Integration costs represent incremental costs directly related to the integration of acquired businesses in the Company’s ongoing activities. This primarily includes expenditures related to regulatory and process standardization, systems integration and other activities.

Acquisition costs
Acquisition costs represent costs directly related to business combinations, successful or not. These costs include expenses, fees, commissions and other costs associated with the collection of information, negotiation of contracts, risk assessments, and the services of lawyers, advisors and specialists.

Current and deferred income tax
Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. An income tax expense is recognized in income except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in OCI or directly in equity, in which case it is recognized in OCI or directly in equity, respectively.
 
Current tax is the amount expected to be paid or recovered from taxation authorities on the taxable income or loss for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date in the countries where the Company and its subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income, and any adjustment to tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years.
 
Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions, where appropriate, on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.
 
Deferred tax is recognized using the financial position liability method, providing for temporary differences between the tax bases of assets or liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements, except for temporary differences on the initial recognition of assets and liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable income.
 
Deferred income tax is provided on temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries, and jointly controlled entities, except where the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the Company and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
 
Deferred tax is measured on an undiscounted basis at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.
 
Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences and carry forward of unused tax losses. The recognition of deferred tax assets are limited to the amount which is probable to be realized.
 
Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that a recognized deferred tax asset will be realized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that an unrecognized deferred tax asset will be realized.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different taxable entities which intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or if their tax assets and liabilities will be realized simultaneously.
 
Taxes on income in the interim periods are accrued by jurisdiction using the effective tax rate that would be applicable to expected total annual profit or loss of the jurisdiction.
 
Discontinued operations and assets and liabilities held for sale
Non-current assets and disposal groups are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use and a sale is considered highly probable. Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell, except for assets such as deferred tax assets, assets arising from employee benefits and financial assets which are specifically exempt from this measurement requirement.

A disposal group qualifies as discontinued operations if it is a component of the entity that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale and represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, is part of a single coordinated plan to dispose of such a line of business or area of operations, or is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale. Classification as a discontinued operation occurs at the earlier of disposal and when the operation meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale.

Non-current assets classified as held for sale and the assets of a disposal group classified as held for sale are presented separately from the other assets in the consolidated statement of financial position. The liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale are presented separately from other liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial position.

Non-current assets, including those that are part of a disposal group, are not depreciated or amortized while they are classified as held for sale. Interest and other expenses attributable to the liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale continue to be recognized.

Discontinued operations are excluded from the results of continuing operations and are presented as a single amount of net income from discontinued operations in the consolidated income statement and a single amount of other comprehensive income from discontinued operations in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

When an operation is classified as a discontinued operation, the comparative consolidated income statement and consolidated statement of comprehensive income are reclassified as if the operation had been discontinued from the beginning of the comparative year.

Earnings per share
Earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net income for the period attributable to the equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding is calculated by taking into account the dilution that would occur if the securities or other agreements for the issuance of common shares were exercised or converted into common shares at the later of the beginning of the period or the issuance date unless it is anti-dilutive. The treasury stock method is used to determine the dilutive effect of stock options and other equity-settled share-based payments. The treasury stock method is a method of recognizing the use of proceeds that could be obtained upon the exercise of stock options in computing diluted earnings per share. It assumes that any proceeds would be used to purchase common shares at the average market price during the period. The Company’s stock options, equity-settled restricted share units (RSU) and equity-settled performance share units (PSU) have a dilutive potential on common shares.
 
Government participation
Government contributions are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the contributions will be received, and all attached conditions will be complied with by the Company. Government contributions related to the acquisition of non-financial assets are recorded as a reduction of the cost of the related asset while government contributions related to current expenses are recorded as a reduction of the related expenses.

Royalty obligations
The Company receives partial funding from government entities for eligible spending related to specified R&D projects. In exchange, the Company repays a percentage of certain revenue during specified years. The initial measurement of the royalty obligation is discounted using the prevailing market rates of interest, at that time, for a similar instrument (similar as to currency, term, type of interest rate, guarantees or other factors) with a similar credit rating and range from 7.5% to 8.5%. The difference between the funding received and the discounted value of the royalty obligation is accounted for as a government contribution. The current portion of the royalty obligation is included as part of accrued liabilities.

R&D obligations
The Company enters into loans with below market interest rates with government entities to fund a portion of eligible spending related to specified R&D projects. The initial measurement of the R&D obligation is discounted using the prevailing market rates of interest, at that time, for a similar instrument (similar as to currency, term, type of interest rate, guarantees or other factors) with a similar credit rating. The difference between the funding received and the discounted value of the R&D obligation is accounted for as a government contribution. R&D obligations are presented as part of the long-term debt.
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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Investment tax credits
Investment tax credits are deemed to be equivalent to government contributions. These government contributions are received for costs incurred in R&D projects. Investment tax credits expected to be recovered beyond 12 months are classified in Other non-current assets.

Comparative figures
Comparative amounts in the consolidated income statement and consolidated statement of comprehensive income have been reclassified as a result of the Healthcare segment being presented as discontinued operations (Note 2).

New and amended standards adopted by the Company
Amendments to IAS 12 - International Tax Reform — Pillar Two Model Rules
In May 2023, the IASB issued International Tax Reform—Pillar Two Model Rules, which amends IAS 12 - Income taxes to introduce a temporary exception to the requirements to recognize and disclose information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes. This amendment to IAS 12 was adopted by the Company in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 and the exception has been applied retrospectively but no adjustments to previously reported figures were required.

Certain other amendments to accounting standards were applied for the first time on April 1, 2023, but did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

New and amended standards not yet adopted by the Company
Certain amendments to accounting standards have been published that are not mandatory for March 31, 2024 reporting periods and have not been early adopted by the Company. These amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company in the current or future reporting periods and on foreseeable future transactions.

Amendments to IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements
In January 2020, IASB issued a narrow-scope amendment to IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements, which clarifies that the classification of liabilities as current or non-current is based on rights that are in existence at the end of the reporting period. Classification is unaffected by expectations about whether an entity will exercise its right to defer settlement of a liability or events after the reporting date. The amendment also clarifies what IAS 1 means when it refers to the ‘settlement’ of a liability.

In October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements, which specify that for long-term debt with covenants to be complied with after the reporting date, such covenants do not affect the classification of debt as current or non‑current at the reporting date, but do require disclosures in the notes to the financial statements.

For the Company, amendments to IAS 1 will be effective for the fiscal period beginning on April 1, 2024.

Use of judgements, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies, the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the period reported. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in applying the Company’s accounting policies. The areas involving a high degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed below. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Changes will be reported in the period in which they are identified.
 
Business combinations
Business combinations are accounted for in accordance with the acquisition method as of the date control is transferred. The consideration transferred and the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities are measured at their fair value at the date of acquisition, which may be estimated using an income, market or cost valuation method. Depending on the complexity of determining these valuations, the Company either consults with independent experts or develops the fair value internally by using appropriate valuation techniques which are generally based on a forecast of the total expected future net discounted cash flows. These evaluations are linked closely to the assumptions made by management regarding the future performance of the related assets and the discount rate. Contingent consideration is measured at fair value using a discounted cash flow model.

The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to the net identifiable assets acquired, as well as the estimated useful life of non-financial assets, could impact the net income of subsequent periods through depreciation and amortization, and in certain instances through impairment charges. The Company believes that the estimated fair values assigned to the net identifiable assets acquired are based on reasonable assumptions that a marketplace participant would use. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to accurately value the net identifiable assets acquired at the acquisition date, estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement.

During the measurement period, for up to 12 months following the acquisition, the Company records adjustments to the initial estimate of the net identifiable assets acquired based on new information obtained that would have existed as of the date of the acquisition. Any adjustment that arises from information obtained that did not exist as of the date of the acquisition will be recorded in the period the adjustment arises. 


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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Development costs
Development costs are recognized as intangible assets and are amortized over their useful lives when they meet the criteria for capitalization. Forecasted revenue and profitability for the relevant projects are used to assess compliance with the capitalization criteria and to assess the recoverable amount of the assets.

Impairment of non-financial assets
The Company’s impairment test for goodwill is based on estimates of the recoverable amount of the CGU or group of CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated and uses valuation models such as the discounted cash flows model (level 3). Management applies significant judgement in developing the cash flow model, which includes the use of key assumptions including expected revenue growth, margin projections and the discount rates. Management also applies judgement when reflecting the impact surrounding current market view of risk and uncertainty and macroeconomic conditions. These estimates, including the methodology used, can have a material impact on the respective values and ultimately the amount of any goodwill impairment.

Likewise, whenever property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are tested for impairment, the determination of the assets’ recoverable amount involves the use of estimates by management and can have a material impact on the respective values and ultimately the amount of any impairment.

Revenue recognition
Transaction price allocated to performance obligations
In allocating the transaction price for contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company estimates the stand-alone selling price using the expected cost plus a margin approach if they are not directly observable.

Determining the measure of progress of performance obligations satisfied over time
For contracts where revenue is recognized over time using the cost input method, the Company applies judgement in estimating the total costs to complete the contract.

The determination of the total costs to complete a contract is based on estimates that can be affected by several factors, including program management and execution difficulties, technological challenges, cost of materials, supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, availability of labour and problems with suppliers or subcontractors.

Management conducts monthly reviews of its estimated costs to complete as well as its revenue and margins recognized, on a contract-by-contract basis. The impact of any revisions in cost and revenue estimates is reflected in the period in which the need for a revision becomes known.
 
Defined benefit pension plans
The cost of defined benefit pension plans and the present value of the employee benefit obligations are determined using actuarial valuations. Actuarial valuations involve, amongst others, making assumptions about discount rates, future salary increases and mortality rates. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date. Any changes in these assumptions will impact the carrying amount of the employee benefit obligations and the cost of the defined benefit pension plans. In determining the appropriate discount rate, management considers the interest rates of high-quality corporate bonds that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid, and that have terms to maturity approximating the terms of the related pension liability. The mortality rate is based on publicly available mortality tables for the specific country. Future salary increases and pension increases are based on expected future inflation rates for the specific country. Individual discount rates are derived from the yield curve and are used to determine the service cost and interest cost of the Canadian defined benefit pension plans at the beginning of the year. The present value of the employee benefit obligations for these Canadian plans is determined based on the individual discount rates derived from the yield curve at the end of the year. Other key assumptions for pension obligations are based, in part, on current market conditions. See Note 20 for further details regarding assumptions used.

Income taxes
The Company is subject to income tax laws in numerous jurisdictions. Judgement is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes. The determination of tax liabilities and assets involves uncertainties in the interpretation of complex tax regulations. The Company provides for potential tax liabilities based on the weighted average probability of the possible outcomes. Differences between actual results and those estimates could influence the income tax liabilities and deferred tax liabilities in the period in which such determinations are made.
 
Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against the losses that can be utilized. Significant management judgement is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognized, based upon the likely timing and the level of future taxable profits together with future tax planning strategies. The recorded amount of total deferred tax assets could be altered if estimates of projected future taxable income and benefits from available tax strategies are lowered, or if changes in current tax regulations are enacted that impose restrictions on the timing or extent of the Company’s ability to utilize future tax benefits.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 2 – DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
On February 16, 2024, the Company announced the closing of the sale of its Healthcare business to Madison Industries. The total consideration, after preliminary working capital and selling price adjustments, amounted to $293.4 million and is subject to further working capital adjustments based on closing accounts. The final determination of the working capital adjustment will be concluded during fiscal 2025.

The Healthcare business, which offers healthcare students and clinical professionals integrated physical, digital and virtual education and training solutions, is reported as discontinued operations.

The after-tax gain on disposal of the Healthcare business is as follows:

Consideration received in cash $ 275.3 
Short-term holdback receivable 8.0 
Long-term non-contingent receivable 10.1 
Total consideration $ 293.4 
Net assets disposed $ 269.6 
Impairment of non-financial assets of the disposal group excluded from the sale 7.8 
Reclassification to income of gains on foreign currency exchange differences from OCI (2.5)
Transaction fees and other costs 12.2 
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations before income taxes $ 6.3 
Income tax recovery (10.2)
After-tax gain on disposal of discontinued operations $ 16.5 

The net income and other comprehensive (loss) income from discontinued operations are as follows:

2024 2023
Revenue $ 131.7  $ 192.7 
Expenses 132.7  184.7 
Operating (loss) income $ (1.0) $ 8.0 
Finance expense 3.6  4.1 
(Loss) earnings before income taxes $ (4.6) $ 3.9 
Income tax (recovery) expense (9.4) 1.8 
Net income from discontinued operations before after-tax gain on disposal $ 4.8  $ 2.1 
After-tax gain on disposal of discontinued operations 16.5  — 
Net income from discontinued operations $ 21.3  $ 2.1 

For the year ended March 31, 2024, depreciation and amortization of $6.1 million (2023 – $12.0 million) is included in net income from discontinued operations.
2024 2023
Foreign currency exchange differences on translation of foreign operations $ 0.9  $ 5.8 
Reclassification to income of gains on foreign currency exchange differences (2.5) — 
Income taxes (5.4) — 
Other comprehensive (loss) income from discontinued operations $ (7.0) $ 5.8 
No amount of net income and other comprehensive (loss) income from discontinued operations are attributable to non‑controlling interest.


