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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 8-K
CURRENT REPORT

Pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of report (Date of earliest event reported):
April 25, 2024

EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Delaware   1-12626   62-1539359
(State or Other Jurisdiction
of Incorporation)
  (Commission File Number)   (IRS Employer
Identification No.)
200 South Wilcox Drive  
Kingsport Tennessee 37662
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
(423) 229-2000
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
  
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:
    Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
       
    Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
       
    Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
       
    Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class   Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share   EMN New York Stock Exchange
1.875% Notes Due 2026 EMN26 New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐



EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY - EMN     

Item 2.02 Results of Operations and Financial Condition
 
On April 25, 2024, the registrant publicly released its financial results for first quarter 2024. The full text of the release is furnished as Exhibit 99.01 to this Current Report on Form 8-K, and is incorporated herein by reference. This information shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), or incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.

Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits:
 
(d) Exhibits
 
The following exhibits are furnished pursuant to Item 9.01:
 
99.01    Public release by Eastman on April 25, 2024 of first quarter 2024 financial results

104    Cover Page Interactive Data File



EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY - EMN     
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, hereunto duly authorized.
 
   
Eastman Chemical Company 
 
  By: /s/ Michelle R. Stewart
Michelle R. Stewart
Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller
   
Date: April 25, 2024


EX-99.01 2 ex99_0120240331cctables.htm EX-99.01 Q1 2024 EARNINGS RELEASE Document
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Exhibit 99.01
Eastman Announces First Quarter 2024 Financial Results

KINGSPORT, Tenn., April 25, 2024 – Eastman Chemical Company (NYSE:EMN) announced its first quarter 2024 financial results.

•Delivered strong sequential increase in sales volume/mix and earnings driven by reconnection to primary demand for many of our specialty products in Advanced Materials and Additives & Functional Products.
•Achieved on spec production and revenue generation at our Kingsport methanolysis facility.
•Pathway to ~$75 million of incremental EBITDA in 2024 vs. 2023 from Kingsport methanolysis facility.
•Selected by U.S. Department of Energy to receive up to $375 million investment for our second U.S. molecular recycling project in Longview, Texas.

(In millions, except per share amounts; unaudited)
1Q2024
1Q2023
Sales revenue $2,310 $2,412
Earnings before interest and taxes ("EBIT") 263 246
Adjusted EBIT* 274 283
Earnings per diluted share 1.39 1.12
Adjusted earnings per diluted share* 1.61 1.63
Net cash used in operating activities
(16) (2)
*For non-core and unusual items excluded from adjusted earnings and for adjusted provision for income taxes, segment adjusted EBIT margins, and net debt, reconciliations to reported company and segment earnings and total borrowings for all periods presented in this release, see Tables 3A, 3B, 4A, and 6.

“We delivered strong sequential earnings growth in the first quarter, above the high-end of our initial expectations,” said Mark Costa, Board Chair and CEO. “In the first quarter, we were encouraged to see continued evidence that inventory destocking is complete across most of our key end markets including consumer durables, building and construction, and personal care. Sales volume/mix improved 4 percent sequentially as demand for our products appears to be reconnecting to primary end-market demand. We are also incredibly proud to have achieved on spec production and revenue generation at our Kingsport methanolysis facility. Achieving this milestone is a direct result of years of commitment and dedication from hundreds of Eastman employees and the support of their families. For their dedication, I am extraordinarily grateful. We have started 2024 with strong momentum. Demand in our base business is recovering, and we have solidified our position as a world leader in the circular economy. I am confident in our ability to deliver earnings growth and strong cash flow going forward.”

Segment Results 1Q 2024 versus 1Q 2023

Advanced Materials – Sales revenue increased 1 percent due to 4 percent higher sales volume/mix partially offset by 3 percent lower selling prices.

Higher sales volume/mix in specialty plastics was the result of reduced levels of customer inventory destocking and a shift towards reconnecting with primary end-market demand, particularly in consumer durables. This growth was partially offset by continued customer inventory destocking in the medical end market and a lower sales volume/mix in performance films due to strong demand in China in the prior-year period.

