Basis of presentation: The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with SEC regulations and GAAP for interim financial information and, accordingly, do not include all information and note disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The interim financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm in accordance with standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), but in the opinion of management, the interim financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in accordance with GAAP. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC.

Significant accounting policies: The following is a description of significant accounting policies used in preparing the financial statements. The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with GAAP.

Principles of consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company operates through a separate wholly owned subsidiary in each state. The Company also consolidates VIEs when it is considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE because it has (i) power over the significant activities of the VIE and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive returns that could be significant to the VIE.

Variable interest entities: The Company transfers pools of loans to SPEs to secure debt for general funding purposes. These entities have the limited purpose of acquiring finance receivables, in addition to holding and making payments on the related debts. Assets transferred to each SPE are legally isolated from the Company and its affiliates, as well as the claims of the Company’s and its affiliates’ creditors. Further, the assets of each SPE are owned by such SPE and are not available to satisfy the debts or other obligations of the Company or any of its affiliates. The Company continues to service the finance receivables transferred to the SPEs. The lenders and investors in the debt issued by the SPEs generally only have recourse to the assets of the SPEs and do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company.

The SPEs’ debt arrangements are structured to provide credit enhancements to the lenders and investors, which may include overcollateralization, subordination of interests, excess spread, and reserve funds. These enhancements, along with the isolated finance receivables pools, increase the creditworthiness of the SPEs above that of the Company as a whole. This increases the marketability of the Company’s collateral for borrowing purposes, leading to more favorable borrowing terms, improved interest rate risk management, and additional flexibility to grow the business.

The SPEs are considered VIEs under GAAP and are consolidated into the financial statements of their primary beneficiary. The Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary of the SPEs because it has (i) power over the significant activities through its role as servicer of the finance receivables under each debt arrangement, (ii) the obligation to absorb losses that could be significant through note investment, if applicable, and (iii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive returns that could be significant through the Company’s interest in the monthly residual cash flows of the SPEs.

Consolidation of VIEs results in these transactions being accounted for as secured borrowings; therefore, the pooled receivables and the related debts remain on the consolidated balance sheet of the Company. Each debt is secured solely by the assets of the VIEs and not by any other assets of the Company. The assets of the VIEs are the only source of funds for repayment on each debt, and restricted cash held by the VIEs can only be used to support payments on the debt. The Company recognizes revenue and provision for credit losses on the finance receivables of the VIEs and interest expense on the related secured debt.

Use of estimates: The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities for the periods indicated in the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Estimates that are susceptible to change relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the fair value of financial instruments.

Recent accounting pronouncements: In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, enhancing the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendment, among other things, improves transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring more consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in rate reconciliations, and disaggregation of income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The income tax guidance should be applied on a prospective basis, however, retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this update on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, enhancing the disclosures about a company’s expenses. The amendment, among other things, improves these disclosures by requiring disaggregated expense information about a company’s expense types. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and early adoption is permitted. The enhanced expense guidance can be applied on either a prospective (for financial statements issued during reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU) or retrospective (to any or all prior periods presented) basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this update on its consolidated financial statements.

Net finance receivables: Generally, the Company classifies finance receivables as held for investment based on management’s intent at the time of origination. The Company determines classification on a receivable-by-receivable basis. The Company classifies finance receivables as held for investment due to its ability and intent to hold them until their contractual maturities. Net finance receivables consist of the Company’s installment loans. The Company carries net finance receivables at amortized cost, which includes remaining principal balance, accrued interest, and net unamortized deferred origination costs and unamortized fees.

Loan renewals are a significant piece of new volume and are considered a terminal event of the previous loan. The Company may renew delinquent secured or unsecured loan accounts if the customer meets the Company’s underwriting criteria and it does not appear the cause of past delinquency will affect the customer’s ability to repay the renewed loan.

Finance receivable origination fees and costs: Non-refundable fees received and direct costs (personnel and digital loan origination costs) incurred for the origination of finance receivables are deferred and recognized to interest income over their contractual lives using the constant yield method. Unamortized amounts are recognized in interest income at the time that finance receivables are paid in full, renewed, or charged off.

Nonaccrual status: Accrual of interest income on finance receivables is suspended when an account becomes 90 days delinquent. If the account is charged off, the accrued interest income is reversed as a reduction of interest and fee income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Under the cash-basis method, interest income is recorded when the payment is received. Loans resume accruing interest when the past due status is brought below 90 days.

The Company made a policy election to not record an allowance for credit losses related to accrued interest because it has nonaccrual and charge-off policies that result in the timely suspension and reversal of accrued interest.

