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☒    QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia						54-1972729
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. employer identification no.)
700 US Highway 202/206,
Bridgewater, New Jersey						08807
(Address of principal executive offices)						(Zip Code)

(Registrant’s telephone number including area code)

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x						Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o						Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x

As of July 31, 2023, there were 143,800,000 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

 

 

Unless the context otherwise indicates, references in this Form 10-Q to “Insmed Incorporated” refers to Insmed Incorporated, a Virginia corporation, and the “Company,” “Insmed,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Insmed Incorporated together with its consolidated subsidiaries. INSMED, PULMOVANCE, ARIKARES and ARIKAYCE are trademarks of Insmed Incorporated. This Form 10-Q also contains trademarks of third parties. Each trademark of another company appearing in this Form 10-Q is the property of its owner.

(in thousands, except par value and share data)

			As of						As of
			June 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
			(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			$	612,882					$	1,074,036
Marketable securities			304,886						74,244
Accounts receivable			30,947						29,713
Inventory			77,349						69,922
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			26,360						25,468
Total current assets			1,052,424						1,273,383
Fixed assets, net			62,113						56,491
Finance lease right-of-use assets			22,341						23,697
Operating lease right-of-use assets			16,476						21,894
Intangibles, net			66,230						68,756
Goodwill			136,110						136,110
Other assets			83,445						76,104
Total assets			$	1,439,139					$	1,656,435
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities			$	197,653					$	182,117
Finance lease liabilities			2,445						1,217
Operating lease liabilities			4,159						6,909
Total current liabilities			204,257						190,243
Debt, long-term			1,139,805						1,125,250
Royalty financing agreement			152,020						148,015
Contingent consideration			46,400						51,100
Finance lease liabilities, long-term			28,370						29,636
Operating lease liabilities, long-term			12,871						14,853
Other long-term liabilities			11,161						9,387
Total liabilities			1,594,884						1,568,484
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 500,000,000 authorized shares, 142,750,463 and 135,653,731 issued and outstanding shares at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively			1,428						1,357
Additional paid-in capital			2,945,229						2,782,416
Accumulated deficit			(3,101,151)						(2,696,578)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income			(1,251)						756
Total shareholders’ (deficit) equity			(155,745)						87,951
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity			$	1,439,139					$	1,656,435

			Three Months Ended June 30,												Six Months Ended June 30,
			2023						2022						2023						2022
Product revenues, net			$	77,229					$	65,221					$	142,443					$	118,328
Operating expenses:
Cost of product revenues (excluding amortization of intangible assets)			16,594						16,395						30,424						28,586
Research and development			196,969						88,527						324,834						172,883
Selling, general and administrative			84,431						59,974						164,345						116,722
Amortization of intangible assets			1,263						1,263						2,526						2,526
Change in fair value of deferred and contingent consideration liabilities			13,500						(12,622)						4,000						(24,240)
Total operating expenses			312,757						153,537						526,129						296,477
Operating loss			(235,528)						(88,316)						(383,686)						(178,149)
Investment income			11,172						835						21,696						972
Interest expense			(20,619)						(3,357)						(40,622)						(6,648)
Change in fair value of interest rate swap			1,184						—						(349)						—
Other expense, net			(488)						(4,306)						(599)						(5,555)
Loss before income taxes			(244,279)						(95,144)						(403,560)						(189,380)
Provision for income taxes			530						501						1,013						886
Net loss			$	(244,809)					$	(95,645)					$	(404,573)					$	(190,266)
Basic and diluted net loss per share			$	(1.78)					$	(0.80)					$	(2.95)					$	(1.60)
Weighted average basic and diluted common shares outstanding			137,553						119,602						136,957						119,267
Net loss			$	(244,809)					$	(95,645)					$	(404,573)					$	(190,266)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation loss			(2,202)						(208)						(2,373)						(702)
Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities			(132)						(491)						366						(1,195)
Total comprehensive loss			$	(247,143)					$	(96,344)					$	(406,580)					$	(192,163)

    

Insmed is a global biopharmaceutical company on a mission to transform the lives of patients with serious and rare diseases. The Company's first commercial product, ARIKAYCE, is approved in the United States (US) as ARIKAYCE® (amikacin liposome inhalation suspension), in Europe as ARIKAYCE Liposomal 590 mg Nebuliser Dispersion and in Japan as ARIKAYCE inhalation 590mg (amikacin sulfate inhalation drug product). ARIKAYCE received accelerated approval in the US in September 2018 for the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease as part of a combination antibacterial drug regimen for adult patients with limited or no alternative treatment options in a refractory setting. In October 2020, the European Commission (EC) approved ARIKAYCE for the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung infections caused by MAC in adults with limited treatment options who do not have cystic fibrosis (CF). In March 2021, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) approved ARIKAYCE for the treatment of patients with NTM lung disease caused by MAC who did not sufficiently respond to prior treatment with a multidrug regimen. NTM lung disease caused by MAC (which the Company refers to as MAC lung disease) is a rare and often chronic infection that can cause irreversible lung damage and can be fatal. The Company's clinical-stage pipeline includes brensocatib, treprostinil palmitil inhalation powder (TPIP) and early-stage research programs. Brensocatib is a small molecule, oral, reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1), which the Company is developing for the treatment of patients with bronchiectasis, as well as other neutrophil-mediated diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). TPIP is an inhaled formulation of the treprostinil prodrug treprostinil palmitil which may offer a differentiated product profile for pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease (PH-ILD) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The Company is also advancing its early-stage research programs encompassing a wide range of technologies and modalities, including gene therapy, artificial intelligence-driven protein engineering, protein manufacturing, and synthetic rescue.

The Company was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on November 29, 1999 and its principal executive offices are located in Bridgewater, New Jersey. The Company has legal entities in the US, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom (UK), and Japan.

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the US for complete consolidated financial statements are not included herein. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

     The results of operations of any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the full year. The unaudited interim consolidated financial information presented herein reflects all normal adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

     The Company had $612.9 million in cash and cash equivalents and $304.9 million of marketable securities as of June 30, 2023 and reported a net loss of $404.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The Company has funded its operations through public offerings of equity securities, debt financings and revenue interest financings. The Company expects to continue to incur consolidated operating losses, including losses in its US and certain international entities, while funding research and development (R&D) activities for ARIKAYCE, brensocatib, TPIP and its other pipeline programs, continuing commercialization and regulatory activities for ARIKAYCE and pre-commercial, regulatory and, if approved, commercialization activities for brensocatib, and funding other general and administrative activities.

The Company expects its future cash requirements to be substantial. While the Company currently has sufficient funds to meet its financial needs for at least the next 12 months, the Company may raise additional capital in the future to fund its operations, its ongoing commercialization and clinical trial activities, and its future product candidates, and to develop, acquire, in-license or co-promote other products or product candidates, including those that address orphan or rare diseases. The source, timing and availability of any future financing or other transaction will depend principally upon continued progress in the Company’s commercial, regulatory and development activities. Any future financing will also be contingent upon market conditions. If the Company is unable to obtain sufficient additional funds when required, the Company may be forced to delay, restrict or eliminate all or a portion of its development programs or commercialization efforts.

The Company’s complete listing of significant accounting policies is set forth in Note 2 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Selected significant accounting policies are discussed in further detail below.

Use of Estimates - The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions. The amounts of assets and liabilities reported in the Company's balance sheets and the amounts of revenues and expenses reported for each period presented are affected by estimates and assumptions, which are used for, but not limited to, the accounting for revenue allowances, stock-based compensation, income taxes, loss contingencies, acquisition related intangibles including in process research and development (IPR&D) and goodwill, fair value of contingent consideration, and accounting for research and development costs. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentration of Credit Risk - Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash equivalents with high credit-quality financial institutions and may invest its short-term investments in US treasury securities, mutual funds and government agency bonds. The Company has established guidelines relative to credit ratings and maturities that seek to maintain safety and liquidity.

The Company is exposed to risks associated with extending credit to customers related to the sale of products. The Company does not require collateral to secure amounts due from its customers. The Company uses an expected loss methodology to calculate allowances for trade receivables. The Company's measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The Company does not currently have a material allowance for uncollectible trade receivables. The following table presents the percentage of gross product revenue represented by the Company's three largest customers as of the six months ended June 30, 2023 and their respective percentages for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

The Company relies on third-party manufacturers and suppliers for manufacturing and supply of its products. The inability of the suppliers or manufacturers to fulfill supply requirements of the Company could materially impact future operating results. A change in the relationship with the suppliers or manufacturers, or an adverse change in their business, could materially impact future operating results.

Inventory and Cost of Product Revenues (excluding amortization of intangible assets) - Inventory is stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value and consists of raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods. The Company periodically reviews inventory for expiry and obsolescence and, if necessary, writes down accordingly. If quality specifications are not met during the manufacturing process, such inventory is written off to cost of product revenues (excluding amortization of intangible assets) in the period identified.

Cost of product revenues (excluding amortization of intangible assets) consist primarily of direct and indirect costs related to the manufacturing of ARIKAYCE sold, including third-party manufacturing costs, packaging services, freight, and allocation of overhead costs, in addition to royalty expenses and revenue-based milestone payments. Cost is determined using a standard cost method, which approximates actual cost, and assumes a first in, first out flow of goods. Inventory used for clinical development purposes is expensed to R&D expense when consumed. See Note 5 - Inventory for further details.

Acquisitions - The Company evaluates acquisitions of assets and other similar transactions to assess whether or not the transaction should be accounted for as a business combination or asset acquisition by first applying a screen test to determine if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If the screen is met, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If the screen is not met, further determination is required as to whether or not the Company has acquired inputs and processes that have the ability to create outputs, which would meet the requirements of a business.

If determined to be a business combination, the Company accounts for the transaction under the acquisition method of accounting as indicated in ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which requires the acquiring entity in a business combination to recognize the fair value of all assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and establishes the acquisition date as the fair value measurement point. Accordingly, the Company recognizes assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, including contingent assets and liabilities, and non-controlling interest in the acquiree based on the fair value estimates as of the date of acquisition. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805, Business Combinations, the Company recognizes and measures goodwill as of the acquisition date, as the excess of the fair value of the consideration paid over the fair value of the identified net assets acquired.

