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(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (312) 630-1900

The number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of June 30, 2024, is 106 million Common Shares, $.01 par value, and 7 million Series A Common Shares, $.01 par value.

The following discussion and analysis compares Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.’s (TDS) financial results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, to the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. It should be read in conjunction with TDS’ interim consolidated financial statements and notes included herein, and with the description of TDS’ business, its audited consolidated financial statements and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) included in TDS’ Annual Report on Form 10-K (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2023. Certain numbers included herein are rounded to millions for ease of presentation; however, certain calculated amounts and percentages are determined using the unrounded numbers. 

This report contains statements that are not based on historical facts, which may be identified by words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “projects,” “will” and similar expressions. These statements constitute and represent “forward looking statements” as this term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, events or developments to be significantly different from any future results, events or developments expressed or implied by such forward looking statements. See the disclosure under the heading Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 Safe Harbor Cautionary Statement elsewhere in this report for additional information.

The accounting policies of TDS conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). However, TDS uses certain “non-GAAP financial measures” in the MD&A. A discussion of the reasons TDS determines these metrics to be useful and reconciliations of these measures to their most directly comparable measures determined in accordance with GAAP are included in the disclosure under the heading Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within the MD&A of this report.

TDS’ mission is to provide outstanding communications services to its customers and meet the needs of its shareholders, its people, and its communities. In pursuing this mission, TDS seeks to grow its businesses, create opportunities for its associates, support the communities it serves, and build value over the long term for its shareholders. Since its founding, TDS has been committed to bringing high-quality communications services to rural and underserved communities. TDS continues to make progress on developing and enhancing its Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) program, including the publication of the most recent TDS ESG Report in July 2023, which is available on the TDS website.

TDS’ historical long-term strategy has been to re-invest the majority of its operating capital in its businesses to strengthen their competitive positions and financial performance, while also returning value to TDS shareholders primarily through the payment of a regular quarterly cash dividend. In the second quarter of 2024, TDS reset its approach to capital allocation and declared dividends at approximately 20% of the previous level for TDS Common and Series A shares. This shift in approach is expected to free up additional capital that can be used to support TDS' fiber program, among other purposes.

TDS plans to build shareholder value by continuing to execute on its strategies to build strong, competitive businesses providing high-quality, data-focused services and products. Strategic efforts include:

▪UScellular offers economical and competitively priced service plans and devices to its customers and is focused on increasing revenues from sales of related products such as device protection plans and from services such as fixed wireless home internet. In addition, UScellular is focused on increasing tower rent revenues and expanding its solutions available to business and government customers.

▪UScellular continues to enhance its network capabilities, including by deploying 5G technology. 5G technology helps address customers’ growing demand for data services and creates opportunities for new services requiring high speed and reliability as well as low latency. UScellular's initial 5G deployment in 2019-2022 predominantly used low-band spectrum to launch 5G services in portions of substantially all of its markets. During 2023, UScellular continued to invest in 5G with a focus on deployment of mid-band spectrum, which largely overlaps areas already covered with low-band 5G service. During 2024, UScellular is continuing the multi-year deployment of 5G mid-band spectrum. 5G service deployed over mid-band spectrum further enhances speed and capacity for UScellular's mobility and fixed wireless services.

▪UScellular seeks to grow revenue in its Towers segment primarily through increasing third-party colocations on existing towers through providing unique tower locations, attractive terms and streamlined implementation to third-party wireless operators.

▪TDS Telecom strives to provide high-quality broadband services in its markets with the ability to provide value-added bundling with video and voice service options. TDS Telecom focuses on driving growth by investing in fiber deployment primarily in its expansion markets and also in its incumbent and cable markets that have historically utilized copper and coaxial cable technologies.

▪TDS Telecom seeks to grow its operations by creating clusters of markets in attractive, growing locations and may seek to acquire and/or divest of assets to support its strategy.

On August 4, 2023, TDS and UScellular announced that the Boards of Directors of both companies decided to initiate a process to explore a range of strategic alternatives for UScellular. On May 28, 2024, UScellular announced that its Board of Directors unanimously approved the execution of a Securities Purchase Agreement (Securities Purchase Agreement) by and among TDS, UScellular, T-Mobile US, Inc. (T-Mobile) and USCC Wireless Holdings, LLC, pursuant to which, among other things, UScellular agreed to sell its wireless operations and select spectrum assets to T-Mobile for a purchase price, subject to adjustment as specified in the Securities Purchase Agreement, of $4,400 million, which is payable in a combination of cash and the assumption of up to approximately $2,000 million in debt. The transaction is expected to close in mid-2025, subject to the receipt of regulatory approvals and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.