Allowance for credit losses: The allowance for credit losses is based on historical credit experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts. The historical loss experience is adjusted for quantitative and qualitative factors that are not fully reflected in the historical data. In determining its estimate of expected credit losses, the Company evaluates information related to credit metrics, changes in its lending strategies and underwriting practices, and the current and forecasted direction of the economic and business environment. These metrics include, but are not limited to, loan portfolio mix and growth, unemployment, credit loss trends, delinquency trends, changes in underwriting, and operational risks.

The Company selected a PD / LGD model to estimate its base allowance for credit losses, in which the estimated loss is equal to the product of PD and LGD. Historical net finance receivables are tracked over the term of the pools to identify the incidences of loss (PDs) and the average severity of losses (LGDs).

To enhance the precision of the allowance for credit loss estimate, the Company evaluates its finance receivable portfolio on a pool basis and segments each pool of finance receivables with similar credit risk characteristics. As part of its evaluation, the Company considers loan portfolio characteristics such as product type, loan size, loan term, internal or external credit scores, delinquency status, geographical location, and vintage. Based on analysis of historical loss experience, the Company selected the following segmentation: product type, FICO score, and delinquency status.

As finance receivables are originated, provisions for credit losses are recorded in amounts sufficient to maintain an allowance for credit losses at an adequate level to provide for estimated losses over the contractual life of the finance receivables (considering the effect of prepayments). Subsequent changes to the contractual terms that are a result of re-underwriting are not included in the finance receivable’s contractual life (considering the effect of prepayments). The Company uses its segmentation loss experience to forecast expected credit losses. Historical information about losses generally provides a basis for the estimate of expected credit losses. The Company also considers the need to adjust historical information to reflect the extent to which current conditions differ from the conditions that existed for the period over which historical information was evaluated. These adjustments to historical loss information may be qualitative or quantitative in nature.

Reasonable and supportable macroeconomic forecasts are required for the Company’s allowance for credit loss model. The Company engaged a major rating service to assist with compiling a reasonable and supportable forecast. The Company reviews macroeconomic forecasts to use in its allowance for credit losses. The Company adjusts the historical loss experience by relevant qualitative factors for these expectations. The Company does not require reversion adjustments, as the contractual lives of its portfolio are shorter than its available forecast periods.

The Company charges credit losses against the allowance for all products when an account reaches 180 days contractually delinquent, subject to certain exceptions. The Company’s customer accounts without a lien on a vehicle in a confirmed bankruptcy are charged off in the month following the bankruptcy notification or at 60 days contractually delinquent, subject to certain exceptions. Deceased borrower accounts are charged off in the month following the proper notification of passing, with the exception of borrowers with credit life insurance. Subsequent recoveries of amounts charged off, if any, are credited to the allowance.

Restricted cash: Restricted cash includes cash and cash equivalents for which the Company’s ability to withdraw funds is contractually limited. The Company’s restricted cash consists of cash reserves that are maintained as collateral for potential credit life insurance claims and cash restricted for debt servicing of the Company’s revolving warehouse credit facilities and securitizations.

Restricted AFS investments: The Company classifies its investments in debt securities that were purchased with the Company’s restricted cash as restricted AFS investments and carries the investments at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, are excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income or loss until realized. The unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses from the sale of AFS investments are specifically identified and reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss and included within earnings on the consolidated statement of income.

Share-based compensation: The Company measures compensation cost for share-based awards at estimated fair value and recognizes compensation expense over the service period for awards expected to vest. The Company uses the closing stock price on the date of grant as the fair value of RSAs, performance-contingent RSUs, and service-based RSUs. The fair value of NQSOs is determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model, and the fair value of PRSUs is determined using the Monte Carlo valuation model. When applicable, the Black-Scholes and Monte Carlo models require the input of assumptions, including expected volatility, expected dividends, expected term, risk-free interest rate, and a discount associated with post-vest holding restrictions, changes to which can affect the fair value estimate.

Expected volatility is based on the Company’s historical stock price volatility. Expected dividends are calculated using the expected dividend yield (annualized dividends divided by the grant date stock price). The expected term is calculated by using the simplified method (average of the vesting and original contractual terms) due to insufficient historical data to estimate the expected term. The risk-free rate is based on the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond rate over the expected term of the awards. The estimated discount associated with post-vest holding restrictions is calculated using a blend of the Finnerty and Chaffe models. In addition, the estimation of share-based awards that will ultimately vest requires judgment, and to the extent actual results or updated estimates differ from current estimates, such amounts will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period estimates are revised.

Net finance receivables for the periods indicated consisted of the following:

Net finance receivables by product, FICO band at origination, and origination year as of March 31, 2025 are as follows: