00010234592025FYfalsehttp://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025#RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTaxhttp://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025#RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTaxhttp://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025#RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTaxhttp://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025#AssetImpairmentChargeshttp://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025#AssetImpairmentChargeshttp://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025#AssetImpairmentChargeshttp://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025#SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseiso4217:USDxbrli:sharesiso4217:USDxbrli:sharesxbrli:puresimu:reportingUnit00010234592024-09-012025-08-3100010234592025-02-2800010234592025-11-1400010234592025-06-012025-08-3100010234592025-08-3100010234592024-08-310001023459us-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:OtherIntangibleAssetsMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:OtherIntangibleAssetsMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:LicenseAndMaintenanceMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:LicenseAndMaintenanceMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:LicenseAndMaintenanceMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:ServiceMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:ServiceMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:ServiceMember2022-09-012023-08-3100010234592023-09-012024-08-3100010234592022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:CommonStockMember2022-08-310001023459us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2022-08-310001023459us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2022-08-310001023459us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2022-08-3100010234592022-08-310001023459us-gaap:CommonStockMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:CommonStockMember2023-08-310001023459us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2023-08-310001023459us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2023-08-310001023459us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2023-08-3100010234592023-08-310001023459us-gaap:CommonStockMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:CommonStockMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:CommonStockMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:CommonStockMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember2025-08-3100010234592025-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:LicenseAndServiceMemberus-gaap:TransferredAtPointInTimeMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:LicenseAndServiceMemberus-gaap:TransferredAtPointInTimeMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:LicenseAndServiceMemberus-gaap:TransferredAtPointInTimeMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:LicenseAndServiceMemberus-gaap:TransferredOverTimeMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:LicenseAndServiceMemberus-gaap:TransferredOverTimeMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:LicenseAndServiceMemberus-gaap:TransferredOverTimeMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:ServiceMemberus-gaap:TransferredOverTimeMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:ServiceMemberus-gaap:TransferredOverTimeMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:ServiceMemberus-gaap:TransferredOverTimeMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:NurocorInc.Memberus-gaap:NotesReceivableMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:CommonClassBMemberus-gaap:NotesReceivableMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:NotesReceivableMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:EquipmentMember2025-08-310001023459srt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:ComputerEquipmentMember2025-08-310001023459srt:MaximumMemberus-gaap:ComputerEquipmentMember2025-08-310001023459srt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:FurnitureAndFixturesMember2025-08-310001023459srt:MaximumMemberus-gaap:FurnitureAndFixturesMember2025-08-3100010234592024-09-012025-02-2800010234592025-03-012025-05-310001023459simu:SoftwareMember2024-09-012025-05-310001023459simu:ServicesMember2024-09-012025-05-310001023459simu:ClinicalPharmacologyAndPharmacometricMember2023-08-310001023459simu:QuantitativeSystemsPharmacologyMember2023-08-310001023459simu:AdaptiveLearningInsightsMember2023-08-310001023459simu:ClinicalPharmacologyAndPharmacometricMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:QuantitativeSystemsPharmacologyMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:AdaptiveLearningInsightsMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:SoftwareSegmentMember2024-08-310001023459simu:ServicesSegmentMember2024-08-310001023459simu:SoftwareSegmentMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:ServicesSegmentMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:SoftwareSegmentMember2025-08-310001023459simu:ServicesSegmentMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:TradeNamesMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:TradeNamesMember2025-08-310001023459srt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember2025-08-310001023459srt:MaximumMemberus-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459srt:MinimumMembersimu:OtherInternalUseSoftwareMember2025-08-310001023459srt:MaximumMembersimu:OtherInternalUseSoftwareMember2025-08-310001023459simu:OtherInternalUseSoftwareMember2025-08-310001023459simu:OtherInternalUseSoftwareMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459srt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember2025-08-310001023459srt:MaximumMemberus-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459srt:MaximumMembersimu:ERPMember2025-08-310001023459simu:ERPMember2025-08-310001023459simu:ERPMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:OtherIntangibleAssetsMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:TradeNamesMember2024-08-310001023459srt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember2024-08-310001023459srt:MaximumMemberus-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember2024-08-310001023459srt:MinimumMembersimu:OtherInternalUseSoftwareMember2024-08-310001023459srt:MaximumMembersimu:OtherInternalUseSoftwareMember2024-08-310001023459simu:OtherInternalUseSoftwareMember2024-08-310001023459srt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember2024-08-310001023459srt:MaximumMemberus-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember2024-08-310001023459simu:ERPMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:OtherIntangibleAssetsMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:OtherIntangibleAssetsMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsOtherMember2025-08-3100010234592024-06-012024-08-310001023459simu:TermDepositsMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member2025-08-310001023459simu:TermDepositsMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:CorporateDebtSecuritiesMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member2024-08-310001023459simu:ImmunetricsMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:DILIsymMembersimu:CertainDevelopedTechnologiesMember2017-06-300001023459simu:EntelosHoldingCoMembersimu:CertainIntellectualPropertyRightsMember2018-09-300001023459simu:LixoftMembersimu:CertainDevelopedTechnologiesMember2020-04-300001023459simu:ImmunetricsMembersimu:CertainDevelopedTechnologiesMember2023-06-300001023459simu:ImmunetricsMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2025-08-310001023459simu:ImmunetricsMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2023-06-300001023459simu:ProFiciencyMembersimu:CertainDevelopedTechnologiesMember2024-06-300001023459simu:ProFiciencyMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2025-08-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-06-300001023459simu:DILIsymMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2025-08-310001023459simu:DILIsymMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:EntelosHoldingCoMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2025-08-310001023459simu:EntelosHoldingCoMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:LixoftMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2025-08-310001023459simu:LixoftMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:ImmunetricsMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:CertainDevelopedTechnologiesMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:DILIsymMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-08-310001023459simu:EntelosHoldingCoMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-08-310001023459simu:LixoftMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-08-310001023459simu:ImmunetricsMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-08-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMemberus-gaap:IntellectualPropertyMember2024-08-310001023459simu:IntellectualPropertysMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:IntellectualPropertysMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:IntellectualPropertysMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:EquipmentMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:ComputerEquipmentMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:ComputerEquipmentMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:FurnitureAndFixturesMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:FurnitureAndFixturesMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:LeaseholdImprovementsMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:LeaseholdImprovementsMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:ConstructionInProgressMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:ConstructionInProgressMember2024-08-3100010234592024-09-012024-11-3000010234592024-12-012025-02-280001023459simu:Equity2017IncentivePlanMember2016-12-230001023459simu:Equity2021IncentivePlanMember2021-04-090001023459simu:Equity2021IncentivePlanMember2022-10-200001023459simu:Equity2021IncentivePlanMember2023-10-190001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeOneMember2025-08-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeFiveMember2025-08-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMember2023-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMember2022-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMember2021-09-012022-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeOneMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeFiveMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeOneMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeTwoMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeTwoMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeThreeMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeThreeMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeFourMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeFourMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StockOptionMembersimu:ExercisePriceRangeFiveMember2025-08-310001023459simu:NonManagementDirectorsMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:NonManagementDirectorsMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:NonManagementDirectorsMember2022-09-012023-08-3100010234592022-12-292022-12-2900010234592023-01-112023-01-1100010234592023-01-012023-01-3100010234592023-01-3100010234592023-05-202023-05-200001023459us-gaap:DomesticCountryMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StateAndLocalJurisdictionMemberstpr:PA2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StateAndLocalJurisdictionMemberstpr:NC2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StateAndLocalJurisdictionMemberstpr:OR2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:StateAndLocalJurisdictionMemberus-gaap:CaliforniaFranchiseTaxBoardMember2025-08-310001023459us-gaap:NonUsMemberus-gaap:GeographicConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:NonUsMemberus-gaap:GeographicConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:NonUsMemberus-gaap:GeographicConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:Customer1Memberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:Customer2Memberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:Customer3Memberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:Customer1Memberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:Customer2Memberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:Customer3Memberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:Customer4Memberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:Customer1Memberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:Customer2Memberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:Customer3Memberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:ThreeLargestCustomersMembersrt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:ThreeLargestCustomersMembersrt:MaximumMemberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:FiveLargestCustomersMembersrt:MinimumMemberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:FiveLargestCustomersMembersrt:MaximumMemberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:LargestCustomerMembersrt:MaximumMemberus-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMembersimu:SoftwareSegmentMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMembersimu:ServicesSegmentMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:CostOfGoodsSoldMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:SoftwareSegmentMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:ServicesSegmentMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMembersimu:SoftwareSegmentMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMembersimu:ServicesSegmentMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:CostOfGoodsSoldMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:SoftwareSegmentMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:ServicesSegmentMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMembersimu:SoftwareSegmentMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMembersimu:ServicesSegmentMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:CostOfGoodsSoldMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:GastroPlusMembersimu:SoftwareMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:GastroPlusMembersimu:SoftwareMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:GastroPlusMembersimu:SoftwareMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:MonolixSuiteTMMembersimu:SoftwareMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:MonolixSuiteTMMembersimu:SoftwareMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:MonolixSuiteTMMembersimu:SoftwareMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:ADMETPredictorMembersimu:SoftwareMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:ADMETPredictorMembersimu:SoftwareMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:ADMETPredictorMembersimu:SoftwareMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:OtherSoftwareMembersimu:SoftwareMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:OtherSoftwareMembersimu:SoftwareMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:OtherSoftwareMembersimu:SoftwareMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:SoftwareMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:SoftwareMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:SoftwareMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:PKPDServicesMembersimu:ServicesMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:PKPDServicesMembersimu:ServicesMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:PKPDServicesMembersimu:ServicesMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:MedicalCommunicationsMembersimu:ServicesMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:MedicalCommunicationsMembersimu:ServicesMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:MedicalCommunicationsMembersimu:ServicesMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:QSPAndQSTServicesMembersimu:ServicesMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:QSPAndQSTServicesMembersimu:ServicesMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:QSPAndQSTServicesMembersimu:ServicesMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:PBPKServicesMembersimu:ServicesMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:PBPKServicesMembersimu:ServicesMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:PBPKServicesMembersimu:ServicesMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:ServicesMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:ServicesMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:ServicesMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459srt:AmericasMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459srt:AmericasMemberus-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459srt:AmericasMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459srt:AmericasMemberus-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459srt:AmericasMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459srt:AmericasMemberus-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:EMEAMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:EMEAMemberus-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459us-gaap:EMEAMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:EMEAMemberus-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459us-gaap:EMEAMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459us-gaap:EMEAMemberus-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459srt:AsiaPacificMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459srt:AsiaPacificMemberus-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2024-09-012025-08-310001023459srt:AsiaPacificMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459srt:AsiaPacificMemberus-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2023-09-012024-08-310001023459srt:AsiaPacificMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459srt:AsiaPacificMemberus-gaap:ProductConcentrationRiskMemberus-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember2022-09-012023-08-310001023459simu:ImmunetricsMember2023-06-162023-06-160001023459simu:ImmunetricsMember2024-03-012024-03-310001023459simu:ImmunetricsMember2023-06-160001023459us-gaap:TradeNamesMembersimu:ImmunetricsMember2023-06-160001023459simu:ImmunetricsMemberus-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember2023-06-160001023459simu:ImmunetricsMembersimu:DevelopedTechnologiesMember2023-06-160001023459simu:ImmunetricsMemberus-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember2023-06-160001023459simu:ImmunetricsMember2025-03-012025-05-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMember2024-08-312024-08-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMember2024-06-112024-06-110001023459simu:ProFiciencyMember2024-08-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMember2024-06-110001023459us-gaap:TradeNamesMembersimu:ProFiciencyMember2024-08-310001023459us-gaap:TradeNamesMembersimu:ProFiciencyMember2024-06-110001023459simu:ProFiciencyMemberus-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember2024-08-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMemberus-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember2024-06-110001023459simu:ProFiciencyMembersimu:DevelopedTechnologiesMember2024-08-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMembersimu:DevelopedTechnologiesMember2024-06-110001023459simu:ProFiciencyMemberus-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember2024-08-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMemberus-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember2024-06-110001023459simu:ProFiciencyMember2023-06-162023-06-160001023459simu:ProFiciencyMember2025-08-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMember2025-03-012025-05-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMemberus-gaap:AcquisitionRelatedCostsMember2022-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:ImmunetricsMemberus-gaap:AcquisitionRelatedCostsMember2022-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:ImmunetricsMembersimu:BonusCompensationMember2022-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:ImmunetricsMembersimu:ProfessionalFeesMember2022-09-012024-08-310001023459simu:ProFiciencyMember2024-06-112024-08-310001023459simu:ImmunetricsMember2023-06-162023-08-310001023459simu:RestructuringPlan2025Member2025-06-012025-08-310001023459simu:RestructuringPlan2025Member2024-09-012025-08-310001023459simu:RestructuringPlan2025Member2025-08-31

x    ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025

or

o    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________

Commission file number: 001-32046

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(G) OF THE ACT: NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. o

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of February 28, 2025, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based upon the closing price of the common stock as reported by The Nasdaq Global Select Market on such date, was approximately $478,929,073. This calculation does not reflect a determination that persons are affiliates for any other purposes.

As of November 14, 2025, 20,144,564 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

Certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be delivered to its shareholders in connection with the registrant’s 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such definitive proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Report") includes estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives, and expected operating results that are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this Report, including, without limitation, in the following sections: “Business” (Part I, Item 1 of this Report), “Risk Factors” (Part I, Item 1A of this Report), “Cybersecurity” (Part I, Item 1C of this Report), “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (Part II, Item 7 of this Report), and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” (Part II, Item 7A of this Report). These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words “believe,” “project,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “strategy,” “future,” “opportunity,” “plan,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions, as well as current plans, expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about our business and the industry in which we operate, that are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that are in some cases beyond our control. We describe certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially in “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” (Part II, Item 7A of this Report). Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. Except as otherwise required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether because of new information, future events, or otherwise.

As used in this Report, each of the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” and “Simulations Plus” refers to Simulations Plus, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (both current and previous, as applicable).