The consideration for the Company’s business acquisitions may include future payments that are contingent upon the occurrence of a particular event or events. The obligations for such contingent consideration payments are recorded at fair value on the acquisition date. The contingent consideration obligations are then evaluated each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration, other than changes due to payments, are recognized as a gain or loss and recorded within change in the fair value of deferred and contingent consideration liabilities in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

If determined to be an asset acquisition, the Company accounts for the transaction under ASC 805-50, which requires the acquiring entity to recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the cost to the acquiring entity on a relative fair value basis, which includes transaction costs in addition to consideration given. No gain or loss is recognized as of the date of acquisition unless the fair value of non-cash assets given as consideration differs from the assets’ carrying amounts on the acquiring entity’s books. Consideration transferred that is non-cash will be measured based on either the cost (which shall be measured based on the fair value of the consideration given) or the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, whichever is more reliably measurable. Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition and any excess consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired is allocated to the identifiable assets based on relative fair values. If the in-licensed agreement for IPR&D does not meet the definition of a business and the assets have not reached technological feasibility and therefore have no alternative future use, the Company expenses payments made under such license agreements as acquired IPR&D expense in its consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. Contingent consideration payments in asset acquisitions are recognized when the contingency is resolved and the consideration is paid or becomes payable (unless the contingent consideration meets the definition of a derivative, in which case the amount becomes part of the basis in the asset acquired). Upon recognition of the contingent consideration payment, the amount is included in the cost of the acquired asset or group of assets. See Note 16 - Acquisitions for further information.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets - Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of IPR&D. IPR&D acquired directly in a transaction other than a business combination is capitalized if the projects will be further developed or have an alternative future use; otherwise, they are expensed. The fair values of IPR&D project assets acquired in business combinations are capitalized. The Company generally utilizes the Multi-Period Excess Earning Method to determine the estimated fair value of the IPR&D assets acquired in a business combination. The projections used in this valuation approach are based on many factors, such as relevant market size, patent protection, and expected pricing and industry trends. The estimated future net cash flows are then discounted to the present value using an appropriate discount rate. These assets are treated as indefinite-lived intangible assets until completion or abandonment of the projects, at which time the assets are amortized over the remaining useful life or written off, as appropriate. Intangible assets with indefinite lives, including IPR&D, are tested for impairment if impairment indicators arise and, at a minimum, annually. However, an entity is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. Further testing is only required if the entity determines, based on the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. The indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test consists of a one-step analysis that compares the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of an intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. The Company considers many factors in evaluating whether the value of its intangible assets with indefinite lives may not be recoverable, including, but not limited to, expected growth rates, the cost of equity and debt capital, general economic conditions, the Company’s outlook and market performance of the Company’s industry and recent and forecasted financial performance. The Company performs a qualitative test for its indefinite-lived intangible assets annually as of October 1. See Note 6 - Intangibles, Net and Goodwill for further details.

Finite-lived Intangible Assets - Finite-lived intangible assets are measured at their respective fair values on the date they were recorded. The fair values assigned to the Company's intangible assets are based on reasonable estimates and assumptions given available facts and circumstances. See Note 6 - Intangibles, Net and Goodwill for further details.

Impairment Assessment - The Company reviews the recoverability of its finite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets for indicators of impairments. Events or circumstances that may require an impairment assessment include negative clinical trial results, a significant decrease in the market price of the asset, or a significant adverse change in legal factors or the manner in which the asset is used. If such indicators are present, the Company assesses the recoverability of affected assets by determining if the carrying value of such assets is less than the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows of the assets. If such assets are found to not be recoverable, the Company measures the amount of the impairment by comparing the carrying value of the assets to the fair value of the assets.

Goodwill - Goodwill represents the amount of consideration paid in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired as a result of the Company’s business acquisitions accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to impairment testing at a reporting unit level on an annual basis or when a triggering event occurs that may indicate the carrying value of the goodwill is impaired. An entity is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. Further testing is only required if the entity determines, based on the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company continues to operate as one reporting unit. The Company will perform its next annual impairment testing for goodwill as of October 1, 2023. See Note 6 - Intangibles, Net and Goodwill for further details.

Leases - A lease is a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of explicitly or implicitly identified property, plant or equipment in exchange for consideration. Control of an asset is conveyed to the Company if the Company obtains the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits of the asset or the right to direct the use of the asset. The Company recognizes right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities at the lease commencement date based on the present value of future, fixed lease payments over the term of the arrangement. ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease or are amortized based on consumption, if this approach is more representative of the pattern in which benefit is expected to be derived from the underlying asset. Lease liabilities accrete to yield and are reduced at the time when the lease payment is payable to the vendor. Variable lease payments are recognized at the time when the event giving rise to the payment occurs and are recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss in the same line item as expenses arising from fixed lease payments.

Leases are measured at present value using the rate implicit in the lease or, if the implicit rate is not determinable, the lessee's implicit borrowing rate. As the implicit rate is not typically available, the Company uses its implicit borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of future lease payments. The implicit borrowing rate approximates the rate the Company would pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments. See Note 9 - Leases for further details.

Foreign Currency - The Company has operations in the US, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the UK, and Japan. The results of the Company's non-US dollar based functional currency operations are translated to US dollars at the average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date. Equity is translated at the prevailing exchange rate at the date of the equity transaction. Translation adjustments are included in shareholders' (deficit) equity, as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income.

The Company realizes foreign currency transaction gains and losses in the normal course of business based on movements in the applicable exchange rates. These gains and losses are included as a component of other expense, net.

Debt Issuance Costs - Debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the debt. Unamortized debt issuance costs paid to the lender and third parties are reflected as a discount to the debt in the consolidated balance sheets. Unamortized debt issuance costs associated with extinguished debt are expensed in the period of the extinguishment.

Synthetic Royalty Financing Agreement - In October 2022, the Company entered into a revenue interest purchase agreement (the Royalty Financing Agreement) with OrbiMed Royalty & Credit Opportunities IV, LP (OrbiMed). The fair value of the Royalty Financing Agreement at the time of the transaction was based on the Company’s estimates of future royalties expected to be paid to OrbiMed over the life of the arrangement, which was determined using forecasts from market data sources, which are considered Level 3 inputs. This liability is being amortized using the effective interest method over the life of the arrangement, in accordance ASC 470, Debt and ASC 835, Interest.

The Company is utilizing the prospective method to account for subsequent changes in the estimated future payments to be made to OrbiMed and updates the effective interest rate on a quarterly basis. See Note - 11 Royalty Financing Agreement for further details.

Derivatives - In the normal course of business, the Company is exposed to the effects of interest rate changes. The Company may enter into derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps and caps, to manage or hedge interest rate risk. Derivative instruments are recorded at fair value on the balance sheet date. The Company has not elected hedge accounting treatment for the changes in the fair value of derivatives. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded each period and are included in change in fair value of interest rate swap in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss and consolidated statements of cash flows.

Net Loss Per Share - Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and other dilutive securities outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities from stock options, restricted stock (RS), restricted stock units (RSUs), performance stock units (PSUs) and convertible debt securities would be anti-dilutive as the Company incurred a net loss. Potentially dilutive common shares resulting from the assumed exercise of outstanding stock options and from the assumed conversion of the Company's convertible notes are determined based on the treasury stock method.

The following table sets forth the reconciliation of the weighted average number of common shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computations of diluted weighted average common shares outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, as their effect would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands):

 

			June 30,
			2023						2022
Common stock options			21,999						17,806
Unvested restricted stock and RSUs			2,828						1,619
PSUs			666						670
Convertible debt securities			23,438						23,438

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements - In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2020-06, Debt — Accounting for Convertible Instruments, to reduce the complexity associated with applying GAAP to certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity.

For convertible instruments, the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments is reduced, which results in fewer embedded conversion features being separately recognized from the host contract. Only convertible instruments that meet the definition of a derivative or are issued with substantial premiums will continue to be subject to the separation models. ASU 2020-06 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. A modified retrospective and a fully retrospective transition method are both permitted. The Company transitioned using the modified retrospective method. The impact of adopting ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2022 resulted in an opening balance sheet adjustment increasing debt by approximately $221.9 million, increasing issuance costs classified to debt by $6.1 million, decreasing the deferred tax liability by $1.4 million, and increasing retained earnings by $50.2 million, with an offsetting reduction to additional paid-in-capital of $264.6 million, net of tax.

The Company categorizes its financial assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels, which are directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs used to determine the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, are as follows:

•Level 1 — Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

•Level 2 — Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) are either directly or indirectly observable for the assets or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

•Level 3 — Inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

Each major category of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis is categorized based upon the lowest level of significant input to the valuations. The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Financial instruments in Level 1 generally include US treasuries and mutual funds listed in active markets. The Company's cash and cash equivalents permit daily redemption and the fair values of these investments are based upon the quoted prices in active markets provided by the holding financial institutions.

The following table shows assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and their carrying value (in millions):

The Company recognizes transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy, if any, at the end of each quarter. The collateral for interest rate swap and the interest rate swap are recorded in other assets and accounts payable and accrued liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The collateral for interest rate swap is cash, a Level 1 asset. The interest rate swap is a Level 2 liability as it uses observable inputs other than quoted market prices in an active market. There were no transfers in or out of Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company held $304.9 million of current available-for-sale securities, net of an unrealized gain of $0.3 million recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income. Marketable securities maturing in one year or less are classified as current assets and marketable securities maturing in more than one year are classified as non-current assets.

The Company reviews the status of each security quarterly to determine whether an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. In making its determination, the Company considers a number of factors, including: (1) the significance of the decline; (2) whether the security was rated below investment grade; (3) failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments; and (4) the Company's ability and intent to retain the investment for a sufficient period of time for it to recover. The Company has determined that there were no other-than-temporary impairments during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

The deferred consideration arose from the acquisitions of Motus Biosciences, Inc. (Motus) and AlgaeneX, Inc. (AlgaeneX) (the Business Acquisition) in August 2021. The Company is obligated to issue to Motus equityholders an aggregate of 184,433 shares of the Company’s common stock on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the closing date, subject to certain reductions. During August 2022, the Company fulfilled the payment due on the first anniversary of the closing date by issuing 171,427 shares of the Company's common stock, after certain reductions. A valuation of the deferred consideration is performed quarterly with gains and losses included within change in fair value of deferred and contingent consideration liabilities in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. As the deferred consideration is settled in shares, there is no discount rate applied in the fair value calculation.

The deferred consideration has been classified as a Level 2 recurring liability as its valuation utilizes an input, the Insmed share price, which is a directly observable input at the measurement date and for the duration of the liabilities' anticipated lives. Deferred consideration expected to be settled within 12 months or less is classified as a current liability within accounts payable and accrued liabilities. As of June 30, 2023, the fair value of deferred consideration included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities was $3.9 million. Deferred consideration expected to be settled in more than 12 months is classified as a non-current liability within other long-term liabilities. As of June 30, 2023, the fair value of deferred consideration included in other long-term liabilities was $3.9 million.

The following observable input was used in the valuation of the deferred consideration as of June 30, 2023:

The contingent consideration liabilities arose from the Business Acquisition in August 2021 (Note 16). The contingent consideration liabilities consist of developmental and regulatory milestones, a priority review voucher milestone and net sales milestones. Upon the achievement of certain development and regulatory milestone events, the Company is obligated to issue to Motus equityholders up to 5,348,572 shares in the aggregate and AlgaeneX equityholders up to 368,867 shares in the aggregate. The fair value of the development and regulatory milestones are estimated utilizing a probability-adjusted approach. At June 30, 2023, the weighted average probability of success was 42%. The development and regulatory milestones will be settled in shares of the Company's common stock. As such, there is no discount rate applied in the fair value calculation.

If the Company were to receive a priority review voucher, the Company is obligated to pay to the Motus equityholders a portion of the value of the priority review voucher, subject to certain reductions. The potential payout will be either 50% of the after tax net proceeds received by the Company from a sale of the priority review voucher or 50% of the average of the sales prices for the last three publicly disclosed priority review voucher sales, less certain adjustments. The fair value of the priority review voucher milestone is estimated utilizing a probability-adjusted discounted cash flow approach. This obligation will be settled in cash.

The contingent consideration liabilities for net sales milestones were valued using an option pricing model with Monte Carlo simulation. As of June 30, 2023, the fair value of these net sales milestones were deemed immaterial to the overall fair value of the contingent consideration.