CAE Financial Report 2024 | 83



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
As part of the transaction, the major classes of assets and liabilities disposed were as follows:

Current assets
$ 112.3 
Property, plant and equipment
6.9 
Right-of-use assets
9.8 
Intangible assets, including goodwill of $120.4 million
168.0 
Deferred tax assets
26.5 
Other non-current assets
14.5 
Assets disposed
$ 338.0 
Current liabilities 37.1 
Long-term debt (lease liabilities), including current portion 12.2 
Deferred tax liabilities 1.4 
Other non-current liabilities
17.7 
Liabilities disposed
$ 68.4 
Net assets disposed
$ 269.6 

As a result of the closing of the sale, royalty obligations related to the discontinued operations of $36.9 million previously presented as liabilities held for sale were converted into R&D obligations (Note 19).

The net cash flows from discontinued operations are as follows:
2024 2023
Operating activities $ 0.4  $ 3.6 
Investing activities 261.6  (12.4)
Financing activities (1.3) (1.4)
Net cash flows provided by (used in) discontinued operations $ 260.7  $ (10.2)

NOTE 3 – BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
During the year ended March 31, 2023, the Company completed its assessment of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed of L3Harris Technologies’ Military Training business (L3H MT) and Sabre’s AirCentre airline operations portfolio (AirCentre) acquired in fiscal 2022.

Adjustments to the purchase price allocations of the L3H MT and AirCentre acquisitions resulted in increases of intangible assets of $27.0 million, other long-term liabilities of $6.4 million, and current liabilities of $4.0 million, and decreases of current assets of $11.9 million, other long-term assets of $2.6 million and deferred tax assets of $2.1 million.

During the year ended March 31, 2023, cash consideration of $6.4 million was paid for an acquisition realized in fiscal 2021.

NOTE 4 – OPERATING SEGMENTS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
The Company elected to organize its operating segments principally on the basis of its customer markets. The Company manages its operations through its two segments: Civil Aviation and Defense and Security. Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker.

The Company has decided to disaggregate revenue from contracts with customers by segment, by products and services and by geographic regions as the Company believes it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Results by segment
The profitability measure employed by the Company for making decisions about allocating resources to segments and assessing segment performance is adjusted segment operating income. Adjusted segment operating income is calculated by taking operating income and adjusting for restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, and impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events, which gives an indication of the profitability of each segment because it does not include the impact of items not specifically related to the segment’s performance. For the years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, impairments and other gains and losses arising from significant strategic transactions or specific events consist of the impairment of goodwill (Note 14), the impairment of technology and other non-financial assets (Note 5) and the impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their repurposing and optimization (Note 6).

The accounting principles used to prepare the information by operating segments are the same as those used to prepare the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The method used for the allocation of assets jointly used by operating segments and costs and liabilities jointly incurred (mostly corporate costs) between operating segments is based on the level of utilization when determinable and measurable, otherwise the allocation is based on a proportion of each segment’s cost of sales and revenue.
 
84 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Defense    
Civil Aviation and Security Total
2024 2023 2024 2023 2024 2023
External revenue $ 2,435.8  $ 2,166.4  $ 1,847.0  $ 1,844.2  $ 4,282.8  $ 4,010.6 
Depreciation and amortization 272.0  243.4  96.7  86.8  368.7  330.2 
Share of after-tax profit of equity accounted investees 60.8  47.0  11.4  6.2  72.2  53.2 
Operating income (loss) 442.0  430.3  (627.4) 35.7  (185.4) 466.0 
Adjusted segment operating income 548.9  485.3  0.8  53.1  549.7  538.4 

Reconciliation of adjusted segment operating income is as follows:

Defense    
Civil Aviation and Security Total
2024 2023 2024 2023 2024 2023
Operating income (loss) $ 442.0  $ 430.3  $ (627.4) $ 35.7  $ (185.4) $ 466.0 
Restructuring, integration and acquisition costs (Note 6)
106.9  52.0  24.5  10.6  131.4  62.6 
Impairments and other gains and losses arising from
significant strategic transactions or specific events:
Impairment of goodwill (Note 14)
—  568.0  —  568.0 — 
Impairment of technology and other non-financial assets (Note 5) —  35.7  —  35.7 — 
Impairment reversal of non-financial assets following
their repurposing and optimization (Note 6)
3.0  —  6.8  9.8 
Adjusted segment operating income $ 548.9  $ 485.3  $ 0.8  $ 53.1  $ 549.7  $ 538.4 

Capital expenditures by segment, which consist of property, plant and equipment expenditures and intangible assets expenditures (excluding those acquired in business combinations), are as follows:

2024 2023
Civil Aviation $ 335.3  $ 329.2 
Defense and Security 128.7  53.6 
Discontinued operations (Note 2)
13.7  12.4 
Total capital expenditures $ 477.7  $ 395.2 
 
Assets and liabilities employed by segment
The Company uses assets employed and liabilities employed to assess resources allocated to each segment. Assets employed include accounts receivable, contract assets, inventories, prepayments, property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets, intangible assets, investment in equity accounted investees, derivative financial assets and other non-current assets. Liabilities employed include accounts payable and accrued liabilities, provisions, contract liabilities, derivative financial liabilities and other non-current liabilities.
 
Assets and liabilities employed by segment are reconciled to total assets and liabilities as follows:

2024 2023
Assets employed
   
Civil Aviation $ 6,131.8  $ 5,852.4 
Defense and Security 2,869.3  3,436.2 
Assets not included in assets employed by segment 833.0  1,147.9 
Total assets $ 9,834.1  $ 10,436.5 
Liabilities employed
   
Civil Aviation $ 1,260.1  $ 1,142.0 
Defense and Security 828.1  871.2 
Liabilities not included in liabilities employed by segment 3,443.3  3,834.4 
Total liabilities $ 5,531.5  $ 5,847.6 
 

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 85



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Products and services information
The Company's revenue from external customers for its products and services are as follows:
2024 2023
Products $ 1,495.3  $ 1,396.3 
Training, software and services 2,787.5  2,614.3 
Total external revenue $ 4,282.8  $ 4,010.6 

Geographic information
The Company markets its products and services globally. Revenues are attributed to geographical regions based on the location of customers. Non-current assets other than financial instruments and deferred tax assets are attributed to geographical regions based on the location of the assets, excluding goodwill. Goodwill is presented by geographical regions based on the Company’s allocation of the related purchase price.
2024 2023
External revenue    
Canada $ 460.7  $ 361.2 
United States 2,076.3  2,059.5 
United Kingdom 271.1  251.1 
Rest of Americas 98.8  86.1 
Europe 645.1  559.7 
Asia 566.1  603.7 
Oceania and Africa 164.7  89.3 
$ 4,282.8  $ 4,010.6 
2024 2023
Non-current assets other than financial instruments, deferred tax assets and employee benefits assets    
Canada $ 1,527.7  $ 1,641.2 
United States 3,623.5  4,049.8 
United Kingdom 360.5  383.9 
Rest of Americas 201.9  180.8 
Europe 985.5  982.4 
Asia 532.0  519.8 
Oceania and Africa 108.9  112.5 
$ 7,340.0  $ 7,870.4 

NOTE 5 – OTHER (GAINS) AND LOSSES
2024 2023
Impairment of technology and other non-financial assets $ 35.7  $ — 
Net gain on foreign currency exchange differences (2.4) (12.6)
Remeasurement of royalty obligations (6.1) (7.4)
Remeasurement of contingent consideration arising on business combinations —  2.6 
Settlement gain on annuity purchase transaction (Note 20)
(5.2) — 
Other 5.9  (5.0)
Other (gains) and losses $ 27.9  $ (22.4)

Impairment of technology and other non-financial assets
During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, the Company considered the impact of general economic headwinds, the re-baselining of its Defense and Security business and the reduced pursuit of certain types of opportunities as part of its review of impairment indicators for non-financial assets. As a result of this review, the Company recorded impairment charges totaling $35.7 million in the Defense and Security segment, consisting of $31.4 million of internally developed intangible assets and $4.3 million of simulators included in property, plant and equipment.
86 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 6 – RESTRUCTURING, INTEGRATION AND ACQUISITION COSTS

  2024 2023
Integration and acquisition costs $ 79.9  $ 65.8 
Severances and other employee related costs 31.2  2.0 
Impairment of non-financial assets – net 19.2  1.8 
Other costs 1.1  2.8 
Impairment reversal of non-financial assets following their repurposing and optimization —  (9.8)
Total restructuring, integration and acquisition costs $ 131.4  $ 62.6 

On February 16, 2024, concurrent with the sale of its Healthcare business, the Company announced that it will further streamline its operating model and portfolio, optimize its cost structure and create efficiencies. For the year ended March 31, 2024, costs related to this restructuring program totalled $39.3 million and included $15.8 million of severances and other employee related costs and $16.8 million of impairment of intangible assets related to the termination of certain product offerings within the Civil Aviation segment.

For the year ended March 31, 2024, restructuring, integration and acquisition costs associated with the fiscal 2022 acquisition of AirCentre amounted to $76.8 million (2023 – $48.9 million) and those related to the fiscal 2022 acquisition of L3H MT amounted to $12.9 million (2023 – $17.6 million).

For the year ended March 31, 2023, restructuring, integration and acquisition costs include gains on the reversal of impairment of an intangible asset of $6.8 million in the Defense and Security segment and property, plant and equipment of $3.0 million in the Civil Aviation segment, following their repurposing and optimization and new customer contracts and opportunities.

NOTE 7 – FINANCE EXPENSE – NET
    2024   2023
Finance expense:      
Long-term debt (other than lease liabilities) $ 160.4  $ 141.6 
Lease liabilities   26.8  17.6 
Royalty obligations   7.0    7.6 
Employee benefits obligations (Note 20)
  1.8    3.3 
Other   33.5    24.8 
Borrowing costs capitalized   (7.0)   (7.9)
Finance expense $ 222.5  187.0 
Finance income:        
Loans and investment in finance leases $ (11.0) $ (10.3)
Other   (6.5)   (3.1)
Finance income $ (17.5) $ (13.4)
Finance expense – net $ 205.0  $ 173.6 

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 87



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 8 – INCOME TAXES
Income tax expense
The reconciliation of income taxes at Canadian statutory rates with the income tax (recovery) expense is as follows:
2024 2023
(Loss) earnings before income taxes $ (390.4) $ 292.4 
Canadian statutory income tax rates 26.50  % 26.53  %
Income taxes at Canadian statutory rates $ (103.5) $ 77.6 
Effect of differences in tax rates in other jurisdictions 7.4  (4.0)
Non-deductible impairment of goodwill 41.6  — 
Unrecognized tax benefits 18.3  0.9 
Non-taxable revenues (4.1) (3.2)
Tax impact on after-tax profit of equity accounted investees (18.8) (13.0)
Prior years' tax adjustments (14.4) 1.1 
Other 0.7  3.2 
Income tax (recovery) expense $ (72.8) $ 62.6 
Effective tax rate 19  % 21  %

The Company's applicable tax rate corresponds to the combined Canadian tax rates applicable in the provinces where the Company operates. The decrease is due to a change in the allocation of income in the jurisdictions it operates.

Significant components of the provision for the income tax (recovery) expense are as follows:
2024 2023
Current income tax expense :    
Current year $ 74.0  $ 49.9 
Prior years' tax adjustments 68.2  0.7 
Deferred income tax (recovery) expense:
Tax benefit not previously recognized used to reduce the deferred tax expense 18.3  (2.2)
Origination and reversal of temporary differences (233.3) 14.2 
Income tax (recovery) expense $ (72.8) $ 62.6 

Tax court decision related to the Strategic Aerospace and Defence Initiative (SADI) program
During the year ended March 31, 2024, a tax court decision rendered in May 2023 related to the SADI program resulted in a current income tax expense of $57.4 million and a deferred income tax recovery of $61.9 million.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities
During the year ended March 31, 2024, movements in temporary differences are as follows:
Foreign
Balance Disposal of currency  
beginning Recognized Recognized
discontinued
exchange Balance
of year in income   in OCI operations differences end of year
Non-capital loss carryforwards $ 98.2  $ 59.4  $ —  $ (14.6) $ (0.5) $ 142.5 
Unclaimed research & development expenditures 162.3  13.5  —  (13.7) —  162.1 
Investment tax credits (82.1) 5.8  —  2.1  0.4  (73.8)
Property, plant and equipment and right-of-use of assets (114.8) (41.0) —  1.1  0.6  (154.1)
Intangible assets (114.7) 64.6  —  10.5  0.6  (39.0)
Amounts not currently deductible 80.3  3.0  —  (6.9) 0.5  76.9 
Government participation (32.6) 118.7  —  0.3  —  86.4 
Other (0.8) 9.7  (10.6) (3.9) 1.3  (4.3)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) $ (4.2) $ 233.7  $ (10.6) $ (25.1) $ 2.9  $ 196.7 

For the year ended March 31, 2024, deferred tax recovery of $18.7 million has been recorded in net income from discontinued operations.