Simulations Plus, Inc. was incorporated in California on July 17, 1996. The Company is a global leader and premier provider in the biopharma sector, offering advanced software and consulting services that enhance drug discovery and development, clinical trial operations, and commercialization. The Company supports its clients across the drug development lifecycle from early discovery through all phases of clinical research and development (“R&D”), including clinical operations, to product commercialization. The Company serves clients as a strategic partner throughout the entire drug development lifecycle, offering solutions that integrate scientific software platforms, artificial intelligence-augmented insights, and expert consulting. This optimizes efficiency, costs, and time-to-market for our clients, thereby enhancing our competitive position.

Our clients face many challenges. Developing new therapies is time-consuming and expensive, requiring an average of 10-15 years at an average cost of $2.2 billion to develop a single drug according to Drug Discovery Today. Drug sponsors must prioritize not only the safety and efficacy of the drug, but also navigate issues such as drug-drug interactions, inclusion of diverse populations, evolving regulatory policies, increasing compliance during clinical trials, and achieving commercial success.

Our model-informed drug development (“MIDD”) software and services solutions allow clients to use modeling and simulation to accelerate the drug development timeline, minimize animal testing, reduce the costs of R&D, comply with regulatory guidance and best practices, and increase confidence in the safety and efficacy of their drugs. Our clinical operations solutions support the success of clinical trials by enhancing participant diversity and retention of participants and driving competency and compliance with trial protocols. Meanwhile, our commercialization solutions provide support in obtaining regulatory approval and post-regulatory commercialization of new treatments.

Through these offerings, we fulfill our mission to create value for our clients by accelerating and reducing the costs of R&D through innovative science-based software and consulting solutions that optimize treatment options and improve patient lives.

At the beginning of the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025, the Company reorganized its internal structure to create a more integrated and cohesive operating platform based on product and service solutions. This reorganization reflects a shift from a business unit to a function-based organizational structure including:

•Services;

•Operations;

•Product and Technology;

•Research and Development;

•Sales and Marketing; and

•General and Administrative

The Company's U.S. headquarters is in Research Triangle Park, NC and its European office is in Paris, France. Our common stock has traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “SLP” since May 13, 2021, prior to which it traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the same symbol.

We provide end-to-end offerings across the drug development lifecycle, including guiding early drug discovery, establishing pre-clinical protocols, contributing to the design of clinical programs, enabling clinical trial operations, facilitating regulatory submissions for product approval, and supporting commercial market launches. We are a premier developer of modeling and simulation software for drug discovery and development, including the prediction of properties of molecules utilizing both artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine-learning ("ML") technologies. Our software and consulting services are provided to major pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrochemical, cosmetics, and food industry companies and academic and regulatory agencies worldwide for use in conducting industry-based research. Our clients use our software programs and scientific consulting services during the drug discovery and development stages to enhance their understanding of the properties of potential new therapies and to use emerging data to improve formulations, select and justify dosing regimens, support generic pharmaceutical product development, optimize clinical trial designs, and simulate outcomes in special populations, such as elderly and pediatric patients. Our clients also leverage our software and consulting services to optimize their clinical trial operations and commercial market launches.

We currently offer software products for discovery, development, clinical operations, and commercialization, as follows:

•Two biosimulation products that predict and analyze static properties of chemicals utilizing both AI and ML technologies:

◦ADMET Predictor® : AI/ML software for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) modeling, with extended capabilities for data analysis, extensive metabolism predictions, AI-driven drug design, integrated HT-PBPK simulations, and rapid mechanistic liver safety risk assessments.

◦MedChem Designer™: free chemical sketching software tool that combines innovative molecule drawing features with some of the fast and accurate ADMET property predictions from ADMET Predictor.

•Three biosimulation products that provide time-dependent results based on solving large sets of mechanistic differential equations:

◦

◦GastroPlus®: mechanistically based simulation software that predicts absorption, biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in humans and animals.

◦DDDPlus™: software for modeling the in vitro dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and formulation excipients under various experimental conditions.

◦MembranePlus™: software for in vitro permeability and hepatocyte modeling.

•Eight biosimulation products that are based on mechanistic, mathematical models and differential equations:

◦DILIsym®: software for predicting potential drug-induced liver injury (DILI) hazards and providing insight into mechanisms responsible for observed DILI responses.

◦NAFLDsym®: software for predicting efficacy for treatment modalities developed for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

◦ILDsym™: software for predicting efficacy of treatment modalities developed for interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc).

◦IPFsym®: software for predicting efficacy of treatment modalities developed for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other lung diseases.

◦RENAsym®: software for predicting the likelihood of renal injury and providing insight into the biological mechanisms behind observed renal safety signals.

◦MITOsym®: software focused on representing in vitro experimental assessment of mitochondrial function.

◦OBESITYsym™: software for predicting drug efficacy for weight loss and nausea side effects.

◦Thales™: end-to-end quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) software for building models, optimizing simulated populations to reported clinical efficacy, and visualizing and analyzing simulation results.

•One biosimulation product designed for modeling and simulation that supports clinical trial simulations and trial design, as well as population analyses, rapid clinical trial data analyses, and regulatory submissions:

◦MonolixSuite™ (the combination of Monolix®, PKanalix®, and Simulx®).: fully interoperable software suite for a modeling workflow that includes data visualization, non-compartmental analysis, and population modeling and simulations.

•One product for education, training, and compliance monitoring:

◦Pro-ficiency®: adaptive learning/simulation-based training software supporting protocol compliance during clinical trials.

•One product for key opinion leader (“KOL”) research in the medical community:

◦Panorama KOL Insights: an easy-to-use dashboard for accessing current information about key opinion leaders (KOLs) based on filters including but not limited to therapeutic expertise, geographic location, affiliations, publications, and clinical trials.

Our software business represented 58% of our total revenue during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, primarily generated by the following products:

ADMET Predictor is a top-ranked, chemistry-based computer program that takes molecular structures as inputs and uses AI/ML technology to predict more than 175 different properties for them. This capability allows chemists to generate estimates for many important molecular properties without the need to synthesize and test the molecules. A chemist can then assess the likely success of many existing molecules in a company’s chemical library, as well as generate new ideas for virtual molecules still being designed.

The optional ADMET Modeler™ Module in ADMET Predictor enables scientists to use their own experimental data to quickly create proprietary high-quality predictive models using the same powerful AI engine we use to build our top-ranked property predictions.

Version 13 of ADMET Predictor was released in June 2025, which added many new features, including:

•New Models: New models offer increased accuracy and granularity of our clients' predictions, including areas such as liver microsomal and hepatocyte intrinsic clearance for monkeys and dogs, plasma protein binding (Fup) for monkeys and dogs, melting point, Gibbs free energy of self-solvation and hydration, and more.

•Enhanced Models: Updates to our trusted models offer improved understanding around aqueous solubility, volume of distribution, blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, and more.

•Updated Modules: The high-throughput pharmacokinetic ("HTPK") and Artificial Intelligence-driven Drug Design ("AIDD") modules have been expanded to provide more detail to our clients' predictions and promote novelty and synthetic feasibility.

•Expanded Representation State Transfer ("REST") API: The latest version of our REST API supports image generation in Linux, easier property prioritization, and more.

•General Usability and Informatics Improvements

We have made significant investments in three key areas with recent versions: improving integration of our top-ranked ADMET Predictor and GastroPlus models to leverage our novel HTPK simulation approaches for chemists and safety researchers, enhancing our best-in-class AI/ML engine to assist with drug discovery, and advancing our innovative AIDD Module to apply generative AI technology to design, optimize, and evaluate up to 10 million lead molecules overnight for any combination of properties.

Recent collaborations include:

•Validation of ADMET Predictor models with enhanced AI drug design: in July 2025 and with the Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IMB PAS), we announced the publication of results that showed the validation of our models and on the ADMET Predictor platform. With IMB PAS, we used our models to design and optimize molecules for RORγ/RORγT ligand potency, in vivo absorption, synthesizability, and ADMET risk; the vast majority of compounds tested had strong potency for the target.

•Development of new AI drug discovery offering: in October 2024 and in partnership with the University of Southern California (USC) Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, we were awarded a research grant from the National Institutes of Health ("NIH") to evaluate and integrate novel computational methods that account for water-ligand interactions into the AIDD module for a first-of-its-kind ligand-based virtual screening solution.

In May 2024, GastroPlus version 10 (branded as GPX™) was released. This version was the culmination of a long-term collaboration with our scientific partners to understand how we can better support their needs, and resulted in a completely redesigned platform that incorporated the proven top-rated science, advanced models, refined algorithms, and integrated ML technology that has been validated over 27 years. In September 2025, GastroPlus version 10.2 (branded as GPX.2) was released with new and expanded models, as well as new AI and automation functionality designed to support complex simulations and workflows.

Because of the extent of the use of GastroPlus, we have been able to enter both funded and unfunded collaborations with industry and government agencies to drive advances in modeling and simulation science. In all such collaborations, we own the intellectual property developed within the GastroPlus program, and updates are integrated into future versions and made available to all clients. Recent collaborations include:

•Enhancement of advanced compartmental absorption and transit (ACAT™) model: in January 2025, we partnered with the Enabling Technologies Consortium to enhance the predictive capabilities of our ACAT model to support the development of immediate-release oral drug products.

•Expansion of mechanistic modeling approaches for long-acting injectables: in November 2024 and in partnership with the University of Connecticut’s School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, we were awarded a funded grant from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to use Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics ("PBPK") approaches in GastroPlus to build and validate mechanistic in vitro-in vivo correlations for long-acting injectables.

DILIsym is the leading quantitative systems toxicology ("QST") platform for predicting and explaining drug-induced liver injury ("DILI"). It is designed for use during drug development to provide an indication of the potential DILI hazard posed by individual molecules as well as to provide deeper insight into the mechanisms responsible for observed DILI responses at various stages of the development process.

It is the most widely used software for DILI prediction and is utilized as a source of QST modeling-based data assessed by the FDA’s DILI team.

In May 2025, DILIsym version 11 was released with new and enhanced models, as well as the addition of new pediatric and post-menopausal women (PMW) simulated populations.

Thales is an end-to-end quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) platform for building models, optimizing simulated populations to reported clinical efficacy, and visualizing and analyzing simulation results. It is designed to support scientists in developing models to understand biological complexities, evaluate drug candidates for clinical efficacy and/or toxicity potential, and guide clinical trial designs and optimal dosing protocols. Licensable models are available in the areas of metabolism, oncology, inflammation, and immunology.

MonolixSuite is a specialized solution for modeling and simulation for pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology enterprises, and hospitals. It supports nonparametric analyses, population analyses and modeling, and clinical trial simulation. The extended MonolixSuite contains three main products: PKanalix®, Monolix®, and Simulx®. Monolix 2024R1 was released in March 2024, which combines the most advanced algorithms with a unique ease of use. The products are used by pharmaceutical companies across the globe at each step of drug development, from preclinical to first-in-human, clinical, and post-approval.

Pro-ficiency is an adaptive learning/simulation-based training platform that delivers bespoke education underpinned by a proprietary software foundation that allows for rapid content development with multi-language and cultural adaptability, with insights derived from learned behavior that highlight performance/execution risk areas and allow them to be addressed before trials or projects begin.

Our scientists and engineers have extensive expertise, including, but not limited to initial molecule design using molecular design tools, and AI and ML; modeling pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug-drug interactions, dosing paradigms, exposure-response, and potential toxicity; developing and conducting effective site/investigator training and compliance monitoring; and medical communications and commercialization strategies. We partner with clients who have complex problems and recognize our expertise in solving them.

Our services business represented 42% of our total revenue during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, primarily generated by the following service offerings:

PBPK: In 2014, the FDA began to emphasize the need to encourage mechanistic PBPK modeling and simulation in clinical pharmacology, with final guidance documents completed in 2018. Draft guidance documents from the FDA, which were released in October 2020, focused on additional biopharmaceutics applications for oral drug product development, manufacturing changes, and controls. Other global agencies, including the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”), Japan’s Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (“PMDA”), the Chinese National Medical Products Administration (“NMPA”), and Health Canada, have all published their own guidance, or extended existing ones, over the past several years. This has resulted in an increased need for our scientific consulting staff to draw upon its extensive experience across multiple therapeutic areas of modeling and simulation to provide consulting-related services utilizing these sophisticated techniques. We support PBPK modeling throughout the entire product lifecycle, from discovery through translational research and clinical development, when an organization lacks the time or resources to use our software directly. More specifically, our clients seek out our consulting services to acquire scientific, therapeutic-area-related modeling and simulation expertise that they do not have in-house.

QSP: We provide creative and insightful consulting services to support our quantitative systems pharmacology (“QSP”) modeling focused on liver and kidney safety, metabolic and cardiac conditions, inflammatory disease, and immuno-oncology, as well as other areas.

PKPD: Our clinical-pharmacology-based consulting services span the entire clinical development phase, and includes population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (“PKPD”) modeling, exposure-response analyses, clinical trial simulations, data programming, and technical writing services in support of regulatory submissions. In addition to modeling and simulation consulting services, we provide expertise and assistance with development-related decision-making and support for regulatory interactions related to dose selection, clinical trial design, and understanding of the determinants of safety and efficacy for new medicines.

Our training development consulting services provide a unique blend of instructional design and clinical operations expertise, designing simulation-based programs that allow learners to practice complex concepts from clinical trial protocols in a risk-free virtual environment, thereby facilitating and accelerating study launch, and that provide Sponsors with performance-based analytics to mitigate risk and optimize study and project quality.

Our experienced medical communications consultants provide strategy, positioning, messaging, and tactical support for our clients in support of their market intelligence and commercial endeavors.

Below is a summary of percentage of total revenues for each of our software and services businesses for the fiscal years ended August 31:

We market our software and services globally through attendance and presentations at scientific meetings, exhibits at trade shows, seminars at pharmaceutical companies and government agencies, online presentations, our website, and various communication channels to our database of prospects and clients. At various scientific meetings worldwide, research accomplishments using our software are reported through numerous presentations and posters. Many of these presentations are from industry and FDA scientists; while others are from our staff. Numerous peer-reviewed scientific journal articles are published, and conference presentations are delivered each year using our software, primarily by our clients, further supporting its use in a wide range of preclinical and clinical studies.

