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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

 

 

 

FORM 8-K

 

CURRENT REPORT

 

Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

 

Date of Report (date of earliest event reported) April 22, 2025

 

STEEL DYNAMICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Indiana   0-21719   35-1929476
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation)
  (Commission File Number)   (IRS Employer
Identification No.)

 

7575 West Jefferson Blvd, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46804

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:  260-969-3500

 

Not Applicable

(Former name or former address, if changed since last report)

 

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:

 

¨ Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)

 

¨ Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)

 

¨ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))

 

¨ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock voting, $0.0025 par value STLD NASDAQ Global Select Market

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).

 

Emerging growth company ¨

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

 

 

 

 


 

Item 2.02. Results of Operations and Financial Condition

 

On April 22, 2025, Steel Dynamics, Inc. issued a press release titled “Steel Dynamics Reports First Quarter 2025 Results.”  A copy of that press release is attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1.

 

The information contained in Exhibit 99.1 is furnished under this Item 2.02 and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or incorporated by reference in any filing thereunder or under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except as may be expressly set forth by specific reference in any such filing.

 

Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits

 

(d )          Exhibits.

 

The following exhibit is furnished with this report:

 

  Exhibit Number  Description

 

99.1 A press release dated April 22, 2025, titled “Steel Dynamics Reports First Quarter 2025 Results.”

 

104 Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

 

 

 

SIGNATURE

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereto duly authorized.

 

 

    STEEL DYNAMICS, INC.
     
    /s/ Theresa E. Wagler
     
Date: April 23, 2025 By:  Theresa E. Wagler
  Title:  Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 

 

 

EX-99.1 2 tm2512991d1_ex99-1.htm EXHIBIT 99.1

 

Exhibit 99.1

 

Press Release 
April 22, 2025   
 

7575 W. Jefferson Blvd.

Fort Wayne, IN 46804

 

 

Steel Dynamics Reports First Quarter 2025 Results

 

FORT WAYNE, INDIANA, April 22, 2025 / PRNewswire /

 

First Quarter 2025 Performance Highlights:

 

§ Record steel shipments of 3.5 million tons
§ Net sales of $4.4 billion, operating income of $275 million, and net income of $217 million
§ Adjusted EBITDA of $448 million and cash flow from operations of $153 million, which was reduced by the annual companywide retirement profit-sharing distribution of $165 million in the quarter
§ Strong liquidity of $2.6 billion as of March 31, 2025
§ Share repurchases of $250 million of the company’s common stock, representing 1.3 percent of its outstanding shares
§ First quarter 2025 cash dividend increase of 9 percent

 

Steel Dynamics, Inc. (NASDAQ/GS: STLD) today announced first quarter 2025 financial results. The company reported first quarter 2025 net sales of $4.4 billion and net income of $217 million, or $1.44 per diluted share. Comparatively, the company’s sequential fourth quarter 2024 net income was $207 million, or $1.36 per diluted share and prior year first quarter net income was $584 million, or $3.67 per diluted share.

 

“The teams executed well, achieving a solid first quarter 2025 performance, increasing sequential operating income 16 percent and adjusted EBITDA 21 percent,” said Mark D. Millett, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. “The improvement in earnings was driven by record steel shipments and supported by solid results from our metals recycling and steel fabrication operations. Our three-year after-tax return-on-invested capital of 20 percent is a testament to our ongoing high-return capital allocation execution. Across the company, our teams had a solid performance, while keeping each other safe.

 

“Underlying steel demand improved in the first quarter as customer orders rebounded and backlogs increased throughout the quarter at our steel and steel fabrication operations. Steel prices improved throughout the quarter from the lows seen in the second half of 2024 as trade actions have seen imports decline from recent highs. We should see the benefit from these higher steel prices in the coming months, as lagging flat rolled steel contracts roll. In combination with our ongoing value-added flat rolled steel and aluminum expansion initiatives, there are firm drivers in place for our continued growth.”

 

First Quarter 2025 Comments

 

First quarter 2025 operating income for the company’s steel operations was $230 million, or 39 percent higher than sequential fourth quarter results, due to record shipments more than offsetting metal spread compression, as lagging contractual flat rolled steel pricing in the quarter did not reflect recent price improvements, which will be realized in the coming months. The first quarter 2025 average external product selling price for the company’s steel operations decreased $13 sequentially to $998 per ton. The average ferrous scrap cost per ton melted at the company’s steel mills increased $16 sequentially to $386 per ton. The energy, non-residential construction, automotive, and industrial sectors led steel demand in the quarter. Flat rolled steel pricing has rebounded from recent lows and steel producer lead times have extended. The company’s Sinton Texas Flat Roll Division operated at an 86 percent rate of capacity for the full quarter and often times at production levels in excess of 90 percent. Value-added product quality and cost efficiency initiatives have been successful and are ongoing, providing a clear path to significantly higher escalating profitability in the coming quarters. Sinton was EBITDA positive for the first quarter 2025.

