Exhibit 4.1

NEITHER THIS SECURITY NOR THE SECURITIES INTO WHICH THIS SECURITY IS CONVERTIBLE HAVE BEEN REGISTERED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR THE SECURITIES COMMISSION OF ANY STATE IN RELIANCE UPON AN EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “SECURITIES ACT”), AND, ACCORDINGLY, MAY NOT BE OFFERED OR SOLD EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OR PURSUANT TO AN AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM, OR IN A TRANSACTION NOT SUBJECT TO, THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS AS EVIDENCED BY A LEGAL OPINION OF COUNSEL TO THE TRANSFEROR TO SUCH EFFECT, THE SUBSTANCE OF WHICH SHALL BE REASONABLY ACCEPTABLE TO THE COMPANY. THIS SECURITY AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON CONVERSION OF THIS SECURITY MAY BE PLEDGED IN CONNECTION WITH A BONA FIDE MARGIN ACCOUNT WITH A REGISTERED BROKER-DEALER OR OTHER LOAN WITH A FINANCIAL INSTITUTION THAT IS AN “ACCREDITED INVESTOR” AS DEFINED IN RULE 501(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OR OTHER LOAN SECURED BY SUCH SECURITIES.

THIS CONVERTIBLE PROMISSORY NOTE is duly authorized and validly issued by Cenntro Inc., Nevada corporation (the “Company”) (the “Note”).

FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the Company promises to pay to About Investment Pte. Ltd., a Singapore exempt private company limited by shares or its permitted assigns (the “Holder”), the principal sum of $4,000,000 on January 19, 2026 (the “Maturity Date”) or such earlier date as this Note is required or permitted to be repaid as provided hereunder, and to pay interest to the Holder on the aggregate unconverted and then outstanding principal amount of this Note in accordance with the provisions hereof. This Note is subject to the following additional provisions:

“Bankruptcy Event” means any of the following events: (a) the Company or any Subsidiary thereof commences a case or other proceeding under any bankruptcy, reorganization, arrangement, adjustment of debt, relief of debtors, dissolution, insolvency or liquidation or similar law of any jurisdiction relating to the Company or any Subsidiary thereof, (b) there is commenced against the Company or any Subsidiary thereof any such case or proceeding that is not dismissed within 30 days after commencement, (c) the Company or any Subsidiary thereof is adjudicated insolvent or bankrupt or any order of relief or other order approving any such case or proceeding is entered, (d) the Company or any Subsidiary thereof suffers any appointment of any custodian or the like for it or any substantial part of its property that is not discharged or stayed within 30 calendar days after such appointment, (e) the Company or any Subsidiary thereof makes a general assignment for the benefit of creditors, (f) the Company or any Subsidiary thereof calls a meeting of its creditors with a view to arranging a composition, adjustment or restructuring of its debts or (g) the Company or any Subsidiary thereof, by any act or failure to act, expressly indicates its consent to, approval of or acquiescence in any of the foregoing or takes any corporate or other action for the purpose of effecting any of the foregoing.

“Buy-In” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 4(c)(vii).

“Common Stock Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Common Stock, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred stock, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Common Stock.

“Conversion” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.

“Conversion Price” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 4(b).

“Conversion Shares” means, collectively, the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of this Note in accordance with the terms hereof.

“Default Interest Rate” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 2.

“DWAC” means the Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system at The Depository Trust Company.

“Event of Default” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 6(a).

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Exchange Agreement” means the Note Exchange Agreement, dated as of October 23, 2025, by and among the Company and the Holder, as amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms.

“Mandatory Default Amount” means the sum of 110% of the aggregate of (i) the outstanding principal amount of this Note and the accrued and unpaid interest thereon, including default interest, and (b) all other amounts, costs, expenses and liquidated damages due in respect of this Note.

“Note Register” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 3(c).

“Notice of Conversion” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 4(a).