The contingent consideration liabilities have been classified as a Level 3 recurring liability as its valuation requires substantial judgment and estimation of factors that are not currently observable in the market. If different assumptions were used for the inputs to the valuation approach, the estimated fair value could be significantly different than the fair value the Company determined. Contingent consideration expected to be settled within 12 months or less is classified as a current liability within accounts payable and accrued liabilities. As of June 30, 2023, the fair value of contingent consideration included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities was $15.3 million. Contingent consideration expected to be settled in more than twelve months is classified as a non-current liability. As of June 30, 2023, the fair value of non-current contingent consideration was $46.4 million.

A valuation of the contingent consideration liabilities is performed quarterly with gains and losses included within change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The following significant unobservable inputs were used in the valuation of the development and regulatory milestones and the priority review voucher milestone as of June 30, 2023:

The following table is a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company's valuations for the deferred and contingent consideration liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

The fair value of the convertible notes, which differs from their carrying value, is influenced by interest rates, the Company's stock price and stock price volatility (collectively, the Current Market Factors), and is determined by prices for the convertible notes observed in market trading which are Level 2 inputs.

The estimated fair value of the liability component of the Company's 0.75% convertible senior notes due 2028 (the 2028 Convertible Notes) (categorized as a Level 2 liability for fair value measurement purposes) as of June 30, 2023 was $472.2 million, determined using Current Market Factors and the ability of the Company to obtain debt on comparable terms to the 2028 Convertible Notes.

The estimated fair value of the liability component of the Company's 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2025 (the 2025 Convertible Notes) (categorized as a Level 2 liability for fair value measurement purposes) as of June 30, 2023 was $214.9 million, determined using Current Market Factors, and the ability of the Company to obtain debt on comparable terms to the 2025 Convertible Notes. See Note 10 - Debt for further details on the Company's convertible notes.

In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company recognizes revenue when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for the goods or services provided. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contracts with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when or as the entity satisfies a performance obligation. At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract to determine which are performance obligations and to assess whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when or as the performance obligation is satisfied. For all contracts that fall into the scope of ASC 606, the Company has identified one performance obligation: the sale of ARIKAYCE to its customers. The Company has not incurred or capitalized any incremental costs associated with obtaining contracts with customers.

Product revenues, net consist of net sales of ARIKAYCE. The Company's customers in the US include specialty pharmacies and specialty distributors. In December 2020, the Company began recognizing product revenue from commercial sales of ARIKAYCE in Europe. In July 2021, the Company began recognizing product revenue from commercial sales of ARIKAYCE in Japan. Globally, product revenues are recognized once the Company performs and satisfies all five steps of the revenue recognition criteria mentioned above.

The following table presents a summary of the Company's product revenues, net, by geographic location for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Revenue is recorded at net selling price (transaction price), which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established for (a) customer credits, such as invoice discounts for prompt pay, (b) estimated government rebates, such as Medicaid and Medicare Part D reimbursements, and estimated managed care rebates, (c) estimated chargebacks, and (d) estimated costs of co-payment assistance. These reserves are based on the amounts earned or to be claimed on the related sales and are classified as reductions of accounts receivable (prompt pay discounts and chargebacks), prepaid expenses (co-payment assistance), or as a current liability (rebates). Where appropriate, these estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes which are probability-weighted for relevant factors such as the Company's historical experience, current contractual and statutory requirements, and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns. Overall, these reserves reflect the Company's best estimates of the amount of consideration to which it is entitled based on the terms of the applicable contract. The amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price may be constrained and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from the Company's estimates. If actual results in the future vary from estimates, the Company adjusts these estimates, which would affect net product revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known.

Customer credits: Certain of the Company's customers are offered various forms of consideration, including prompt payment discounts. The payment terms for sales to specialty pharmacies and specialty distributors for prompt payment discounts are based on contractual rates agreed with the respective specialty pharmacies and distributors. The Company anticipates that its customers will earn these discounts and, therefore, deducts the full amount of these discounts from total gross product revenues at the time such revenues are recognized.

Rebates: The Company contracts with certain government agencies and managed care organizations, or collectively, third-party payors, so that ARIKAYCE will be eligible for purchase by, or partial or full reimbursement from, such third-party payors. The Company estimates the rebates it will provide to third-party payors and deducts these estimated amounts from total gross product revenues at the time the revenues are recognized. These reserves are recorded in the same period in which the revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue and the establishment of a current liability. The current liability is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company estimates the rebates that it will provide to third-party payors based upon (i) the Company's contracts with these third-party payors, (ii) the government mandated discounts applicable to government-funded programs, (iii) a range of possible outcomes that are probability-weighted for the estimated payor mix, and (iv) information obtained from the Company's specialty pharmacies.

Chargebacks: Chargebacks are discounts that occur when certain contracted customers, currently public health service institutions and federal government entities purchasing via the Federal Supply Schedule, purchase directly from the Company's specialty distributor. Contracted customers generally purchase the product at a discounted price and the specialty distributor, in turn, charges back to the Company the difference between the price the specialty distributor initially paid and the discounted price paid by the contracted customers. The Company estimates chargebacks provided to the specialty distributor and deducts these estimated amounts from gross product revenues, and from accounts receivable, at the time revenues are recognized.

Co-payment assistance: Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co-payment assistance. Based upon the terms of the program and information regarding programs provided for similar specialty pharmaceutical products, the Company estimates the average co-pay mitigation amounts and the percentage of patients that it expects to participate in the program in order to establish accruals for co-payment assistance. These reserves are recorded in the same period in which the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue. The Company adjusts its accruals for co-pay assistance based on actual redemption activity and estimates of future redemptions related to sales in the current period.

If any, or all, of the Company's actual experience varies from its estimates, the Company may need to adjust prior period accruals, affecting revenue in the period of adjustment.

The Company also recognizes revenue related to various early access programs (EAPs) in Europe. EAPs are intended to make products available on a named patient basis before they are commercially available in accordance with local regulations.

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company's inventory balance consists of the following (in thousands):

			June 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Raw materials			$	26,900					$	27,245
Work-in-process			30,331						22,460
Finished goods			20,118						20,217
			$	77,349					$	69,922

The Company has not recorded any significant inventory write-downs. The Company currently uses a limited number of third-party contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) to produce its inventory.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company's finite-lived intangible assets consisted of acquired ARIKAYCE R&D and the milestones paid to PARI for the license to use Lamira for the delivery of ARIKAYCE to patients as a result of the FDA and EC approvals of ARIKAYCE in September 2018 and October 2020, respectively. The Company began amortizing its acquired ARIKAYCE R&D and PARI milestones intangible assets in October 2018, over ARIKAYCE's initial regulatory exclusivity period of 12 years. Amortization of these assets during each of the next five years is estimated to be approximately $5.1 million per year.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company's indefinite-lived intangible assets consisted of acquired IPR&D from the Business Acquisition (Note 16). Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized.

A rollforward of the Company's intangible assets for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

The Company's goodwill balance of $136.1 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, resulted from the August 2021 Business Acquisition. See Note 16 - Acquisitions for further details. 

Fixed assets are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method, based on useful lives as follows (in thousands):

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

The Company's lease portfolio consists primarily of office and laboratory space, manufacturing facilities, research equipment and fleet vehicles. All of the Company's leases are classified as operating leases, except for the Company's leases of its corporate headquarters and a research facility in San Diego, which are classified as finance leases. The terms of the Company's lease agreements that have commenced range from less than one year to ten years, ten months. In its assessment of the term of each such lease, the Company has not included any options to extend or terminate the lease due to the absence of economic incentives in its lease agreements. Leases that qualify for treatment as a short-term lease are expensed as incurred. These short-term leases are not material to the Company's financial position. Furthermore, the Company does not separate lease and non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets.

The Company's leases do not contain residual value guarantees and it does not sublease any of its leased assets.

The Company outsources its manufacturing operations to CMOs. Upon review of the agreements with its CMOs, the Company determined that these contracts contain embedded leases for dedicated manufacturing facilities. The Company obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the manufacturing facilities, the Company has the right to direct how and for what purpose the facility is used throughout the period of use, and the supplier does not have the right to change the operating instructions of the facility. The operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities associated with the manufacturing facilities is the sum of the minimum guarantees over the life of the production contracts.

The Company also records variable consideration for variable lease payments in excess of fixed fees or minimum guarantees. Variable consideration related to the Company's leasing arrangements was $4.1 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4.2 million and $1.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Variable costs related to CMO manufacturing agreements are direct costs related to the manufacturing of ARIKAYCE and are capitalized within inventory in the Company's consolidated balance sheet, while the variable costs related to other leasing arrangements, not related to the manufacturing of ARIKAYCE, have been classified within operating expenses in the Company's consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

The table below summarizes the supplemental non-cash disclosures of the Company's leases included in its consolidated financial statements (in thousands):

In addition to the Company's lease agreements that have previously commenced and are reflected in the consolidated financial statements, the Company has entered into additional lease agreements that have not yet commenced. The Company entered into certain agreements with Patheon UK Limited (Patheon) related to increasing its long-term production capacity for ARIKAYCE commercial inventory. The Company has determined that these agreements with Patheon contain an embedded lease for the manufacturing facility and the specialized equipment contained therein. Costs of $44.5 million and $40.7 million incurred by the Company under these additional agreements have been classified within other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Upon the commencement date, prepaid costs and minimum guarantees specified in the agreement will be combined to establish an operating lease ROU asset and operating lease liability.

Debt, long-term consists of the following commitments as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

In May 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of the 2028 Convertible Notes, in which the Company sold $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Convertible Notes, including the exercise in full of the underwriters' option to purchase an additional $75.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 2028 Convertible Notes. The Company's net proceeds from the offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $15.7 million, were approximately $559.3 million. The 2028 Convertible Notes bear interest payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2021.

The 2028 Convertible Notes mature on June 1, 2028, unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased.

In January 2018, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of the 2025 Convertible Notes, in which the Company sold $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Convertible Notes, including the exercise in full of the underwriters' option to purchase an additional $50.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 2025 Convertible Notes. The Company's net proceeds from the offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $14.2 million, were approximately $435.8 million. The 2025 Convertible Notes bear interest payable semiannually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on July 15, 2018. The 2025 Convertible Notes mature on January 15, 2025, unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased.

A portion of the net proceeds from the 2028 Convertible Notes was used to repurchase $225.0 million of the Company's outstanding 2025 Convertible Notes. The Company recorded a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $17.7 million, primarily related to the premium paid on extinguishment of a portion the 2025 Convertible Notes.

On or after October 15, 2024, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding January 15, 2025, holders may convert their 2025 Convertible Notes at any time. The initial conversion rate for the 2025 Convertible Notes is 25.5384 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2025 Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $39.16 per share of common stock). On or after March 1, 2028, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding June 1, 2028, holders may convert their 2028 Convertible Notes at any time. The initial conversion rate for the 2028 Convertible Notes is 30.7692 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2028 Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $32.50 per share of common stock). Upon conversion of either the 2025 Convertible Notes or the 2028 Convertible Notes, holders may receive cash, shares of the Company's common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company's common stock, at the Company's option. The conversion rates will be subject to adjustment in some events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest.