Our sales and marketing efforts are handled primarily internally by our sales and marketing staff, with our scientific team and several senior management staff assisting with trade shows, seminars, and client training both online and on-site. We also have independent distributors in Japan, China, India, South Korea, and Brazil, who sell and market our products with support from our scientists and engineers.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025, the Company pivoted to an account-based solution selling business model, where the focus is on identifying and solving client pain points across the drug development lifecycle rather than selling discrete products or services. This is an opportunity to align business development activities with the Company reorganization and design the sales organization for strategic growth, client-centricity, and scalability.

We compete against a number of established companies; some of our competitors provide screening, testing, and research services, and products that are not based on biosimulation software. Other competitors provide both consulting services and biosimulation software. There are also software companies whose products do not compete directly with ours but are sometimes closely related. Our competitors in this field include some companies with financial, personnel, research, and marketing resources that are larger than ours.

Major pharmaceutical companies conduct drug discovery and development efforts through their internal development staff and outsourcing. Smaller companies generally need to outsource a greater percentage of this effort. Thus, we compete not only with other software suppliers, scientific consulting service providers, and contract research organizations ("CROs"), but also with in-house development and scientific consulting teams at some of the larger pharmaceutical companies. Our competitors include, but are not limited to, Optibrium, Certara, ICON, Metrum Research Group, Veeva, and WCG.

Based on our technical knowledge and expertise, we believe that we are strategically positioned to offer competitive modeling and simulation consulting services to companies. Our clients seek out our services for multiple reasons including: (i) to acquire scientific, therapeutic-area-related modeling expertise that they do not have in-house, (ii) to address a need for modeling and simulation efforts beyond the capacity of in-house resources, (iii) to fulfill their modeling requirements more efficiently than they could do in-house, and (iv) to utilize our software when they do not have the in-house expertise to do so. We apply our software and assist companies in such areas as AIDD, MIDD, PKPD, PBPK, and QSP.

We believe the key factors in our ability to successfully compete in this field are our ability to: (i) continue to invest in research and development, and develop and support industry-leading simulation and modeling software and related products and services, (ii) develop and maintain a proprietary database of results of physical experiments that serve as a basis for simulated studies and empirical models, (iii) continue to attract and retain a highly-skilled scientific and engineering team, (iv) aggressively promote our products and services to the global market, and (v) develop and maintain collaborative relationships with research and development departments of pharmaceutical companies, universities, and government agencies.

In addition, we are actively seeking strategic acquisitions to expand both our pharmaceutical software portfolio and services offerings.

Client training and technical support are important factors in client satisfaction for our modeling and simulation products in discovery and development, and we believe we are an industry leader in providing strong client training and technical support in our business areas. We provide in-house seminars at clients’ and potential clients’ sites, as well as at selected universities to train students who will soon be industry scientists. These seminars often serve as initial training in the event the potential clients decide to license or evaluate our software. Technical support is provided after the sale of any software in the form of on-site training (at the client’s expense), web meetings, and e-mail assistance to the clients’ users during the clients’ license periods.

Technical support for our software is provided by our sales operations and support staff. We have found that most clients need minimal technical support for our software products.

The development of our software is focused on the convergence of AI, cloud computing, and our validated science to expand our product portfolio and integrate existing and new products into our principal software architecture and platform technologies. We intend to continue to offer regular updates to our products and to continue to look for opportunities to expand our existing suite of products and services.

To date, we have developed products internally, sometimes also licensing or acquiring products, or portions of products, from third parties. We intend to continue to license or otherwise acquire technology or products from third parties when we believe that it makes business sense to do so.

Our software products are designed and developed by our product and technology team in close partnership with other departments. Our products and services are delivered electronically and deployed through on-premise and cloud-hosted models.

We primarily protect our intellectual property through trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and through contractual measures. Our intellectual property consists primarily of source code for computer programs, online platforms, and data files for various applications of those programs and platforms for use by pharmaceutical businesses. The expertise of our staff is a considerable asset closely related to intellectual property and attracting and retaining highly qualified scientists and engineers is essential to our business.

Our clients include companies involved in pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, agriculture, and consumer goods, as well as universities, hospitals, and government research and regulatory agencies. We concentrate on serving the needs of our clients in drug discovery, development, clinical trials, post-patent generic formulation development, and post-approval drug commercialization. Our current client base is highly fragmented, and we did not derive a material portion of our revenues from any single client for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025.

Our revenues exhibit seasonal fluctuations, with the first and fourth fiscal quarters generally having the lowest revenues. This is due to pharmaceutical industry buying patterns, consulting service slowdowns due to summer vacations in the previous quarter, and lower client and employee conference attendance in those periods. Revenues for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of revenues for any future period; however, because our pharmaceutical software is licensed on an annual basis, renewals are usually within the same quarter year after year, even though there are certain instances in which the license renewal term may not immediately follow the initial license term, and therefore result in a shift of certain client revenues to a subsequent quarter.

We believe we are in compliance in all material respects with all applicable environmental laws. Presently, we do not anticipate that efforts to maintain such compliance will have a material effect on capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position with respect to any of our operations.

We are dedicated to our people and foster a culture of engagement, empowerment, and equity. Over 99% of our global workforce is full-time, with more than 70% having life sciences software, services, and R&D backgrounds. Due to the specialized nature of our work, we recruit candidates with advanced education and skills-over 60% of our technical and scientific staff hold advanced degrees with focuses inclusive of mathematics, chemistry, biomedical engineering, or pharmaceutical sciences.

As of August 31, 2025, we employed 213 people, including 212 full-time and one part-time employee.

Our continued success depends on attracting and retaining top talent. To support this, we focus on a comprehensive total rewards program encompassing compensation, benefits, wellness, training, time off, recognition, and travel support. In 2025, according to employee feedback collected by the workplace-culture platform Comparably, the Company was included on that site's lists for Best Company for Diversity, Best Company for Women, Best Company for Leadership, and Best Company for Benefits. Our voluntary turnover rate was under 6% in fiscal year 2024, reflecting strong continued employee engagement.

In fiscal 2025, we hosted an all-company summit that brought our global team together to align on company strategy, strengthen in-person connections, and give back to the community. As part of the event, employees volunteered to assemble and donate over 100 STEM backpacks to support a local underserved community.

We are committed to fostering an inclusive environment where all employees feel valued, respected, and supported in reaching their full potential. Our goal is to ensure that everyone has equal access to opportunities and is empowered to contribute meaningfully to our shared success. In terms of gender equity, women currently comprise 46% of our workforce and 47% of our scientific staff. Through our ADP Workforce Now platform, we actively monitor workforce trends and hiring data to guide continuous improvements in our policies and practices. We regularly review these metrics to align our recruitment efforts and refine benefits to support all employees. We offer paid parental leave for all employees, whether for birth or adoption, and maintain a flexible time-off and remote-first work culture that enables collaboration across the globe and allows us to hire the best talent, regardless of location.

We continue to refine our career paths across all functions, using grade-level benchmarking to guide internal development, promotion, and recruitment. These structured pathways ensure transparency and consistency while supporting employee growth and organizational excellence. Our ADP Workforce Now platform further enhances performance management, goal tracking, and succession planning.

In the coming year, we intend to place greater emphasis on identifying and growing future leaders by strengthening leadership development and succession planning. We continue to provide company-funded opportunities for employees to advance their technical, leadership, and professional skills. Our ongoing cross-specialty training program—featuring monthly presentations by expert modelers from different departments—fosters collaboration, expands shared knowledge, and builds a unified, innovative workforce.

We place a high value on maintaining a clean, safe, and healthy environment for our employees. Our Human Rights Policy confirms our commitment to basic human rights worldwide and our Code of Conduct requires our employees and vendors to work within our established principles of ethics.

The well-being of our employees, whether they are working in our offices or remotely from home offices, is one of our highest priorities. We believe that we are substantially in compliance with all applicable laws, regulations, and standards, and we make every reasonable effort to be attentive and responsive to our employees’ needs. We continue to provide very competitive health and wellness benefits, and each year we host a wellness challenge for all employees with monetary incentives to encourage a healthy and less sedentary lifestyle. We also host regular "coffee breaks" and other virtual engagement opportunities to encourage, even in a remote environment, interacting and sharing with colleagues outside of work meetings or topics.

We also consider open and transparent channels of communication to be a critical component of our employee health and wellness program. Toward this end, on a quarterly basis, we hold a company-wide virtual meeting to keep our employees engaged, informed, and apprised of activities occurring at the Company and within each business unit, including quarterly financial results, future goals, and notable milestones.

We believe that our operations are substantially in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations and that we hold all necessary permits to operate our business in each jurisdiction in which our facilities are located. Laws and government regulations are subject to change and interpretation. Our pharmaceutical software products and platforms are tools used in research and/or development and are neither approved nor approvable by the FDA or other government agencies.

No significant pollution or other types of hazardous emissions result from our operations and it is not anticipated that our operations will be materially affected by federal, state, or local provisions concerning environmental controls. Our costs of complying with environmental, health, and safety requirements have not been material. Furthermore, compliance with federal, state, and local requirements regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, has not had, nor are they expected to have, any material effect on the capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position of the Company.

We are committed to creating sustainable and excellent returns to our shareholders, all while maintaining a strong sense of good corporate citizenship that places a high value on the welfare of our employees, the communities in which we operate, and the world as a whole. We believe that effectively prioritizing and managing our Environmental, Social, and Governance (“ESG”) factors will help create long-term value for our investors. We also believe that transparently disclosing the goals and relevant metrics related to our ESG programs will allow our stakeholders to be informed about our progress.

The topics covered in this section are identified through third-party ESG reporting frameworks, standards, and metrics, such as the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (“SASB”), and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals ("SDGs"). More information regarding our key ESG programs, goals and commitments, and key metrics can be found on the ESG Reports and Updates section of our website.

Our ESG highlights include the following:

Our electronic waste is sent to approved local e-waste recycling centers. We have a policy of using IT hardware vendors that embrace environmental sustainability. We continue in our commitment to remote work, with most employees working from home, which reduces emissions from commuting to workplaces. As part of our ongoing commitment to environmentally sustainable business operations, we recently consolidated the servers in our U.S. offices into our existing colocation facility to reduce energy usage and our carbon footprint. As a result, our energy usage was reduced by 75% compared to the prior year.

Greenhouse Gas Emission:

Scope:

Scope 1: Scope 1 covers direct greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions that occur from sources that are controlled or owned by an organization (e.g., emissions associated with fuel combustion in boilers, furnaces, and vehicles).

Scope 1 is not applicable to our organization as it does not own or control any sources that produce direct GHG emissions.

Scope 2: Guidance standardizes how corporations measure emissions from purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heat, and cooling (called “scope 2 emissions”).

We have identified electricity as our source that produces GHG scope 2 emissions.

Scope 3: Scope 3 encompasses emissions that are not produced by the company itself and are not the result of activities from assets owned or controlled by it, but by those entities with which it engages up and down its value chain. An example of this is when we buy, use, and dispose of products from suppliers. Scope 3 emissions include all sources not within the scope 1 and 2 boundaries.

We believe that we do not produce GHG emissions that fall within Scope 3.

We believe we are in compliance in all material respects with all applicable environmental laws. Presently, we do not anticipate that such compliance will have a material effect on capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position with respect to any of our operations.

•Our commitment to our people lies in our continued efforts to support and value our most important asset - our employees.

•We maintain a remote-first philosophy that supports the needs and priorities our employees have outside of work and contributes to work-life balance.

•We have a paid parental leave program to support working parents and a recognition system to encourage peer- to-peer and leader-to-employee recognition.

•We also ensure that all our employees have the opportunity to attend in-person employee events to collaborate face-to-face with their colleagues around the globe.

•We continue to provide supplemental benefits to our health benefit offerings and have increased our focus on physical and mental wellness with all our teams through an online wellness challenge hosted by the Company.

•We continue to engage with our employees and listen to their feedback in order to work toward building a culture of trust, collaboration, and transparency.

•We value client privacy, and we endeavor to collect data only to the extent needed to deliver company information, software products, and consulting services. Our website includes a copy of our comprehensive Privacy Notice, which details what and how data are collected, how data are used and stored, and the options for controlling personal data, including opting out, accessing, updating, or deleting it.

•In recognition of the critical importance of data security to our operations, including cybersecurity, data protection, and client privacy, our leadership team conducts a thorough examination of all elements of data security. Our objective is to ensure the security, confidentiality, and privacy of our systems and information assets, and to follow and be compliant with all applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines, including, but not limited to:

◦U.S. and State data privacy laws

◦The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (the "EU GDPR")

◦The UK Data Protection Act 2018 (the "UK GDPR")

◦Pharmaceutical Good Practice Quality Guidelines, including FDA 21 CFR Part 11

◦The Sarbanes-Oxley Act

◦The Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China ("PIPL")

•Our corporate-level IT department provides consistency, efficiency, and functional IT support across all business units. Our IT department is responsible for centralizing business unit-driven data processing, storage, and backup capabilities at each of our geographical locations. Our Quality and Compliance department is also responsible for ensuring that corporate IT policies are aligned and compliant with all applicable regulatory provisions and current best practices.

•Margaret Richardson, Executive Director of Quality and Compliance, is the Data Protection Officer (“DPO”) for the Company. The DPO is responsible for ensuring that we have a Personal Data Protection program in place that is compliant with data privacy laws such as the EU GDPR, UK GDPR, China’s PIPL, and data privacy laws enacted at the state level, as applicable to SLP. Our corporate Personal Data Protection program includes policies, practices, and training directed to protecting personal data.

•From the Company’s inception, we have placed a strong emphasis on conducting our business with honesty and integrity. High ethical standards are expected of management and employees alike, and we continuously strive to create a corporate culture of honesty, integrity, and trust. Throughout our operations and in our dealings with our stakeholders, we endeavor to engender the confidence that the Company’s conduct is beyond reproach.

•The policies we have developed are intended to:

◦Define and disseminate our core values and the legal requirements applicable to good business conduct and ethical behavior.

◦Offer guidance in understanding Company policies, interpreting laws, and handling Company-related issues and situations.

◦Foster clear, ethical behaviors and conduct to create an atmosphere of respect, trust, cooperation, and collaboration throughout the Company and its activities.

◦Provide clear and well-defined procedures by which employees can easily obtain information, ask questions, and, if necessary, report any suspected violations of any of our Business Ethics policies.