“Original Issue Date” means the date of the first issuance of this Note, regardless of any transfers of this Note and regardless of the number of instruments which may be issued to evidence this Note.

“Permitted Indebtedness” means (a) the indebtedness evidenced by this Note and the other Senior Convertible Promissory Notes sold to purchasers on the date hereof, (b) capital lease obligations and purchase money indebtedness incurred in connection with the acquisition of machinery and equipment, (c) Indebtedness incurred after the date hereof provided that the net amount of the Indebtedness incurred is used to immediately pay amounts due under the Notes.

“Permitted Lien” means the individual and collective reference to the following: (a) Liens for taxes, assessments and other governmental charges or levies not yet due or Liens for taxes, assessments and other governmental charges or levies being contested in good faith and by appropriate proceedings for which adequate reserves (in the good faith judgment of the management of the Company) have been established in accordance with GAAP, (b) Liens imposed by law which were incurred in the ordinary course of the Company’s business, such as carriers’, warehousemen’s and mechanics’ Liens, statutory landlords’ Liens, and other similar Liens arising in the ordinary course of the Company’s business, and which (x) do not individually or in the aggregate materially detract from the value of such property or assets or materially impair the use thereof in the operation of the business of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries or (y) are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings, which proceedings have the effect of preventing for the foreseeable future the forfeiture or sale of the property or asset subject to such Lien, and (c) Liens incurred in connection with Permitted Indebtedness under clauses (a) through (d) thereunder.

“Person” means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.

“SEC” means the Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Share Delivery Date” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 4(c)(ii).

“Standard Settlement Period” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 4(c)(i).

“Successor Entity” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 5(e).

“Trading Day” means a day on which the principal Trading Market is open for trading.

“Trading Market” means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE American, or any market, including the Pink Limited Market, of the OTC Markets, Inc. (or any successors to any of the foregoing).

(a) Different Denominations. This Note is exchangeable for an equal aggregate principal amount of Notes of different authorized denominations, as requested by the Holder surrendering the same. No service charge or other fees will be payable for such registration of transfer or exchange.

(b) Investor Representations. This Note has been issued subject to certain investment representations of the original Holder set forth in the Exchange Agreement and may be transferred or exchanged only in compliance with the Exchange Agreement and applicable federal and state securities laws and regulations.

(c) Reliance on Note Register. Prior to due presentment for transfer to the Company of this Note, the Company and any agent of the Company may treat the Person in whose name this Note is duly registered on the Note Register as the owner hereof for the purpose of receiving payment as herein provided and for all other purposes, whether or not this Note is overdue, and neither the Company nor any such agent shall be affected by notice to the contrary.

(a) Conversion. Any time until this Note is no longer outstanding, this Note shall be convertible, in whole or in part, at any time, and from time to time, into Conversion Shares at the option of the Holder. The Holder shall effect the conversion by delivering to the Company a Notice of Conversion, the form of which is attached hereto as Annex A (each, a “Notice of Conversion”), specifying therein the date on which such conversion shall be effected (such date, the “Conversion Date”). If no Conversion Date is specified in a Notice of Conversion, the Conversion Date shall be the date that such Notice of Conversion is deemed delivered hereunder. No ink-original Notice of Conversion shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Conversion form be required. To effect the conversion hereunder, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Note to the Company unless the entire principal amount of this Note, plus all accrued and unpaid interest thereon and other charges, has been so converted.

(i) Delivery of Certificate Upon Conversion. Not later than the earlier of (i) two Trading Days after each Conversion Date or (ii) the Standard Settlement Period (either, the “Share Delivery Date”), the Company shall deliver, or cause to be delivered, to the Holder any certificate or certificates required to be delivered by the Company under this Section 4(c) which shall be free of restrictive legends and trading restrictions except as provided by the Securities Act and such shares shall be delivered electronically through the Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions. As used herein, “Standard Settlement Period” means the standard settlement period, expressed in a number of Trading Days, on the Company’s primary Trading Market with respect to the Common Stock as in effect on the date of delivery of the Notice of Conversion.