Holders may convert their 2025 Convertible Notes prior to October 15, 2024 or their 2028 Convertible Notes prior to March 1, 2028, only under the following circumstances, subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable indenture: (i) during the five business day period immediately after any five consecutive trading day period (the measurement period) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the applicable series of convertible notes, as determined following a request by a holder of such convertible notes, for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the common stock and the conversion rate on such trading day, (ii) the Company elects to distribute to all or substantially all holders of the common stock (a) any rights, options or warrants (other than in connection with a stockholder rights plan for so long as the rights issued under such plan have not detached from the associated shares of common stock) entitling them, for a period of not more than 45 days from the declaration date for such distribution, to subscribe for or purchase shares of common stock at a price per share that is less than the average of the last reported sale prices of the common stock for the 10 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the declaration date for such distribution, or (b) the Company's assets, debt securities or rights to purchase securities of the Company, which distribution has a per share value, as reasonably determined by the board of directors, exceeding 10% of the last reported sale price of the common stock on the trading day immediately preceding the declaration date for such distribution, (iii) if a transaction or event that constitutes a fundamental change or a make-whole fundamental change occurs, or if the Company is a party to (a) a consolidation, merger, combination, statutory or binding share exchange or similar transaction, pursuant to which the common stock would be converted into, or exchanged for, cash, securities or other property or assets, or (b) any sale, conveyance, lease or other transfer or similar transaction in one transaction or a series of transactions of all or substantially all of the consolidated assets of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, all or any portion of the applicable series of convertible notes may be surrendered by a holder for conversion at any time from or after the date that is 30 scheduled trading days prior to the anticipated effective date of the transaction, (iv) if during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2018 or June 30, 2021 for the 2025 Convertible Notes and the 2028 Convertible Notes, respectively (and only during such calendar quarter), the last reported sale price of the common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day, or (v) if the Company sends a notice of redemption, a holder may surrender all or any portion of its convertible notes to which the notice of redemption relates for conversion at any time on or after the date the applicable notice of redemption was sent until the close of business on (a) the second business day immediately preceding the related redemption date or (b) if the Company fails to pay the redemption price on the redemption date as specified in such notice of redemption, such later date on which the redemption price is paid.

To date, there have not been any holder-initiated redemption requests of either series of convertible notes.

Each series of convertible notes can be settled in cash, common stock, or a combination of cash and common stock at the Company's option, and thus, the Company determined the embedded conversion options in both series of convertible notes are not required to be separately accounted for as a derivative. However, since the convertible notes are within the scope of the accounting guidance for cash convertible instruments, the Company is required to separate each series of convertible notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component of each series of convertible notes as of the date of issuance was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that did not have an associated equity component. The fair value was based on data from readily available pricing sources that utilize market observable inputs and other characteristics for similar types of instruments. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the embedded conversion option for each series of convertible notes was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the gross proceeds of the applicable convertible notes. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount is amortized to interest expense over the expected life of a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component using the effective interest method. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification in the accounting guidance for contracts in an entity’s own equity. The fair value of the liability component of the 2025 Convertible Notes on the date of issuance was estimated at $309.1 million using an effective interest rate of 7.6% and, accordingly, the residual equity component on the date of issuance was $140.9 million. The fair value of the liability component of the 2028 Convertible Notes on the date of issuance was estimated at $371.6 million using an effective interest rate of 7.1% and, accordingly, the residual equity component on the date of issuance was $203.4 million. The respective discounts were amortized to interest expense over the term of the applicable series of convertible notes through December 31, 2021, prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06. The 2025 Convertible Notes and 2028 Convertible Notes have remaining terms of approximately 1.54 years and 4.92 years, respectively.

The $563.8 million carrying value of the 2028 Convertible Notes as of June 30, 2023 excludes $11.2 million of unamortized debt issuance costs. The $223.4 million carrying value of the 2025 Convertible Notes as of June 30, 2023 excludes $1.6 million of unamortized debt issuance costs. The following table presents the carrying value of the Company's convertible notes balance (in thousands):

 

			As of
			June 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Face value of outstanding convertible notes			$	800,000					$	800,000
Debt issuance costs, unamortized			(12,735)						(14,379)
Convertible notes			$	787,265					$	785,621

In October 2022, the Company entered into a $350 million senior secured term loan agreement with Pharmakon Advisors LP, manager of the BioPharma Credit funds (the Term Loan). The Term Loan matures on October 19, 2027 and bears interest at a rate based upon the secured overnight financing rate (SOFR), subject to a SOFR floor of 2.5%, in addition to a margin of 7.75% per annum. Up to 50% of the interest payable during the first 24 months from the closing of the Term Loan may be paid-in-kind at the Company's election. If elected, paid-in-kind interest will be capitalized and added to the principal amount of the Term Loan. The Term Loan, including the paid-in-kind interest, will be repaid in eight equal quarterly payments starting in the 13th quarter following the closing of the Term Loan (i.e., the quarter ending March 31, 2026), except that the repayment start date may be extended at the Company's option for an additional four quarters, so that repayments start in the 17th quarter following the closing of the Term Loan, subject to the achievement of specified ARIKAYCE data thresholds and certain other conditions. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, paid-in-kind interest capitalized was $11.2 million. Net proceeds from the Term Loan, after deducting the lenders fees and deal expenses of $15.2 million, were $334.8 million.

The following table presents the carrying value of the Company’s Term Loan balance as of June 30, 2023 (in thousands):

As of June 30, 2023, future principal repayments of debt for each of the years through maturity were as follows (in thousands):

 

Year Ending December 31:
2023			$	—
2024			—
2025			225,000
2026			182,683
2027			182,683
2028 and thereafter			575,000
			$	1,165,366

Interest expense related to debt and finance leases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

In October 2022, the Company entered into the Royalty Financing Agreement with OrbiMed. Under the Royalty Financing Agreement, OrbiMed paid the Company $150 million in exchange for the right to receive, on a quarterly basis, royalties in an amount equal to 4% of ARIKAYCE global net sales prior to September 1, 2025 and 4.5% of ARIKAYCE global net sales on or after September 1, 2025, as well as 0.75% of brensocatib global net sales, if approved (the Revenue Interest Payments). In the event that OrbiMed has not received aggregate Revenue Interest Payments of at least $150 million on or prior to March 31, 2028, the Company must make a one-time payment to OrbiMed for the difference between the $150 million and the aggregated Revenue Interest Payments that have been paid. In addition, the royalty rate for ARIKAYCE will be increased beginning March 31, 2028 to the rate which would have resulted in aggregate Revenue Interest Payments as of March 31, 2028 equaling $150 million. The total Revenue Interest Payments payable by us to OrbiMed are capped at 1.8x of the purchase price or up to a maximum of 1.9x of the purchase price under certain conditions. Net proceeds from the Royalty Financing Agreement, after deducting the lenders fees and deal expenses of $3.8 million were, $146.2 million.

The fair value of the Royalty Financing Agreement at the time of the transaction was based on the Company’s estimates of future royalties expected to be paid to OrbiMed over the life of the arrangement, which was determined using forecasts from market data sources, which are considered Level 3 inputs.

This liability is being amortized using the effective interest method over the life of the arrangement, in accordance ASC 470, Debt and ASC 835, Interest. The initial annual effective interest rate was determined to be 12.4%. The Company is utilizing the prospective method to account for subsequent changes in the estimated future payments to be made to OrbiMed and updates the effective interest rate on a quarterly basis.

The following table shows the activity within the liability account for the six month period ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

The current liability recorded in connection with the royalty financing agreement was $3.1 million and $2.1 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which was recorded within accounts payable and accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheet. The current liability balance as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is attributable to Revenue Interest Payments not yet paid. Non-cash interest expense is recorded within interest expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Common Stock — As of June 30, 2023, the Company had 500,000,000 shares of common stock authorized with a par value of $0.01 per share and 142,750,463 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. In addition, as of June 30, 2023, the Company had reserved 21,998,934 shares of common stock for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding stock options, 2,828,160 shares of common stock for issuance upon the vesting of RSUs and 666,382 shares for issuance upon the vesting of PSUs. The Company has also reserved 23,438,430 shares of common stock in the aggregate for issuance upon conversion of the 2025 Convertible Notes and 2028 Convertible Notes, subject to adjustment in accordance with the applicable indentures. In connection with the Business Acquisition, the Company reserved 9,406,112 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain closing-related reductions. The shares of the Company’s common stock reserved in connection with the Motus acquisition were partly issued as acquisition consideration at closing and on the first anniversary of the closing date of the acquisition, and will also be issued upon the second and third anniversaries of the closing date of the acquisition and upon the achievement of certain development and regulatory milestone events, subject to certain reductions. The shares of the Company’s common stock reserved in connection with the AlgaeneX acquisition will be issued upon the achievement of a development milestone event, subject to certain reductions.

Of the 9,406,112 shares reserved, subject to certain closing-related reductions, the Company issued 2,889,367 shares of the Company's common stock in connection with the Business Acquisition (Note 16) in the third quarter of 2021, after certain closing-related deductions. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company issued 171,427 shares of the Company's common stock to fulfill the payment required to Motus equityholders on the first anniversary of the Business Acquisition.

In the second quarter of 2023, in connection with the Company's acquisition of Adrestia Therapeutics Ltd. (Adrestia), the Company issued 3,430,867 shares of the Company's common stock as consideration at closing. See Note 16 - Acquisitions for further details.

In connection with the Company’s acquisition of Vertuis Bio, Inc. (Vertuis), the Company reserved 550,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to future adjustment. An aggregate of 500,000 of the reserved shares were issued as acquisition consideration at closing.

An additional $1 million of shares of common stock will be issued to Vertuis’ former stockholders on July 1, 2024, based on the share price on June 28, 2024. See Note 16 - Acquisitions for further details.

In October 2022, the Company completed an underwritten offering of 13,750,000 shares of the Company's common stock at a public offering price of $20.00 per share. The Company's net proceeds from the sale of the shares, after deducting the underwriting discounts and offering expense of $16.2 million, were $258.8 million.

In the second quarter of 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 11,500,000 shares of the Company's common stock, including 1,500,000 shares issued pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares from the Company, at a public offering price of $25.00 per share. The Company's net proceeds from the sale of the shares, after deducting the underwriting discounts and offering expenses of $17.5 million, were $270.1 million.

In the first quarter of 2021, the Company entered into a sales agreement with SVB Leerink LLC (now known as SVB Securities LLC) (SVB Securities), to sell shares of the Company's common stock, with aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to $250.0 million, from time to time, through an “at the market” equity offering program (the ATM program), under which SVB Securities acts as sales agent. In the second quarter of 2023, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 2,000,000 shares of common stock through the ATM program at a weighted-average public offering price of $19.35 per share and received net proceeds of $37.5 million. During the third quarter of 2022, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 1,289,995 shares of common stock through the ATM program at a weighted-average public offering price of $26.68 per share and received net proceeds of $33.4 million. As of June 30, 2023, an aggregate of $176.9 million of shares of common stock remain available to be issued and sold under the ATM program.

Preferred Stock — As of June 30, 2023, the Company had 200,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized with a par value of $0.01 per share and no shares of preferred stock were issued and outstanding.

The Company's current equity compensation plan, the Insmed Incorporated Amended and Restated 2019 Incentive Plan (the 2019 Incentive Plan), was approved by shareholders at the Company's Annual Meeting of Shareholders on May 11, 2023. The 2019 Incentive Plan replaced the Insmed Incorporated 2019 Incentive Plan, as amended. The 2019 Incentive Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company. Under the terms of the 2019 Incentive Plan, the Company is authorized to grant a variety of incentive awards based on its common stock, including stock options (both incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options), RSUs, performance options/shares and other stock awards to eligible employees and non-employee directors. At the May 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, in connection with approval of the 2019 Incentive Plan, the Company's shareholders approved the issuance of an additional 10,500,000 shares under the plan. As of June 30, 2023, 6,866,417 shares remain available for future issuance under the 2019 Incentive Plan. The 2019 Incentive Plan will terminate on May 16, 2029 unless it is extended or terminated earlier pursuant to its terms. In addition, from time to time, the Company makes inducement grants of stock options to new hires, which awards are made pursuant to the Nasdaq's inducement grant exception to the shareholder approval requirement for grants of equity compensation. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company granted inducement stock options covering 1,299,040 shares of the Company's common stock to new employees.

On May 15, 2018, the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2018 ESPP) was approved by shareholders at the Company's 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. The Company has reserved the following for issuance under the 2018 ESPP: (i) 1,000,000 shares of common stock, plus (ii) commencing on January 1, 2019 and ending on December 31, 2023, an additional number of shares to be added on the first day of each calendar year equal to the lesser of (A) 1,200,000 shares of common stock, (B) 2% of the number of outstanding shares of common stock on such date and (C) an amount determined by the administrator.

Stock Options — As of June 30, 2023, there was $143.5 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had performance-conditioned options totaling 114,780 shares outstanding which had not yet met the recognition criteria.

Restricted Stock Units — As of June 30, 2023, there was $52.0 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSU awards.

Performance Stock Units — As of June 30, 2023, there were 266,550 unvested PSUs outstanding with an unrecognized compensation expense of $10.4 million, which assumes a payout of 100% of the target.

The following table summarizes the aggregate stock-based compensation expense recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss related to stock options, RSUs and the ESPP during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in millions): 

There was no stock-based compensation expense recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss related to PSUs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 or June 30, 2022, as the performance conditions associated with the PSU awards were not probable as of either date.

The Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.5 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $1.0 million and $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The provisions recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 are primarily a result of certain of the Company's international subsidiaries, which had taxable income during the periods. Additionally, the Company is impacted by certain state taxes which effectively impose income tax on modified gross revenues. In jurisdictions where the Company has net losses, there was a full valuation allowance recorded against the Company's deferred tax assets and therefore no tax benefit was recorded.

The Company is subject to US federal, state and international income taxes and the statute of limitations for tax audit is open for the Company’s federal tax returns for the years ended 2019 and later, generally open for certain states for the years 2018 and later, and generally open for international jurisdictions for the years 2017 and later. The Company has incurred net operating losses since inception, except for the year ended December 31, 2009. Such loss carryforwards would be subject to audit in any tax year in which those losses are utilized, notwithstanding the year of origin. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had recorded reserves for unrecognized income tax benefits against certain deferred tax assets in the US. However, given the Company’s valuation allowance position, these reserves do not have an impact on the balance sheet as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 or the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. The Company has not recorded any accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The Company does not anticipate any material changes in the amount of unrecognized tax positions over the next 12 months.

Rent expense charged to operations was $2.1 million and $1.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4.3 million and $3.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

From time to time, the Company is a party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. While the outcomes of these matters are uncertain, management does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In June 2023, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding share capital of Adrestia, a privately held, preclinical stage company. At the closing of the transaction, the Company issued an aggregate of 3,430,867 shares of the Company’s common stock to Adrestia’s former shareholders (collectively, the Adrestia shareholders). The closing share price on the date of the transaction was $21.10, resulting in a purchase price of $72.4 million. The Adrestia shareholders may also become entitled to receive contingent payments up to an aggregate of $326.5 million in cash upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestone events, as well as royalty payments based upon a low single-digit percentage of net sales of certain products, both subject to the terms and conditions of the agreement.

The shares of the Company’s common stock issued to the Adrestia shareholders were issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 (and, with respect to certain Adrestia shareholders, in reliance on Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933). The Company did not receive any net proceeds from the issuance of common stock to the Adrestia shareholders.

The Company evaluated the acquisition under ASC 805 and ASU 2017-01 and concluded that substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired are concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets and accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition. The Company determined that the IPR&D acquired did not have any future alternative use and, in accordance with ASC 730, Research and Development, expensed the assets within research and development in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss as of the date of the acquisition. The Company recognized $76.5 million as IPR&D expense, after adjusting for working capital assumed in connection with the asset acquisition.

In January 2023, the Company acquired Vertuis, a privately held, preclinical stage company. At the closing of the transaction, the Company issued an aggregate of 500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to Vertuis’ former stockholders and an individual who are entitled to receive a portion of the acquisition consideration (collectively, the Vertuis equityholders). The closing share price on the date of the transaction was $18.50. The Company is obligated to issue to Vertuis equityholders shares of the Company’s common stock on July 1, 2024 with an aggregate value of $1.0 million, based on the share price on June 28, 2024, and pay to the Vertuis equityholders up to an aggregate of $23.0 million in cash upon the achievement of certain development and regulatory milestone events, and up to an aggregate of $63.8 million in cash upon the achievement of certain net sales-based milestone events, in each case, subject to certain reductions.

The shares of the Company’s common stock issued to the Vertuis equityholders were issued, and the shares issuable in the future will be issued, pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933.

The following table summarizes the purchase price (in millions).

The Company evaluated the acquisition under ASC 805 and ASU 2017-01 and concluded that substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired are concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets and accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition. The Company determined that the assets acquired did not have any future alternative use and, in accordance with ASC 730, Research and Development, expensed the assets within research and development in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss as of the date of the acquisition.

On August 4, 2021, the Company acquired all of the equity interests of Motus and AlgaeneX, each a privately held, preclinical stage company. In connection with the closing of the Company’s acquisition of Motus, the Company issued an aggregate of 2,889,367 shares of the Company’s common stock, following certain closing-related reductions, to Motus’s former stockholders and option holders and certain individuals who are entitled to receive a portion of the acquisition consideration (collectively, Motus equityholders), subject to certain adjustments. The Company is obligated to issue to Motus equityholders an aggregate of 184,433 shares of the Company’s common stock on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the closing date and up to 5,348,572 shares in the aggregate upon the achievement of certain development and regulatory milestone events, and to pay to the Motus equityholders an aggregate of $35 million upon the achievement of certain net sales-based milestones and a portion of the value of a priority review voucher (to the extent issued to the Company), in each case, subject to certain reductions. During August 2022, the Company fulfilled the payment due on the first anniversary of the closing date by issuing 171,427 shares of the Company's common stock, after certain reductions.

At the closing of the Company’s acquisition of AlgaeneX, the Company paid $1.5 million in cash to AlgaeneX’s former stockholders and certain individuals who are entitled to receive a portion of the acquisition consideration (collectively, the AlgaeneX equityholders). The Company is obligated to issue to the AlgaeneX equityholders an aggregate of 368,867 shares of the Company’s common stock upon the achievement of a development milestone event and pay to the AlgaeneX equityholders a mid-single digits licensing fee on certain future payments received by the Company in licensing transactions for AlgaeneX’s manufacturing technology, in each case, subject to certain reductions.

The shares of the Company’s common stock issued to the Motus equityholders and the AlgaeneX equityholders were issued, and the shares issuable in the future will be issued, pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, and the numbers of such issued and issuable shares was calculated based on a per share value of $27.11, which was the weighted average price per share of the Company's common stock preceding the closing of the Business Acquisition for the 45 consecutive trading day period beginning on May 24, 2021. The Company will not receive any proceeds from the issuance of common stock to the Motus equityholders or the AlgaeneX equityholders.

The Company evaluated the Business Acquisition under ASC 805 and ASU 2017-01. The Company concluded that substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is not concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. The transaction does not pass the screen test and thus management performed a full assessment to determine if the acquired entities met the definition of a business. For the full assessment, management considered whether it has acquired (a) inputs, (b) substantive processes, and (c) outputs. Under ASC 805, to be considered a business, a set of activities and assets is required to have only the first two of the three elements, which together are or will be used in the future to create outputs. Management determined that the acquired entities met the definition of a business since the Company acquired inputs and substantive processes capable of producing outputs.

Therefore, the transaction has been accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method, the total purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair values as of the date of the acquisition. The fair value of the consideration totaled approximately $165.5 million. The results of Motus's and AlgaeneX's operations have been included in the Company's consolidated statements of comprehensive loss beginning on the acquisition date.

The fair value of IPR&D was capitalized as of the acquisition date and accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets until completion or disposition of the assets or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. Upon successful completion of the development efforts, the useful lives of the IPR&D assets will be determined based on the anticipated period of regulatory exclusivity and will be amortized within operating expenses. Until that time, the IPR&D assets will be subject to impairment testing and will not be amortized. The goodwill recorded related to the acquisition is the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred by the acquirer over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. The goodwill recorded is not deductible for tax purposes.

•failure to successfully commercialize ARIKAYCE, our only approved product, in the United States (US), Europe or Japan (amikacin liposome inhalation suspension, Liposomal 590 mg Nebuliser Dispersion, and amikacin sulfate inhalation drug product, respectively), or to maintain US, European or Japanese approval for ARIKAYCE;

•uncertainties in the degree of market acceptance of ARIKAYCE by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the healthcare community;

•our inability to obtain full approval of ARIKAYCE from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), including the risk that we will not successfully or in a timely manner complete the study to validate a patient reported outcome (PRO) tool and the confirmatory post-marketing clinical trial required for full approval of ARIKAYCE;

•inability of us, PARI Pharma GmbH (PARI) or our other third-party manufacturers to comply with regulatory requirements related to ARIKAYCE or the Lamira® Nebulizer System (Lamira);

•our inability to obtain adequate reimbursement from government or third-party payors for ARIKAYCE or acceptable prices for ARIKAYCE;

•development of unexpected safety or efficacy concerns related to ARIKAYCE, brensocatib, TPIP or our other product candidates;

•inaccuracies in our estimates of the size of the potential markets for ARIKAYCE, brensocatib, TPIP or our other product candidates or in data we have used to identify physicians, expected rates of patient uptake, duration of expected treatment, or expected patient adherence or discontinuation rates;

•the risks and uncertainties associated with, and the perceived benefits of, our secured senior loan with certain funds managed by Pharmakon Advisors, LP and our royalty financing with OrbiMed Royalty & Credit Opportunities IV, LP, including our ability to maintain compliance with the covenants in the agreements for the senior secured loan and royalty financing and the impact of the restrictions on our operations under these agreements;

•our inability to create an effective direct sales and marketing infrastructure or to partner with third parties that offer such an infrastructure for distribution of ARIKAYCE or any of our product candidates that are approved in the future;

•failure to obtain regulatory approval to expand ARIKAYCE’s indication to a broader patient population;

•risk that brensocatib or TPIP does not prove to be effective or safe for patients in ongoing and future clinical studies, including, for brensocatib, the ASPEN study;

•risk that our competitors may obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product that is essentially the same as a product we are developing for a particular indication;

•failure to successfully predict the time and cost of development, regulatory approval and commercialization for novel gene therapy products;

•failure to successfully conduct future clinical trials for ARIKAYCE, brensocatib, TPIP and our other product candidates due to our limited experience in conducting preclinical development activities and clinical trials necessary for regulatory approval and our potential inability to enroll or retain sufficient patients to conduct and complete the trials or generate data necessary for regulatory approval, among other things;