The strategic alternatives review process is ongoing as UScellular seeks to opportunistically monetize its spectrum assets that are not subject to the Securities Purchase Agreement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, TDS incurred third-party expenses of $21 million and $33 million, respectively, related to the strategic alternatives review.

The following is a list of definitions of certain industry terms that are used throughout this document:

▪4G LTE – fourth generation Long-Term Evolution, which is a wireless technology that enables more network capacity for more data per user as well as faster access to data compared to third generation (3G) technology.

▪5G – fifth generation wireless technology that helps address customers’ growing demand for data services and creates opportunities for new services requiring high speed and reliability as well as low latency.

▪Alternative Connect America Cost Model (ACAM) – a USF support mechanism for certain carriers, which provides revenue support through 2028. This support comes with an obligation to build defined broadband speeds to a certain number of locations.

▪Account – represents an individual or business financially responsible for one or multiple associated connections. An account may include a variety of types of connections such as handsets and connected devices.

▪Broadband Connections – refers to the individual customers provided internet access through various transmission technologies, including fiber, coaxial and copper.

▪Broadband Penetration – metric which is calculated by dividing total broadband connections by total service addresses.

▪Cable Markets – markets where TDS provides service as the cable provider using coaxial cable and fiber technologies.

▪Churn Rate – represents the percentage of the connections that disconnect service each month. These rates represent the average monthly churn rate for each respective period.

▪Colocations – represents instances where a third-party wireless carrier rents or leases space on a company-owned tower.

▪Connected Devices – non-handset devices that connect directly to the UScellular network. Connected devices include products such as tablets, wearables, modems, fixed wireless, and hotspots.

▪EBITDA – refers to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion and is used in the non-GAAP metric Adjusted EBITDA throughout this document. See Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for additional information.

▪Enhanced Alternative Connect America Cost Model (E-ACAM) – a USF support mechanism for certain carriers, which provides revenue support through 2038. This support comes with an obligation to provide 100 megabits per second (Mbps) of download speed and 20 Mbps of upload speed (100/20 Mbps) to a certain number of locations.

▪Expansion Markets – markets utilizing fiber networks in areas where TDS does not serve as the incumbent service provider.

▪Free Cash Flow – non-GAAP metric defined as Cash flows from operating activities less Cash paid for additions to property, plant and equipment and less Cash paid for software license agreements. See Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for additional information.

▪Gross Additions – represents the total number of new connections added during the period, without regard to connections that were terminated during that period.

▪Incumbent Markets – markets where TDS is positioned as the traditional local telephone company.

▪IPTV – internet protocol television.

▪Net Additions (Losses) – represents the total number of new connections added during the period, net of connections that were terminated during that period.

▪OIBDA – refers to operating income before depreciation, amortization and accretion and is used in the non-GAAP metric Adjusted OIBDA throughout this document. See Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for additional information.

▪Postpaid Average Revenue per Account (Postpaid ARPA) – metric which is calculated by dividing total postpaid service revenues by the average number of postpaid accounts and by the number of months in the period.

▪Postpaid Average Revenue per User (Postpaid ARPU) – metric which is calculated by dividing total postpaid service revenues by the average number of postpaid connections and by the number of months in the period.

▪Residential Revenue per Connection – metric which is calculated by dividing total residential revenue by the average number of residential connections and by the number of months in the period.

▪Retail Connections – individual lines of service associated with each device activated by a postpaid or prepaid customer. Connections are associated with all types of devices that connect directly to the UScellular network.

▪Service Addresses – number of single residence homes, multi-dwelling units, and business locations that are capable of being connected to the TDS network, based on best available information.

▪Tower Tenancy Rate – average number of tenants that lease space on company-owned towers, measured on a per-tower basis.

▪Universal Service Fund (USF) – a system of telecommunications collected fees and support payments managed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) intended to promote universal access to telecommunications services in the United States.

▪Video Connections – represents the individual customers provided video services.

▪Voice Connections – refers to the individual circuits connecting a customer to TDS' central office facilities that provide voice services or the billable number of lines into a building for voice services.

1Consists of corporate and other operations and intercompany eliminations.

2Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.

3Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A for additional information on Capital expenditures.

Refer to individual segment discussions in this MD&A for additional details on operating revenues and expenses at the segment level.

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities represents TDS’ share of net income from entities in which it has a noncontrolling interest and that are accounted for using the equity method or the net asset value practical expedient. TDS’ investment in the Los Angeles SMSA Limited Partnership (LA Partnership) contributed pre-tax income of $17 million and $18 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively and $33 million and $38 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See Note 8 — Investments in Unconsolidated Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Interest expense increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 due primarily to an increase in borrowings under the TDS term loan agreements, partially offset by a decrease in the average principal balance outstanding on the receivables securitization agreement. See Market Risk for additional information regarding maturities of long-term debt and weighted average interest rates.