(ii) Failure to Deliver Conversion Shares. If, in the case of any Notice of Conversion, such Conversion Shares are not delivered to or as directed by the applicable Holder by the Share Delivery Date, the Holder shall be entitled to elect by written notice to the Company at any time on or before its receipt of such Conversion Shares, to rescind such conversion, in which event the Company shall promptly return to the Holder any original Note delivered to the Company.

(iii) Obligation Absolute; Partial Liquidated Damages. The Company’s obligations to issue and deliver the Conversion Shares upon conversion of this Note in accordance with the terms hereof, are absolute and unconditional, irrespective of any action or inaction by the Holder to enforce the same, any waiver or consent with respect to any provision hereof, the recovery of any judgment against any Person or any action to enforce the same, or any setoff, counterclaim, recoupment, limitation or termination, or any breach or alleged breach by the Holder or any other Person of any obligation to the Company or any violation or alleged violation of law by the Holder or any other Person, and irrespective of any other circumstance which might otherwise limit such obligation of the Company to the Holder in connection with the issuance of such Conversion Shares. In the event the Holder of this Note shall elect to convert any or all of the outstanding principal amount hereof, the Company may not refuse conversion based on any claim that the Holder or anyone associated or affiliated with the Holder has been engaged in any violation of law, agreement or for any other reason, unless an injunction from a court, on notice to Holder, restraining and or enjoining conversion of all or part of this Note shall have been sought and obtained, and the Company posts a surety bond for the benefit of the Holder. The exercise of any such rights shall not prohibit the Holder from seeking to collect damages under this Note or under applicable law.

(iv) Fractional Shares. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the conversion of this Note. As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such conversion, the Company shall at its election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Conversion Price or round up the fraction to the next whole share as long as it does not violate the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in which case the fractional share shall be disregarded to the next whole share.

(v) Transfer Taxes and Expenses. The issuance of Conversion Shares on conversion of this Note shall be made without charge to the Holder hereof for any documentary stamp or similar taxes that may be payable in respect of the issue or delivery of such certificates. The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for same-day processing of any Notice of Conversion and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for same-day electronic delivery of the Conversion Shares.

(vi) Reservation of Shares Issuable Upon Conversion. Subject to sufficient authorized shares, the Company covenants that it will at all times reserve and keep available out of authorized and unissued shares of Common Stock, for the sole purpose of issuance upon conversion of this Note, the number of shares as may be issuable upon the conversion of the then outstanding principal amount of this Note. The Company covenants that all shares of Common Stock that shall be so issuable shall, upon issue, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and, if a registration statement covering the resale of the Conversion Shares is then effective under the Securities Act, shall be registered for public resale in accordance with such registration statement.

(vii) Compensation for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Conversion Shares Upon Conversion. In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails for any reason (other than the failure of Holder’s attorney to timely deliver any opinion required in connection with such conversion) to deliver to the Holder such Conversion Shares by the Share Delivery Date pursuant to Section 4(c)(ii), and if after such Share Delivery Date the Holder is required by its brokerage firm to purchase (in an open market transaction or otherwise), or the Holder’s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of the Conversion Shares which the Holder was entitled to receive upon the conversion relating to such Share Delivery Date (a “Buy-In”), then the Holder has the right to pursue any remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s failure to timely deliver Conversion Shares upon conversion of this Note as required pursuant to the terms hereof.