88 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
During the year ended March 31, 2023, movements in temporary differences are as follows:
                 
Foreign
Balance currency  
beginning Recognized Recognized Business exchange Balance
of year in income   in OCI combinations differences end of year
Non-capital loss carryforwards $ 96.9  $ (4.4) $ —  $ —  $ 5.7  $ 98.2 
Unclaimed research & development expenditures 86.6  75.8  —  —  (0.1) 162.3 
Investment tax credits (85.4) 3.3  —  —  —  (82.1)
Property, plant and equipment and right-of-use of assets (82.7) (22.9) —  (2.8) (6.4) (114.8)
Intangible assets (90.2) (19.7) —  —  (4.8) (114.7)
Amounts not currently deductible 83.1  (4.7) —  —  1.9  80.3 
Government participation (24.0) (8.6) —  —  —  (32.6)
Other 39.4  (29.2) (9.8) 0.7  (1.9) (0.8)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) $ 23.7  $ (10.4) $ (9.8) $ (2.1) $ (5.6) $ (4.2)

For the year ended March 31, 2023, deferred tax recovery of $1.6 million has been recorded in net income from discontinued operations.

As at March 31, 2024, net deferred tax assets of $199.4 million (2023 – $81.5 million) were recognized in jurisdictions that incurred losses this fiscal year or the preceding fiscal year. Based upon the level of historical taxable income or projections for future taxable income, management believes it is probable that the Company will realize the benefits of these net deferred tax assets.

As at March 31, 2024, a deferred income tax liability on taxable temporary differences of $3,065.5 million (2023 – $2,866.1 million) related to investments in subsidiaries and interests in joint ventures has not been recognized, because the Company controls the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and believes it is probable that the temporary differences will not be reversed in the foreseeable future.
The non-capital losses incurred in various jurisdictions expire as follows:
Expiry date Unrecognized Recognized
2025-2029 $ 28.8  $ 20.6 
2030-2044 26.0  264.8 
No expiry date 140.4  290.0 
  $ 195.2  $ 575.4 

As at March 31, 2024, the Company has $139.6 million (2023 – $115.5 million) of deductible temporary differences for which deferred tax assets have not been recognized. The Company also has $180.2 million (2023 – $19.9 million) of capital losses for which deferred tax assets have not been recognized with no expiry date.

Pillar Two
Pillar Two has been enacted or substantively enacted in certain jurisdictions in which the Company operates, effective for the Company’s group financial year beginning April 1, 2024. The determination of the minimum tax impact will require significant interpretation of each country's new legislation to determine the ultimate tax liability for the group of companies as a whole. Based on its preliminary assessment of the 15% minimum tax, the Company expects an increase in the effective income tax rate, however, it is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 89



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 9 – SHARE CAPITAL AND EARNINGS PER SHARE
Share capital
Authorized and issued shares
The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of common shares without par value and an unlimited number of preferred shares without par value, issuable in series.
 
The preferred shares may be issued with rights and conditions to be determined by the Board of Directors, prior to their issue. To date, the Company has not issued any preferred shares.
 
As at March 31, 2024, the number of common shares issued and fully paid was 318,312,233 (2023 – 317,906,290).

Earnings per share computation
The denominators for the basic and diluted earnings per share computations are as follows:
  2024 2023
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding   318,191,697  317,660,608 
Effect of dilutive stock options and equity-settled share-based payments   —  756,871 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share calculation
318,191,697  318,417,479 

As at March 31, 2024, stock options to acquire 6,459,922 common shares (2023 – 2,176,800) have been excluded from the above calculation since their inclusion would have had an anti-dilutive effect.

NOTE 10 – ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
Details of accounts receivable are as follows:
2024 2023
Current trade receivables $ 232.3  $ 280.6 
Past due trade receivables    
1-30 days 132.1  68.4 
31-60 days 33.7  28.3 
61-90 days 16.0  16.8 
Greater than 90 days 59.7  85.2 
Total trade receivables $ 473.8  $ 479.3 
Investment in finance leases (Note 15)
11.9  13.5 
Receivables from related parties (Note 31)
58.2  57.5 
Other receivables 101.7  90.9 
Credit loss allowances (20.9) (25.5)
Total accounts receivable $ 624.7  $ 615.7 

Changes in credit loss allowances are as follows:
2024 2023
Credit loss allowances, beginning of year $ (25.5) $ (27.9)
Additions (8.3) (3.2)
Amounts charged off 9.4  4.7 
Unused amounts reversed 2.2  1.9 
Disposal of discontinued operations (Note 2)
0.9  — 
Foreign currency exchange differences 0.4  (1.0)
Credit loss allowances, end of year $ (20.9) $ (25.5)

90 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 11 – BALANCE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
Net contract liabilities are as follows:
2024 2023
Contract assets - current $ 537.6  $ 693.8 
Contract assets - non-current (Note 16)
41.6  41.9 
Contract liabilities - current (911.7) (905.7)
Contract liabilities - non-current (Note 21)

(99.8) (94.0)
Net contract liabilities $ (432.3) $ (264.0)
During the year ended March 31, 2024, the Company recognized revenue of $712.6 million (2023 – $632.2 million) that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the year.
During the year ended March 31, 2024, the Company recognized a reduction of revenue of $86.6 million (2023 – $11.3 million) related to performance obligations partially satisfied in previous years. This primarily related to revisions to estimated costs to complete certain contracts that impacted revenue and measures of completion.
Remaining performance obligations
As at March 31, 2024, the amount of the revenues expected to be realized in future years from performance obligations that are unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, was $6,403.6 million. The Company expects to recognize approximately 42% of these remaining performance obligations as revenue by March 31, 2025, an additional 19% by March 31, 2026 and the balance thereafter.
NOTE 12 – INVENTORIES
2024 2023
Work in progress $ 356.5  $ 282.4 
Raw materials, supplies and manufactured products 217.1  301.0 
Total inventories $ 573.6  $ 583.4 
 
During the year ended March 31, 2024, the use of inventory recognized in cost of sales amounted to $485.1 million (2023 ‑ $400.2 million), the impairment of inventories to net realizable value amounted to $2.5 million (2023 – $6.2 million) and inventory recognized in discontinued operations amounted to $55.8 million (2023 – $93.2 million).

NOTE 13 – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
     Machinery Assets  
  
Buildings   and under  
 (amounts in millions)
and land Simulators equipment Aircraft construction Total
Net book value as at March 31, 2022 $ 320.1  $ 1,415.1  $ 66.2  $ 71.5  $ 256.4  $ 2,129.3 
Additions 34.6  20.1  16.7  0.2  197.2  268.8 
Disposals (3.6) (3.2) (0.1) (0.6) —  (7.5)
Depreciation (23.3) (113.2) (21.2) (5.4) —  (163.1)
(Impairment) reversal – net —  2.1  (0.1) (0.3) —  1.7 
Purchase of assets under lease (Note 15)
—  34.6  —  —  —  34.6 
Transfers and others 27.6  208.8  (5.5) 6.0  (231.5) 5.4 
Foreign currency exchange differences 13.7  88.6  3.1  5.1  7.4  117.9 
Net book value as at March 31, 2023 $ 369.1  $ 1,652.9  $ 59.1  $ 76.5  $ 229.5  $ 2,387.1 
Additions 22.0  33.5  19.1  14.0  241.2  329.8 
Disposals (0.2) (3.6) (0.2) (0.3) —  (4.3)
Disposal of discontinued operations (Note 2)
(0.4) (2.3) (3.9) —  (0.3) (6.9)
Depreciation (27.1) (127.3) (22.6) (5.8) —  (182.8)
Impairment —  (4.4) (0.2) (0.6) —  (5.2)
Transfers and others 22.3  170.5  10.1  (4.4) (211.1) (12.6)
Foreign currency exchange differences 1.3  8.5  0.2  0.2  0.3  10.5 
Net book value as at March 31, 2024 $ 387.0  $ 1,727.8  $ 61.6  $ 79.6  $ 259.6  $ 2,515.6 
 
CAE Financial Report 2024 | 91



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
    Machinery Assets  
  Buildings   and under  
 (amounts in millions)
and land Simulators equipment Aircraft construction Total
Cost $ 623.9  $ 2,558.1  $ 208.9  $ 103.1  $ 229.5  $ 3,723.5 
Accumulated depreciation and impairment (254.8) (905.2) (149.8) (26.6) —  (1,336.4)
Net book value as at March 31, 2023 $ 369.1  $ 1,652.9  $ 59.1  $ 76.5  $ 229.5  $ 2,387.1 
Cost $ 666.9  $ 2,694.0  $ 223.5  $ 108.6  $ 259.6  $ 3,952.6 
Accumulated depreciation and impairment (279.9) (966.2) (161.9) (29.0) —  (1,437.0)
Net book value as at March 31, 2024 $ 387.0  $ 1,727.8  $ 61.6  $ 79.6  $ 259.6  $ 2,515.6 
 
During the year ended March 31, 2024, depreciation of $180.9 million (2023 – $160.7 million) has been recorded in cost of sales, $0.5 million (2023 – $0.2 million) in selling, general and administrative expenses and $1.4 million (2023 – $2.2 million) in net income from discontinued operations.
 
NOTE 14 – INTANGIBLE ASSETS 
Capitalized Technology, Other  
 (amounts in millions)
development Customer software intangible
Goodwill costs relationships Licenses and ERP assets Total
Net book value as at March 31, 2022 $ 2,464.3  $ 234.4  $ 575.0  $ 262.8  $ 243.7  $ 16.1  $ 3,796.3 
Additions – internal development —  87.1  —  —  39.3  —  126.4 
Business combinations (Note 3)
35.8  —  (11.8) —  3.0  —  27.0 
Amortization —  (31.1) (44.4) (16.1) (29.5) (1.8) (122.9)
Impairment reversal – net —  6.3  —  —  —  —  6.3 
Transfers and others —  (3.7) (1.3) —  (0.9) 0.4  (5.5)
Foreign currency exchange differences 163.2  1.7  36.8  6.7  14.0  0.8  223.2 
Net book value as at March 31, 2023 $ 2,663.3  $ 294.7  $ 554.3  $ 253.4  $ 269.6  $ 15.5  $ 4,050.8 
Additions – internal development —  114.5  —  —  24.6  —  139.1 
Additions – acquired separately —  —  —  8.8  —  —  8.8 
Disposal of discontinued operations (Note 2)
(120.4) (39.1) (1.5) —  (5.2) (1.8) (168.0)
Amortization —  (37.7) (42.9) (15.8) (30.5) (2.5) (129.4)
Impairment (568.0) (38.8) (2.6) —  (4.2) (2.7) (616.3)
Transfers and others —  (6.5) —  (0.3) (0.9) —  (7.7)
Foreign currency exchange differences (3.6) 0.1  (2.1) 0.2  —  —  (5.4)
Net book value as at March 31, 2024 $ 1,971.3  $ 287.2  $ 505.2  $ 246.3  $ 253.4  $ 8.5  $ 3,271.9 
 
       
  Capitalized Technology, Other  
development Customer software intangible
Goodwill costs relationships Licenses and ERP
assets

Total
Cost $ 2,699.7  $ 573.3  $ 829.6  $ 320.9  $ 513.2  $ 54.0  $ 4,990.7 
Accumulated amortization and impairment (36.4) (278.6) (275.3) (67.5) (243.6) (38.5) (939.9)
Net book value as at March 31, 2023 $ 2,663.3  $ 294.7  $ 554.3  $ 253.4  $ 269.6  $ 15.5  $ 4,050.8 
Cost $ 2,539.3  $ 535.5  $ 781.8  $ 329.2  $ 499.8  $ 37.3  $ 4,722.9 
Accumulated amortization and impairment (568.0) (248.3) (276.6) (82.9) (246.4) (28.8) (1,451.0)
Net book value as at March 31, 2024 $ 1,971.3  $ 287.2  $ 505.2  $ 246.3  $ 253.4  $ 8.5  $ 3,271.9 

During the year ended March 31, 2024, amortization of $92.3 million (2023 – $89.6 million) has been recorded in cost of sales, $32.8 million (2023 – $24.5 million) in research and development expenses, $0.2 million (2023 – nil) in selling, general and administrative expenses and $4.1 million (2023 – $8.8 million) in net income from discontinued operations.


92 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Goodwill
The carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the Company's CGUs per operating segment is as follows:
Defense Discontinued
Civil Aviation and Security operations Total
Net book value as at March 31, 2022 $ 1,046.8  $ 1,305.8  $ 111.7  $ 2,464.3 
Business combinations (Note 3)
25.6  10.2  —  35.8 
Foreign currency exchange differences 53.2  101.3  8.7  163.2 
Net book value as at March 31, 2023 $ 1,125.6  $ 1,417.3  $ 120.4  $ 2,663.3 
Disposal of discontinued operations (Note 2)
—  —  (120.4) (120.4)
Impairment —  (568.0) —  (568.0)
Foreign currency exchange differences (4.8) 1.2  —  (3.6)
Net book value as at March 31, 2024 $ 1,120.8  $ 850.5  $ —  $ 1,971.3 

Goodwill is allocated to CGUs or a group of CGUs, which generally corresponds to the Company’s operating segments or one level below.