Income tax expense decreased for the three months ended June 30, 2024 due primarily to state valuation allowance adjustments recorded in the second quarter of 2023 that reduced the net value of deferred tax assets.

Income tax expense decreased for the six months ended June 30, 2024 due primarily to state valuation allowance adjustments recorded in the second quarter of 2023 that reduced the net value of deferred tax assets, partially offset by an increase in Income before income taxes.

TDS calculated income taxes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, based on an estimated year-to-date tax rate. The effective tax rates are expected to vary in subsequent interim periods in 2024 due primarily to fluctuations in Income before income taxes, as well as tax impacts of sales of businesses expected to close later in 2024.

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax includes the noncontrolling public shareholders’ share of UScellular’s net income, the noncontrolling shareholders’ or partners’ share of certain UScellular subsidiaries’ net income and other TDS noncontrolling interests.

*Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.

UScellular provides wireless service throughout its footprint, and leases tower space to third-party carriers on UScellular-owned towers. UScellular’s strategy is to attract and retain customers by providing a high-quality network, outstanding customer service, and competitive devices, plans and pricing - all provided with a community focus. UScellular is an 82%-owned subsidiary of TDS.

▪Serves customers with 4.5 million retail connections including approximately 4.0 million postpaid and 0.4 million prepaid connections

▪Operates in 21 states

▪Employs approximately 4,300 associates

▪Owns 4,388 towers

▪Operates 6,990 cell sites in service

1Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.

2Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A for additional information on Capital expenditures.

Total postpaid handset net losses were flat for the three months ended June 30, 2024, when compared to the same period last year due to lower gross additions as a result of a decrease in the pool of available customers and continued aggressive industry-wide competition. This was offset by lower defections as a result of improvements in churn.

Total postpaid handset net losses increased for the six months ended June 30, 2024 when compared to the same period last year due to lower gross additions as a result of a decrease in the pool of available customers and continued aggressive industry-wide competition.

Total postpaid connected device net additions increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, when compared to the same period last year due to higher demand for fixed wireless home internet as well as a decrease in tablet, hotspot and home phone defections as a result of improvements in churn.

Postpaid ARPU increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, when compared to the same period last year, due to favorable plan and product offering mix and an increase in cost recovery surcharges.

Postpaid ARPA increased slightly for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, when compared to the same period last year, due to the impacts to Postpaid ARPU, partially offset by a decrease in the number of connections per account.

1Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.

2Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A for additional information on Capital expenditures.

▪Retail Service - Postpaid and prepaid charges for voice, data and value-added services and cost recovery surcharges

▪Other Service - Amounts received from the Federal USF, inbound roaming, miscellaneous other service revenues and Internet of Things (IoT)

Equipment revenues consist of:

▪Sales of wireless devices and related accessories to new and existing customers, agents, and third-party distributors

Retail service revenues decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily as result of a decrease in average postpaid and prepaid connections, partially offset by an increase in Postpaid ARPU as previously discussed in the Operational Overview section.

Equipment sales revenues decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, due primarily to a decline in smartphone devices sold due to lower upgrade and gross additions, partially offset by a higher average price of new smartphone sales.

Wireless service providers have been aggressive promotionally and on price to attract and retain customers. This includes both traditional carriers and cable wireless companies. UScellular expects promotional aggressiveness by traditional carriers and pricing pressures from cable wireless companies to continue into the foreseeable future. Operating revenues and Operating income have been negatively impacted in current and prior periods, and are expected to be negatively impacted in future periods.

Total operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 include $9 million of severance and related expenses associated with a reduction in workforce that was recorded in the first quarter of 2023. These severance expenses are included in System operations expenses and Selling, general and administrative expenses.

System operations expenses decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, due primarily to decreases in customer usage and maintenance, utilities, and cell site expenses, partially offset by an increase in roaming expense primarily driven by an increase in outbound roaming usage.

Cost of equipment sold decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, due primarily to a decline in smartphone upgrades and gross additions, partially offset by a higher average cost per unit sold.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, due to decreases in various general and administrative expenses, sales related expenses and bad debts expense, partially offset by an increase related to the strategic alternatives review expenses of $12 million and $20 million, respectively.

Number of colocations decreased for the period ended June 30, 2024 when compared to the same period last year due to an increase in terminations, partially offset by new tenant and equipment change executions.

1Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.

Intra-company revenues increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily as a result of an increase in the intra-company rate charged by Towers to Wireless.

Upon closing of the transaction to dispose of the wireless operations and select spectrum assets to T-Mobile, UScellular expects an increase in Third-party revenues that will be recognized under the Master License Agreement that will go into effect under the Securities Purchase Agreement. However, at such time Intra-company revenues would cease, resulting in significantly lower Total tower revenues in periods following the close.

Total operating expenses were relatively flat for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

Upon closing of the transaction to dispose of the wireless operations and select spectrum assets to T-Mobile, UScellular expects expenses may be incurred to effect the separation including costs to decommission certain towers and record remaining ground lease obligations on such decommissioned towers. These factors and other uncertainties in how the ongoing tower operations will be supported in the long-term may significantly impact operating expenses recorded in periods following the close.

TDS Telecom owns, operates and invests in high-quality networks, services and products in a mix of small to mid-sized urban, suburban and rural communities throughout the United States. TDS Telecom is a wholly-owned subsidiary of TDS and provides a wide range of broadband, video and voice communications services to residential, commercial and wholesale customers, with the constant focus on delivering outstanding customer service.

▪Serves 1.2 million connections in 32 states TDS Telecom increased its service addresses 10% from a year ago to 1.7 million as of June 30, 2024 through network expansion.

▪Employs approximately 3,400 associates

Total connections decreased due to legacy voice, video, and competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC) connections declines, partially offset by broadband connection growth.

Many of TDS Telecom's residential customers take advantage of bundling options as 53% of customers subscribe to more than one service.

1Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.

2Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A for additional information on Capital expenditures.

•Broadband services

•Video services, including IPTV, traditional cable programming and satellite offerings

•Voice services

•High-speed and dedicated business internet services

•Video services

•Voice services

•Network access services primarily to interexchange and wireless carriers for carrying data and voice traffic on TDS Telecom's networks

•Federal and state regulatory support, including E-ACAM

Residential revenues increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, due primarily to price increases and growth in broadband connections, partially offset by a decline in video and voice connections.

Commercial revenues decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, due primarily to declining connections in CLEC markets.

Cost of services decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, due primarily to a decrease in employee-related expenses and lower plant and maintenance costs, partially offset by higher video programming costs.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, due primarily to a decrease in employee-related expenses and lower advertising and marketing costs.

Depreciation, amortization and accretion increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, due primarily to capital expenditures on new fiber assets.

TDS and its subsidiaries operate capital-intensive businesses. In the past, TDS’ existing cash and investment balances, funds available under its financing agreements, preferred share offerings, and cash flows from operating and certain investing and financing activities, including sales of assets or businesses, provided sufficient liquidity and financial flexibility for TDS to meet its day-to-day operating needs and debt service requirements, to finance the build-out and enhancement of markets, pay dividends and to fund acquisitions. There is no assurance that this will be the case in the future. TDS has incurred negative free cash flow at times in past periods, and this could occur in future periods.

TDS believes that existing cash and investment balances, funds available under its financing agreements, its ability to obtain future external financing, potential dispositions and expected cash flows from operating and investing activities will provide sufficient liquidity for TDS to meet its day-to-day operating needs and debt service requirements. In addition, TDS retains the ability, as described below, to reduce its capital and operating expenditures at TDS Telecom to lower its funding needs.

TDS may require substantial additional funding for, among other uses, capital expenditures, making additional investments including new technologies, fiber deployments and E-ACAM builds, acquisitions of providers of telecommunications services, agreements to purchase goods or services, leases, repurchases of shares, or payment of dividends. It may be necessary from time to time to increase the size of its existing credit facilities, to amend existing or put in place new credit agreements, to obtain other forms of financing, issue equity securities, or to divest assets in order to fund potential expenditures. TDS' liquidity would be adversely affected if it is unable to obtain short or long-term financing on acceptable terms.

TDS will continue to monitor the rapidly changing business and market conditions and is taking and intends to take appropriate actions, as necessary, to meet its liquidity needs. Specifically, TDS Telecom has elected to divest of certain non-strategic assets as well as slow the pace of its fiber deployment and reduce or defer planned capital expenditures as a means to lower its funding needs. It is possible that TDS Telecom will be required, if it is unable to access capital on acceptable terms, to substantially reduce its plans for fiber deployment, in both the short and long-term.

Cash and cash equivalents include cash and money market investments. The primary objective of TDS’ Cash and cash equivalents investment activities is to preserve principal. TDS does not have direct access to UScellular cash.

In addition to Cash and cash equivalents, TDS and UScellular had available undrawn borrowing capacity from the following debt facilities at June 30, 2024. See the Financing section below for further details.

			TDS						UScellular
(Dollars in millions)
Revolving Credit Agreement			$	399					$	300
Term Loan Agreements			75						—
Receivables Securitization Agreement			—						448
Total available undrawn borrowing capacity			$	474					$	748