(a) other than Permitted Indebtedness, enter into, create, incur, assume, guarantee or suffer to exist any indebtedness for borrowed money of any kind, including, but not limited to, a guarantee, on or with respect to any of its property or assets now owned or hereafter acquired or any interest therein or any income or profits therefrom, unless the net proceeds of such Indebtedness are immediately used to pay amounts due hereunder;

(b) other than Permitted Liens, enter into, create, incur, assume or suffer to exist any Liens of any kind, on or with respect to any of its property or assets now owned or hereafter acquired or any interest therein or any income or profits therefrom;

(c) amend its charter documents, including, without limitation, its articles of incorporation and bylaws, in any manner that materially and adversely affects any rights of the Holder. Increases in authorized shares and stock splits shall not be deemed to materially and adversely affect any rights of the Holder;

(e) repay, or offer to repay, any Indebtedness other than the Note as provided in Section 2(b) or Permitted Indebtedness, as such terms Indebtedness and Permitted Indebtedness are in effect as of the Original Issue Date, provided that such payments other than on the Notes shall not be permitted if, at such time, or after giving effect to such payment, any Event of Default exists or occurs or the Company is not be able to satisfy obligations owing to the Noteholders;

(f) pay cash dividends or distributions on any equity securities of the Company;

(g) enter into any transaction with any Affiliate of the Company which would be required to be disclosed in any public filing with the SEC assuming that the Company is subject to the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, unless such transaction is made on an arm’s-length basis;

(h) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.

(a) “Event of Default” means, wherever used herein, any of the following events (whatever the reason for such event and whether such event shall be voluntary or involuntary or effected by operation of law or pursuant to any judgment, decree or order of any court, or any order, rule or regulation of any administrative or governmental body):

(i) any default in the payment of (A) principal and interest payment under this Note or any other Indebtedness, or (B) late fees, liquidated damages and other amounts owing to the Holder of this Note, as and when the same shall become due and payable (whether on a Conversion Date, or the Maturity Date, or by acceleration or otherwise), which default, solely in the case of a default under clause (B) above, is not cured within five (5) Trading Days; (ii) the Company shall fail to observe or perform any other covenant or agreement contained in this Note (other than a breach by the Company of its obligations to deliver Conversion Shares, which breach is addressed in clause (ix) below) is not cured, if possible to cure, within the earlier to occur of ten (10) Trading Days after notice of such failure is sent by the Holder or by any other Holder to the Company and (B) the Company has become aware of such failure;

(iii) any representation or warranty made in this Note, any written statement pursuant hereto or thereto or any other report, financial statement or certificate made or delivered to the Holder or any other Holder shall be untrue or incorrect in any material respect as of the date when made or deemed made, which failure is not cured, if possible to cure, within the earlier to occur of ten (10) Trading Days after (A) notice of such failure is sent by the Holder or (B) by any other Holder to the Company;

(iv) the Company or any Subsidiary shall be subject to a Bankruptcy Event;

(v) if any order, judgment or decree shall be entered, without the application, approval or consent of the Company or any Subsidiary, by any court of competent jurisdiction, approving a petition seeking liquidation or reorganization of the Company or any Subsidiary, or appointing a receiver, trustee, custodian or liquidator of the Company or any Subsidiary, or of all or any substantial part of its assets, and such order, judgment or decree shall continue unstayed and in effect for any period of 10 days;

(vi) the SEC suspends the Common Stock from trading;

(vii) the Company’s Common Stock is not listed or quoted for trading on a Trading Market which failure is not cured, if possible to cure, within the earlier to occur of ten (10) Trading Days after notice of such failure is sent by the Holder or by any other Holder to the Company;

(viii) the transfer of shares of Common Stock through the Depository Trust Company System is no longer available or is subject to a “chill” by the Depository Trust Company or any successor;

(ix) the Company shall fail for any reason, except if caused by the action or inaction of the Holder, to deliver Conversion Shares or the Warrant Shares to the Holder by the earlier of (i) the second Trading Day after a Conversion Date pursuant to Section 4(c) or receipt of an exercise notice or (ii) the Standard Settlement Date, or the Company shall provide at any time notice to the Holder, including by way of public announcement, of the Company’s intention to not honor requests for conversions of this Note or exercise of Warrants in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof; or

(b) Remedies Upon Event of Default. If any Event of Default occurs, the outstanding principal amount of this Note, plus liquidated damages and other amounts owing in respect thereof through the date of acceleration, shall become, at the Holder’s election, immediately due and payable in cash at the Mandatory Default Amount. Upon the payment in full of the Mandatory Default Amount, the Holder shall promptly surrender this Note to or as directed by the Company. In connection with such acceleration described herein, the Holder need not provide, and the Company hereby waives, any presentment, demand, protest or other notice of any kind, and the Holder may immediately and without expiration of any grace period enforce any and all of its rights and remedies hereunder and all other remedies available to it under applicable law. Such acceleration may be rescinded and annulled by Holder at any time prior to payment hereunder and the Holder shall have all rights as a holder of the Note until such time, if any, as the Holder receives full payment pursuant to this Section 6(b). No such rescission or annulment shall affect any subsequent Event of Default or impair any right consequent thereon.

(d) Notice of an Event of Default. Upon learning of an Event of Default with respect to this Note, the Company shall within two Trading Days deliver written notice thereof via facsimile or electronic mail and overnight courier (with next day delivery specified) to the Holder.

(b) Notices. All notices, offers, acceptance and any other acts under this Agreement (except payment) shall be in writing, and shall be sufficiently given if delivered to the addressees in person, email, followed by FedEx or similar receipted next day delivery, or to such other address as any of them, by notice to the other may designate from time to time.

(c) Absolute Obligation. Except as expressly provided herein, no provision of this Note shall alter or impair the obligation of the Company, which is absolute and unconditional, to pay the principal of, liquidated damages and accrued interest and late fees, as applicable, on this Note at the time, place, and rate, and in the coin or currency, herein prescribed. This Note is a direct debt obligation of the Company.

(d) Lost or Mutilated Note. If this Note shall be mutilated, lost, stolen or destroyed, the Company shall execute and deliver, in exchange and substitution for and upon cancellation of a mutilated Note, or in lieu of or in substitution for a lost, stolen or destroyed Note, a new Note for the principal amount of this Note so mutilated, lost, stolen or destroyed, but only upon receipt of evidence of such loss, theft or destruction of this Note, and of the ownership hereof, reasonably satisfactory to the Company.

(e) Exclusive Jurisdiction; Governing Law; Prevailing Party Attorneys’ Fees. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Note and venue shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with Nevada Law. If any party shall commence an Action or Proceeding to enforce or otherwise relating to this Note, then, in addition to the other obligations of the Company elsewhere in this Note, the prevailing party in such action or proceeding shall be reimbursed by the non-prevailing party for its reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such Action or Proceeding.

(f) Waiver. Any waiver by the Company or the Holder of a breach of any provision of this Note shall not operate as or be construed to be a waiver of any other breach of such provision or of any breach of any other provision of this Note. The failure of the Company or the Holder to insist upon strict adherence to any term of this Note on one or more occasions shall not be considered a waiver or deprive that party of the right thereafter to insist upon strict adherence to that term or any other term of this Note on any other occasion. Any waiver by the Company or the Holder must be in writing.

(g) Severability. If any provision of this Note is invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the balance of this Note shall remain in effect, and if any provision is inapplicable to any Person or circumstance, it shall nevertheless remain applicable to all other Persons and circumstances. If it shall be found that any interest or other amount deemed interest due hereunder violates the applicable law governing usury, the applicable rate of interest due hereunder shall automatically be lowered to equal the maximum rate of interest permitted under applicable law. The Company covenants (to the extent that it may lawfully do so) that it shall not at any time insist upon, plead, or in any manner whatsoever claim or take the benefit or advantage of, any stay, extension or usury law or other law which would prohibit or forgive the Company from paying all or any portion of the principal of or interest on this Note as contemplated herein, wherever enacted, now or at any time hereafter in force, or which may affect the covenants or the performance of this Note, and the Company (to the extent it may lawfully do so) hereby expressly waives all benefits or advantage of any such law, and covenants that it will not, by resort to any such law, hinder, delay or impede the execution of any power herein granted to the Holder, but will suffer and permit the execution of every such as though no such law has been enacted.

(h) Remedies, Characterizations, Other Obligations, Breaches and Injunctive Relief. The remedies provided in this Note shall be cumulative and in addition to all other remedies available under this Note at law or in equity (including a decree of specific performance and/or other injunctive relief), and nothing herein shall limit the Holder’s right to pursue actual and consequential damages for any failure by the Company to comply with the terms of this Note. The Company covenants to the Holder that there shall be no characterization concerning this instrument other than as expressly provided herein. Amounts set forth or provided for herein with respect to payments, conversion and the like (and the computation thereof) shall be the amounts to be received by the Holder and shall not, except as expressly provided herein, be subject to any other obligation of the Company (or the performance thereof). The Company acknowledges that a breach by it of its obligations hereunder will cause irreparable harm to the Holder and that the remedy at law for any such breach would be inadequate. The Company therefore agrees that, in the event of any such breach or threatened breach, the Holder shall be entitled, in addition to all other available remedies, to an injunction restraining any such breach or any such threatened breach, without the necessity of showing economic loss and without any bond or other security being required. The Company shall provide all information and documentation to the Holder that is requested by the Holder to enable the Holder to confirm the Company’s compliance with the terms and conditions of this Note.

[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Note to be duly executed by a duly authorized officer as of the date first above indicated.

[Signature Page to Convertible Note]

The undersigned hereby elects to convert principal under the Secured Convertible Note due January 19, 2026 of Cenntro Inc., Nevada corporation (the “Company”), into shares of common stock (the “Common Stock”), of the Company according to the conditions hereof, as of the date written below.

The undersigned agrees to comply with the prospectus delivery requirements under the applicable securities laws in connection with any transfer of the aforesaid shares of Common Stock.

10

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Exhibit 10.1

This Exchange Agreement (this “Agreement”) is entered into as of October 23, 2025, by and among About Investment Pte. Ltd., a Singapore exempt private company limited by shares (“Lender”), and Cenntro Inc., Nevada corporation (“Borrower”). Capitalized terms used in this Agreement without definition shall have the meanings given to them in the Note (as defined below).

Whereas, on July 20, 2022, Cenntro Electric Group Limited, ACN 619 054 938, an Australian public limited company (“CEGL”), the predecessor of Borrower prior to the redomiciliation completed on February 27, 2024, issued to Mingzhao Cai (the “Original Note Holder”) a senior secured convertible note, due on July 19, 2023 (the “Note”);

Whereas, on January 3, 2023, Lender and the Original Note Holder entered into a Convertible Debenture and Warrants Assignment Agreement (the “Assignment Agreement”), whereby Lender purchased from the Original Note Holder, the Note.

Whereas, on each of August 11, 2023, January 17, 2024 and December 23, 2024, Borrower (or prior to the Redomiciliation, CEGL) entered into an amendment agreement to the Note, extending the maturity date of the Note to January 19, 2026, with other terms of the Note remaining unchanged;

Whereas, on May 16, 2025, Borrower entered into an amendment agreement to the Note with Lender, amending certain anti-dilution adjustment terms related to subsequent equity sales by Borrower;

Whereas, both parties agree Lender has paid all accrued interest and reduced the Original Principal Amount of the Note to $4,000,000;

Whereas, Lender has agreed, subject to the terms, amendments, conditions and understandings expressed in this Agreement, to grant the Exchange.

NOW, THEREFORE, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties agree as follows:

(a) Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to incur and perform all obligations and covenants contained herein, all of which have been duly authorized by all proper and necessary action. No consent, approval, filing or registration with or notice to any governmental authority is required as a condition to the validity of this Agreement or the performance of any of the obligations of Borrower hereunder.

(b) There is no fact known to Borrower or which should be known to Borrower which Borrower has not disclosed to Lender on or prior to the date of this Agreement which would or could materially and adversely affect the understanding of Lender expressed in this Agreement or any representation, warranty, or recital contained in this Agreement.

(c) Except as expressly set forth in this Agreement, Borrower acknowledges and agrees that neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement nor any of the terms, provisions, covenants, or agreements contained in this Agreement shall in any manner release, impair, lessen, modify, waive, or otherwise affect the liability and obligations of Borrower under the terms of the Transaction Documents.

(d) Borrower has no defenses, affirmative or otherwise, rights of setoff, rights of recoupment, claims, counterclaims, actions or causes of action of any kind or nature whatsoever against Lender, directly or indirectly, arising out of, based upon, or in any manner connected with, the transactions contemplated hereby, whether known or unknown, which occurred, existed, was taken, permitted, or begun prior to the execution of this Agreement and occurred, existed, was taken, permitted or begun in accordance with, pursuant to, or by virtue of any of the terms or conditions of the Transaction Documents. To the extent any such defenses, affirmative or otherwise, rights of setoff, rights of recoupment, claims, counterclaims, actions or causes of action exist or existed, such defenses, rights, claims, counterclaims, actions and causes of action are hereby waived, discharged and released. Borrower hereby acknowledges and agrees that the execution of this Agreement by Lender shall not constitute an acknowledgment of or admission by Lender of the existence of any claims or of liability for any matter or precedent upon which any claim or liability may be asserted.

5. Certain Acknowledgments. Each of the parties acknowledges and agrees that no property or cash consideration of any kind whatsoever has been or shall be given by Lender to Borrower in connection with the Exchange. The parties intend that this Agreement will qualify for tacking of the holding period of the 2025 Convertible Note and Common Stock pursuant to Rule 144(d) under the Securities Act of 1933, and each party agrees not to take a position to the contrary.

6. Exchange. The Lender shall surrender the Note to the Borrower, and the Borrower will in turn issue the 2025 Convertible Note to the Lender pursuant to this Agreement. Any reference to the Note after the date of this Agreement is deemed to be a reference to the 2025 Convertible Note as exchanged by this Agreement. If there is a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the Note or 2025 Convertible Note, the terms of this Agreement shall control. No forbearance or waiver may be implied by this Agreement. Except as expressly set forth herein, the execution, delivery, and performance of this Agreement shall not operate as a waiver of, or as an amendment to, any right, power, or remedy of Lender under the Note, as in effect prior to the date hereof. For the avoidance of doubt, this Agreement shall be subject to the governing law, venue, and exclusive jurisdiction provisions, as set forth in the Note.

7. No Reliance. Borrower acknowledges and agrees that neither Lender nor any of its officers, directors, members, managers, equity holders, representatives or agents has made any representations or warranties to Borrower or any of its agents, representatives, officers, directors, or employees except as expressly set forth in this Agreement and the Transaction Documents and, in making its decision to enter into the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, Borrower is not relying on any representation, warranty, covenant or promise of Lender or its officers, directors, members, managers, equity holders, agents or representatives other than as set forth in this Agreement.

8. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one instrument. The parties hereto confirm that any electronic copy of another party’s executed counterpart of this Agreement (or such party’s signature page thereof) will be deemed to be an executed original thereof.

9. Further Assurances. Each party shall do and perform or cause to be done and performed, all such further acts and things, and shall execute and deliver all such other agreements, certificates, instruments and documents, as the other party may reasonably request in order to carry out the intent and accomplish the purposes of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby.

[Remainder of Page Intentionally Blank; Signature Page Follows]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have executed this Agreement as of the date set forth above.

[Signature Page to Exchange Agreement]

Exhibit A

2025 Convertible Note

[Attached]

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