•In addition to abiding by all applicable laws, all management and employees are required to comply fully with our Code of Conduct, which sets forth the Company’s values, business culture, and practices. The Code of Conduct also governs conduct between our employees and our clients and vendors with whom we do business. Because many of our clients are companies in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries, we have incorporated into our Code of Conduct the principles of the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Initiative, including Leadership, Partnering, Presence, Consistency & Quality, Learning, and Innovation & Discovery.

•The Company was founded on the belief that our software technologies could lead to important advances in healthcare, thereby improving patient outcomes, advancing and improving global health, and bettering the lives of humankind. This objective cannot be accomplished without a commitment to human rights, and we are committed to ensuring that, in our day-to-day business practices, in our business relationships, and in matters of employment, we will uphold our own principles as delineated in our Code of Conduct. Furthermore, we support the principles set forth in the United Nations International Bill of Human Rights, specifically the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and have a written Human Rights Policy to uphold these commitments. As we evolve this policy, we will look to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights ("UNGPs") for guidance.

We are committed to ensuring strong corporate governance practices on behalf of our shareholders and other stakeholders. We believe strong corporate governance provides the foundation for financial integrity and shareholder confidence. Our Board of Directors is responsible for the oversight of risks facing the Company, while our management is responsible for the day-to-day management of risk. The Board has three committees: Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee. The Board, as a whole, directly oversees our strategic and business risk, including risks related to financial reporting, compensation practices, cybersecurity, ESG, and product developments. In addition, all our employees, contractors, and vendors are required to follow our Code of Conduct as a part of our good governance practice. Our Board of Directors is gender and racially diverse. Our ESG steering committee oversees and executes matters related to ESG. More information about our corporate governance features will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the "Proxy Statement"), which we intend to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after August 31, 2025, the close of our fiscal year covered by this Report.

These ESG initiatives reflect our approach to managing long-term operational and reputational risks. They are not intended to imply that we have adopted, or are required to comply with, any particular third-party standard. We will continue to evaluate our ESG disclosures as regulatory expectations evolve.

We maintain a corporate website at: www.simulations-plus.com.

The contents of this website, including without limitation any documents, web pages or other information accessible through our website (whether or not referred to in this Report), are not incorporated in or otherwise to be regarded as part of this Report. We file reports with the SEC, which are available on our website free of charge. These reports include annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and other related filings, each of which is provided on our website as soon as reasonably practical after we electronically file such materials with or furnish them to the SEC. Our officers and directors also file “Section 16” filings on Form 3, Form 4, and Form 5 with the SEC, which filings are also accessible on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the SEC. In addition, the Securities and Exchange Commission maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including the Company.

Our products are currently used primarily by modeling and simulation specialists in companies involved in pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, agrotechnology, and cosmetics, as well as universities, hospitals, and government research organizations. One component of our overall business strategy is to derive more revenues from our existing clients by expanding their use of our products and services. In addition, we seek to expand into new markets, and new areas within our existing markets, by acquiring businesses in these markets, attracting and retaining personnel knowledgeable in these markets, identifying the needs of these markets, and developing marketing programs to address these needs. If successfully implemented, these strategies would increase the usage of our software and services by pharmacologists or pharmacometricians operating within our existing pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and chemical clients, as well as by new clients in other industries. However, if our strategies are not successfully implemented, our products and services may not achieve market acceptance or penetration in targeted new departments within our existing clients or in new industries. As a result, we may incur additional costs and expend additional resources without being able to sustain or increase revenue.

In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the recognition by regulatory agencies and academic institutions of the role that modeling and simulation can play in the biopharmaceutical development and approval process, as demonstrated by new regulations and guidance encouraging the use of modeling and simulation in the drug development and approval process, which has positively impacted our business. Changes in government or regulatory policy, or a stagnation or reversal in the trend toward increasing the acceptance of and reliance upon use of computer modeling and simulation in the drug development and approval process, could decrease the demand for our products and services or lead our clients to cease use of, or to recommend against the use of, our products and services. This, in turn, could negatively impact our reputation and/or have a material adverse impact on our business prospects and results of operations.

Increasing competition and increasing costs within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, drug development and services industry, and the life science market for modeling and simulation software and cheminformatics products may affect the demand for our products and services, which may affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our pharmaceutical and biotechnology clients’ demand for our products is impacted by continued demand for their products and by their research and development costs. Demand for our clients’ products could decline, and prices charged by our clients for their products may decline, as a result of governmental regulations and/or increasing competition, including competition from companies manufacturing generic drugs. In addition, our clients’ expenses could continue to increase as a result of increasing costs of complying with government regulations and other factors. A decrease in demand for our clients’ products, pricing pressures associated with the sales of these products, and additional costs associated with product development, could cause our clients to reduce research and development expenditures. Although our products increase productivity and reduce costs in many areas, because our products and services depend on such research and development expenditures, our revenues may be significantly reduced.

Health care reform and restrictions on reimbursement may affect the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and industrial chemical companies that purchase or license our products or services, which may affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The continuing efforts of government and third-party payers in the markets we serve to contain or reduce the cost of health care may reduce the profitability of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and industrial chemical companies, causing them to reduce research and development expenditures. Because some of our products and services depend on such research and development expenditures, our revenues may be significantly reduced. We cannot predict what actions federal, state, or private payers for health care goods and services may take in response to any health care reform proposals or legislation.

The market for our modeling and simulation software products for the life science market is intensely competitive. We currently face competition from other scientific software providers, larger technology and solutions companies, in-house development by our clients and academic and government institutions, and the open-source community. Rapid advances in AI and ML could also enable new or existing competitors to automate aspects of modeling, simulation or data analysis reducing demand for our proprietary tools or consulting services if we do not innovate at the same pace. Additionally, our clinical pharmacology business unit often competes for business not only with other clinical research organizations, but also with internal discovery and development departments within our larger clients. Some of our competitors and potential competitors have longer operating histories in certain segments of our industry than we do and could have greater financial, technical, marketing, research and development, and other resources. We also face competition from open-source software initiatives, in which developers provide software and intellectual property for free over the Internet. In addition, some of our clients spend significant internal resources in order to develop their own software. Moreover, we intend to leverage our scientific informatics platform in order to enable our clients to more effectively utilize the vast amounts of information stored in both their databases and public data sources in order to make informed scientific and business decisions during the research and development process. This strategy could lead to competition from much larger companies that provide general data storage and management software. There can be no assurance that our current or potential competitors will not develop products, services, or technologies that are comparable to, superior to, or render obsolete, the products, services, and technologies we offer. There can be no assurance that our competitors will not adapt more quickly than we to technological advances and client demands, thereby increasing such competitors’ market share relative to ours. Increased competition could lead to price and other concessions that might adversely affect our operating results. Any material decrease in demand for our technologies or services may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The market for modeling and simulation products for the life science industry is intensely competitive. Although the average price of our software licenses has increased or remained relatively constant for fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, we may experience a decline in the future. In response to increased competition, decrease in a need for our products and services and general adverse economic conditions in this market, we may be required to modify our pricing practices. Changes in our pricing model could adversely affect our revenues and earnings.

We maintain insurance coverage for protection against many risks of liability. The extent of our insurance coverage is under continuous review and is modified as we deem necessary. Despite this insurance, it is possible that claims or liabilities against us may have a material adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations. In addition, we may not be able to obtain any insurance coverage, or adequate insurance coverage, when our existing insurance coverage expires and our premiums or coverage terms could change at renewal.

Any negative commentaries made by any regulatory agencies or any failure on our part to comply with applicable regulations could result in the termination of ongoing research or the disqualification of data for submission to regulatory authorities. This could harm our reputation, our prospects for future work, and our operating results. If our operations are found to violate any applicable law or other governmental regulations, we might be subject to civil and criminal penalties, damages, and fines. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business, and damage our reputation.

Ongoing negotiations and evaluation projects for new products, with new clients or in new markets may not result in significant revenues for us if we are unable to close new engagements on terms favorable to us in a timely manner, or at all. Unexpected delays in our sales cycle could cause our revenues to fall short of expectations. Further, the timing and length of negotiations required to enter into agreements with our clients and the ultimate enforcement of complex negotiated contractual provisions as we intended is difficult to predict. If we do not successfully negotiate certain key complex contractual provisions, there are disputes regarding such provisions, or if they are not enforceable as we intended, our revenues and results of operations would suffer. Further, if we were to incur significant effort and then fail to enter into final contracts with prospective clients, or if a contract is terminated earlier than expected, our revenues and results of operations could suffer.

Many of our contracts provide for services on a fixed-price or fee-for-service with a cap basis and, accordingly, we bear the financial risk if we initially underprice our contracts or otherwise overrun our cost estimates. In addition, these contracts may be terminated or reduced in scope either immediately or upon notice. Cancellations may occur for a variety of reasons, and often at the discretion of the client. The loss, reduction in scope, or delay of a large contract or the loss or delay of multiple contracts could materially adversely affect our business, although our contracts frequently entitle us to receive the costs of winding down the terminated projects, as well as all fees earned by us up to the time of termination. Some contracts also entitle us to a predetermined termination fee and irrevocably committed costs/expenses.

We have intangible assets, including goodwill, capitalized computer software development costs, intellectual property, and other intangible assets, on our Consolidated Balance sheets due to our acquisitions of businesses. The initial identification and valuation of these intangible assets and the determination of the estimated useful lives at the time of acquisition involve use of management judgments and estimates. These estimates are based on, among other factors, input from accredited valuation consultants, reviews of projected future income cash flows, and statutory regulations. The use of alternative estimates and assumptions might have increased or decreased the estimated fair value of our goodwill and intangible assets that could potentially result in a different impact to our results of operations. If the future growth and operating results of our business are not as strong as anticipated and/or our market capitalization declines, this could impact the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of goodwill or intangibles. To the extent goodwill or intangibles are impaired, their carrying value will be written down to their implied fair value and a charge will be made to our income from continuing operations. For example, in fiscal 2025, we recorded impairment charges related to Pro-ficiency following lower-than-expected performance and market capitalization decline. Such an impairment charge could materially and adversely affect our operating results.

To achieve market acceptance, new or enhanced products or services can require long development and testing periods, which may result in delays in scheduled introduction. Any delays in the release schedule for new or enhanced products or services may delay market acceptance of these products or services and may result in delays in new client orders for these new or enhanced products or services, or the loss of client orders. In addition, new or enhanced products or services may contain a number of undetected errors or “bugs” when they are first released. Although we extensively test each new or enhanced software product or service before it is released to the market, there can be no assurance that significant errors will not be found in existing or future releases. As a result, in the months following the introduction of certain releases, we may need to devote significant resources to correct these errors. There can be no assurance, however, that all of these errors can be corrected.

We derive a significant portion of our total revenue from our operations in international markets. Our global business may be affected by local economic conditions, including inflation, recession, and currency-exchange-rate fluctuations. In addition, political and economic changes, including the imposition of import restrictions or tariffs, geopolitical instability, international conflicts and terrorist acts, throughout the world may interfere with our or our clients’ activities in particular locations and result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. Potential trade restrictions, exchange controls, adverse tax consequences, and legal restrictions may affect the repatriation of funds into the U.S. Also, we could be subject to unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, the difficulties of compliance with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations, potentially negative consequences from changes in or interpretations of U.S. and foreign tax laws, import and export licensing requirements, and longer accounts receivable cycles in certain foreign countries. These risks, individually or in the aggregate, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. While our employees, distributors, and agents are required to comply with these laws, we cannot be sure that our internal policies and procedures will always protect us from violations of these laws despite our commitment to legal compliance and corporate ethics. The occurrence or allegation of these types of risks may adversely affect our business, performance, prospects, value, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to income taxes, as well as non-income-based taxes, in both the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. Changes in tax laws or tax rulings may have a significant adverse impact on our effective tax rate.

Further, in the ordinary course of a global business, there are many intercompany transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination could change if tax laws or tax rulings were to be modified. We are also subject to non-income-based taxes, such as payroll, sales, use, value-added, net-worth, property, and goods-and-services taxes, in both the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. Although we believe that our income and non-income-based tax estimates are appropriate, there is no assurance that the final determination of tax audits or tax disputes will not be different from what is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals.

Given the unpredictability of possible changes to the U.S. or foreign tax laws and regulations and their potential interdependency, it is very difficult to predict the cumulative effect of such tax laws and regulations on our results of operations and cash flow, but such laws and regulations (and changes thereto) could adversely impact our financial results.

As a clinical research organization (“CRO”), we face a range of potential liabilities including, without limitation, that errors or omissions in reporting of study detail in studies that may lead to inaccurate reports, which may undermine the usefulness of a study or data from the study, or which may potentially advance studies absent the necessary support or inhibit studies from proceeding to the next level of testing; and risks associated with our possible failure to properly care for our clients’ property, such as data, research models, records, work in progress, or other archived materials.

Contractual risk transfer indemnifications generally do not protect us against liability arising from certain of our own actions, such as negligence or misconduct. We could be materially and adversely affected if we are required to pay damages or bear the costs of defending any claim that is outside any contractual indemnification provision, or if a party does not fulfill its indemnification obligations, or the damage is beyond the scope or level of insurance coverage. We also often contractually indemnify our clients (subject to a limitation of liability), similar to the way they indemnify us, and we may be materially adversely affected if we have to fulfill our indemnity obligations.

The drug discovery and development industry has a history of patent and other intellectual property litigation and these lawsuits will likely continue. Accordingly, we face potential patent infringement suits by companies that have patents for similar products and methods used in business or other suits alleging infringement of their intellectual property rights. Legal proceedings relating to intellectual property could be expensive, take significant time, and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, whether we win or lose. If we do not prevail in an infringement lawsuit brought against us, we might have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages, and we could be required to stop the infringing activity or obtain a license to use technology on unfavorable terms.

We may seek to develop and market new services and products that complement or expand our existing business or service offerings. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to identify new technologies of interest to our clients. Even if we are able to identify new technologies of interest, we may not be able to negotiate license agreements on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to develop new services and products and/or create demand for those newly developed services and products, our future business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Our success depends to a significant extent on the continued services of our senior management and other members of management. We have employment agreements with our CEO, CFO, and certain of our other members of our leadership team that range from one to three years. If our CEO, CFO, or other members of senior management do not continue in their present positions, our business may suffer. Because of the specialized scientific nature of our business, we are highly dependent upon attracting and retaining qualified scientific and technical and managerial personnel. While we have a strong record of employee retention, there is still significant competition for qualified personnel in the software, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology fields. Therefore, we may not be able to attract and retain the qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business. The loss of the services of existing personnel, as well as the failure to recruit additional key scientific, technical, and managerial personnel in a timely manner, could harm our business.

Over the years, we have expanded our business through acquisitions. We continue to search to acquire businesses and technologies and form strategic alliances. However, businesses and technologies may not be available on terms and conditions we find acceptable. We risk spending time and money investigating and negotiating with potential acquisition or alliance partners, but not completing transactions. Even if completed, acquisitions and alliances, involve numerous risks which may include: difficulties in achieving business and continuing financial success; difficulties and expenses incurred in assimilating and integrating operations, services, products, technologies, or pre-existing relationships with our clients, distributors, and suppliers; challenges with developing and operating new businesses, including those which are materially different from our existing businesses and which may require the development or acquisition of new internal capabilities and expertise; challenges of maintaining staffing at the acquired entities, including loss of key employees; potential losses resulting from undiscovered liabilities of acquired companies that are not covered by the indemnification we may obtain from the seller(s); the presence or absence of adequate internal controls and/or significant fraud in the financial systems of acquired companies; diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns; acquisitions that become dilutive to earnings, or in the event of acquisitions made through the issuance of our common stock to the shareholders of the acquired company, dilutive to the percentage of ownership of our existing shareholders; new technologies and products developed by others which cause businesses or assets we acquire to become less valuable; and risks that disagreements or disputes with prior owners of an acquired business, technology, service, or product may result in litigation expenses and dilution of our management’s attention.

In the event that an acquired business or technology or an alliance does not meet our expectations, our results of operations may be adversely affected. Conversely, a sustained weakening of the U.S. dollar could adversely affect our business in certain foreign-currency markets, because while our exports may become more competitively priced abroad, revenues earned in foreign currencies would translate into fewer U.S. dollars, and costs incurred in U.S. dollars for foreign operations could rise when converted.

Our quarterly and annual operating results fluctuate and may continue to fluctuate in the future, and if we fail to meet the expectations of analysts or investors, our stock price and the value of your investment could decline substantially.

We believe that operating results for any particular quarter or fiscal year are not necessarily a meaningful indication of future results. Nonetheless, fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results could negatively affect the market price of our common stock. Our results of operations in any quarter or annual period have varied in the past and may vary from quarter to quarter or year to year. Our results of operations are influenced by various factors, many of which are out of our control, including without limitation: changes in the general global economy; the number and scope of ongoing client engagements; the commencement, postponement, delay, progress, completion, or cancellation of client contracts in the quarter; changes in client budget cycles; changes in the mix of our products and services; competitive pricing pressures; buying patterns of our clients; the costs and effects of potential acquisitions and integration thereof into or business; the timing of new product releases by us or our competitors; general economic factors, including factors relating to disruptions in the world credit and equity markets and the related impact on our clients’ access to capital; changes in tax laws, rules, regulations, and tax rates in the locations in which we operate; the financial performance of our investments; and exchange rate fluctuations.

We operate on a global basis. As we continue to increase our international operations, our revenues and expenditures in foreign currencies are expected to become more material and subject to greater foreign currency exchange-rate fluctuations. Also, our foreign distributors typically sell our products in local currency, which impacts the price to foreign consumers. Additionally, SLP France's functional currency is the Euro. Future foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and global credit markets may cause changes in the U.S. dollar value of our purchases or sales and materially affect our revenues, profit margins, and results of operations, when converted to U.S. dollars. Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies could result in material foreign currency exchange-rate fluctuations and, as a result, our net earnings could be materially adversely affected.

As we continue to expand international operations and increase purchases and sales in foreign currencies, we may utilize derivative instruments, as needed, to hedge our foreign currency exchange-rate risk. Our hedging strategies will depend on our forecasts of revenues, expenses, and cash flows, which are inherently subject to inaccuracies. Foreign currency exchange-rate hedges, transactions, re-measurements, or translations could materially impact our consolidated financial statements.

Accordingly, unexpected revenue shortfalls may decrease our gross margins and could cause significant changes in our operating results from year to year. As a result, in future quarters, our operating results could fall below the expectations of securities analysts or investors, in which event our stock price would likely decrease.

Certain of our client contracts are subject to cancellation by our clients at any time with limited notice. Clients engaged in clinical trials may terminate or delay a clinical trial for various reasons, including the failure of the tested product to satisfy safety or efficacy requirements, unexpected or undesired clinical results, decisions to de-emphasize a particular product or forgo a particular clinical trial, decisions to downsize clinical development programs, insufficient patient enrollment or investigator recruitment, and production problems resulting in shortages of required clinical supplies. Any termination or delay in the clinical trials would likely result in a consequential delay or termination in those clients’ service contracts. We have experienced terminations and delays of our client service contracts in the past (although no such past terminations have had a significant impact on our results of operations), and we expect to experience additional terminations and delays in the future.

The termination of single-study arrangements could result in decreased revenues and the delay of our clients’ clinical trials could result in delayed professional services revenues, which could adversely impact our business.

Our business relies on the secure electronic transmission, storage, and hosting of sensitive information, including clinical data, financial information, and other sensitive information relating to our clients, company, and workforce. As a result, we face some risk of a deliberate or unintentional incident involving unauthorized access to our computer systems (including, among other methods, cyberattacks or social engineering) that could result in misappropriation or loss of assets or sensitive information, data corruption, or other disruption of business operations. Our contracts with our clients typically contain provisions that require us to keep confidential the information generated from these studies. In the event the confidentiality of such information was compromised, we could suffer significant harm. In light of this risk, we have devoted significant resources to protecting and maintaining the confidentiality of our information, including implementing security and privacy programs and controls, training our workforce, and implementing new technology. We have no guarantee that these programs and controls will be adequate to prevent all possible security threats. We believe that any compromise of our electronic systems, including the unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of sensitive information, or a significant disruption of our computing assets and networks, would adversely affect our reputation and our ability to fulfill contractual obligations, and would require us to devote significant financial and other resources to mitigate such problems, and could increase our future cybersecurity costs. Moreover, unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of such sensitive information could result in contractual or other liability. In addition, any real or perceived compromise of our security or disclosure of sensitive information may result in lost revenues by deterring clients from using or purchasing our products and services in the future or prompting them to use competing service providers.

The collection, use, disclosure, storage, disposal, protection and other processing of information about individuals, in particular healthcare data and sensitive personal information, is highly regulated in the United States, EU, and other jurisdictions, including but not limited to, under the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”) and other U.S. privacy, security and breach notification and healthcare information laws; the EU GDPR and its national implementing laws; the UK GDPR, data privacy laws in other countries around the world (e.g., China’s PIPL), as well as data privacy laws in individual states in the U.S. (e.g., the California Consumer Privacy and Protection Act (“CCPA”), the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), the New York State Personal Privacy Protection Law (“PPPL”) and the New York Privacy Act (“NYPA”)) which has been proposed and is currently pending legislative approval. Although we require our clients who send their clinical data to us for analyses to provide it in de-identified form within the meaning of HIPAA, in certain parts of our business, such as in conjunction with certain services we offer clients, we may process personal information relating to persons who have been, are, and may in the future be involved in clinical trials. The collection, retention, use, disclosure, and other processing of such personal information is governed, by the applicable data privacy and cybersecurity laws.

While we do not consider our service offerings to generally cause us to be considered a covered entity under HIPAA, HIPAA does require the use of standard contract language in contracts with our clients who are covered entities under HIPAA which define our obligations to safeguard the protected health information of patients if provided by our covered-entity clients. We have adopted policies, practices, procedures, and training to safeguard the receipt, maintenance, processing, retention and transmission of such personal information. In addition to the laws specifically passed to regulate the processing of personal information, the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”) and many state attorneys may generally interpret federal, state and local consumer protection laws to impose evolving standards for the handling and security of personal information.

As noted above, certain states have also adopted or have proposed personal data privacy laws. For example, the CCPA, CPRA, PPPL and NYPA impose obligations and restrictions on businesses regarding their collection, use, and sharing of personal information of, as well as defining certain data privacy rights to, California and New York residents, respectively. Such data privacy rights include the right to access or have deleted their personal information that is processed by businesses and the right to opt out of certain sharing or processing of their personal information. Most state data privacy laws also impose monetary penalties for violations of the respective law. The interpretation and application of the new state data privacy laws are still evolving, which provides some uncertainty.

The EU GDPR and the UK GDPR also impose numerous requirements on companies that process personal data of residents from those respective jurisdictions, including requirements relating to processing health and other sensitive personal data, cross-border transfers, notice and consent, and contractual obligations with vendors and service providers who process personal data on behalf of a business. Both the EU GDPR and UK GDPR also provide individuals who are residents with certain data privacy rights with respect to an individual’s personal data processed by a business such as, for example, the right of access, the right to rectification, the right to erasure, the right to restrict processing, and the right to data portability. The EU GDPR permits data protection authorities to impose significant penalties for violations of the EU GDPR including potential fines of up to €20 million or 4% of annual global revenues, whichever is greater. The UK GDPR provides for similar penalties for violations of the UK GDPR. The interpretation and application of these laws by the judicial systems are still evolving.

Legal developments in Europe have created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers of personal data from the EU to the United States. Recently, the EU or UK and the U.S. agreed to a new Data Privacy Framework which will allow businesses to transfer data from the EU to the US in a secure and compliant way. We also currently rely on the standard contractual clauses with our clients to transfer personal data outside the EU to the U.S., among other data transfer mechanisms pursuant to the EU GDPR or the UK GDPR. While the standard contractual clauses and the new Data Privacy Framework have been determined to be adequate personal data transfer mechanism for transfer of personal information from the EU to the U.S. by some regulatory authorities, there remains the possibility that challenges will be raised to the sufficiency of such transfer mechanisms which has created uncertainty.

In view of the trend for enactment of data privacy laws globally, we have implemented a comprehensive data privacy management program that includes physical, technological, and operational safeguards (such as policies, notices, processes, contractual provisions, and employee trainings) to help ensure that we process personal information about our employees and personal information received from our clients in a compliant manner. We have also appointed Margaret Richardson as our Data Protection Officer. As data protection laws expand in number and scope with relevance to the kinds of personal information we process, we may need to modify our data privacy program and practices, and incur additional expenses, to accommodate such expansion and adjustments.

Substantially all of the computer hardware necessary to provide our Service and Consulting solutions to our clients is located at our colocation facility located in New York. In addition to the colocation facility, Simulations Plus utilizes third-party cloud computing services from Amazon Web Services ("AWS") to help support our cloud-based solutions and provide training. Because we cannot easily switch our AWS-serviced operations to another cloud provider, any disruption of or interference with our use of AWS would impact our operations, and our business would be adversely impacted. Our systems and operations or those of AWS could suffer damage or interruption from human error, fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, break-ins, terrorist attacks, acts of war, and similar events. The occurrence of a natural disaster, an act of terrorism or other unanticipated problems at the colocation or AWS’ hosting facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in our service. Although SLP and AWS maintain backup facilities and disaster recovery plans in the event of a system failure, these may be insufficient or fail. Any system failure, including network, software, or hardware failure, which causes an interruption in the colocation data center or our use of AWS, or that causes a decrease in responsiveness of our cloud-based solutions, could damage our reputation, and cause us to lose clients, which could harm our business and results of operations. Our business may be harmed if our clients and potential clients believe our service is unreliable. Simulations Plus has developed a detailed Disaster Recovery Plan to mitigate any interruption.

Our software, adaptive learning, and analytics solutions depend on third-party cloud service providers for computing, storage, networking, and data management infrastructure. We currently use AWS and may also utilize other cloud providers for hosting, content delivery, analytics, and AI services. These cloud environments are critical to operating our platforms and storing large volumes of scientific, clinical, and commercial data. If any of these third-party providers experience interruptions, capacity constraints, cybersecurity incidents, or performance degradation, or if we or our clients encounter technical issues in connecting to their platforms, our software and services could become slow, unreliable, or unavailable. Even temporary outages could harm our reputation, trigger service-level penalties under client contracts, and cause clients to delay renewals or choose competing solutions. Because many of the services we use are proprietary to our cloud providers, we may have limited ability to quickly migrate workloads to alternative vendors without incurring substantial costs or service disruption. Our dependence on a small number of cloud vendors also exposes us to risks of pricing increases, changes in service terms, data egress or storage costs, and regional availability limitations. Additionally, cloud service failures can originate not only from the primary vendor but from underlying networks, software updates, or third-party subprocessors integrated into those environments. If our providers fail to maintain adequate security, availability, or compliance certifications (such as SOC 2 or ISO 27001), or if regulatory changes restrict cross-border data transfers or cloud usage for certain types of clinical data, we may need to re-architect or relocate infrastructure, resulting in additional expense and operational complexity. Any material disruption, data loss, increase in cost, or limitation in the performance, features, or availability of third-party cloud services could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and reputation.

Our software applications are inherently complex and may contain defects or errors, some of which may be material. Errors may result from our own technology or from the interface of our cloud-based solutions with legacy systems and data which we did not develop. The risk of errors is particularly significant when a new product is first introduced or when new versions or enhancements of existing products are released. The likelihood of errors is increased when we do more frequent releases of new products and enhancements of existing products. We have, from time to time, found defects in our solutions. Although these past defects have not resulted in any litigation against us to date, we have invested significant capital, technical, managerial, and other resources to investigate and correct these past defects and we have needed to divert these resources from other development efforts. In addition, material performance problems or defects in our solutions may arise in the future. Material defects in our cloud-based solutions could result in a reduction in revenues, delay in market acceptance of our solutions, or credits or refunds to our clients. In addition, such defects may lead to the loss of existing clients and difficulty in attracting new clients, diversion of development resources, or harm to our reputation. Correction of defects or errors could prove to be impossible or impractical. The costs incurred in correcting any defects or errors or in responding to resulting claims or liability may be substantial and could adversely affect our operating results.

As part of our current business model, we deliver our software over the Internet and store and manage hundreds of terabytes of data for our clients, resulting in substantial information technology infrastructure and ongoing technological challenges, which we expect to continue to increase over time. If we do not reliably meet these data storage and management requirements, or if we experience any failure or interruption in the delivery of our services over the Internet, client satisfaction and our reputation could be harmed, leading to reduced revenues and increased expenses. Our hosting services are subject to service-level agreements and, if we fail to meet guaranteed service or performance levels, we could be subject to client credits or termination of these client contracts. If the cost of meeting these data storage and management requirements increases, our results of operations could be harmed.

Some of our software solutions utilize software covered by open-source licenses. Open-source software is typically freely accessible, usable and modifiable, and is used by our development team to reduce development costs to speed up the development process. Certain open-source software licenses require a user who intends to distribute the open-source software as a component of the user’s software to disclose publicly part or all of the source code to the user’s software. In addition, certain open-source software licenses require the user of such software to make any derivative works of the open-source code available to others on unfavorable terms or at no cost.

This can subject previously proprietary software to open-source license terms. While we monitor the use of all open-source software in our products, processes, and technology and try to ensure that no open-source software is used in such a way as to require us to disclose or make available the source code to the related product or solution, such use could inadvertently occur. This could harm our intellectual property position and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be unable to adequately enforce or defend our ownership and use of our intellectual property and other proprietary rights.

Our success is heavily dependent upon our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. We rely upon a combination of trademark, trade secret, copyright, and unfair competition laws, as well as license and access agreements and other contractual provisions, to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. In addition, we attempt to protect our intellectual property and proprietary information by requiring certain of our employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality, noncompetition, and assignment-of-inventions agreements. The steps we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our technology by third parties or may not be adequate under the laws of some foreign countries, which may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. This could make it difficult for us to stop infringement or the misappropriation of our intellectual property rights.

Our attempts to protect our intellectual property may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative process or litigation, and agreement terms that address noncompetition are difficult to enforce in many jurisdictions and may not be enforceable in any case. In addition, there remains the possibility that others will “reverse engineer” our products to introduce competing products, or that others will develop competing technology independently. If we resort to legal proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights or to determine the validity and scope of the intellectual property or other proprietary rights of others, the proceedings could be burdensome and expensive, even if we were to prevail. The failure to adequately protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

We are subject to claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as claims brought by our clients in connection with commercial disputes and employment claims made by our current or former employees. Third parties may in the future assert intellectual property rights to technologies that are important to our business and demand back royalties or demand that we license their technology. Litigation may result in substantial costs and may divert management’s attention and resources, which may seriously harm our business, overall financial condition, and operating results. Insurance may not cover such claims, may not be sufficient for one or more such claims, and may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or underinsured could result in unanticipated costs, negatively affecting our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Any failure or errors in a client’s clinical trial caused or allegedly caused by our products or services could result in a claim for substantial damages against us by our clients or the clinical trial participants, regardless of our responsibility for the failure. Although we are generally entitled to indemnification under our client contracts against claims brought against us by third parties arising out of our clients’ use of our products, we might find ourselves entangled in lawsuits against us that, even if unsuccessful, may divert our resources and energy and adversely affect our business. Further, in the event we seek indemnification from a client, a court may not enforce our indemnification right if the client challenges it or the client may not be able to fund any amounts for indemnification owed to us. In addition, our existing insurance coverage may not continue to be available on reasonable terms or may not be available in amounts sufficient to cover one or more large claims, or the insurer may disclaim coverage as to any future claim.

Some of our business depends on clinical trials conducted or sponsored by pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device companies, CROs, and other entities. Our revenues may decline as a result of conditions affecting these industries, including general economic downturns, increased consolidation, decreased competition, or fewer products under development. Other developments that may affect these industries and harm our operating results include product liability claims, changes in government regulation, changes in governmental price controls or third-party reimbursement practices, and changes in medical practices. Disruptions in the world credit and equity markets may also result in a global downturn in spending on research and development and clinical trials and may impact our clients’ access to capital and their ability to pay for our solutions. Any decrease in research and development expenditures or in the size, scope, or frequency of clinical trials could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and/or costly, and increase demand on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and operating results. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. As a company, we continually review and evaluate the adequacy of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting for deficiencies and improvements.

As we expand our operations through acquisitions and organic growth, our current systems for disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may be inadequate to meet our growing and changing business. Accordingly, we may require significant resources and management oversight to maintain and, if necessary, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, we may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants with respect to developing and maintaining our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, which would increase our costs and expenses.

In addition, as a public company, we are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, is designed to prevent fraud. As a result of the growth of our business both organically and through acquisitions, we may fail to implement required new or improved controls, or experience difficulties in their implementation, which may cause us to not meet our reporting obligations. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm were to identify a material weakness, and/or if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline, and we may be subject to investigation by the SEC.

Our Board of Directors has determined to suspend the quarterly dividends that we have historically paid to holders of our common stock and to use those funds to invest more into our business instead. We do not expect to pay dividends to our shareholders at any time in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their shares after price appreciation, which may not occur, as the only way to realize any return on their investment.

We may, but are not obligated to, provide public guidance on our expected operating and financial results for future periods. Any such guidance will be comprised of forward-looking statements subject to the risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report and in our other public filings and public statements. Our actual results may not always be in line with or exceed any guidance we have provided, especially in times of economic uncertainty. If, in the future, our operating or financial results for a particular period do not meet any guidance we provide or the expectations of investment analysts, or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, the market price of our common stock may decline. Even if we do issue public guidance, there can be no assurance that we will continue to do so in the future.

The trading price of our common stock may be volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. Factors that could cause volatility in the market price of our common stock include, but are not limited to: factors affecting the broader life-sciences, biotechnology, and software industries, including market sentiment toward technology-enables drug development; our operating results; delays in the release of new or enhanced products or services or undetected errors in our products or services may result in increased cost to us, delayed market acceptance of our products or services, and delayed or lost revenue; announcements of new products or services by us or our competitors; the success of our efforts to acquire or develop additional products and services; the loss of any of our key scientific or management personnel; changes or developments in laws or regulations applicable to our products or services; FDA or other U.S. or foreign regulatory actions affecting us or our industry; consolidation within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries leading to fewer potential clients for our products and services; trading volume of our common stock; sales of our common stock by us, our executive officers and directors, or our shareholders in the future; and general economic and market conditions and overall fluctuations in the United States equity markets, including volatility related to the coronavirus outbreak and related health concerns and/or global political instability. In addition, differing performance trends between our Software and Services solutions, such as slower growth or lower margins in one segment may effect investor sensitivity or contribute to fluctuations in our stock price.

Broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price or liquidity of our common stock. In the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the issuer. If any of our shareholders were to bring such a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the attention of our management would be diverted from the operation of our business, which could seriously harm our financial position. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business as well as the stock indices that our common stock is included in. If any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property or our stock performance, or if our operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

We may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity, convertible debt or other equity-linked securities, the issuance of these securities could result in dilution to our shareholders or result in downward pressure on the price of our common stock.

Pursuant to the share repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors on December 29, 2022, we are authorized to repurchase up to an aggregate of $50 million of outstanding shares of our common stock from time to time through a combination of open market repurchases, privately negotiated transactions, 10b5-1 trading plans, accelerated stock repurchase transactions, and/or other transactions, in accordance with federal securities laws. Such program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. On January 11, 2023, we entered into the ASR Agreement with Morgan Stanley, pursuant to which we repurchased $20 million of shares of our common stock, amounting to an aggregate of 492,041 shares. Repurchases under the ASR Agreement were completed in the quarter ended May 31, 2023, and we may not repurchase any additional shares thereunder. As of August 31, 2023, we have not made any repurchases outside of the ASR Agreement. As a result, we may repurchase up to $30 million more of our shares of common stock pursuant to our repurchase program. However, we are not obligated to repurchase any additional shares, and the timing, manner, price, and actual amount of further share repurchases will depend on a variety of factors, including stock price, market conditions, other capital management needs and opportunities, and corporate and regulatory considerations. The timing of additional repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program, if any, could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. We cannot guarantee that we will repurchase any additional shares, and there can be no assurance that any share repurchases will enhance shareholder value because the stock price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we effected repurchases.

We use AI and ML in our business, including using AI in our modeling and simulation software for drug discovery and development, including the prediction of properties of molecules utilizing both AI and ML technology. As with many technological innovations, there are significant risks and challenges involved in maintaining and deploying these technologies. AI algorithms or training methodologies may be flawed. Datasets may be overbroad or insufficient and information generated by AI may be illegal or harmful. There may also be insufficient back-testing. The rapid evolution and increased adoption of AI technologies may intensify our exposure to cybersecurity incidents or misuse of data. There can be no assurance that our use of AI/ML will improve our product performance or profitability; instead, it could adversely affect our business, result of operations, or reputation.

The ownership, licensing, and protection of intellectual property rights associated with AI and ML have not been fully addressed by U.S. courts, and there remains uncertainty and ongoing litigation in different jurisdictions as to the degree and extent of protection warranted for AI technologies and relevant system inputs and outputs. The Courts and regulators have not clearly defined the scope for AI-generated content, algorithms, or trained models. If we fail to secure or maintain protection for the intellectual property rights concerning technologies developed using AI or ML, or later have our intellectual property rights invalidated or otherwise diminished, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our research and development efforts to develop competing products, which could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, or results of operations. Moreover, the use or adoption of AI and ML in our technology may expose us to breach of a data or software license, website terms of service claims, claimed violations of privacy rights or other tort claims.

The global regulatory landscape surrounding AI is also rapidly evolving, and the use of ML technologies may become subject to regulation under new laws or new applications of existing laws. In the U.S., there is increasing uncertainty as to the federal government’s future approach to AI regulation, including as to the continued applicability of the Executive Order 14110 of October 30, 2023, which, among other things, established extensive new standards for AI safety and security. In January 2025, President Trump revoked this 2023 executive order and directed federal agencies to review actions taken under that executive order and develop a new action plan with respect to AI-related matters. As such, the federal government has announced plans to develop new AI Innovation and Safety Framework, but timing and scope of implementation remains uncertain. Additionally, other jurisdictions may decide to adopt similar or more restrictive legislation that may render the use of such technologies challenging. For example, the EU AI Act (which could become applicable to us depending on the global expansion of our business) came into force on August 1, 2024, and will generally become fully applicable after a two-year transitional period. The EU AI Act introduces various requirements for AI systems and models placed on the market or put into service in the EU, including specific transparency and other requirements for general purpose AI systems and the models on which those systems are based. Several U.S. states are considering enacting or have already enacted regulations concerning the use of AI technologies, including those focused on consumer protection, and depending on the scope of AI regulation at the federal level, some states may move to regulate AI model development and deployment. Further, at both the U.S. federal and state level, there have been various proposals (and in some cases laws enacted) addressing “deepfakes” and other AI-generated synthetic media. If we fail to comply with applicable AI/ML- related laws or regulations, we could face civil or criminal penalties, enforcement actions, or prohibitions on the use of specific technologies. Additionally, Governmental regulation and laws related to AI may also increase the burden and cost of research and development or require increased transparency that makes it more difficult to protect our intellectual property, increase operating costs, and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We receive government assistance in the form of cash grants which vary in size, duration and conditions from domestic governmental agencies, to provide reimbursement for various costs incurred for research and development. These include direct grant awards and subawards. The U.S. government has and may continue to implement initiatives focused on efficiencies, affordability and cost growth and other changes, such as those pursued by the recently created DOGE. On January 20, 2025, President Trump announced an executive order establishing the DOGE to maximize government efficiency and productivity. In February 2025, President Trump stated that he has directed DOGE to review spending for potential waste and fraud. Subsequent guidance has rescinded or narrowed earlier broad spending pauses but agencies continue to implement evolving directives. Pressures on and uncertainty surrounding the U.S. federal government’s budget and potential changes in budgetary priorities, including partial or intermittent government shutdowns, could adversely affect our revenue, financial condition, and results of operations in ways that are indeterminate at this time. These initiatives and changes to procurement practices may change the way grants and government assistance is provided, if at all, which may affect whether and how we pursue opportunities to provide our products and services, which may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We receive funding from U.S. federal and state agencies in the form of research and development grants and sub-awards, and some of our clients, including academic and government research organizations, also depend on federal appropriations. A lapse in appropriations or an extended federal government shutdown could delay or suspend the award, renewal, or reimbursement of these grants, and could also disrupt our clients’ projects that rely on federal funding. During a shutdown, most agencies cannot obligate new funds or process grant payments, and peer-review and contracting activities are typically suspended. As of the date of this Report, the United States federal government is operating under a partial shutdown affecting multiple science and health agencies. The duration and scope of this shutdown are uncertain. If it continues or recurs, we could experience delays in receiving grant reimbursements, interruptions in grant review cycles, or reductions in the availability of new awards. Our clients could also defer or cancel work that depends on federal funding. Any significant delay or loss of this funding, or of federally supported projects with our clients, could adversely affect our revenue, cash flows, and results of operations. A prolonged shutdown could also create broader uncertainty in the life-sciences and regulatory environment that may slow industry investment and purchasing decisions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Governmental agencies throughout the world, but particularly in the U.S., strictly regulate the drug development process. Our business involves helping pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, among others, navigate the regulatory drug approval process. Accordingly, many regulations, and often new regulations, are expected to result in higher regulatory standards and often additional revenues for companies that service these industries. However, some changes in regulations, such as a relaxation in regulatory requirements or the introduction of streamlined or expedited drug approval procedures, or an increase in regulatory requirements that we have difficulty satisfying or that make our services less competitive, could eliminate or substantially reduce the demand for our services.

None.

We are committed to safeguarding our stakeholders' sensitive information shared in the application of software and services provided by the Company. We believe that our cybersecurity program, risk management and governance reflect our commitment to our stakeholders.

We recognize that cybersecurity risks pose a significant threat to our business, clients, and stakeholders, and we have implemented a comprehensive cybersecurity program to address these risks. We embed security considerations into every aspect of our operations, and our focus encompasses a proactive approach that involves continuous monitoring to swiftly detect and respond to emerging threats to ensure that our stakeholders' information remains secure in the face of evolving cybersecurity challenges. With a foundation grounded in industry best practices, including NIST 800-53, ISO 27001, CIS Top 20, and OWASP Top 10, we prioritize the identification and assessment of risks to create a protective shield around our clients' data. This guides our processes for assessing, identifying, and managing risks related to cybersecurity threats and incidents, as well as ensuring compliance with legal and contractual obligations. Our risk management processes are integrated into our overall business strategy and operations. We use various methods and tools to identify and assess cybersecurity risks across all assets in our technical landscape, such as vulnerability scanning, penetration testing, threat intelligence, risk assessments, auditing our vendors and audits from clients.

We maintain robust cybersecurity incident response procedures, which includes escalating incidents to the appropriate level of management and Board of Directors, mitigation, remediation, and the assessment of materiality of cybersecurity incidents, or a series of related incidents, that may materially affect or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

Furthermore, we conduct annual cybersecurity awareness training for our employees to provide them with the knowledge necessary to navigate the digital landscape securely. We understand that cybersecurity is not a static concept but a dynamic discipline, and our security and privacy notice reflect this by incorporating internal audits, penetration testing, active vulnerability scanning and a continuous improvement mindset.

As of the date of this Report, we are not aware of any cybersecurity incidents, or a series of related incidents, that have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition. For more information on our cybersecurity related risks, see Part 1, Item 1A. Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Report.

We have established a corporate governance structure that provides oversight and guidance for our cybersecurity program. Our Board of Directors (the “Board”) is ultimately responsible for the oversight of the Company’s security program. In the oversight of the program, the Board is focused on cybersecurity risk, including incident response planning, timely identification and assessment of incidents, incident recovery and business continuity considerations.

The Data Protection Officer ("DPO") is responsible for ensuring that we have a Personal Data Protection program in place that is compliant with data privacy laws such as the EU GDPR, UK GDPR, China’s PIPL, and data privacy laws enacted at the state level, as applicable to us. Our corporate Personal Data Protection program includes policies, practices, and training directed to protecting personal data.

We have defined roles and responsibilities for the management of cybersecurity risks, including specific executive-level and management-level positions or committees. Our security program is overseen by our VP of Information Technology, supported by corporate leadership from legal, compliance and finance. Our VP of Information Technology and the support team is accountable for the program. Our functional area executive leadership, acting in support of the VP of Information Technology, the DPO and the Board, is responsible for ensuring organizational compliance with data protection regulations and controls across the organization. Our VP of Information Technology and DPO, are responsible for the design, implementation, and monitoring of the security and privacy policies, standards, procedures, and controls that govern our information systems and data processing activities.

Our VP of Information Technology and support team also have a reporting responsibility to the executive leadership and the Board. They coordinate the response and remediation of cybersecurity incidents and data breaches and report on the status and effectiveness of the security and privacy program to the Board and other stakeholders on an as needed basis. The Board receives regular reports from management on our cybersecurity program, risks and activity. Our VP of Information Technology has more than 25 years of experience in IT infrastructure, cybersecurity operations, and software engineering.

We have established processes to ensure that management is informed about and monitors cybersecurity incident prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation. These processes include regular reporting, escalation, and communication protocols, as well as periodic reviews and audits of the security and privacy program.

The Company was previously headquartered in Southern California; however, in support of the Company's remote work culture and plan to reduce excess office space to achieve its carbon footprint reduction targets, the Company fully exited four office locations in Lancaster, California; Raleigh, North Carolina; Buffalo, New York; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a result, the company moved its headquarters from Lancaster, California, to Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and also maintains a European office in Paris, France. We do not believe that any of the physical properties that we lease are material to our business.

We may become subject to litigation, claims, investigations, and audits arising from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. Management believes that there is no pending or threatened litigation to which the Company and any of its subsidiaries, or any of the Company or its subsidiaries’ properties, is the subject of or party to, which, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and/or cash flows.

The Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, has traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “SLP” since May 13, 2021, prior to which it traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the same symbol.

As of November 14, 2025, there were 38 shareholders of record. A substantially greater number of holders of our common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares are held by banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.

In 2024, our Board of Directors has determined to discontinue the quarterly cash dividend historically paid by the Company, and to reallocate these funds to our capital allocation strategy for investing in growth initiatives that are intended to generate long-term shareholder value. We do not currently anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, and current and anticipated cash needs. Investors should not purchase our common stock with the expectation of receiving cash dividends.

Refer to Note 6 – Shareholders’ Equity of the Notes to Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this Report) for further details regarding dividends.

The following table provides information as of August 31, 2025, regarding our equity compensation plans:

The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on Simulations-Plus, Inc. (SLP) common stock with the cumulative total return for the same period of SLP's Peer Group. The graph assumes the investment of $100 as of August 31, 2020, and through August 31, 2025, assuming reinvestment of dividends, with a similar investment in the S&P Small Cap 600 (“S&P Small Cap 600") and the S&P 600 Health Care Technology Industry Index (“SP600-351030"). The historical information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of future performance. This performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

Simulations Plus was a constituent of the S&P SmallCap 600 through September 22, 2025. Its subsequent removal from that index does not affect the historical comparison presented below. These index returns are provided for reference only and do not imply current inclusion.

During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, there were no other unregistered sales of our securities that were not reported in a Current Report on Form 8-K or our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock under its authorized repurchase program, or otherwise, during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, and August 31, 2024.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis is intended to assist the reader in understanding our results of operations and financial condition. Management’s Discussion and Analysis is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1 of this Report. This Report includes certain statements that may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included in this Report that address activities, events or developments that we expect, project, believe, or anticipate will or may occur in the future, including matters having to do with expected and future revenue, our ability to fund our operations and repay debt, business strategies, expansion and growth of operations and other such matters, are forward-looking statements. These statements are based on certain assumptions and analyses made by our management in light of its experience and its perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments, and other factors it believes are appropriate in the circumstances. These statements are subject to a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties, including general economic and business conditions, the business opportunities (or lack thereof) that may be presented to and pursued by us, our performance on our current contracts and our success in obtaining new contracts, our ability to attract and retain qualified employees, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. You are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and those actual results or developments may differ materially from those projected in such statements.

Our clients face many challenges. Developing new therapies is time-consuming and expensive, requiring an average of 10-15 years and an average cost of approximately $2.2 billion to develop a single drug. Drug sponsors must prioritize not only efficacy and safety of the drug, but also issues like drug-drug interactions, inclusion of patients representative of the indicated population, regulatory approvals, minimization of animal testing, safety and compliance during clinical trials, and commercial success.

Our MIDD software and services allow clients to use modeling and simulation to accelerate drug development, reduce the costs of R&D, comply with regulatory guidance and best practices, and increase confidence in the safety and efficacy of their drugs and biologics. Our adaptive learning solutions support the success of clinical trials by accelerating recruitment of an appropriate patient population, increasing retention of participants, and by driving competency and compliance with trial protocols, while our medical communications solutions provide support in obtaining regulatory approval and commercialization of drugs.

The Company was previously headquartered in Southern California; however, in support of the Company's remote work culture and plan to reduce excess office space to achieve its carbon footprint reduction targets, the Company fully exited four office locations in Lancaster, California; Raleigh, North Carolina; Buffalo, New York; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a result, the company moved its headquarters from Lancaster, California, to Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and also maintains a European office in Paris, France.

Revenues increased by $9.2 million, or 13%, to $79.2 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, compared to $70.0 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. This increase is attributable to twelve months of revenue or $11.7 million from the Pro-ficiency acquisition in fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, versus $2.3 million in fiscal year ended August 31, 2024.

Cost of revenues increased by $6.1 million, or 23%, for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, compared to the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. This increase is primarily due to a $3.2 million or 49%, increase in software-related cost and a $2.9 million or 14%, increase in service-related costs. The software-related costs increase of $3.2 million or 49%, compared to the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, was primarily due to $1.8 million from amortization of developed technology from the acquisition of Pro-ficiency, and $1.1 million of higher amortization of capitalized software cost driven by the release of GastroPlus in May 2024, offset by a decrease of $0.4 million of fully amortized TSRL in the third quarter of fiscal year 2024. The service-related costs increase of $2.9 million or 14%, compared to the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, was primarily due to additional pass-through cost of $4.2 million, offset by $1.4 million of lower accrued bonuses due to Company performance.

Gross profit increased by $3.1 million, or 7%, to $46.2 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, compared to $43.2 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024.

Overall gross margin percentage was 58% and 62% for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025 and August 31, 2024, respectively. Gross margin decline is largely attributable to the underperformance of Pro-ficiency revenues.

We incurred $9.8 million of R&D costs during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025. Of this amount, $3.0 million was capitalized as a part of capitalized software development costs and $6.9 million was expensed. We incurred $9.0 million of research and development costs during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. Of this amount, $3.3 million was capitalized and $5.8 million was expensed. R&D spend increased by $0.8 million, or 9%, for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, compared to the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024.

The increase is mainly attributable to R&D spend of $1.1 million due to increased headcount in fiscal year ended August 31, 2025 compared to the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. R&D spend as a percentage of revenue remained consistent at 8% to 9% range for both periods.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $3.0 million, or 34%, to $11.9 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, compared to $8.9 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. This corresponds to a 2% increase in sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenue. The increase was primarily due to increased headcount costs of $1.3 million, $0.8 million increases to commissions to distributors, $0.5 million in higher event-related spending to enhance brand awareness and client engagement, $0.3 million incurred to support our business development efforts, and increased sales commission to employees of $0.2 million, offset by decrease in bonus expense of $0.3 million.

G&A expenses decreased $1.4 million, or 6%, to $20.9 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, compared to $22.4 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. This corresponds to 5% decrease in G&A expense as a percentage of revenue. The decrease is primarily driven by $2.7 million in mergers and acquisition expense, decrease in facility costs of $0.3 million driven by a reduction in office spaces, and a decrease of $0.4 million in bonus expense, offset by an increase in reorganization expense of $0.7 million in charges in connection with the restructuring, consisting of severance payments, employee benefits, and related costs, increase in $0.4 million of office space restructuring costs due to lease terminations, and an increase of $0.9 million from increased headcount.

During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, the Company identified the underperformance of revenue at certain reporting units relative to forecasts utilized in purchase price allocations and the significant stock price decline in relative terms and comparison to peers as a triggering event as of May 31, 2025, indicating goodwill, other intangibles and long-lived assets may be impaired. As a result of the impairment test performed, the Company determined goodwill, other intangibles and certain long-lived assets were impaired for its Software and Services reporting units and recorded impairment charges of $37.1 million and $40.1 million, respectively. No impairment was recognized for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024.

Total other income was $1.4 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, compared to total other income of $6.3 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. The decrease of $4.9 million is due to the decrease in interest income of $3.7 million, $1.0 million decrease in the fair value of the Immunetrics earnout liability, and a decrease of $0.4 million due to a foreign currency exchange.

Income tax benefit was $4.7 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, compared to income tax expense of $2.5 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. Our effective tax rate decreased to 7% for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025 from 20% for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024 primarily due to the permanent item associated with the impairment of goodwill made during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025.

Revenues increased by $10.4 million, or 18%, to $70.0 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, compared to $59.6 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023. This increase is due to an increase of $4.5 million, or 12%, in software-related revenue primarily driven by higher revenues from Monolix™ of $1.3 million, higher revenues from GastroPlus® of $1.0 million, higher revenues from QSP of $0.5 million, higher revenues from ADMET Predictor® of $0.4 million, and incremental revenues from ALI of $1.1 million. $5.9 million, or 26%, of the overall increase in revenues is due to an increase in service-related revenues, primarily driven by higher revenues from QSP services of $3.2 million, higher revenues from CPP services of $2.0 million, offset by lower revenues from PBPK services of $0.4 million.

Cost of revenues increased by $15.2 million, or 131%, for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, compared to the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023. This corresponds to an 18% increase in cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue. $6.8 million of the increase in cost of revenues is due to the reorganization of our internal structure from divisions based on prior acquisitions to business units organized around key product and service offerings. As part of this reorganization, we evaluated our departmental structure with a focus on continuing to improve operational performance and profitability while providing our investors improved visibility to our progress. Accordingly, we moved all services personnel into cost of revenues departments, moved all research and development personnel into research and development expense departments, moved all sales and marketing personnel into sales and marketing expense departments, and moved all general and administrative personnel into general and administrative (“G&A”) expense departments. These movements completed the final step toward consolidating the Company from the various acquired company divisions to a company-wide business unit structure. $6.8 million of the increase in cost of revenues corresponds to a $6.8 million decrease in G&A expenses discussed below from the reorganization reclassification. $3.0 million of the increase in cost of revenues is due to the acquisition of Pro-ficiency. $1.6 million of the increase in cost of revenues is due to a full year's recognition of expenses associated with the acquisition of Immunetrics in June 2023. $2.8 million of the increase is due to compensation-related increases, primarily attributable to the addition of scientific headcount as well as general annual salary adjustments for existing employees.

Gross profit decreased by $4.8 million, or 10%, to $43.2 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, compared to $47.9 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023. The decrease in gross profit is primarily due to a decrease in gross profit for our services business of $6.5 million, or 43%, primarily resulting from the reorganization of our internal structure as well as additional services headcount from the Pro-ficiency acquisition, partially offset by an increase in gross profit for our software business of $1.7 million, or 5%, reflecting the strong revenue growth and operating leverage of our software Overall gross margin percentage was 62% and 80% for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

business.