 

 


 

Compared to the sequential fourth quarter, first quarter 2025 operating income from the company’s metals recycling operations increased to $26 million, based on stronger realized ferrous scrap pricing and modestly higher shipments across the platform.

 

The company’s steel fabrication operations achieved operating income of $117 million in the first quarter 2025, below sequential results due to seasonally lower shipments combined with metal spread compression related to lower realized pricing. The pace of order activity increased during the first quarter, improving the order backlog which extends into the fourth quarter 2025, with attractive pricing levels. Improved demand was supported largely by the commercial, data center, manufacturing, warehouse, and healthcare sectors. Further, the accelerated announcements related to meaningful domestic investments in manufacturing and increased onshoring, coupled with the U.S. infrastructure program, are expected to positively impact demand for not only steel joist and deck products, but also for flat rolled and long product steel.

 

On March 12, 2025, the company issued $1.0 billion in unsecured notes, comprised of $600 million of 5.250% notes due 2035 and $400 million of 5.750% notes due 2055. The net proceeds from the notes will be used for general corporate purposes, which may include repayment of the company’s $400 million 2.400% senior notes due June 2025.

 

Based on the company’s differentiated business model and highly variable cost structure, the company generated cash flow from operations of $153 million during the quarter, even after funding the companywide retirement profit-sharing distribution of $165 million. The company also invested $306 million in capital investments, paid cash dividends of $70 million, and repurchased $250 million of its outstanding common stock, representing 1.3 percent of its outstanding shares, while maintaining strong liquidity of $2.6 billion as of March 31, 2025.

 

Outlook

 

“We remain constructive that market conditions are in place for domestic steel consumption to be solid through 2025 and into the following years,” said Millett. “Order entry activity improved across our businesses and steel pricing firmed in the first quarter 2025. However, we have seen some uncertainty from certain customers related to recent trade actions. Overall, we believe demand for lower-carbon emission, U.S. produced steel products coupled with lower imports will support steel pricing and demand. The continued onshoring of manufacturing businesses, combined with the expectation of fixed asset investment to be derived from public and private funding should competitively position the domestic steel industry. We also expect the recent International Trade Commission’s preliminary determinations related to coated flat rolled steel to reduce the amount of unfairly traded imports of these products into the United States, which could have a significant positive impact for us, as we are the largest non-automotive flat rolled steel coater in the United States. We believe these broader dynamics will benefit all of our operating platforms.

 

“Our four new value-added flat rolled steel coating lines continue to increase utilization and we expect to realize full run rate earnings potential in the second half 2025. Value-added product investments such as these enhance our differentiated supply-chain capabilities, while also increasing our higher-margin product offerings, which already represent over 65 percent of our steel revenues.

 

“The aluminum team is continuing with successful commissioning of the company’s Columbus, Mississippi aluminum flat rolled products mill, along with the San Luis Potosi, Mexico satellite recycled slab center. The Mississippi team successfully cast its first aluminum ingot in January 2025 and the Mexico team in March 2025. Construction is near completion on the hot and cold mills. The finishing equipment installation for the automotive treatment and can sheet coating lines are also on schedule. The company continues to expect to ship commercial aluminum flat rolled coils mid-2025.

 

 


 

“We have intentionally grown with our customers’ needs, providing efficient sustainable supply-chain solutions for the highest quality products. Thus far, this has primarily been achieved within the steel industry — however, a significant number of our flat rolled steel customers are also consumers and processors of aluminum flat rolled products. We are pleased to further diversify our end markets with plans to supply aluminum flat rolled products with high recycled content to the countercyclical sustainable beverage can and packaging industry, in addition to the automotive, industrial, and construction sectors. We believe our unique performance-based operating culture, coupled with our considerable experience in successfully constructing and operating cost-effective, highly profitable flat rolled steel mills, positions us exceptionally well to execute this strategic opportunity and to deliver strong long-term value creation. Our customers and our people are also incredibly excited for this growth opportunity.

 

“Our commitment is to the health and safety of our teams, families, and communities, while meeting the current and future needs of our customers. Our culture and business model continues to positively differentiate our performance from the rest of the industry. We continue to focus on delivering superior value to our team members, customers, and shareholders,” concluded Millett.

 

Conference Call and Webcast

 

Steel Dynamics, Inc. will hold a conference call to discuss first quarter 2025 operating and financial results on Wednesday, April 23, 2025, at 11:00 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time. You may access the call and find dial-in information on the Investors section of the company’s website at www.steeldynamics.com.  A replay of the call will be available on our website until 11:59 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time on April 30, 2025.

 

About Steel Dynamics, Inc.

 

Steel Dynamics is a leading industrial metals solutions company, with facilities located throughout the United States, and in Mexico. The company operates using a circular manufacturing model, producing lower-carbon-emission, quality products with recycled scrap as the primary input. Steel Dynamics is one of the largest domestic steel producers and metal recyclers in North America, combined with a meaningful downstream steel fabrication platform. The company is also currently investing in aluminum operations to further diversify its product offerings, with plans to supply aluminum flat rolled products with high recycled content to the countercyclical sustainable beverage can industry, in addition to the automotive and industrial sectors. Steel Dynamics is committed to operating with the highest integrity and to being the safest, most efficient producer of high-quality, broadly diversified, value-added metal products.

 

Note Regarding Financial Metrics

 

The company believes that after-tax return-on-invested capital (After-tax ROIC) provides an indication of the effectiveness of the company’s invested capital and is calculated as follows:

 

After-tax
ROIC =
Net Income Attributable to Steel Dynamics, Inc.
(Quarterly Average Current Maturities of Long-term Debt + Long-term Debt + Total Equity)

 

Note Regarding Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 

The company reports its financial results in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Management believes that the non-GAAP financial measures EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provide additional meaningful information regarding the company’s performance and financial strength. Non-GAAP financial measures should be viewed in addition to and not as an alternative for the company’s reported results prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, not all companies use identical calculations for EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA; therefore, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA included in this release may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies.

 

 


 

Forward-Looking Statements

 

This press release contains some predictive statements about future events, including statements related to conditions in domestic or global economies, conditions in steel, aluminum, and recycled metals market places, Steel Dynamics’ revenues, costs of purchased materials, future profitability and earnings, and the operation of new, existing or planned facilities. These statements, which we generally precede or accompany by such typical conditional words as “anticipate”, “intend”, “believe”, “estimate”, “plan”, “seek”, “project”, or “expect”, or by the words “may”, “will”, or “should”, are intended to be made as “forward-looking”, subject to many risks and uncertainties, within the safe harbor protections of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements speak only as of this date and are based upon information and assumptions, which we consider reasonable as of this date, concerning our businesses and the environments in which they operate. Such predictive statements are not guarantees of future performance, and we undertake no duty to update or revise any such statements. Some factors that could cause such forward-looking statements to turn out differently than anticipated include: (1) domestic and global economic factors; (2) global steelmaking overcapacity and imports of steel, together with increased scrap prices; (3) pandemics, epidemics, widespread illness or other health issues; (4) the cyclical nature of the steel industry and the industries we serve; (5) volatility and major fluctuations in prices and availability of scrap metal, scrap substitutes and supplies, and our potential inability to pass higher costs on to our customers; (6) cost and availability of electricity, natural gas, oil, and other energy resources are subject to volatile market conditions; (7) increased environmental, greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability considerations from our customers and investors or related regulations; (8) compliance with and changes in environmental and remediation requirements; (9) significant price and other forms of competition from other steel and aluminum producers, scrap processors and alternative materials; (10) availability of an adequate source of supply of scrap for our metals recycling operations; (11) cybersecurity threats and risks to the security of our sensitive data and information technology; (12) the implementation of our growth strategy; (13) our ability to retain, develop, and attract key personnel; (14) litigation and legal compliance; (15) unexpected equipment downtime or shutdowns; (16) governmental agencies may refuse to grant or renew some of our licenses and permits; (17) our senior unsecured credit facility contains, and any future financing agreements may contain, restrictive covenants that may limit our flexibility; and (18) the impacts of impairment charges.

 

More specifically, we refer you to our more detailed explanation of these and other factors and risks that may cause such predictive statements to turn out differently, as set forth in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K under the headings Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors, in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, or in other reports which we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These reports are available publicly on the Securities and Exchange Commission website, www.sec.gov, and on our website, www.steeldynamics.com under “Investors – SEC Filings.”

 

Contact: Investor Relations — +1.260.969.3500

 

SOURCE Steel Dynamics, Inc.