The Company performed its annual impairment test for goodwill during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024. The Company determined the recoverable amount of each of its CGUs based on fair value less costs of disposal calculations using a discounted cash flow model. The recoverable amount of each CGU is calculated using estimated cash flows derived from the Company's five-year strategic plan as approved by the Board of Directors. The cash flows are based on expectations of market growth, industry reports and trends, and past performance. Cash flows subsequent to the five‑year period were extrapolated using a constant terminal value growth rate of 2%, which is consistent with forecasts included in industry reports specific to the industry in which each CGU operates. The discount rates used to calculate the recoverable amounts reflect each CGUs’ specific risks and market conditions, including the market view of risk for each CGU, and range from 9.0% to 10.9%.

In fiscal 2024, the assumptions used in determining the recoverable amount of the Defense and Security CGU using the discounted cash flow model, including expected revenue growth, margin projections and the discount rate, were impacted by the general economic headwinds and the re-baselining of the Defense and Security business resulting in the delayed recovery and growth of the CGU. As a result of the impairment test performed, the Company recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $568.0 million. The recoverable amount of the Defense and Security CGU after the impairment, based on the fair value less costs of disposal calculation, was $2.1 billion.

Variations in the Company assumptions and estimates, particularly in the expected revenue growth, margin projections and the discount rate could have a significant impact on fair value. For the Defense and Security CGU, a decrease of 1% in expected revenue growth would have resulted in an additional impairment of approximately $85 million, a decrease of 1% in margin projections would have resulted in an additional impairment of approximately $190 million, and an increase of 1% in the discount rate of 10.9% would have resulted in an additional impairment of approximately $245 million.

No impairment charge was identified for the CGUs included in the Civil Aviation segment. A decrease of 1% in expected revenue growth, a decrease of 1% in margin projections, or an increase of 1% in the discount rate would not have resulted in an impairment charge for any of the Civil Aviation CGUs.
CAE Financial Report 2024 | 93



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 15 – LEASES
Leases as lessee

Right-of-use assets
     Machinery  
   Buildings   and  
and land Simulators equipment Aircraft Total
Net book value as at March 31, 2022 $ 255.3  $ 90.5  $ 15.5  $ 11.7  $ 373.0 
Additions and remeasurements 120.9  7.3  —  —  128.2 
Depreciation (36.6) (9.9) (2.8) (0.8) (50.1)
Purchase of assets under lease (Note 13)
—  (34.6) —  —  (34.6)
Transfers and others (6.1) (2.3) (0.3) —  (8.7)
Foreign currency exchange differences 13.2  5.9  —  —  19.1 
Net book value as at March 31, 2023 $ 346.7  $ 56.9  $ 12.4  $ 10.9  $ 426.9 
Additions and remeasurements 168.0  8.7  0.5  —  177.2 
Disposal of discontinued operations (Note 2)
(9.8) —  —  —  (9.8)
Depreciation (39.9) (9.8) (3.0) (0.8) (53.5)
Impairment (1.3) —  —  —  (1.3)
Transfers and others 9.3  (3.8) —  —  5.5 
Foreign currency exchange differences 0.9  (0.1) —  —  0.8 
Net book value as at March 31, 2024 $ 473.9  $ 51.9  $ 9.9  $ 10.1  $ 545.8 
During the year ended March 31, 2024, depreciation of $51.4 million (2023 – $47.5 million) has been recorded in cost of sales, $1.5 million (2023 – $1.6 million) in selling, general and administrative expenses and $0.6 million (2023 – $1.0 million) in net income from discontinued operations.

Short-term leases, leases of low-value assets and variable lease payments
During the year ended March 31, 2024, expenses of $16.4 million (2023 – $16.7 million) have been recognized in net income relating to short-term leases, leases of low-value assets and variable lease payments not included in the measurement of lease liabilities.

Leases as lessor

Operating Leases
As at March 31, 2024, the net book value of simulators leased under operating leases to third parties was $130.4 million (2023 – $76.1 million).

Undiscounted lease payments to be received under operating leases are as follows:
2024 2023
Less than 1 year $ 63.0  $ 33.0 
Between 1 and 2 years 51.7  32.6 
Between 2 and 3 years 43.3  30.0 
Between 3 and 4 years 35.0  21.7 
Between 4 and 5 years 21.4  16.5 
More than 5 years 33.4  13.8 
Total undiscounted lease payments receivable $ 247.8  $ 147.6 


94 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Finance Leases
Undiscounted lease payments to be received under finance leases are as follows:
2024 2023
Less than 1 year $ 16.4  $ 16.6 
Between 1 and 2 years 22.8  14.6 
Between 2 and 3 years 17.4  15.1 
Between 3 and 4 years 16.0  16.3 
Between 4 and 5 years 16.0  13.6 
More than 5 years 128.9  128.2 
Total undiscounted lease payments receivable $ 217.5  $ 204.4 
Unearned finance income (56.9) (68.0)
Discounted unguaranteed residual values of leased assets (12.8) (10.7)
Total investment in finance leases $ 147.8  $ 125.7 
Current portion (Note 10)
11.9  13.5 
Non-current portion (Note 16)
$ 135.9  $ 112.2 

NOTE 16 – OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS
2024 2023
Contract assets (Note 11)
$ 41.6  $ 41.9 
Advance payments for property, plant and equipment 30.0 30.7 
Investment in finance leases (Note 15)

135.9 112.2
Non-current receivables 61.5 42.8
Investment tax credits 268.6 325.3
Other 64.7  67.7 
$ 602.3  $ 620.6 
 
NOTE 17 – ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES
2024 2023
Accounts payable trade $ 561.7  $ 522.1 
Accrued and other liabilities 458.0  498.6 
Amount due to related parties (Note 31)
4.7  5.7 
Current portion of royalty obligations 10.9  10.3 
$ 1,035.3  $ 1,036.7 

NOTE 18 – PROVISIONS
Changes in provisions are as follows:
  Restoration   Onerous  
and simulator contracts
removal Restructuring Legal Warranties and other Total
Provisions, as at March 31, 2023 $ 9.2  $ 1.1  $ 1.8  $ 23.9  $ 10.8  $ 46.8 
Additions 0.2  27.7  0.1  8.8  14.0  50.8 
Amount used (0.1) (13.5) (1.0) (14.9) (3.6) (33.1)
Reversal of unused amounts —  (0.1) (0.6) —  (2.2) (2.9)
Disposal of discontinued operations (Note 2)
—  —  —  (0.5) —  (0.5)
Foreign currency exchange differences 0.1  —  —  —  (0.1) — 
Transfers and others 0.3  0.1  —  (2.7) (2.2) (4.5)
Provisions, as at March 31, 2024 $ 9.7  $ 15.3  $ 0.3  $ 14.6  $ 16.7  $ 56.6 
Current portion
$ —  $ 15.3  $ 0.3  $ 11.1  $ 15.9  $ 42.6 
Non-current portion
$ 9.7  $ —  $ —  $ 3.5  $ 0.8  $ 14.0 

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 95



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 19 – DEBT FACILITIES
Long-term debt, net of transaction costs is as follows:
Repayment 2024 2023
Notional amount period Current Non-current Current Non-current
Unsecured senior notes
    U.S. dollar, fixed rate - 3.60% to 4.90%
US$ 933.0  2024-2034 $ 190.5  $ 1,068.8  $ 18.5  $ 1,257.9 
    Canadian dollar, Series 1, fixed rate - 5.541%
$ 400.0  2028 —  397.5  —  — 
    Canadian dollar, fixed rate - 4.15%
$ 21.5  2024-2027 12.9  8.6  2.9  21.4 
Term loans
    U.S. dollar, variable rate US$ 125.0  2025 —  168.9  67.0  405.4 
    Canadian dollar, variable rate $ 23.9  2024-2028 5.6  18.3  5.6  23.8 
    Other 2024-2026 14.3  32.8  15.2  47.4 
Lease liabilities
    U.S. dollar 2024-2071 30.2  368.2  55.7  241.3 
    Other 2024-2043 25.0  128.5  25.5  133.4 
R&D obligations
    Canadian dollar 2023-2048 30.4  543.8  24.2  471.9 
Revolving credit facilities
    U.S. dollar, variable rate —  —  —  433.0 
    Canadian dollar, variable rate —  30.0  —  — 
Total long-term debt $ 308.9  $ 2,765.4  $ 214.6  $ 3,035.5 

Unsecured senior notes
In June 2023, the Company completed a private offering of $400.0 million of unsecured senior notes, bearing interest at 5.541% per annum, payable in equal semi-annual installments until maturity in June 2028.

Term loans
In February 2024, the Company prepaid a US$175.0 million term loan due in July 2024. In March 2024, the Company repaid a term loan of US$50.0 million.

96 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Information on the change in long-term debt for which cash flows have been classified as financing activities in the statement of cash flows are as follows:
Unsecured Revolving
senior Term Lease R&D credit
notes loans liabilities obligations facility Total
Net book value as at March 31, 2022 $ 1,221.0  $ 620.3  $ 395.0  $ 473.0  $ 336.9  $ 3,046.2 
Changes from financing cash flows
Net repayment from borrowing under
revolving credit facilities
—  —  —  —  44.5  44.5 
Proceeds from long-term debt —  —  —  31.2  —  31.2 
Repayment of long-term debt (21.8) (106.1) —  (33.1) —  (161.0)
Repayment of lease liabilities —  —  (83.4) —  —  (83.4)
Total changes from financing cash flows $ (21.8) $ (106.1) $ (83.4) $ (1.9) $ 44.5  $ (168.7)
Non-cash changes
Foreign currency exchange differences 101.1  48.9  21.7  —  51.6  223.3 
Additions and remeasurement of lease liabilities —  —  128.2  —  —  128.2 
Accretion —  —  —  25.0  —  25.0 
Other 0.4  1.3  (5.6) —  —  (3.9)
Total non-cash changes $ 101.5  $ 50.2  $ 144.3  $ 25.0  $ 51.6  $ 372.6 
Net book value as at March 31, 2023 $ 1,300.7  $ 564.4  $ 455.9  $ 496.1  $ 433.0  $ 3,250.1 
Changes from financing cash flows
Net proceeds from borrowing under
revolving credit facilities
—  —  —  —  (396.7) (396.7)
Proceeds from long-term debt 397.1  —  —  36.4  —  433.5 
Repayment of long-term debt (21.7) (324.0) —  (24.7) —  (370.4)
Repayment of lease liabilities —  —  (69.5) —  —  (69.5)
Total changes from financing cash flows $ 375.4  $ (324.0) $ (69.5) $ 11.7  $ (396.7) $ (403.1)
Non-cash changes
Foreign currency exchange differences 1.2  (1.3) 0.5  —  (6.3) (5.9)
Additions and remeasurement of lease liabilities —  —  177.2  —  —  177.2 
Disposal of discontinued operations (Note 2)
—  —  (12.2) —  —  (12.2)
Accretion —  —  —  27.9  —  27.9 
Transfer from royalty obligations (Note 2)
—  —  —  36.9  —  36.9 
Other 1.0  0.8  —  1.6  —  3.4 
Total non-cash changes $ 2.2  $ (0.5) $ 165.5  $ 66.4  $ (6.3) $ 227.3 
Net book value as at March 31, 2024 $ 1,678.3  $ 239.9  $ 551.9  $ 574.2  $ 30.0  $ 3,074.3 
The Company's unsecured senior notes, term loans and revolving credit facility include standard events of default and covenant provisions whereby accelerated repayment and/or termination of the agreements may result if the Company were to default on payment or violate certain covenants. As at March 31, 2024, the Company is in compliance with all of its financial covenants, as amended from time to time.

NOTE 20 – EMPLOYEE BENEFITS OBLIGATIONS
Defined benefit pension plans
The Company has three registered funded defined benefit pension plans in Canada (two for employees and one for designated executives) that provide benefits based on length of service and final average earnings. The Company also maintains a funded pension plan for employees in the United Kingdom that provides benefits based on similar provisions.
 
The Company’s annual contributions, to fund both benefits accruing in the year and deficits accumulated over prior years, and the plans’ financial position are determined based on actuarial valuations. Applicable pension legislations prescribe minimum funding requirements. 

In addition, the Company maintains unfunded plans in Canada, United States and Germany that provide defined benefits based on length of service and final average earnings. These unfunded plans are the sole obligation of the Company, and there is no requirement to fund them. However, the Company is obligated to pay the benefits when they become due. As at March 31, 2024, the Company has issued letters of credit totalling $54.3 million (2023 – $56.5 million) to collateralize the obligations under the Canadian plans.
 
The funded plans are trustee administered funds. Plan assets held in trusts are governed by local regulations and practices in each country, as is the nature of the relationship between the Company and the trustees and their composition. Responsibility for governance of the plans, including investment decisions and contribution schedules, lies jointly with the Company and the board of trustees.
CAE Financial Report 2024 | 97



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
The employee benefits obligations are as follows:
2024 2023
Funded defined benefit pension obligations $ 476.3  $ 590.7 
Fair value of plan assets 542.0  641.7 
Funded defined benefit pension surplus – net $ (65.7) $ (51.0)
Unfunded defined benefit pension obligations 98.7  91.8 
Employee benefits obligations - net $ 33.0  $ 40.8 
Employee benefit assets $ (65.7) $ (51.1)
Employee benefit obligations $ 98.7  $ 91.9 

Changes in funded defined benefit pension obligations and fair value of plan assets are as follows:
    2024     2023
Canadian Foreign Total Canadian Foreign Total
Pension obligations, beginning of year $ 585.5  $ 5.2  $ 590.7  $ 631.8  $ 6.9  $ 638.7 
Current service cost 31.9  —  31.9  32.5  —  32.5 
Interest cost 22.5  0.3  22.8  23.9  0.2  24.1 
Past service cost 2.9  —  2.9  —  —  — 
Actuarial loss (gain) arising from:        
Experience adjustments (3.0) —  (3.0) 25.5  0.2  25.7 
Economic assumptions 4.6  —  4.6  (102.8) (1.8) (104.6)
Demographic assumptions —  (0.1) (0.1) 2.6  (0.1) 2.5 
Employee contributions 9.5  —  9.5  9.2  —  9.2 
Pension benefits paid (14.0) (0.4) (14.4) (25.5) (0.2) (25.7)
Settlements (168.9) —  (168.9) (11.7) —  (11.7)
Net transfers 0.3  —  0.3  —  —  — 
Foreign currency exchange differences —  —  —  —  —  — 
Pension obligations, end of year $ 471.3  $ 5.0  $ 476.3  $ 585.5  $ 5.2  $ 590.7 
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year $ 635.3  $ 6.4  $ 641.7  $ 617.1  $ 6.8  $ 623.9 
Interest income 25.1  0.3  25.4  23.9  0.2  24.1 
Return on plan assets, excluding amounts        
included in interest income 18.2  0.3  18.5  (10.1) (0.9) (11.0)
Employer contributions 24.9  0.3  25.2  33.0  0.4  33.4 
Employee contributions 9.5  —  9.5  9.2  —  9.2 
Pension benefits paid (14.0) (0.4) (14.4) (25.5) (0.2) (25.7)
Settlements (163.5) —  (163.5) (11.7) —  (11.7)
Net transfers 0.3  —  0.3  —  —  — 
Administrative costs (0.8) —  (0.8) (0.6) —  (0.6)
Foreign currency exchange differences —  0.1  0.1  —  0.1  0.1 
Fair value of plan assets, end of year $ 535.0  $ 7.0  $ 542.0  $ 635.3  $ 6.4  $ 641.7 

In June 2023, the Company entered into an annuity purchase transaction in which the pension obligations of $168.9 million associated with certain retired members of Canadian defined benefit pension plans were transferred to a third-party insurer, in exchange for a payment of $163.5 million from the pension plan assets.

Changes in unfunded defined benefit pension obligations are as follows:
    2024     2023
 Canadian Foreign Total Canadian Foreign Total
Pension obligations, beginning of year $ 81.3  $ 10.5  $ 91.8  $ 82.6  $ 12.3  $ 94.9 
Current service cost 3.9  1.3  5.2  4.1  1.0  5.1 
Interest cost 3.9  0.5  4.4  3.0  0.3  3.3 
Past service cost —  —  —  —  0.2  0.2 
Actuarial loss (gain) arising from:    
Experience adjustments (0.4) 0.4  —  5.5  (0.6) 4.9 
Economic assumptions 0.5  0.5  1.0  (11.0) (2.7) (13.7)
Pension benefits paid (3.0) (0.7) (3.7) (2.9) (0.6) (3.5)
Foreign currency exchange differences —  —  —  —  0.6  0.6 
Pension obligations, end of year $ 86.2  $ 12.5  $ 98.7  $ 81.3  $ 10.5  $ 91.8 

98 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Net pension cost is as follows:
    2024     2023
 Canadian Foreign Total Canadian Foreign Total
Funded plans            
Current service cost $ 31.9  $ —  $ 31.9  $ 32.5  $ —  $ 32.5 
Interest cost 22.5  0.3  22.8  23.9  0.2  24.1 
Interest income (25.1) (0.3) (25.4) (23.9) (0.2) (24.1)
Past service cost 2.9  —  2.9  —  —  — 
Settlement gain (5.4) —  (5.4) —  —  — 
Administrative cost 0.8  —  0.8  0.6  —  0.6 
Net pension cost of funded plans $ 27.6  $ —  $ 27.6  $ 33.1  $ —  $ 33.1 
Unfunded plans          
Current service cost $ 3.9  $ 1.3  $ 5.2  $ 4.1  $ 1.0  $ 5.1 
Interest cost 3.9  0.5  4.4  3.0  0.3  3.3 
Past service cost —  —  —  —  0.2  0.2 
Net pension cost of unfunded plans $ 7.8  $ 1.8  $ 9.6  $ 7.1  $ 1.5  $ 8.6 
Total net pension cost $ 35.4  $ 1.8  $ 37.2  $ 40.2  $ 1.5  $ 41.7 

During the year ended March 31, 2024, pension costs of $18.1 million (2023 – $19.4 million) have been charged in cost of sales, $4.5 million (2023 – $5.8 million) in research and development expenses, $12.8 million (2023 – $8.4 million) in selling, general and administrative expenses, $3.2 million (2023 – nil) in restructuring, integration and acquisition costs, $1.8 million (2023 – $3.3 million) in finance expense, a gain of $0.4 million (2023 – costs of $1.6 million) in net income from discontinued operations and $2.6 million (2023 – $3.2 million) were capitalized.

As a result of an annuity purchase transaction, the Company recognized a settlement gain of $5.4 million, of which $5.2 million has been presented in other gains and losses and $0.2 million in net income from discontinued operations.
 
 Fair value of the plan assets, by major categories, are as follows:
 (amounts in millions)
2024 2023
   Quoted Unquoted Total Quoted Unquoted Total
Canadian plans            
Equity funds
           
Canadian $ —  $ 35.0  $ 35.0  $ —  $ 45.6  $ 45.6 
Foreign —  130.8  130.8  —  174.8  174.8 
Bond funds
Government —  117.4  117.4  —  133.3  133.3 
Corporate —  58.7  58.7  —  74.4  74.4 
Private and property investments —  180.9  180.9  —  191.7  191.7 
Cash and cash equivalents
—  9.9  9.9  —  14.4  14.4 
Other
—  2.3  2.3  —  1.1  1.1 
Total Canadian plans $ —  $ 535.0  $ 535.0  $ —  $ 635.3  $ 635.3 
Foreign plans            
Equity instruments
$ 2.5  $ —  $ 2.5  $ 2.3  $ —  $ 2.3 
Debt instruments
Corporate 3.4  —  3.4  3.3  —  3.3 
Other
—  1.1  1.1  —  0.8  0.8 
Total Foreign plans $ 5.9  $ 1.1  $ 7.0  $ 5.6  $ 0.8  $ 6.4 
Total plans $ 5.9  $ 536.1  $ 542.0  $ 5.6  $ 636.1  $ 641.7 

As at March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, there were no common shares of the Company in the pension plan assets.


CAE Financial Report 2024 | 99



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Significant assumptions (weighted average) used are as follows:
  Canadian Foreign
  2024 2023 2024 2023
Pension obligations as at March 31:        
Discount rate 5.00  % 5.05  % 4.43  % 4.70  %
Compensation rate increases 3.69  % 3.66  % 2.68  % 2.54  %
Net pension cost for years ended March 31:
Discount rate 5.05  % 4.14  % 4.70  % 2.41  %
Compensation rate increases 3.66  % 3.65  % 2.54  % 2.66  %

Assumptions regarding future mortality are based on actuarial advice in accordance with published statistics and mortality tables and experience in each territory. The mortality tables and the average life expectancy in years for a member age 45 and 65 are as follows:
As at March 31, 2024 Life expectancy over 65 for a member
(in years)
  Male     Female
Country Mortality table at age 45 at age 65  at age 45 at age 65
Canada CPM private tables 23.8 22.4 26.3 25.0
Germany Heubeck RT2018G 23.5 20.8 26.4 24.2
United Kingdom S3PFA M CMI 2022 22.7 21.4 24.8 23.3
United States CPM private tables 25.0 23.6 26.5 25.5

As at March 31, 2023 Life expectancy over 65 for a member
(in years)
      Male   Female
Country Mortality table at age 45 at age 65 at age 45 at age 65
Canada CPM private tables 23.7 22.2 26.1 24.8
Germany Heubeck RT2018G 23.4 20.6 26.3 24.0
United Kingdom S2PxA CMI 2020 22.6 21.6 24.6 23.4
United States CPM private tables 24.9 23.5 26.4 25.1

As at March 31, 2024, the weighted average duration of the defined benefit obligation is 18 years.

The impact on the defined benefit obligation as a result of a 0.25% change in the significant assumptions as at March 31, 2024 are as follows:
  Funded plans   Unfunded plans  
Canadian   Foreign Canadian Foreign Total
Discount rate:              
Increase $ (21.4)
$
(0.1)
$
(2.4)
$
(0.4)
$
(24.3)
Decrease 22.9  0.1  2.5  0.4  25.9 
Compensation rate:            
Increase 10.3  —  0.4  0.1  10.8 
Decrease (9.7) —  (0.4) (0.1) (10.2)

Through its defined benefit plans, the Company is exposed to a number of risks, the most significant being the exposure to asset volatility, to changes in bond yields and to changes in life expectancy. The plan liabilities are calculated using a discount rate set with reference to corporate bond yields, if plan assets underperform against this yield, this will create a deficit. A decrease in corporate bond yields will increase plan liabilities, although this will be partially offset by an increase in the value of the plans’ bond holdings. The plans’ obligations are to provide benefits for the duration of the life of its members, therefore, increases in life expectancy will result in an increase in the plans’ liabilities.

Contributions reflect actuarial assumptions of future investment returns, salary projections and future service benefits. The expected employer contributions and expected benefits paid for the next fiscal year are as follows:
Canadian Foreign Total
Expected employer contributions in funded plans

$ 26.9  $ —  $ 26.9 
Expected benefits paid in unfunded plans 3.0  0.7  3.7 

100 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 21 – OTHER NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
2024 2023
Contract liabilities (Note 11)
$ 99.8  $ 94.0 
Share-based payments liabilities (Note 24)
51.3  63.2 
Interest payable 3.8  8.8 
Other 26.2  32.2 
$ 181.1  $ 198.2 

NOTE 22 – SUPPLEMENTARY CASH FLOWS INFORMATION
Changes in non-cash working capital are as follows:
2024 2023
Accounts receivable $ (10.7) $ 4.1 
Contract assets 153.0  (66.6)
Inventories (76.3) (65.6)
Prepayments (11.2) (9.7)
Income taxes 30.2  (13.2)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 11.0  21.8 
Provisions 14.2  (15.3)
Contract liabilities 17.9  30.0 
$ 128.1  $ (114.5)

Supplemental information:
  2024 2023
Interest paid   $ 189.7  $ 174.7 
Interest received   17.1  13.3 
Income taxes paid   69.7  34.7 

NOTE 23 – ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 
Foreign currency
exchange differences Net changes in
 
on translation of
  Net changes in financial assets    
foreign operations
  cash flow hedges   carried at FVOCI Total
2024 2023 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024 2023
Balances, beginning of year $ 182.8  $ (29.4) $ (14.3) $ (0.5) $ (1.3) $ (1.3) $ 167.2  $ (31.2)
Other comprehensive (loss) income (8.3) 212.2  (4.9) (13.8) —  —  (13.2) 198.4 
Balances, end of year $ 174.5  $ 182.8  $ (19.2) $ (14.3) $ (1.3) $ (1.3) $ 154.0  $ 167.2 
 
NOTE 24 – SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS
In August 2023, the shareholders of the Company approved the Omnibus Incentive Plan, which allows equity awards to be granted to eligible participants in the form of stock options, restricted share units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs). The total number of shares reserved for issuance under the Omnibus Incentive Plan is 10,000,000.

The Omnibus Incentive Plan supplements the existing cash-settled RSU and PSU plans and stock option plan (collectively, the “Existing Plans”). Awards granted under the Existing Plans will remain outstanding and governed by the respective terms of such plans, but no new awards will be granted under any of the Existing Plans. All awards made under the Omnibus Incentive Plan are considered equity-settled arrangements.

The Company’s share-based payment plans consist of two categories: equity-settled share-based payment plans comprised of the stock option plan, a RSU plan and a PSU plan; and cash-settled share-based payments plans that include the stock purchase plan, deferred share units (DSU) plans, a RSU plan and a PSU plan. 


CAE Financial Report 2024 | 101



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Share-based payments expense are as follows:
  2024 2023
Equity-settled plans
Stock option plan $ 7.0  $ 6.1 
RSU plan 4.7  — 
PSU plan 3.6  — 
Cash-settled plans
Stock purchase plan 15.7  12.8 
DSU plans (1.1) 2.6 
RSU plan 2.2  6.6 
PSU plan 2.4  0.4 
Total share-based payments expense $ 34.5  $ 28.5 
Impact of equity swap agreements (Note 30)
6.6  5.3 
Amount capitalized (1.0) (0.9)
Share-based payments expense, net of equity swap (Note 25)
$ 40.1  $ 32.9 
During the year ended March 31, 2024, $2.8 million (2023 – $0.8 million) of share-based payments expense have been recorded in net income from discontinued operations.