We incurred $9.0 million of R&D costs during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. Of this amount, $3.2 million was capitalized as a part of capitalized software development costs and $5.8 million was expensed. We incurred $7.8 million of research and development costs during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023. Of this amount, $3.3 million was capitalized and $4.5 million was expensed. R&D spend increased by $1.2 million, or 16%, for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, compared to the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023. The increase is mainly due to an increase of $0.5 million from the acquisition of Immunetrics, and an increase of $0.3 million from the acquisition of Proficiency. R&D spend as a percentage of revenue is consistent at 13% for both periods.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $2.4 million, or 36%, to $8.9 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, compared to $6.6 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023. This corresponds to a 2% increase in sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenue. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $0.9 million of compensation-related increases driven by an increase in stock compensation expense of $0.3 million, the addition to our team of a Chief Revenue Officer, sales commissions on the strong revenue growth year over year, and general annual salary adjustments for existing employees. Additionally, the acquisitions of Pro-ficiency and Immunetrics, increased sales and marketing expenses by $0.6 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

G&A expenses decreased $5.3 million, or 19%, to $22.4 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, compared to $27.8 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023. This corresponds to 14% decrease in G&A expense as a percentage of revenue. The decrease is primarily driven by a $6.8 million shift from G&A expense to cost of revenues, as referenced above, due to the reorganization of our internal structure from divisions based on prior acquisitions to business units organized around key product and service offerings and a decrease of $1.1 million in mergers and acquisition expense, offset by an increase of $0.7 million from the acquisition of Pro-ficiency, an increase of $0.5 million from the acquisition of Immunetrics, an increase of $1.0 million in compensation costs due to general annual salary adjustments for existing employees, an increase in professional fees of $0.3 million, an increase in software license costs of $0.2 million, and an increase in amortization of internal-use software of $0.1 million.

Total other income was $6.3 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, compared to total other income of $3.0 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023. The increase is primarily due to a decrease of $2.3 million in the fair value of the earnout liability related to the Immunetrics acquisition. The decrease in the fair value of the earnout liability is attributable to a partial earnout attainment for the first earnout measurement period and more modest revenue projections for the second earnout measurement period. The earnout target for the first measurement period was $4.0 million, however, based on revenue attainment, we only paid $2.5 million in March 2024 for the first earnout measurement period. As a result of the partial attainment, there is a catch-up opportunity for the second measurement period's earnout payment to increase from the target of $4.0 million to $5.5 million. Additionally, part of the increase is due to a foreign currency exchange gain of $0.4 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024 compared to a foreign currency exchange loss of $0.5 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, and an increase in interest income of $0.2 million from our investments in debt securities driven by an increase in interest rates.

The provision for income taxes was $2.5 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, compared to $1.7 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023. Our effective tax rate increased to 20% for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024 from 15% for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023 primarily due to a larger return to provision adjustment in the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023 which lowered the effective tax rate in that year. This effect was partially offset by lower state income taxes during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024.

Our principal sources of capital have been cash flows from our operations. We expect existing cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, cash generated by ongoing operations, and working capital will be sufficient to fund our operating activities and cash commitments for investing and financing activities and material capital expenditures for the next 12 months and beyond.

We continue to seek opportunities for strategic acquisitions, investments, and partnerships. If one or more strategic opportunities are identified, a substantial portion of our cash reserves may be required to complete the transaction. If we identify an attractive strategic opportunity that would require more cash to complete than we are willing or able to use from our cash reserves, we may consider financing options to complete the transaction, including obtaining loans or selling our securities. Additionally, our quest for strategic opportunities could result in a significant change to our liquidity position and/or our results of operations if any such transactions are completed.

Except as discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, we are not aware of any trends or demands, commitments, events, or uncertainties that are reasonably likely to result in a decrease in liquidity of our assets.

As of August 31, 2025, the Company had $30.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, $1.5 million in short-term investments, and net working capital of $44.8 million. Short-term investments consist of highly liquid investment-grade fixed-income securities, diversified among industries and issuers. The investments are U.S.-dollar-denominated securities. Our fixed-income investments are exposed to interest rate risk and credit risk. The settlement risk related to these investments is insignificant, given that the short-term investments held are primarily highly liquid investment-grade fixed-income securities and can readily be converted to cash when needed.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $18.1 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, compared to $13.3 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. The increase was driven by an increase in working capital of $1.6 million, primarily related to favorable changes in prepaid income taxes and prepaid expenses and an increase in operating results of $3.2 million (defined as net (loss) income adjusted for non-working capital items).

Net cash provided by operating activities was $13.3 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. Our operating cash flows resulted in part from our net income of $10.0 million, which was generated by cash received from our clients, offset by cash payments we made to third parties for their services and employee compensation. In addition, $4.2 million related to changes in balances of operating assets and liabilities was subtracted from net income and $7.6 million related to non-cash charges was added to net income to reconcile to cash flow from operations.

Net cash provided by investing activities during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, was $3.6 million, primarily due from maturities of short-term investments of $14.0 million and sale of short-term investments of $1.0 million, partially offset by the purchase of short-term investments of $6.5 million, computer software development costs of $2.6 million, and issuance of a promissory note for $1.0 million.

Net cash used in investing activities during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, was $54.0 million, primarily due to the acquisition of Pro-ficiency of $98.8 million, purchase of short-term investments of $67.2 million and computer software development costs of $3.2 million, offset by proceeds from maturities of short-term investments of $71.1 million, and proceeds from sales of investments of $45.2 million.

Net cash used in financing activities during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, was $1.1 million, primarily due to payment of $1.6 million for the holdback related to the Immunetrics acquisition, partially offset by proceeds from the exercise of stock options totaling $0.4 million.

Net cash used in financing activities during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, was $6.6 million, primarily due to dividend payments totaling $4.8 million and the first cash earnout payments in the aggregate amount of $2.5 million to the former equity holders and employees of Immunetrics, partially offset by proceeds from the exercise of stock options totaling $0.7 million.

For the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, and August 31, 2024, respectively, we did not repurchase any shares of Company stock. As of August 31, 2025, $30 million remains available for additional repurchases under our authorized repurchase program. However, we are not obligated to repurchase any additional shares, and the timing, manner, price, and actual amount of further share repurchases will depend on a variety of factors, including stock price, market conditions, other capital management needs and opportunities, and corporate and regulatory considerations. The share repurchase program has no expiration date but may be terminated at any time at our Board of Directors’ discretion.

Estimates

Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with GAAP. Preparing financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are affected by management’s application of accounting policies. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Critical Accounting Estimates for us include revenue recognition, accounting for capitalized software development costs, accounting for intangible assets and goodwill, valuation of stock options, business acquisitions and accounting for income taxes.

We generate revenue primarily from the sale of software licenses, providing consulting services, and customizing a software platform tailored to the pharmaceutical industry for drug development.

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

i.Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a client

ii.Identification of the performance obligations in the contract

iii.Determination of the transaction price

v.Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation

The Company accounts for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of consideration is probable. Contracts generally have fixed pricing terms and are not subject to variable pricing. The Company considers the nature and significance of each specific performance obligation under a contract when allocating the proceeds under each contract. Accounting for contracts includes significant judgment in the estimation of hours/cost to be incurred on consulting contracts, and the de minimis nature of the post-sales costs associated with software sales.

Capitalized Computer Software Development Costs

Software development costs are capitalized in accordance with ASC 985-20, “Costs of Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Marketed.” Capitalization of software development costs begins upon the establishment of technological feasibility and is discontinued when the product is available for sale. The establishment of technological feasibility and the ongoing assessment for recoverability of capitalized computer software development costs require considerable judgment by management with respect to certain external factors including, but not limited to, technological feasibility, anticipated future gross revenues, estimated economic life, and changes in software and hardware technologies. Capitalized software development costs are comprised primarily of salaries and direct payroll-related costs and the purchase of existing software to be used in the Company’s software products. Total capitalized computer software development costs were $3.0 million, $3.3 million, and $3.3 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Amortization of capitalized computer software development costs is calculated on a product-by-product basis on the straight-line method over the estimated economic life of the products, not to exceed five years. Amortization of software development costs amounted to $3.1 million, $2.1 million, and $1.5 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 respectively. We expect future amortization expense to vary due to variations in capitalized computer software development costs.

We test capitalized computer software development costs for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

No impairment losses were recorded during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. As of August 31, 2023, we recognized a $0.5 million impairment charge for the Cognigen trade name, as management determined we will no longer use the Cognigen trade name.

Business Acquisitions

The Company accounted for the acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting where the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized based on their respective estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of certain acquired assets and liabilities is subjective in nature and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including, but not limited to, the selection of appropriate valuation methodology, projected revenue, expenses, and cash flows, weighted-average cost of capital, discount rates, and estimates of terminal values. Business acquisitions are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements as of the date of the acquisition.

R&D costs are charged to expense as incurred until technological feasibility has been established, or when the costs are for maintenance and minor modification of existing software products that do not add significant new capabilities to the products. These costs include salaries and benefits, laboratory experiments, and purchased software that was developed by other companies and incorporated into, or used in the development of, our final products.

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740-10, “Income Taxes,” which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns.

Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each year-end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The provision for income taxes represents the tax payable for the period and the change during the period in deferred tax assets and liabilities.

The Company accounts for stock options in accordance with ASC 718-10, “Compensation-Stock Compensation.” Under this method, compensation costs include the estimated grant-date fair value of awards amortized over the options’ vesting period. Stock-based compensation costs, not including shares issued to directors for services, were $6.1 million, $6.0 million, and $4.3 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

As of August 31, 2025, and 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $30.9 million and $10.3 million, respectively. We hold available-for-sale short-term investments that are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates, which could affect the value of our assets and liabilities. We do not hold any trading and/or held-to-maturity securities. Some of our cash and cash equivalents are held in money market accounts; however, they are not exposed to market-rate risk.

In the years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we sold $7.7 million, $7.1 million, and $7.3 million, respectively, of software licenses through representatives in certain European and Asian markets in local currencies. As a result, our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows can be affected by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly fluctuations in the Euro, Yen, and RMB exchange rates. These transactions give rise to receivables that are denominated in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency. The value of these receivables is subject to changes because the receivables may become worth more or less due to changes in currency exchange rates. The majority of our software license agreements are denominated in U.S. dollars. We mitigate our risk from foreign currency fluctuations by adjusting prices in our foreign markets on a periodic basis. We base these changes on market conditions while working closely with our representatives. SLP France (f/k/a Lixoft), our French subsidiary, mainly sells in U.S. dollars and Euros and uses the Euro as the functional currency. As such, we are subject to currency translation and exchange rate changes. We do not hedge currencies or enter into derivative contracts.

See the financial statements included elsewhere in this Report beginning at page F-1, which are incorporated herein by reference.

On April 15, 2025, the Audit Committee dismissed Rose, Snyder & Jacobs LLP (“RSJ”) as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm and approved the engagement of Grant Thornton LLP (“Grant Thornton”) to audit the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2025. RSJ’s report on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024 did not contain an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion and was not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles. During the Company’s fiscal years ended August 31, 2024 and August 31, 2023 and the subsequent interim period through April 15, 2025, there were (i) no disagreements with RSJ on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure that, if not resolved to RSJ’s satisfaction, would have caused RSJ to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreement in connection with its report, and (ii) no reportable events as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K. RSJ provided a letter addressed to the SEC stating that it agreed with the foregoing statements concerning RSJ.

On July 9, 2025, the Audit Committee dismissed Grant Thornton and re-appointed RSJ to audit the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2025, including reviews of interim periods therein. During the period of Grant Thornton’s engagement from April 15, 2025 through July 9, 2025, the Company and Grant Thornton discussed matters regarding segment reporting and reporting-unit determinations and evaluated certain internal controls over financial reporting; the Company did not identify any reportable events as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K. In accordance with Item 304(a)(3), the Company provided Grant Thornton with a copy of the Current Report on Form 8-K regarding this change and requested that Grant Thornton furnish a letter addressed to the SEC stating whether it agreed with the Company’s statements. Grant Thornton furnished such a letter dated July 14, 2025, in which it stated that it disagreed with the Company’s statements in the paragraph describing those matters and noted that the matters were not resolved to Grant Thornton’s satisfaction as of the date of its termination.

The letters from RSJ and Grant Thornton to the Securities and Exchange Commission referenced above are filed as Exhibit 16.1 and 16.2, respectively, to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Except as described above, there were no other changes in or disagreements with the Company’s accountants on accounting and financial disclosure during the two most recent fiscal years and the subsequent interim period.

Our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, after evaluating our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Report (the “Evaluation Date”), have concluded that as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in such reports is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, where appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Management assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2025, the end of our fiscal year. Management based its assessment on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Management’s assessment included evaluation of elements such as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies, and our overall control environment.

Based on this assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the fiscal year to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We reviewed the results of management’s assessment with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well-designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered independent public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered independent public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company, as a smaller reporting company, to provide only Management’s report in this annual report.

No change in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

During the quarter ended August 31, 2025, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” in each case as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

Please refer to the information included in Part II, Item 5 under the heading “Repurchases” for information regarding the Company’s effective share repurchase program.

Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report (the “Proxy Statement”).

We have adopted a Code of Conduct (the "code of conduct") that applies to each of our directors and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, controller, and all other employees performing similar functions. The code of conduct is publicly available on our website in the “Investors” section of our corporate website at www.simulations-plus.com under “Investors – Shareholder Information.” If we make any substantive amendments to the code of conduct or grant any waiver, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the code of conduct, we will disclose the nature of the amendment or waiver on our website or in a Current Report on Form 8-K.

In November 2025, the Company adopted an updated Insider Trading Policy applicable to directors, officers, employees, and consultants. The policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The contents of our website are not incorporated by reference into, and should not be considered part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is Rose, Snyder & Jacobs LLP, Encino, CA, Auditor Firm ID: 468.

_____________________________

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Will Frederick his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent or his substitutes or substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of Simulations Plus, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Simulations Plus, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of August 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended August 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of August 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended August 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

As discussed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company earns a portion of its revenue through consulting service agreements. For performance obligations related to services that are required to be recognized over time, the Company generally measures its progress to completion using an input measure of total labor hours incurred divided by total labor hours expected to be incurred.

Auditing revenue recognition is complex and highly judgmental due to the variability and uncertainty associated with the Company’s assessment of measure of progress. Changes in these estimates would have a significant effect on the amount of revenue recognized.

We obtained an understanding and evaluated the design of controls that address the risk of material misstatement of consulting services revenue including those associated with estimated labor hours expected to be incurred. We obtained an understanding and evaluate the design of controls over management’s process to collect, review, and approve the data used in assessing revenue recognized over time.

To test the measures of progress used for performance obligations related to services that are required to be recognized over time, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the appropriateness of the Company’s accounting policy for each type of arrangement, testing the identified measure of performance by reading contracts with clients, including all amendments, and reviewing the contract analyses prepared by management. We evaluated whether the selected measures of progress towards satisfaction of performance obligations were applied consistently. We also tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used for the measure of progress by testing the underlying data.