 

 


 

Steel Dynamics, Inc. 

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED) 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

    Three Months Ended   Three Months
    March 31,   Ended
    2025   2024   Dec. 31, 2024
             
             
Net sales   $ 4,369,195     $ 4,694,003     $ 3,872,138  
Costs of goods sold     3,882,651       3,713,205       3,430,404  
      Gross profit     486,544       980,798       441,734  
                         
Selling, general and administrative expenses     181,808       159,507       176,904  
Profit sharing     22,695       62,652       19,755  
Amortization of intangible assets     6,897       7,664       7,573  
      Operating income     275,144       750,975       237,502  
                         
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest     12,131       11,978       14,579  
Other (income) expense, net     (17,641 )     (26,784 )     (21,040 )
      Income before income taxes     280,654       765,781       243,963  
                         
Income tax expense     62,975       178,281       34,091  
      Net income     217,679       587,500       209,872  
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests     (528 )     (3,459 )     (2,579 )
      Net income attributable to Steel Dynamics, Inc.   $ 217,151     $ 584,041     $ 207,293  
                         
                         
Basic earnings per share attributable to                        
   Steel Dynamics, Inc. stockholders   $ 1.45     $ 3.68     $ 1.36  
                         
Weighted average common shares outstanding     150,262       158,666       152,096  
                         
Diluted earnings per share attributable to                        
   Steel Dynamics, Inc. stockholders, including the                        
   effect of assumed conversions when dilutive   $ 1.44     $ 3.67     $ 1.36  
                         
Weighted average common shares                        
   and share equivalents outstanding     150,809       159,354       152,801  
                         
                         
Dividends declared per share   $ 0.50     $ 0.46     $ 0.46  

 

 


 

Steel Dynamics, Inc. 

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 

(in thousands)

 

    March 31,   December 31,
Assets   2025   2024
    (unaudited)    
Current assets                
   Cash and equivalents   $ 1,186,917     $ 589,464  
   Short-term investments     19,636       147,811  
   Accounts receivable, net     1,720,801       1,417,199  
   Inventories     3,099,054       3,113,733  
   Other current assets     190,297       163,131  
      Total current assets     6,216,705       5,431,338  
                 
Property, plant and equipment, net     8,322,652       8,117,988  
                 
Intangible assets, net     220,336       227,234  
                 
Goodwill     477,471       477,471  
                 
Other assets     693,264       681,202  
      Total assets   $ 15,930,428     $ 14,935,233  
Liabilities and Equity                
Current liabilities                
   Accounts payable   $ 1,257,686     $ 979,912  
   Income taxes payable     43,249       3,783  
   Accrued expenses     546,576       739,898  
   Current maturities of long-term debt     418,947       426,990  
      Total current liabilities     2,266,458       2,150,583  
                 
Long-term debt     3,777,132       2,804,017  
                 
Deferred income taxes     918,435       902,186  
                 
Other liabilities     134,509       133,201  
      Total liabilities     7,096,534       5,989,987  
                 
Commitments and contingencies                
                 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests     171,212       171,212  
                 
Equity                
   Common stock     652       652  
   Treasury stock, at cost     (7,334,595 )     (7,094,266 )
   Additional paid-in capital     1,218,235       1,229,819  
   Retained earnings     14,940,418       14,798,082  
      Total Steel Dynamics, Inc. equity     8,824,710       8,934,287  
   Noncontrolling interests     (162,028 )     (160,253 )
      Total equity     8,662,682       8,774,034  
      Total liabilities and equity   $ 15,930,428     $ 14,935,233  

 

 


 

Steel Dynamics, Inc. 

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) 

(in thousands)

 

    Three Months Ended
    March 31,
    2025   2024
         
Operating activities:                
   Net income   $ 217,679     $ 587,500  
                 
   Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by                
      operating activities:                
      Depreciation and amortization     133,756       115,252  
      Equity-based compensation     17,040       15,612  
      Deferred income taxes     16,249       (21,024 )
      Other adjustments     (4,195 )     18,705  
      Changes in certain assets and liabilities:                
         Accounts receivable     (303,602 )     (130,753 )
         Inventories     13,810       (133,025 )
         Other assets     (32,115 )     (12,176 )
         Accounts payable     248,600       29,499  
         Income taxes receivable/payable     42,815       165,664  
         Accrued expenses     (197,434 )     (280,037 )
      Net cash provided by operating activities     152,603       355,217  
                 