•risks that our clinical studies will be delayed or that serious side effects will be identified during drug development;

•failure to obtain, or delays in obtaining, regulatory approvals for ARIKAYCE outside the US, Europe or Japan, or for our product candidates in the US, Europe, Japan or other markets, including separate regulatory approval for Lamira in each market and for each usage;

•failure of third parties on which we are dependent to manufacture sufficient quantities of ARIKAYCE or our product candidates for commercial or clinical needs, to conduct our clinical trials, or to comply with our agreements or laws and regulations that impact our business or agreements with us;

•our inability to attract and retain key personnel or to effectively manage our growth;

•our inability to successfully integrate our recent acquisitions and appropriately manage the amount of management’s time and attention devoted to integration activities;

•risks that our acquired technologies, products and product candidates are not commercially successful;

•our inability to adapt to our highly competitive and changing environment;

•risk that we are unable to maintain our significant customers;

•risk that government healthcare reform materially increases our costs and damages our financial condition;

•business or economic disruptions due to catastrophes or other events, including natural disasters or public health crises;

•impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to reduce its spread on our business, employees, including key personnel, patients, partners and suppliers;

•deterioration in general economic conditions in the US, Europe, Japan and globally, including the effect of prolonged periods of inflation, affecting us, our suppliers, third-party service providers and potential partners;

•our inability to adequately protect our intellectual property rights or prevent disclosure of our trade secrets and other proprietary information and costs associated with litigation or other proceedings related to such matters;

•restrictions or other obligations imposed on us by agreements related to ARIKAYCE or our product candidates, including our license agreements with PARI and AstraZeneca AB (AstraZeneca), and failure to comply with our obligations under such agreements;

•the cost and potential reputational damage resulting from litigation to which we are or may become a party, including product liability claims;

•risk that our operations are subject to a material disruption in the event of a cybersecurity attack or issue;

•our limited experience operating internationally;

•changes in laws and regulations applicable to our business, including any pricing reform, and failure to comply with such laws and regulations;

•our history of operating losses, and the possibility that we never achieve or maintain profitability;

•goodwill impairment charges affecting our results of operations and financial condition;

•inability to repay our existing indebtedness and uncertainties with respect to our ability to access future capital; and

•delays in the execution of plans to build out an additional third-party manufacturing facility approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities and unexpected expenses associated with those plans.

We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. Any forward-looking statement is based on information current as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made. Actual events or results may differ materially from the results, plans, intentions or expectations anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. More information on factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated is included from time to time in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including, but not limited to, those described in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. We disclaim any obligation, except as specifically required by law and the rules of the SEC, to publicly update or revise any such statements to reflect any change in our expectations or in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements may be based, or that may affect the likelihood that actual results will differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

We are a global biopharmaceutical company on a mission to transform the lives of patients with serious and rare diseases. Our first commercial product, ARIKAYCE, is approved in the US as ARIKAYCE® (amikacin liposome inhalation suspension), in Europe as ARIKAYCE Liposomal 590 mg Nebuliser Dispersion and in Japan as ARIKAYCE inhalation 590mg (amikacin sulfate inhalation drug product). ARIKAYCE received accelerated approval in the US in September 2018 for the treatment of MAC lung disease as part of a combination antibacterial drug regimen for adult patients with limited or no alternative treatment options in a refractory setting.

In October 2020, the EC approved ARIKAYCE for the treatment of NTM lung infections caused by MAC in adults with limited treatment options who do not have CF. In March 2021, Japan's MHLW approved ARIKAYCE for the treatment of patients with NTM lung disease caused by MAC who did not sufficiently respond to prior treatment with a multidrug regimen. NTM lung disease caused by MAC (which we refer to as MAC lung disease) is a rare and often chronic infection that can cause irreversible lung damage and can be fatal.

Our clinical-stage pipeline includes brensocatib, TPIP and early-stage research programs. Brensocatib is a small molecule, oral, reversible inhibitor of DPP1, which we are developing for the treatment of patients with bronchiectasis, and other neutrophil-mediated diseases, including CRSsNP. TPIP is an inhaled formulation of the treprostinil prodrug treprostinil palmitil which may offer a differentiated product profile for PH-ILD and PAH. Our early-stage research programs encompass a wide range of technologies and modalities, including gene therapy, artificial intelligence-driven protein engineering, protein manufacturing, and synthetic rescue.

The information below summarizes the anticipated near-term milestones for ARIKAYCE and our product candidates.

•We will continue to advance the ARISE and ENCORE trials, our post-marketing confirmatory, MAC lung disease clinical trial program for ARIKAYCE.

•We anticipate sharing topline efficacy and safety data from ARISE in the third quarter of 2023.

•We anticipate completing enrollment in ENCORE by the end of 2023.

•In the first quarter of 2023, we completed enrollment of the Phase 3 ASPEN trial in adult patients, and we anticipate sharing topline data in the second quarter of 2024.

•We plan to explore the potential of brensocatib in additional neutrophil-mediated diseases, including advancing CRSsNP into Phase 2 development in the fourth quarter of 2023.

•We are advancing commercial readiness activities in 2023 in preparation for a launch of brensocatib for patients with bronchiectasis, if approved.

•We will continue to advance our Phase 2 studies in both PH-ILD and PAH.

•We anticipate sharing interim, blinded dose titration and safety and tolerability data from both the PH-ILD and PAH studies in the second half of 2023, pending the rate of enrollment.

•We anticipate sharing topline results from the PH-ILD study in the first half of 2024.

•We remain on track to initiate our first clinical trial in gene therapy in the second half of 2023.

•We anticipate sharing muscle biopsy data in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in the first half of 2024.

To complement our internal research and development, we also actively evaluate in-licensing and acquisition opportunities for a broad range of rare diseases.

Our strategy focuses on the needs of patients with rare diseases. Our first product ARIKAYCE, is approved in the US as ARIKAYCE® (amikacin liposome inhalation suspension), in Europe as ARIKAYCE Liposomal 590 mg Nebuliser Dispersion and in Japan as ARIKAYCE inhalation 590mg (amikacin sulfate inhalation drug product). We are not aware of any other approved inhaled therapies specifically indicated to treat MAC lung disease in North America, Europe or Japan. We believe that ARIKAYCE has the potential to prove beneficial in other patients with MAC. Our product candidates are brensocatib, our Phase 3 product candidate which we are developing for patients with bronchiectasis, and other neutrophil-mediated diseases, and TPIP, our product candidate that may offer a differentiated product profile for patients with PH-ILD and PAH. We are also advancing our early-stage research programs encompassing a wide range of technologies and modalities, including gene therapy, artificial intelligence-driven protein engineering, protein manufacturing, and synthetic rescue. Our key priorities are as follows:

•Continue to provide ARIKAYCE to appropriate patients by leveraging and expanding our reliable revenue stream;

•Produce topline clinical data readouts in the near and long term;

•Advance commercial readiness activities to serve significantly more patients with serious and rare diseases; and

•Control spending, prudently deploying capital to support the best return-generating opportunities.

ARIKAYCE is our first approved product. ARIKAYCE received accelerated approval in the US in September 2018 for the treatment of refractory MAC lung disease as part of a combination antibacterial drug regimen for adult patients with limited or no alternative treatment options. In October 2020, ARIKAYCE received approval in Europe for the treatment of NTM lung infections caused by MAC in adults with limited treatment options who do not have CF. In March 2021, ARIKAYCE received approval in Japan for the treatment of patients with NTM lung disease caused by MAC who did not sufficiently respond to prior treatment with a multidrug regimen. MAC lung disease is a rare and often chronic infection that can cause irreversible lung damage and can be fatal. Amikacin solution for parenteral administration is an established drug that has activity against a variety of NTM; however, its use is limited by the need to administer it intravenously and by toxicity to hearing, balance, and kidney function. Unlike amikacin solution for intravenous administration, our proprietary Pulmovance™ technology uses charge-neutral liposomes to deliver amikacin directly to the lungs where liposomal amikacin is taken up by the lung macrophages where the MAC infection resides. This technology also prolongs the release of amikacin in the lungs, while minimizing systemic exposure, thereby offering the potential for decreased systemic toxicities. ARIKAYCE's ability to deliver high levels of amikacin directly to the lung and sites of MAC infection via the use of our Pulmovance technology distinguishes it from intravenous amikacin. ARIKAYCE is administered once-daily using Lamira, an inhalation device developed and manufactured by PARI. Lamira is a portable nebulizer that enables aerosolization of liquid medications via a vibrating, perforated membrane, and was designed specifically for ARIKAYCE delivery.

The FDA has designated ARIKAYCE as an orphan drug and a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) for NTM lung disease. Orphan designated drugs are eligible for seven years of exclusivity for the orphan indication. QIDP designation provides an additional five years of exclusivity for the designated indication. The FDA granted a total of 12 years of exclusivity in the indication for which ARIKAYCE was approved.

ARIKAYCE also has been included in the international treatment guidelines for NTM lung disease. The evidence-based guidelines, issued by the American Thoracic Society (ATS), European Respiratory Society (ERS), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), strongly recommend the use of ARIKAYCE for MAC lung disease as part of a combination antibacterial drug regimen for adult patients with limited or no alternative treatment options who have failed to convert to a negative sputum culture after at least six months of treatment.

In October 2020, the FDA approved a supplemental new drug application for ARIKAYCE, adding important efficacy data regarding the durability and sustainability of culture conversion to the ARIKAYCE label. The data, which are from the Phase 3 CONVERT study of ARIKAYCE, demonstrate that the addition of ARIKAYCE to guideline-based therapy (GBT) was associated with sustained culture conversion through the end of treatment as well as durable culture conversion three months post-treatment compared with GBT alone.

In March 2018, we submitted a new drug application (NDA) for ARIKAYCE to the FDA to request accelerated approval. Accelerated approval allows drugs that (i) are being developed to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and (ii) provide a meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments to be approved substantially based on an intermediate endpoint or a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, rather than a clinical endpoint such as survival or irreversible morbidity. In September 2018, the FDA granted accelerated approval for ARIKAYCE under the Limited Population Pathway for Antibacterial and Antifungal Drugs (LPAD) for the treatment of refractory MAC lung disease as part of a combination antibacterial drug regimen for adult patients with limited or no alternative treatment options via the accelerated approval pathway.

LPAD, which was enacted as part of the 21st Century Cures Act, serves to advance the development of new antibacterial drugs to treat serious or life-threatening infections in limited populations of patients with unmet needs. As required for drugs approved under the LPAD pathway, labeling for ARIKAYCE includes certain statements to convey that the drug has been shown to be safe and effective only for use in a limited population.

As a condition of accelerated approval, we must conduct a post-marketing confirmatory clinical trial. In December 2020, we commenced the post-marketing confirmatory MAC lung disease clinical trial program for ARIKAYCE in patients with MAC lung disease. The MAC lung disease trial program consists of the ARISE trial, an interventional study designed to validate cross-sectional and longitudinal characteristics of a PRO tool in MAC lung disease, and the ENCORE trial, designed to establish the clinical benefits and evaluate the safety of ARIKAYCE in patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent MAC lung infection who have not started antibiotics using the PRO tool validated in the ARISE trial. We are running these global studies in parallel and approximately 200 sites are expected to be initiated for these clinical trials. We have completed enrollment in the ARISE trial and anticipate completing enrollment in ENCORE by the end of 2023. The MAC lung disease clinical program is intended to fulfill the FDA’s post-marketing requirement to allow for full approval of ARIKAYCE by the FDA, and verification and description of clinical benefit in the ENCORE trial will be necessary for full approval of ARIKAYCE.