Carrying amount of share-based payments liabilities are as follows:

  2024 2023
Cash-settled plans
DSU plans $ 41.6  $ 48.4 
RSU plan 9.1  13.4 
PSU plan 10.5  12.7 
Total carrying amount of share-based payments liabilities $ 61.2  $ 74.5 
Current portion 9.9  11.3 
Non-current portion (Note 21)
$ 51.3  $ 63.2 

Stock option plan
Stock options to purchase common shares of the Company are granted to certain employees, officers and executives of the Company. The stock option exercise price is equal to the common shares weighted average price on the TSX of the five days of trading prior to the grant date. Stock options vest over four years of continuous employment from the grant date. The stock options must be exercised within a seven-year period, but are not exercisable during the first year after the grant date.

Changes in outstanding stock options are as follows:
    2024       2023
    Weighted     Weighted
  Number of average exercise Number of average exercise
stock options price stock options price
Stock options outstanding, beginning of year 6,323,537  $ 26.63    6,783,444  $ 25.08 
Granted 735,274  28.66    624,700  32.92 
Exercised (405,943) 19.34    (882,167) 18.49 
Forfeited (192,946) 31.04    (202,440) 29.28 
Stock options outstanding, end of year 6,459,922  $ 27.19    6,323,537  $ 26.63 
Stock options exercisable, end of year 4,533,751  $ 26.57    3,877,399  $ 25.62 

During the year ended March 31, 2024, the weighted average market share price for stock options exercised was $30.33 (2023 ⁃ $31.95).


102 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
As at March 31, 2024, summarized information about the stock options issued and outstanding is as follows:
  Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
Weighted  
Number of average remaining Weighted   Number of Weighted
Range of stock options contractual life average exercise stock options average exercise
exercise prices outstanding  (years) price   exercisable price
$20.24 to $23.41
2,673,494  2.22 $ 21.07  2,138,244  $ 21.20 
$26.78 to $29.62
1,739,349  3.24 27.76  1,053,806  27.18 
$30.13 to $38.01
2,047,079  3.58 34.70  1,341,701  34.66 
Total 6,459,922  2.93 $ 27.19  4,533,751  $ 26.57 

During the year ended March 31, 2024, the weighted average fair value of stock options granted was $10.12 (2023 – $10.85).

The assumptions used in the calculation of the fair value of the stock options on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model are as follows:
  2024  2023 
Common share price
$ 27.85  $ 30.87 
Exercise price
$ 28.66  $ 32.92 
Dividend yield
0.72  % 0.65  %
Expected volatility
41.88  % 42.12  %
Risk-free interest rate
3.73  % 3.30  %
Expected stock option life
4.5 years 4.5 years

Expected volatility is estimated by considering historical average common share price volatility over the expected life of the stock options.

Equity-settled restricted share unit (RSU) plan
RSUs are granted to certain employees, officers and executives of the Company. RSUs are settled in shares, either issued from treasury or purchased on the open market, in cash or in a combination thereof, at the discretion of the Company. Restriction criteria include continuing employment for a period of up to three years. RSUs are settled three years after the grant date.

Changes in outstanding equity-settled RSUs are as follows:
2024 2023
Equity-settled RSUs outstanding, beginning of year —  — 
Granted 304,142  — 
Cancelled (11,104) — 
Settled in cash (404) — 
Equity-settled RSUs outstanding, end of year 292,634  — 
Equity-settled RSUs vested, end of year 168,681  — 

Equity-settled performance share unit (PSU) plan
PSUs are granted to certain employees, officers and executives of the Company. PSUs are settled in shares, either issued from treasury or purchased on the open market, in cash or in a combination thereof, at the discretion of the Company. The target rate of granted units is multiplied by a factor which ranges from 0% to 200% based on the attainment of performance criteria set out pursuant to the plan, if restriction criteria are met. Restriction criteria include continuing employment for a period of up to three years. PSUs are settled three years after the grant date.

Changes in outstanding equity-settled PSUs are as follows:
2024 2023
Equity-settled PSUs outstanding, beginning of year —  — 
Granted 812,603  — 
Cancelled (30,604) — 
Settled in cash (1,213) — 
Equity-settled PSUs outstanding, end of year 780,786  — 
Equity-settled PSUs vested, end of year 489,134  — 

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 103



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Cash-settled stock purchase plan
Employees of the Company and its participating subsidiaries can acquire common shares through regular payroll deductions. The Company contributes $1 for every $2 of employee contributions, up to a maximum of 3% of the employee’s base salary. The employee and Company’s contributions are remitted to an independent plan administrator who purchases common shares on the market on behalf of the employee.

Cash-settled deferred share unit (DSU) plans
Non-employee directors holding less than the minimum required holdings of common shares of the Company receive their Board retainer compensation in the form of deferred share units (DSUs). A non-employee director holding no less than the minimum required holdings of common shares may also elect to participate in the DSU plan in respect of part or all of his or her retainer. Such retainer amount is converted to DSUs based on the common shares price on the TSX on the date such retainer becomes payable to the non‑employee director.

Certain executives can elect to defer a portion or entire short-term incentive payment to the DSU plan on an annual basis. Such deferred short-term incentive amount is converted to DSUs based on the common shares weighted average price on the TSX of the five days of trading prior to the date such incentive becomes payable to the executives.

DSUs entitle the holders to receive a cash payment equal to the common shares closing price on the TSX on the payment date, or, in certain cases, the weighted average price of the five days prior to the payment date. Holders are also entitled to dividend equivalents payable in additional DSUs in an amount equal to the dividends paid on the common shares from the date of issuance to the payment date.

DSUs vest immediately and are paid upon any termination of employment or when a non-employee director ceases to act as a director.

Changes in outstanding DSUs are as follows:
2024 2023
DSUs outstanding, beginning of year 1,586,384  1,557,007 
Granted 118,667  181,288 
Redeemed (217,637) (151,911)
DSUs vested and outstanding, end of year 1,487,414  1,586,384 

As at March 31, 2024, vested and outstanding DSUs includes 833,090 DSUs (2023 – 850,392) granted to certain employees, officers and executives of the Company under previous plans, which are paid upon any termination of employment of the holder. Under the previous plans, holders are also entitled to dividend equivalents payable in additional DSUs in an amount equal to the dividends paid on the common shares from the date of issuance to the payment date.

Cash-settled restricted share unit (RSU) plan
Restricted share units (RSUs) are granted to certain employees, officers and executives of the Company. RSUs entitle the holders to receive a cash payment based on the average closing price on the TSX for the 20 trading days preceding the vesting date, if restriction criteria are met. Restriction criteria include continuing employment for a period of up to three years. RSUs are paid three years after the grant date. Following the adoption of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, no new awards will be granted under this plan.

Changes in outstanding cash-settled RSUs are as follows:
2024 2023
Cash-settled RSUs outstanding, beginning of year 646,231  607,039 
Granted —  247,197 
Cancelled (12,369) (31,505)
Redeemed (229,825) (176,500)
Cash-settled RSUs outstanding, end of year 404,037  646,231 
Cash-settled RSUs vested, end of year 332,420  438,656 

Cash-settled performance share unit (PSU) plan
Performance share units (PSUs) are granted to certain employees, officers and executives of the Company. PSUs entitle the holders to receive a cash payment equal to the average closing price on the TSX of the common shares for the 20 trading days preceding the vesting date multiplied by a factor which ranges from 0% to 200% based on the attainment of performance criteria set out pursuant to the plan, if restriction criteria are met. Restriction criteria include continuing employment for a period of up to three years. PSUs are paid three years after the grant date. Following the adoption of the Omnibus Incentive Plan, no new awards will be granted under this plan.


104 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Changes in outstanding cash-settled PSUs are as follows:
2024 2023
Cash-settled PSUs outstanding, beginning of year 1,148,302  847,171 
Granted —  817,218 
Cancelled (83,204) (48,601)
Redeemed (152,817) (467,486)
Cash-settled PSUs outstanding, end of year 912,281  1,148,302 
Cash-settled PSUs vested, end of year 711,745  687,120 

NOTE 25 – EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION
Total employee compensation expense recognized in income is as follows:
 (amounts in millions)
2024 2023
Salaries and other short-term employee benefits $ 1,682.7  $ 1,564.5 
Share-based payments expense, net of equity swap (Note 24)
40.1  32.9 
Post-employment benefits – defined benefit plans (Note 20)
34.6  38.5 
Post-employment benefits – defined contribution plans 38.5  25.4 
Termination benefits 28.5  2.7 
Total employee compensation $ 1,824.4  $ 1,664.0 

During the year ended March 31, 2024, $48.5 million (2023 – $51.6 million) of total employee compensation have been recorded in net income from discontinued operations.

NOTE 26 – GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION
Government contributions were recognized as follows:

2024 2023
Credited to non-financial assets $ 20.4  $ 19.6 
Credited to income 27.9  26.1 
$ 48.3  $ 45.7 

NOTE 27 – CONTINGENCIES AND COMMITMENTS
Contingencies
From time to time, the Company is involved in legal proceedings, audits, litigations and claims arising in the ordinary course of its business. The Company operates in a highly regulated environment across many jurisdictions and is subject to, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to import-export controls, trade sanctions, anti-corruption, national security and aviation safety of each country. In addition, contracts with government agencies are subject to procurement regulations and other specific legal requirements. The Company is also required to comply with tax laws and regulations of any country in which it operates.

The Company is subject to investigations and audits from various government and regulatory agencies. In addition, the Company may identify, investigate, remediate and voluntarily disclose potential non-compliance with those laws and regulations. As a result, the Company can be subject to potential liabilities associated with those matters. Although it is possible that liabilities may be incurred in instances for which no accruals have been made, the Company does not believe that the ultimate outcome of these matters will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Commitments
Contractual purchase commitments that are not recognized as liabilities are as follows:
2024 2023
Less than 1 year $ 329.3  $ 297.5 
Between 1 and 5 years 245.5  249.6 
Later than 5 years 3.2  1.9 
Total contractual purchase commitments $ 578.0  $ 549.0 

As at March 31, 2024, the Company had additional commitments of $65.9 million related to leases not yet commenced that have not been recognized as a lease liability nor included in the table above.
CAE Financial Report 2024 | 105



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 28 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The fair value of a financial instrument is determined by reference to the available market information at the reporting date. When no active market exists for a financial instrument, the Company determines the fair value of that instrument based on valuation methodologies as discussed below. In determining assumptions required under a valuation model, the Company primarily uses external, readily observable market data inputs. Assumptions or inputs that are not based on observable market data incorporate the Company’s best estimates of market participant assumptions. Counterparty credit risk and the Company’s own credit risk are taken into account in estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities.
 
The following assumptions and valuation methodologies have been used to measure the fair value of financial instruments:
(i)The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their carrying values due to their short-term maturities;
(ii)The fair value of derivative instruments, which include forward contracts, swap agreements and embedded derivatives accounted for separately and is calculated as the present value of the estimated future cash flows using an appropriate interest rate yield curve and forward foreign exchange rate. Assumptions are based on market conditions prevailing at each reporting date. The fair value of derivative instruments reflect the estimated amounts that the Company would receive or pay to settle the contracts at the reporting date;
(iii)The fair value of the equity investments, which does not have a readily available market value, is estimated using a discounted cash flow model, which includes some assumptions that are not based on observable market prices or rates;
(iv)The fair value of non-current receivables is estimated based on discounted cash flows using current interest rates for instruments with similar risks and remaining maturities;
(v)The fair value of long-term debts, royalties obligations and other non-current liabilities are estimated based on discounted cash flows using current interest rates for instruments with similar risks and remaining maturities.

Fair value hierarchy
The fair value hierarchy reflects the significance of the inputs used in making the measurements and has the following levels:
 
Level 1:   Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
 
Level 2:  Inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices in markets that are not active) or indirectly (i.e. quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities);
 
Level 3:   Inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).

106 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Each type of fair value is categorized based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

The carrying values and fair values of financial instruments, by category, are as follows:
2024 2023
Level Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value
Total Total Total Total
Financial assets (liabilities) measured at FVTPL
Cash and cash equivalents Level 1 $ 160.1 
$
160.1  $ 217.6  $ 217.6 
Equity swap agreements Level 2 (15.8) (15.8) (11.8) (11.8)
Forward foreign currency contracts Level 2 (0.6) (0.6) (5.3) (5.3)
Derivatives assets (liabilities) designated in a hedge relationship
Foreign currency and interest rate swap agreements Level 2 4.8  4.8  10.5  10.5 
Forward foreign currency contracts Level 2 (8.7) (8.7) (20.5) (20.5)
Financial assets (liabilities) measured at amortized cost
Accounts receivable(1)
Level 2 570.8  570.8  555.3  555.3 
Investment in finance leases Level 2 147.9  140.3  125.7  126.1 
Other non-current assets(2)
Level 2 47.0  47.0  32.1  32.1 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(3)
Level 2 (775.8) (775.8) (799.3) (799.3)
Total long-term debt(4)
Level 2 (2,529.9) (2,524.4) (2,800.3) (2,788.2)
Other non-current liabilities(5)
Level 2 (87.1) (78.0) (137.6) (125.1)
Financial assets measured at FVOCI
Equity investments Level 3 1.4  1.4  1.4  1.4 
$ (2,485.9) $ (2,478.9) $ (2,832.2) $ (2,807.2)
(1) Includes trade receivables, accrued receivables and certain other receivables.
(2) Includes non-current receivables and certain other non-current assets.
(3) Includes trade accounts payable, accrued liabilities, interest payable and current royalty obligations.
(4) Excludes lease liabilities. The carrying value of long-term debt excludes transaction costs.
(5) Includes non-current royalty obligations and other non-current liabilities.

During the year ended March 31, 2024, there were no significant changes in level 3 financial instruments.

NOTE 29 – CAPITAL RISK MANAGEMENT
The Company’s capital allocation priorities are focused on:
(i)     Organic investments for sustainable and accretive growth;
(ii)    Maintaining a strong balance sheet for optimal resiliency and financial flexibility;
(iii)   Balancing returns to shareholders with leverage targets and growth investment opportunities.
 
The Company manages its capital structure and makes corresponding adjustments based on changes in economic conditions and the risk characteristics of the underlying assets. In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Company may adjust the amount of dividends paid to shareholders, issue new shares or debt, use cash to reduce debt or repurchase shares.
 
To accomplish its objectives stated above, the Company monitors its capital on the basis of the net debt to capital. This ratio is calculated as net debt divided by the sum of total equity plus net debt. Net debt is calculated as total long-term debt, including the current portion of long-term debt less cash and cash equivalents. Total equity comprises share capital, contributed surplus, accumulated other comprehensive income, retained earnings and non-controlling interests.

The level of debt versus equity in the capital structure is monitored, and the ratios are as follows:
2024 2023
Total long-term debt (Note 19)
$ 3,074.3  $ 3,250.1 
Less: cash and cash equivalents (160.1) (217.6)
Net debt $ 2,914.2  $ 3,032.5 
Equity 4,302.6  4,588.9 
Total net debt plus equity $ 7,216.8  $ 7,621.4 
Net debt-to-capital % 40.4  % 39.8 

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 107



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 30 – FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT
Due to the nature of the activities that the Company carries out and as a result of holding financial instruments, the Company is exposed to credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk, including foreign currency risk and interest rate risk. The Company’s exposure to credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk is managed within risk management parameters documented in corporate policies. These risk management parameters remain unchanged since the previous period, unless otherwise indicated.
 
Credit risk
Credit risk is defined as the Company’s exposure to a financial loss if a debtor fails to meet its obligations in accordance with the terms and conditions of its arrangements with the Company. The Company is exposed to credit risk on its accounts receivable and certain other assets through its normal commercial activities. The Company is also exposed to credit risk through its normal treasury activities on its cash and cash equivalents and derivative financial assets. Credit risks arising from the Company’s normal commercial activities are managed with regards to customer credit risk.
 
The Company’s customers are mainly established companies, some of which have publicly available credit ratings, as well as government agencies, which facilitates risk assessment and monitoring. In addition, the Company typically receives substantial non‑refundable advance payments for contracts with customers. The Company closely monitors its exposure to major airline companies in order to mitigate its risk to the extent possible. Furthermore, the Company’s trade receivables are held with a wide range of commercial and government organizations and agencies. As well, the Company’s credit exposure is further reduced by the sale of certain of its accounts receivable to third-party financial institutions for cash consideration on a limited recourse basis (receivable purchase facility). The Company does not hold any collateral as security. The credit risk on cash and cash equivalents is mitigated by the fact that they are mainly in place with a diverse group of major North American and European financial institutions.
 
The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to its derivative financial instruments. The Company uses several measures to minimize this exposure. First, the Company enters into contracts with counterparties that are of high credit quality. The Company signed International Swaps & Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) Master Agreements with all the counterparties with whom it trades derivative financial instruments. These agreements make it possible to offset when a contracting party defaults on the agreement, for each of the transactions covered by the agreement and in force at the time of default. Also, collateral or other security to support derivative financial instruments subject to credit risk can be requested by the Company or its counterparties (or both parties, if need be) when the net balance of gains and losses on each transaction exceeds a threshold defined in the ISDA Master Agreement. Finally, the Company monitors the credit standing of counterparties on a regular basis to help minimize credit risk exposure.
 
The carrying amounts presented in Note 10 and Note 28 represent the maximum exposure to credit risk for each respective financial asset as at the relevant dates.

Exposure to credit risk and credit loss allowances for accounts receivable and contract assets by segment are as follows:

As at March 31, 2024
Civil Aviation Defense and
Security
Amounts not allocated to a segment Total
Gross accounts receivable $ 347.1  258.2  $ 40.1  $ 645.4 
Gross contract assets 177.3  401.9  —  579.2 
Total $ 524.4  $ 660.1  $ 40.1  $ 1,224.6 
Credit loss allowances $ (19.9) $ (1.0) $ —  $ (20.9)
As a % 3.8  % 0.2  % —  % 1.7  %

As at March 31, 2023
Civil Aviation Defense and
Security
Amounts not allocated to a segment Total
Gross accounts receivable $ 354.1  $ 198.1  $ 89.0  $ 641.2 
Gross contract assets 160.6  571.6  3.5  735.7 
Total $ 514.7  $ 769.7  $ 92.5  $ 1,376.9 
Credit loss allowances $ (23.1) $ (1.0) $ (1.4) $ (25.5)
As a % 4.5  % 0.1  % 1.5  % 1.9  %

Client concentration risk
For the year ended March 31, 2024, contracts with the U.S. federal government and its various agencies included in the Defense and Security segment accounted for 21% (2023 – 23%) of consolidated revenue.


108 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is defined as the potential risk that the Company cannot meet its cash obligations as they become due.

The Company manages this risk by establishing cash forecasts, as well as long-term operating and strategic plans. The management of consolidated liquidity requires a regular monitoring of expected cash inflows and outflows which is achieved through a forecast of the Company’s consolidated liquidity position, for efficient use of cash resources. Liquidity adequacy is assessed in view of seasonal needs, stress-test results, growth requirements and capital expenditures, and the maturity profile of indebtedness, including availability of credit facilities, working capital requirements, compliance with financial covenants and the funding of financial commitments. The Company manages its liquidity risk to maintain sufficient liquid financial resources to fund its operations and meet its commitments and obligations. The Company also regularly monitors any financing opportunities to optimize its capital structure and maintain appropriate financial flexibility.

In managing its liquidity risk, the Company has access to a committed unsecured revolving credit facility of US$1.0 billion (2023 – US$1.0 billion). As well, the Company has agreements to sell interests in certain of its accounts receivable (receivable purchase facility) for an amount of up to US$400.0 million (2023 – US$400.0 million). As at March 31, 2024, the carrying amount of the original accounts receivable sold to a financial institution pursuant to the receivable purchase facility totaled $303.7 million (2023 ‑ $266.7 million) of which $44.9 million (2023 – $42.4 million), corresponding to the extent of the Company’s continuing involvement, remains in accounts receivable with a corresponding liability included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

The following tables present a maturity analysis based on the contractual maturity date of the Company’s financial liabilities based on expected cash flows. Cash flows from derivatives presented either as derivative assets or liabilities have been included, as the Company manages its derivative contracts on a gross basis. The amounts are the contractual undiscounted cash flows. All amounts contractually denominated in foreign currency are presented in Canadian dollar equivalent amounts using the period-end spot rate except as otherwise stated:
Between Between Between Between
   
Carrying Contractual
Less than 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and More than
As at March 31, 2024 amount cash flows 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years  5 years 5 years
Non-derivative financial liabilities                
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (1)
$ 775.8  $ 775.8  $ 775.8  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Total long-term debt (2)
Long-term debt (other than lease liabilities) 2,522.4  2,522.4  253.7  265.0  174.1  164.1  644.1  1,021.4 
Interest and accretion —  743.2  94.1  78.7  70.5  66.2  44.3  389.4 
Lease liabilities 551.9  922.0  88.2  75.9  72.1  62.5  53.0  570.3 
Other non-current liabilities (3)
87.1  164.7  —  24.8  22.7  28.5  21.9  66.8 
   $ 3,937.2  $ 5,128.1  $ 1,211.8  $ 444.4  $ 339.4  $ 321.3  $ 763.3  $ 2,047.9 
Net derivative financial liabilities (assets)              
Forward foreign currency contracts (4)
$ 9.3               
Outflow $ 2,916.5  $ 2,522.6  $ 302.0  $ 69.3  $ 20.4  $ 2.2  $ — 
Inflow (2,905.7) (2,514.3) (299.2) (68.7) (21.1) (2.4) — 
Foreign currency and
 interest rate swap agreements (4.8) 3.9  (2.6) (0.4) 0.3  0.6  6.0  — 
Equity swap agreements 15.8  15.8  15.8  —  —  —  —  — 
   $ 20.3  $ 30.5  $ 21.5  $ 2.4  $ 0.9  $ (0.1) $ 5.8  $ — 
   $ 3,957.5  $ 5,158.6  $ 1,233.3  $ 446.8  $ 340.3  $ 321.2  $ 769.1  $ 2,047.9 

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 109



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Between Between Between Between
   
Carrying Contractual Less than 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and More than
As at March 31, 2023 amount cash flows 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years  5 years 5 years
Non-derivative financial liabilities
               
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (1)
$ 799.3  $ 799.3  $ 799.3  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Total long-term debt (2)
Long-term debt (other than lease liabilities) 2,794.2  2,794.2  133.4  486.7  264.2  171.5  562.7  1,175.7 
Interest and accretion —  734.5  120.2  93.8  73.9  67.5  53.9  325.2 
Lease liabilities 455.9  724.6  104.5  62.7  55.9  51.5  47.6  402.4 
Other non-current liabilities (3)
137.6  277.7  —  28.5  27.6  26.0  33.2  162.4 
   $ 4,187.0  $ 5,330.3  $ 1,157.4  $ 671.7  $ 421.6  $ 316.5  $ 697.4  $ 2,065.7 
Net derivative financial liabilities (assets)                
Forward foreign  currency contracts (4)
$ 25.8               
Outflow   $ 2,119.4  $ 1,852.8  $ 186.3  $ 66.5  $ 13.8  $ —  $ — 
Inflow   (2,092.2) (1,832.5) (182.2) (64.1) (13.4) —  — 
Foreign currency and
 interest rate swap agreements (10.5) (11.3) (6.5) (3.2) (1.1) (0.4) (0.1) — 
Equity swap agreements 11.8  11.8  11.8  —  —  —  —  — 
   $ 27.1  $ 27.7  $ 25.6  $ 0.9  $ 1.3  $ —  $ (0.1) $ — 
   $ 4,214.1  $ 5,358.0  $ 1,183.0  $ 672.6  $ 422.9  $ 316.5  $ 697.3  $ 2,065.7 
(1) Includes trade accounts payable, accrued liabilities, interest payable, current portion of royalty obligations and certain payroll-related liabilities.
(2) Contractual cash flows include contractual interest and principal payments related to debt obligations. Contractual interests on debt obligations with variable interest rate are presented using the period-end rate.
(3) Includes non-current royalty obligations and other non-current liabilities.
(4) Outflows and inflows are presented in Canadian dollar equivalent using the contractual forward foreign currency rate.

The Company is party to an agreement that includes a put option, that if exercised, requires CAE to purchase the remaining equity interest in a joint venture. Under the terms of the agreement, the counterparty has the option to sell its shares in the joint venture at fair value. As at March 31, 2024, no value has been ascribed to the put option as the purchase price for the shares corresponds to their fair value.

Market risk
Market risk is defined as the Company’s exposure to a gain or a loss in the value of its financial instruments as a result of changes in market prices, whether those changes are caused by factors specific to the individual financial instruments or its issuer, or factors affecting all similar financial instruments traded in the market. The Company is mainly exposed to foreign currency risk and interest rate risk.

Derivative instruments are utilized by the Company to manage market risk against the volatility in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and share-based payments in order to minimize their impact on the Company’s results and financial position. The Company’s policy is not to utilize any derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Foreign currency risk
Foreign currency risk is defined as the Company’s exposure to a gain or a loss in the value of its financial instruments as a result of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. The Company is exposed to foreign exchange rate variability primarily in relation to certain sale commitments, expected purchase transactions and debt denominated in a foreign currency, as well as on the net investment from its foreign operations which have functional currencies other than the Canadian dollar (in particular the U.S. dollar (USD), Euro (€ or EUR) and British pound (GBP or £). In addition, these operations have exposures to foreign exchange rates primarily through cash and cash equivalents and other working capital accounts denominated in currencies other than their functional currencies.
 
The Company mitigates foreign currency risks by having its foreign operations transact in their functional currency for material procurement, sale contracts and financing activities.
 
The Company uses forward foreign currency contracts and foreign currency swap agreements to manage the Company’s exposure from transactions in foreign currencies and to hedge its net investment in U.S. entities. These transactions include forecasted transactions and firm commitments denominated in foreign currencies.

As at March 31, 2024, the Company entered into fixed to fixed cross currency principal and interest rate swap agreements to effectively convert the $400.0 million unsecured senior notes into U.S. dollars. The Company has designated the swap agreements as a hedge of its net investments in U.S. entities against foreign currency fluctuations.