Investing activities:                
   Purchases of property, plant and equipment     (305,506 )     (374,310 )
   Purchases of short-term investments     (10,000 )     (205,873 )
   Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments     137,811       272,994  
   Other investing activities     (1,064 )     14,255  
      Net cash used in investing activities     (178,759 )     (292,934 )
                 
Financing activities:                
   Issuance of current and long-term debt     1,405,943       379,268  
   Repayment of current and long-term debt     (432,527 )     (413,939 )
   Dividends paid     (69,514 )     (68,008 )
   Purchase of treasury stock     (250,138 )     (298,059 )
   Other financing activities     (30,469 )     (23,108 )
      Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities     623,295       (423,846 )
                 
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash     597,139       (361,563 )
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period     595,010       1,406,464  
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period   $ 1,192,149     $ 1,044,901  
                 
                 
Supplemental disclosure information:                
   Cash paid for interest   $ 28,477     $ 9,327  
   Cash paid for income taxes, net   $ 3,717     $ 28,390  

 

 


 

Steel Dynamics, Inc. 

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED) 

(dollars in thousands)

 

    First Quarter    
    2025   2024   Q4 2024
External Net Sales                        
   Steel   $ 3,067,016     $ 3,366,237     $ 2,645,994  
   Steel Fabrication     352,307       447,179       396,226  
   Metals Recycling     534,895       507,270       482,081  
   Aluminum     66,576       62,203       60,099  
   Other     348,401       311,114       287,738  
Consolidated Net Sales   $ 4,369,195     $ 4,694,003     $ 3,872,138  
Operating Income (Loss)                        
   Steel   $ 229,963     $ 674,648     $ 164,989  
   Steel Fabrication     116,745       178,381       142,189  
   Metals Recycling     25,710       16,659       23,361  
   Aluminum     (28,735 )     (7,555 )     (28,896 )
      343,683       862,133       301,643  
                         
   Non-cash amortization of intangible assets     (6,897 )     (7,664 )     (7,573 )
   Profit sharing expense     (22,695 )     (62,652 )     (19,755 )
   Non-segment operations     (38,947 )     (40,842 )     (36,813 )
Consolidated Operating Income   $ 275,144     $ 750,975     $ 237,502  
Adjusted EBITDA                        
      Net income   $ 217,679     $ 587,500     $ 209,872  
      Income taxes     62,975       178,281       34,090  
      Net interest expense (income)     2,316       (14,327 )     (3,481 )
      Depreciation     125,122       106,030       116,147  
      Amortization of intangible assets     6,897       7,664       7,573  
 EBITDA     414,989       865,148       364,201  
      Non-cash adjustments                        
         Unrealized (gains) losses on derivatives                        
             and currency remeasurement     19,153       (1,347 )     (17,703 )
         Equity-based compensation     14,181       14,825       25,121  
Adjusted EBITDA   $ 448,323     $ 878,626     $ 371,619  
                         
Other Operating Information                        
   Steel                        
      Average external sales price (Per ton)   $ 998     $ 1,201     $ 1,011  
      Average ferrous cost (Per ton melted)   $ 386     $ 417     $ 370  
                         
      Flat Roll shipments                        
         Butler, Columbus, and Sinton     2,119,187       1,993,305       1,841,745  
         Steel Processing divisions *     492,627       418,547       460,162  
      Long Product shipments                        
         Structural and Rail Division     437,398       440,921       362,650  
         Engineered Bar Products Division     191,658       191,373       151,239  
         Roanoke Bar Division     144,186       124,920       123,133  
         Steel of West Virginia     96,483       86,528       81,387  
Total Shipments (Tons)     3,481,539       3,255,594       3,020,316  
                         
External Shipments (Tons)     3,071,735       2,803,569       2,617,914  
                         
Steel Mill Production (Tons)     3,021,593       2,992,018       2,663,444  
                         
   Metals Recycling                        
      Nonferrous shipments (000's of pounds)     233,080       243,950       226,434  
      Ferrous shipments (Gross tons)     1,452,432       1,457,789       1,421,021  
         External ferrous shipments (Gross tons)     557,618       536,973       529,335  
   Steel Fabrication                        
      Average sales price (Per ton)   $ 2,599     $ 3,141     $ 2,718  
      Shipments (Tons)     135,581       143,842       145,901  

 

Beginning the fourth quarter 2024, results from an entity previously included in Metals Recycling are presented within Aluminum. All prior periods presented have been recast to reflect the change.

*   Includes Heartland, The Techs and United Steel Supply operations