In October 2020, the EC granted marketing authorization for ARIKAYCE for the treatment of NTM lung infections caused by MAC in adults with limited treatment options who do not have CF. ARIKAYCE is now available commercially for patients in several of the major European Union (EU) countries. In October 2022, we secured reimbursement approval for ARIKAYCE in England, at which point ARIKAYCE became reimbursed across all UK nations. In September 2022, patient supply of ARIKAYCE in Germany was enabled by import from other EU countries. We have worked with the German National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds (GKV-SV) towards an agreement on the price of ARIKAYCE that would allow us to better serve the needs of patients in Germany; however, to date, we have been unable to reach an agreement. We are working to ensure an uninterrupted supply of ARIKAYCE for patients in Germany and to provide physicians and pharmacists the information they need to obtain ARIKAYCE for their patients through the importation pathway. Discussions remain ongoing with the GKV-SV with the goal of reaching an agreement and re-initiating direct access to ARIKAYCE. In January 2023, we agreed upon reimbursement terms with the French authorities. To date, we have been unable to reach an acceptable agreement of a nationally reimbursed price with the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA). ARIKAYCE remains commercially available for physicians to prescribe in Italy under Class C, where we set the price and funding is agreed locally. We anticipate recommencing negotiations for national reimbursement in 2023 with the newly constituted AIFA.

In March 2021, Japan's MHLW approved ARIKAYCE for the treatment of patients with NTM lung disease caused by MAC who did not sufficiently respond to prior treatment with a multidrug regimen. In July 2021, we launched ARIKAYCE in Japan.

Accelerated approval of ARIKAYCE was supported by preliminary data from the CONVERT study, a global Phase 3 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of ARIKAYCE in adult patients with refractory MAC lung disease, using achievement of sputum culture conversion (defined as three consecutive negative monthly sputum cultures) by Month 6 as the primary endpoint. Patients who achieved sputum culture conversion by Month 6 continued in the CONVERT study for an additional 12 months of treatment following the first monthly negative sputum culture in order to assess the durability of culture conversion, as defined by patients that have completed treatment and continued in the CONVERT study off all therapy for three months. In May 2019, we presented at the American Thoracic Society meeting that 41/65 (63.1%) of patients on ARIKAYCE plus GBT who had achieved culture conversion by Month 6 had maintained durable culture conversion for three months off all therapy compared to 0/10 (0%) on GBT only (p<0.0002). Safety data for these patients were consistent with safety data previously reported for patients by Month 6 of the CONVERT study.

Patients who did not culture convert by Month 6 may have been eligible to enroll in the 312 study, an open-label extension study for these non-converting patients who completed six months of treatment in the CONVERT study. The primary objective of the 312 study was to evaluate the long-term safety and tolerability of ARIKAYCE in combination with a standard multi-drug regimen. The secondary objectives of the 312 study included evaluating the proportion of subjects achieving culture conversion (defined in the same way as the CONVERT study) by Month 6 and the proportion of subjects achieving culture conversion by Month 12, which was the end of treatment. We previously reported interim data as of December 2017 for patients in the 312 study, with 28.4% of patients who received GBT only in the CONVERT study (19/67) and 12.3% of patients who had received ARIKAYCE plus GBT in the CONVERT study (7/57) achieving culture conversion by Month 6 of the 312 study. The 312 study has concluded and final efficacy data regarding culture conversion were consistent with these interim data. We have analyzed the safety and efficacy data from the 312 study, and we did not observe any new safety signals.

We are currently exploring and supporting research and lifecycle management programs for ARIKAYCE beyond treatment of refractory MAC lung disease as part of a combination antibacterial regimen for adult patients who have limited or no treatment options. As noted above, we will continue to advance the post-marketing confirmatory, MAC lung disease clinical trial program for ARIKAYCE, through the ARISE and ENCORE trials, which are intended to fulfill the FDA's post-marketing requirement to allow for the full approval of ARIKAYCE in the US, as well as to support the use of ARIKAYCE as a treatment for patients with MAC lung infection.

The ARISE trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3b study in adult patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent MAC lung infections that aims to generate evidence demonstrating the domain specification, reliability, validity, and responsiveness of PRO-based scores, including a respiratory symptom score. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive ARIKAYCE plus background regimen or placebo plus background regimen once daily for six months. Patients will then discontinue all study treatments and remain in the trial for one month for the continued assessment of PRO endpoints. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we completed enrollment in the ARISE trial. We anticipate sharing topline efficacy and safety data from ARISE in the third quarter of 2023.

The ENCORE trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3b study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an ARIKAYCE-based regimen in patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent MAC lung infection who have not started antibiotics. Patients will be randomized 1:1 to receive ARIKAYCE plus background regimen or placebo plus background regimen once daily for 12 months. Patients will then discontinue all study treatments and remain in the trial for three months for the assessment of durability of culture conversion. The primary endpoint is change from baseline to Month 13 in respiratory symptom score. The key secondary endpoint is the proportion of subjects achieving durable culture conversion at Month 15. The study is currently enrolling patients, and is expected to enroll approximately 250 patients. We anticipate completing enrollment for ENCORE by the end of 2023.

Subsequent lifecycle management studies could also potentially enable us to reach more patients. These initiatives may include new clinical studies sponsored by us and may also include investigator-initiated studies, which are independent clinical studies initiated and sponsored by physicians or research institutions, with funding from us.

Brensocatib is a small molecule, oral, reversible inhibitor of DPP1, which we licensed from AstraZeneca in October 2016. DPP1 is an enzyme responsible for activating neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) in neutrophils when they are formed in the bone marrow. Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell and play an essential role in pathogen destruction and inflammatory mediation. Neutrophils contain the NSPs (including neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G) that have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases. In chronic inflammatory lung diseases, neutrophils accumulate in the airways and result in excessive active NSPs that cause lung destruction and inflammation. Brensocatib may decrease the damaging effects of inflammatory diseases such as bronchiectasis by inhibiting DPP1 and its activation of NSPs.

Based on the positive results of the WILLOW study discussed below, in December 2020 we commenced our Phase 3 trial, ASPEN, which will investigate brensocatib in bronchiectasis. ASPEN is a global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 study to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of brensocatib in adult patients with bronchiectasis. Patients with bronchiectasis due to CF may not be enrolled in the study. Patients will be randomized to receive brensocatib 10 mg, brensocatib 25 mg, or placebo once daily for 52 weeks. The primary endpoint is the rate of pulmonary exacerbations over the 52-week treatment period. Secondary endpoints include time to first pulmonary exacerbation, percentage of subjects who remain pulmonary exacerbation-free, change from baseline in post-bronchodilator FEV1, rate of severe pulmonary exacerbations, change from baseline in the Bronchiectasis (QOL-B) Respiratory Symptoms Domain Score, and incidence and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs). This study completed enrollment of adult patients in the first quarter of 2023. The study enrolled more than 1,700 adult patients at approximately 460 sites in 40 countries. We anticipate sharing topline data in the second quarter of 2024.

In March 2020, AstraZeneca exercised its first option pursuant to our October 2016 license agreement under which AstraZeneca can advance clinical development of brensocatib in the indications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Under the terms of the agreement, upon exercise of this option, AstraZeneca is solely responsible for all aspects of the development of brensocatib up to and including Phase 2b clinical trials in COPD or asthma. The agreement also includes a second and final option which, if exercised, would permit AstraZeneca to further develop brensocatib beyond Phase 2b clinical trials upon reaching agreement on commercial terms satisfactory to each party for the further development and commercialization of brensocatib in COPD or asthma. We retain full development and commercialization rights for brensocatib in all other indications and geographies.

In June 2020, the FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation for brensocatib for the treatment of adult patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFBE) for reducing exacerbations.

The FDA's breakthrough therapy designation is designed to expedite the development and review of therapies that are intended to treat serious or life-threatening diseases and for which preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over available therapy. The benefits of breakthrough therapy designation include more frequent communication and meetings with FDA, eligibility for rolling and priority review, intensive guidance on an efficient drug development program, and organizational commitment from the FDA involving senior managers. In November 2020, brensocatib was granted access to the PRIME scheme from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for patients with NCFBE.

In October 2021, the EMA’s Paediatric Committee approved the brensocatib Pediatric Investigational Plan for the treatment of patients with NCFBE. Subsequently, the ASPEN trial will now include 40 adolescent patients between ages 12 to 17, which will fulfill the pediatric study requirements to support marketing applications in this patient population in the US, Europe and Japan.

The WILLOW study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-center, multi-national, Phase 2 study to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of brensocatib administered once daily for 24 weeks in patients with NCFBE. The WILLOW study was conducted at 116 sites and enrolled 256 adult patients diagnosed with NCFBE who had at least two documented pulmonary exacerbations in the 12 months prior to screening. Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive either 10 mg or 25 mg of brensocatib or matching placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was the time to first pulmonary exacerbation over the 24-week treatment period in the brensocatib arms compared to the placebo arm.

We announced topline data for the WILLOW study in February 2020 and full data for the WILLOW study in June 2020. In September 2020, final results from the WILLOW study were published online in the New England Journal of Medicine. The data demonstrate that the WILLOW study met its primary endpoint of time to first pulmonary exacerbation over the 24-week treatment period for both the 10 mg and 25 mg dosage groups of brensocatib compared to placebo (p=0.027, p=0.044, respectively). The risk of exacerbation at any time during the trial was reduced by 42% for the 10 mg group versus placebo (HR 0.58, p=0.029) and by 38% for the 25 mg group versus placebo (HR 0.62, p=0.046). In addition, treatment with brensocatib 10 mg resulted in a significant reduction in the rate of pulmonary exacerbations, a key secondary endpoint, versus placebo. Specifically, patients treated with brensocatib experienced a 36% reduction in the 10 mg arm (p=0.041) and a 25% reduction in the 25 mg arm (p=0.167) versus placebo. Change in concentration of active neutrophil elastase in sputum versus placebo from baseline to the end of the treatment period was also statistically significant (p=0.034 for 10 mg, p=0.021 for 25 mg).

Brensocatib was generally well-tolerated in the study. Rates of AEs leading to discontinuation in patients treated with placebo, brensocatib 10 mg, and brensocatib 25 mg were 10.6%, 7.4%, and 6.7%, respectively. The most common AEs in patients treated with brensocatib were cough, headache, sputum increase, dyspnea, fatigue, and upper respiratory tract infection. Rates of adverse events of special interest (AESIs) in patients treated with placebo, brensocatib 10 mg, and brensocatib 25 mg, respectively, were as follows: rates of skin events (including hyperkeratosis) were 11.8%, 14.8%, and 23.6%; rates of dental events were 3.5%, 16.0%, and 10.1%; and rates of infections that were considered AESIs were 17.6%, 13.6%, and 16.9%.

In August 2019, we received notice from the FDA that we were awarded a development grant of $1.8 million for specific work to be performed on a PRO tool. The grant funding is for the development of a novel PRO tool for use in clinical trials to measure symptoms in patients with NCFBE with and without NTM lung infection.