110 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
The forward foreign currency contracts outstanding are as follows:
 (amounts in millions, except average rate)
    2024     2023
  
Notional
Average
  Notional Average
Currencies (sold/bought) amount (1) rate   amount (1) rate
USD/CDN
           
Less than 1 year $ 1,280.2    0.74  $ 864.6    0.74 
Between 1 and 3 years 268.9    0.75  179.1    0.76 
Between 3 and 5 years 2.6    0.75  12.8    0.77 
EUR/CDN
           
Less than 1 year 340.1    0.68  249.5    0.68 
Between 1 and 3 years 71.0    0.67  61.8    0.71 
Between 3 and 5 years 19.4  0.65  1.0  0.70 
GBP/CDN
           
Less than 1 year 53.9    0.59  73.4    0.62 
Between 1 and 3 years 5.4    0.59  1.2    0.61 
CDN/USD
           
Less than 1 year 467.9    1.35  323.4    1.35 
Between 1 and 3 years 22.5    1.34  10.7    1.31 
Other currencies
           
Less than 1 year 381.2    n.a. 341.9    n.a.
Between 1 and 3 years 3.4    n.a. —    n.a.
Total $ 2,916.5      $ 2,119.4     
(1) Exchange rates as at the end of the respective periods were used to translate amounts in foreign currencies.

The Company’s foreign currency hedging programs are typically unaffected by changes in market conditions, as related derivative financial instruments are generally held until their maturity, consistent with the objective to fix currency rates on the hedged item.

Foreign currency risk sensitivity analysis
The following table presents the Company’s exposure to foreign currency risk of financial instruments and the pre-tax effects on net income and OCI as a result of a reasonably possible strengthening of 5% in the relevant foreign currency against the Canadian dollar as at March 31. This analysis assumes all other variables remain constant.
USD GBP
  Net income OCI Net income OCI Net income OCI
2024 $ 0.6  $ (15.7) $ (1.3) $ (1.9) $ —  $ (0.2)
2023 0.5  (10.9) 0.6  (5.0) 0.2  (0.1)

A weakening of 5% in the relevant foreign currency against the Canadian dollar would have an opposite impact on pre-tax income and OCI.

Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is defined as the Company’s exposure to a gain or a loss to the value of its financial instruments as a result of fluctuations in interest rates. The Company bears some interest rate fluctuation risk on its floating rate long-term debt and some fair value risk on its fixed interest long-term debt. The Company mainly manages interest rate risk by fixing project-specific floating rate debt in order to reduce cash flow variability. The Company has floating rate debts through its revolving credit facility and other specific floating rate debts. A mix of fixed and floating interest rate debt is sought to reduce the net impact of fluctuating interest rates. Derivative financial instruments used to manage interest rate exposures are mainly interest rate swap agreements. As at March 31, 2024, 93% (2023 – 73%) of the long-term debt bears fixed interest rates.
 
The Company’s interest rate hedging programs are typically unaffected by changes in market conditions, as related derivative financial instruments are generally held until their maturity to establish asset and liability management matching, consistent with the objective to reduce risks arising from interest rate movements.
 
Interest rate risk sensitivity analysis
During the year ended March 31, 2024, a 1% increase in interest rates would decrease net income by $7.2 million (2023 ‑ $8.8 million) and would not have a significant impact on OCI (2023 – not significant) assuming all other variables remained constant. A 1% decrease in interest rates would have an opposite impact on net income.
 

CAE Financial Report 2024 | 111



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Hedge of share-based payments expense
The Company has entered into equity swap agreements with major Canadian financial institutions to reduce its exposure to fluctuations in its share price relating to the cash-settled share-based payments plans. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company receives the economic benefit of dividends and share price appreciation while providing payments to the financial institutions for the institution’s cost of funds and any share price depreciation. The net effect of the equity swap agreements partly offset movements in the Company’s share price impacting the cost of the cash-settled share-based payments plans. As at March 31, 2024, the equity swap agreements covered 2,400,000 common shares (2023 – 2,700,000) of the Company.
 
Hedge of net investments in foreign operations
As at March 31, 2024, the Company has designated a portion of its unsecured senior notes, term loans, revolving credit facility, fixed to fixed cross currency principal and interest rate swap agreements and foreign currency contracts totaling US$1,638.6 million (2023 ‑ US$1,054.8 million) as a hedge of its net investments in U.S. entities. Gains or losses on the translation of the designated portion of these USD denominated long-term debts are recognized in OCI to offset any foreign exchange gains or losses on translation of the financial statements of those U.S. entities.

Letters of credit and guarantees
As at March 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding letters of credit and performance guarantees in the amount of $244.5 million (2023 – $242.5 million) issued in the normal course of business. These guarantees are issued under the revolving credit facility and bilateral facilities which are in most instances supported by the Performance Securities Guarantee (PSG).
 
The advance payment guarantees are related to progress/milestone payments made by the Company’s customers and are reduced or eliminated upon delivery of the product. The contract performance guarantees are linked to the completion of the intended product or service rendered by the Company and to the customer’s requirements. The customer releases the Company from these guarantees at the signing of a certificate of completion. The letter of credit for the lease obligation provides credit support for the benefit of the owner participant on a sale and leaseback transaction and varies according to the payment schedule of the lease agreement. 
2024 2023
Advance payments $ 63.6  $ 50.8 
Contract performance 100.2  106.7 
Lease obligations 19.8  21.4 
Financial obligations 58.9  59.7 
Other 2.0  3.9 
   $ 244.5  $ 242.5 

Indemnifications
In certain transactions involving business dispositions or sales of assets, the Company may provide indemnification to the counterparties with respect to future claims for certain unknown liabilities that exist, or arise from events occurring, prior to the transaction date, including liabilities for taxes, legal matters, environmental exposures, product liability, and other obligations. The terms of the indemnifications vary in duration and scope. While some of the indemnifications specify a maximum potential exposure and/or a termination date, many do not.

The Company believes that, other than liabilities already accrued, the maximum potential future payments that it could be required to make under these indemnifications are not determinable at this time, as any future payments would be dependent on the type and extent of the related claims, and all available defences, including insurance, which cannot be estimated. However, historically, costs incurred to settle claims related to these indemnifications have not been material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, net income or cash flows.

112 | CAE Financial Report 2024



Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 31 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The Company’s outstanding balances with its equity accounted investees are as follows:
2024 2023
Accounts receivable (Note 10)
$ 58.8  $ 59.5 
Contract assets 34.2  25.6 
Other non-current assets 22.9  17.1 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (Note 17)
4.7  5.7 
Contract liabilities 64.9  58.0 
 

The Company’s transactions with its equity accounted investees are as follows:
2024 2023
Revenue $ 258.7  $ 223.0 
Purchases 6.0  4.6 
Other income 0.6  1.2 

Compensation of key management personnel
Key management personnel have the ability and responsibility to make major operational, financial and strategic decisions for the Company and include members of the Board of Directors and certain executive officers. The compensation expense of key management for employee services recognized in income are as follows:
2024 2023
Salaries, termination and other short-term employee benefits $ 8.7  $ 7.6 
Post-employment benefits – defined benefit plans 3.8  4.4 
Share-based payments expense 4.4  1.7 
    $ 16.9  $ 13.7 

For the year ended March 31, 2024, the compensation earned by non-employee Directors of the Company amounted to $3.3 million (2023 – $2.9 million), which included the grant date fair value of deferred share units (DSUs) as well as cash payments.
CAE Financial Report 2024 | 113
 
Board of Directors and Executive Officers BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ayman Antoun 1, 2 Corporate Director Oakville, Ontario Margaret S. (Peg) Billson 1, 3* Corporate Director Albuquerque, New Mexico Sophie Brochu 1, 2 Corporate Director Bromont, Quebec Patrick Decostre President and CEO, Boralex Inc. Montreal, Quebec Elise Eberwein 1, 2 Corporate Director Scottsdale, Arizona Marianne Harrison 2*, 3 Corporate Director Dover, New Hampshire Alan N. MacGibbon Chair of the Board, CAE Inc. and Corporate Director Toronto, Ontario Mary Lou Maher 1*, 2 Corporate Director Toronto, Ontario François Olivier 2, 3 Corporate Director Montreal, Quebec Marc Parent, C.M. President and Chief Executive Officer, CAE Inc. Montreal, Quebec Gen. David G. Perkins, USA (Ret.) 1, 3 Corporate Director Jackson, New Hampshire The Honourable Patrick M. Shanahan 2, 3 President and CEO, Spirit AeroSystems Inc. Seattle, Washington Andrew J. Stevens 1, 3 Corporate Director Cheltenham, Gloucestershire EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Marc Parent, C. M. President and Chief Executive Officer Andrew Arnovitz Senior Vice President, Investor Relations and Enterprise Risk Management Sonya Branco Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer Carter Copeland Senior Vice President, Global Strategy Abha Dogra Chief Technology and Product Officer Hélène V. Gagnon Chief Sustainability Officer and Senior Vice President, Stakeholder Engagement Jason Goodfriend Interim President and Chief Operating Officer, Defense and Security, USA Pascal Grenier Division President, Flight Solutions and Global Operations Mark Hounsell General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary Nick Leontidis Chief Operating Officer Bob Lockett Chief People Office 1 Member of the Human Resources Committee 2 Member of the Audit Committee 3 Member of the Governance Committee (*) indicates Chair of the Committee 114 | CAE Financial Report 2024


 
Shareholder and Investor Information CAE SHARES CAE’s shares are traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “CAE”. TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR Computershare Trust Company of Canada 100 University Avenue, 8th Floor Toronto, Ontario M5J 2Y1 Tel. 1-800-564-6253 (toll free in Canada and the U.S.) www.computershare.com DUPLICATE MAILINGS To eliminate duplicate mailings by consolidating accounts, registered shareholders must contact Computershare Trust Company of Canada; non-registered shareholders must contact their investment brokers. INVESTOR RELATIONS Quarterly and annual reports as well as other corporate documents are available on our website at www.cae.com. These documents can also be obtained from our Investor Relations department. Investor Relations CAE Inc. 8585 Côte-de-Liesse Saint-Laurent, Quebec H4T 1G6 Tel. 1-514-734-5760 investor.relations@cae.com Version française Pour obtenir la version française du rapport financier, s’adresser à investisseurs@cae.com. AUDITORS PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Chartered Professional Accountants Montreal, Quebec 2024 ANNUAL MEETING The Annual Shareholders Meeting will be held at 11 a.m. (Eastern Time), on Wednesday, August 14, 2024 via live webcast that will be available at cae.com/investors/. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The following documents pertaining to CAE’s corporate governance practices may be accessed either from CAE’s website (www.cae.com) or by request from the Corporate Secretary: ꟷ Board and Board Committee charters ꟷ Position descriptions for the Board Chair, the Committee Chairs and the Chief Executive Officer ꟷ CAE’s Code of Business Conduct ꟷ Corporate Governance Guidelines Most of the New York Exchange’s (NYSE) corporate governance listing standards are not mandatory for CAE. Significant differences between CAE’s practices and the requirements applicable to U.S. companies listed on the NYSE are summarized on CAE’s website. CAE is otherwise in compliance with the NYSE requirements in all significant respects. NORMAL COURSE ISSUER BID On May 27, 2024, we announced the re- establishment of our normal course issuer bid (NCIB) to purchase up to 15,932,187 of our common shares, representing approximately 5% of the issued and outstanding common shares as at May 16, 2024. The NCIB began on May 30, 2024 and will end on May 29, 2025 or on such earlier date when we complete purchases or elect to terminate the NCIB. Purchases under the NCIB will be made through the facilities of the TSX in accordance with the TSX’s applicable policies or the facilities of the NYSE in compliance with applicable NYSE rules and policies and U.S. laws, or in such other manner as may be permitted under applicable stock exchange rules and applicable securities laws, including through alternative trading platforms and privately-negotiated, off-exchange block purchases. The price CAE will pay for any common shares is the market price at the time of acquisition, plus brokerage fees. In the case of off-exchange block purchases, purchases will be made at a discount to the prevailing market price in accordance with and subject to the terms of applicable exemptive relief. All common shares purchased pursuant to the NCIB will be cancelled. In connection with the NCIB, CAE has also entered into an automatic share purchase plan with RBC Dominion Securities Inc. allowing it to purchase common shares under the NCIB when the company would ordinarily not be permitted to purchase shares due to regulatory restrictions and customary self-imposed black- out periods. Between May 30, 2024 and June 14, 2024, CAE has repurchased for cancellation a total of 395,000 common shares at a weighted average price of $25.15 per common share under its NCIB program for a total cost of $9.9 million. Copies of CAE’s NCIB notice may be obtained without charge by contacting the General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary. TRADEMARKS Trademarks and/or registered trademarks of CAE Inc. and/or its affiliates include but are not limited to CAE, CAE Simfinity, CAE Rise, Dynamic Synthetic Environment (DSE), CAE 7000XR Series, CAE 3000 Series, CAE 600XR Series FTD, CAE Trax Academy, CAE Sprint Virtual Reality, and PRESAGIS. All other brands and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. All logos, tradenames and trademarks referred to and used herein remain the property of their respective owners and may not be used, changed, copied, altered, or quoted without the written consent of the respective owner. All rights reserved. CAE Financial Report 2024 | 115


 
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CAE.COM Financial Report FISCAL YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, 2024