In January 2023, we reported topline data from the Phase 2, multiple-dose, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study of brensocatib in patients with CF. This Phase 2 study included both patients who were on background CFTR modulator drugs and patients who were not on CFTR modulator drugs. The study duration was approximately one month and dosed CF patients to placebo, 10 mg, 25 mg, and 40 mg of brensocatib. A clear dose-dependent and exposure-dependent inhibition of blood NSPs was observed in patients treated with brensocatib across all doses in this study, consistent with the mechanism of action of brensocatib. Safety and tolerability were consistent with what was observed during the Phase 2 WILLOW study, with no significant drug-related findings. We concluded that an additional cohort evaluating a 65 mg dose of brensocatib is not needed in this patient population. We believe that we can use the data from this Phase 2 study, in addition to the clinical work done for the WILLOW and ASPEN studies, to help inform the safety and efficacy of brensocatib for CF patients.

We also plan to explore the potential of brensocatib in additional neutrophil-mediated diseases, including CRSsNP. CRSsNP currently has no approved therapies and many patients do not respond to corticosteroids or endoscopic sinus surgery. We anticipate moving brensocatib into Phase 2 development for CRSsNP in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Bronchiectasis is a severe, chronic pulmonary disorder in which the bronchi become permanently dilated due to a cycle of infection, inflammation, and lung tissue damage. The condition is marked by frequent pulmonary exacerbations requiring antibiotic therapy and/or hospitalizations. Symptoms include chronic cough, excessive sputum production, shortness of breath, and repeated respiratory infections, which can worsen the underlying condition. Based on information from external sources, including market research funded by us and third parties, and internal analyses and calculations, we estimate the potential addressable market at launch in the US, the European 5 and Japan will be as follows (approximately):

Today, there are no approved therapies in the US, Europe, or Japan for the treatment of patients with bronchiectasis.

TPIP is an investigational inhaled formulation of a treprostinil prodrug that has the potential to address certain of the current limitations of existing prostanoid therapies. We believe that TPIP prolongs duration of effect and may provide patients with greater consistency in pulmonary arterial pressure reduction over time. Current inhaled prostanoid therapies must be dosed four to nine times per day. Reducing dose frequency has the potential to ease treatment burden for patients and improve compliance. Additionally, we believe that TPIP may be associated with fewer side effects, including severity and/or frequency of cough, headache, throat irritation, nausea, flushing and dizziness that are associated with high initial drug levels and local upper airway exposure when using current inhaled prostanoid therapies. We believe TPIP may offer a differentiated product profile for PH-ILD and PAH.

In February 2021, we announced topline results from the Phase 1 study of TPIP in healthy volunteers. The objective of this first-in-human single ascending dose and multiple ascending dose study was to assess the pharmacokinetics and tolerability profile of TPIP. Data from the study demonstrated that TPIP was generally well tolerated, with a pharmacokinetic profile that supports continued development with once-daily dosing. The most common AEs across all cohorts in the study were cough, dizziness, headache, and nausea. Most AEs were mild in severity and consistent in nature with those typically seen with other inhaled prostanoid therapies. There were few moderate AEs and no severe or serious AEs. Subjects in the multiple dose panel that incorporated an up-titration approach beginning at 112.5 µg once-daily and progressing to 225 µg once-daily reported fewer AEs compared to the panel dosed with 225 µg once-daily from the first dose.

Overall pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that treprostinil exposure (AUC and Cmax) was dose-proportional, with low to moderate inter-subject variability. Treprostinil was detected in the plasma at 24 hours at all doses and throughout the 48-hour sampling period for the two highest doses. Compared with currently available inhaled treprostinil therapy, TPIP showed substantially lower Cmax and longer half-life. Data from this study were presented in an oral session at the European Society of Cardiology Congress in August 2021.

We are advancing the development of TPIP with two ongoing Phase 2 studies. The first study is designed to assess the safety and tolerability of TPIP in patients with PH-ILD over a 16-week treatment period using an up-titration, once-daily dosing schedule. The second study is designed to investigate the effect of TPIP in patients with PAH on changes in PVR and six-minute walk distance over a 16-week treatment period and will also employ an up-titration, once-daily dosing schedule. A third study, which was a Phase 2a study designed to study the immediate impact of a single dose of TPIP in PAH patients over a 24-hour period was discontinued primarily due to hospital and intensive care unit restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic that were necessary to conduct the study. One patient was dosed in this study at 112.5 micrograms. This patient went on to complete the 16-week extension period for the study and was titrated to a dose of 320 micrograms once daily, which was found to be safe and tolerable. We did not observe any safety concerns with TPIP, and the data suggested a trend toward improvement in various cardiac measures during the study period.

We will continue to advance our Phase 2 development work in both PH-ILD and PAH. We anticipate sharing interim, blinded dose titration and safety and tolerability data from both the PH-ILD and PAH studies in the second half of 2023. We expect topline results from the PH-ILD study to be shared in the first half of 2024.

Our early-stage research efforts are comprised of our preclinical programs, advanced through internal research and development and augmented through business development activities. In March 2021, we acquired a proprietary protein deimmunization platform, called Deimmunized by Design, focused on the reengineering of therapeutic proteins to evade immune recognition and reaction. In August 2021, we acquired Motus and AlgaeneX, preclinical stage companies engaged in the research, development and manufacturing of gene therapies for rare genetic disorders.

In January 2023, we acquired Vertuis, a privately held, preclinical stage company engaged in the research and development of gene therapies for rare genetic disorders. In June 2023, we acquired Adrestia, a privately held, preclinical stage company using precision genetic models to search for therapeutic targets, precision diagnostics, novel drug compounds and new applications for existing drugs.

Our initial therapeutic areas of focus include musculoskeletal, CNS, ocular, and rheumatologic diseases. Our first gene therapy candidate using a targeted intrathecal delivery approach will be in DMD. We anticipate sharing muscle biopsy data in DMD in the first half of 2024.

We plan to continue to develop, acquire, in-license or co-promote other products, product candidates and technologies, including those that address serious and rare diseases that currently have significant unmet needs. We are focused broadly on serious and rare disease therapeutics and prioritizing those areas that best align with our core competencies.

Product revenues, net, consist of net sales of ARIKAYCE. In October 2018, we began shipping ARIKAYCE to our customers in the US, which include specialty pharmacies and specialty distributors. In December 2020, we began commercial sales of ARIKAYCE in Europe. In July 2021, we began recognizing product revenue from commercial sales of ARIKAYCE in Japan. We recognize revenue for product received by our customers net of allowances for customer credits, including prompt pay discounts, service fees, estimated rebates, including government rebates, such as Medicaid rebates and Medicare Part D coverage gap reimbursements in the US, and chargebacks.

Cost of product revenues (excluding amortization of intangible assets) consist primarily of direct and indirect costs related to the manufacturing of ARIKAYCE sold, including third-party manufacturing costs, packaging services, freight, and allocation of overhead costs, in addition to royalty expenses and revenue-based milestones. We began capitalizing inventory upon FDA approval of ARIKAYCE.

R&D expenses consist of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel serving in our research and development functions, including medical affairs and program management. R&D expenses also includes other internal operating expenses, the cost of manufacturing product candidates, including the medical devices for drug delivery, for clinical study, the cost of conducting clinical studies, and the cost of conducting preclinical and research activities. In addition, R&D expenses include payments to third parties for the license rights to products in development (prior to marketing approval), such as brensocatib. Our R&D expenses related to manufacturing our product candidates and medical devices for clinical study are primarily related to activities at CMOs that manufacture brensocatib, TPIP and early-stage research activities. Our R&D expenses related to clinical trials are primarily related to activities at contract research organizations (CROs) that conduct and manage clinical trials on our behalf. These contracts with CROs set forth the scope of work to be completed at a fixed fee or amount per patient enrolled. Payments under these contracts with CROs primarily depend on performance criteria such as the successful enrollment of patients or the completion of clinical trial milestones as well as time-based fees. Expenses are accrued based on contracted amounts applied to the level of patient enrollment and to activity according to the clinical trial protocol. Deposits for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are deferred and capitalized. Such amounts are then recognized as an expense as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

SG&A expenses consist of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for our non-employee directors and personnel serving in our executive, finance and accounting, legal and compliance, commercial and pre-commercial, corporate development, field sales, information technology and human resource functions. SG&A expenses also include professional fees for legal services, consulting services, including commercial activities, insurance, board of director fees, tax and accounting services and certain milestones related to ARIKAYCE.

Upon commercialization of ARIKAYCE, our intangible assets began to be amortized over their estimated useful lives. The fair values assigned to our intangible assets are based on estimates and assumptions we believe are reasonable based on available facts and circumstances. Unanticipated events or circumstances may occur that require us to review the assets for impairment.

In connection with our Business Acquisition, we recorded deferred and contingent consideration liabilities related to potential future milestone payments. Adjustments to the fair value are due to changes in: the probability of achieving milestones; our stock price; or certain other estimated assumptions. The change in fair value of deferred and contingent consideration liabilities is calculated quarterly with gains and losses recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Investment income consists of interest and dividend income earned on our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. Interest expense consists primarily of contractual interest costs, Royalty Financing Agreement non-cash interest expense and the amortization of debt issuance costs related to our debt. Debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the debt. Our balance sheet reflects debt, net of the debt discount, debt issuance costs paid to the lender, and other third-party costs. Unamortized debt issuance costs associated with extinguished debt are expensed in the period of the extinguishment.

Change in Fair Value of Interest Rate Swap

We record derivative and hedge transactions in accordance with GAAP. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we entered into an interest rate swap contract (the Swap Contract) with a notional value of $350 million to economically hedge our variable rate-based term debt for three years, effectively changing the variable rate under the term debt to a fixed interest rate. Our interest rate swap has not been designated as a hedging instrument for accounting purposes. Consequently, all changes in the fair value of the Swap Contract are reported as a component of net loss in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Our operating results for the three months ended June 30, 2023, included the following:

•Product revenues, net, increased $12.0 million, or 18.4%, as compared to the same period in the prior year as a result of the growth in ARIKAYCE sales;

•Cost of product revenues (excluding amortization of intangible assets) increased $0.2 million as compared to the same period in the prior year as a result of the increase in sales volumes of ARIKAYCE;

•R&D expenses increased $108.4 million as compared to the same period in the prior year primarily resulting from the non-cash cost of the Adrestia acquisition;

•SG&A expenses increased $24.5 million as compared to the same period in the prior year resulting primarily from increases in professional fees and other external expenses;

•Amortization of intangible assets of $1.3 million was consistent with the same period in the prior year;

•Change in fair value of deferred and contingent consideration liabilities increased $26.1 million, primarily as a result of the change in our share price; and

•Interest expense increased $17.3 million as compared to the same period in the prior year due to entering into the Term Loan and Royalty Financing Agreement in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Product revenues, net, consists of net sales of ARIKAYCE. The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Product revenues, net, for the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased to $77.2 million as compared to $65.2 million in the same period in 2022, an increase of 18.4% as a result of growth in ARIKAYCE sales in the US and Europe and the rest of the world.

Cost of product revenues (excluding amortization of intangible assets) for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were comprised of the following (in thousands):

Cost of product revenues (excluding amortization of intangible assets) increased by $0.2 million, or 1.2%, to $16.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to $16.4 million in the same period in 2022. The increase in cost of product revenues (excluding amortization of intangibles) for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to the increase in product revenues discussed above.

R&D expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were comprised of the following (in thousands):