EBIT increased primarily due to improved price-cost and higher sales volume/mix.


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Additives & Functional Products – Sales revenue decreased 9 percent due to 8 percent lower selling prices and 1 percent lower sales volume/mix.

Lower selling prices were primarily due to cost-pass-through contracts in care additives and functional amines. Sales volume/mix decreased slightly as growth in coatings additives and care additives was more than offset by lower sales volume/mix in specialty fluids due to the timing of the fulfillment of heat transfer fluid projects and continued customer inventory destocking in the agriculture end market.

EBIT decreased due to lower sales volume/mix and higher manufacturing costs, including planned maintenance shutdowns, partially offset by favorable price-cost due to lower variable costs more than offsetting lower selling prices.

Fibers – Sales revenue increased 9 percent due to 7 percent higher sales volume/mix and 2 percent higher selling prices.

Sales volume/mix increased primarily due to a double-digit percent increase in textiles driven by continued strong adoption of Naia™ sustainable textile products as customers prioritize sustainability in addition to functionality.

EBIT increased due to higher sales volume/mix and improved price-cost.

Chemical Intermediates – Sales revenue decreased 11 percent due to 13 percent lower selling prices, partially offset by 2 percent higher sales volume/mix.

Lower selling prices across the segment were due to weak market conditions and lower variable costs. Sales volume/mix increased slightly driven by growth in the plasticizers product line due to reduced levels of customer inventory destocking and a shift towards reconnecting with primary end-market demand in building and construction.

EBIT decreased due to lower spreads.


Cash Flow

In first quarter 2024, cash used in operating activities was $16 million. The company returned $95 million to stockholders through dividends. See Table 5. Priorities for uses of available cash for 2024 include organic growth investments, payment of the quarterly dividend, bolt-on acquisitions, and share repurchases.

2024 Outlook

Commenting on the outlook for full-year 2024, Costa said: “We delivered strong first-quarter results that were above our expectations, reflecting both better than expected sales volume/mix and continued pricing discipline. We are encouraged to see continued evidence that customer inventory destocking is behind us across most of our key end markets. Looking forward to the remainder of the year, primary demand in key markets and geographies remains uncertain. However, we continue to benefit from our innovation-driven growth model that enables growth above our end markets. We also expect to benefit from revenue and earnings generated by our Kingsport methanolysis facility, mostly in the second half of the year. We expect continued pricing discipline and improving asset utilization throughout the year. Taking these drivers together, we continue to expect 2024 EPS to be between $7.25 and $8.00 and for 2024 cash from operations to be approximately $1.4 billion.”



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The full-year 2024 projected adjusted diluted EPS and Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (“EBITDA”) exclude any non-core, unusual, or nonrecurring items. Our financial results forecasts do not include non-core items (such as mark-to-market pension and other postretirement benefit gain or loss, and asset impairments and restructuring charges) or any unusual or non-recurring items because we are unable to predict with reasonable certainty the financial impact of such items. These items are uncertain and depend on various factors, and we are unable to reconcile projected adjusted diluted EPS and EBITDA excluding non-core and any unusual or non-recurring items to reported GAAP diluted EPS or net earnings without unreasonable efforts.

Forward-Looking Statements

This information and other statements by the company may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act with respect to, among other items: projections and estimates of earnings, revenues, volumes, pricing, margins, cost reductions, expenses, taxes, liquidity, capital expenditures, cash flow, dividends, share repurchases or other financial items, statements of management’s plans, strategies and objectives for future operations, and statements regarding future economic, industry or market conditions or performance. Such projections and estimates are based upon certain preliminary information, internal estimates, and management assumptions, expectations, and plans. Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, and actual performance or results could differ materially from that anticipated by any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and the company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement. Other important assumptions and factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements are detailed in the company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), which are accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and the company’s website at www.eastman.com.

Conference Call and Webcast Information

Eastman will host a conference call with industry analysts on Apr. 26, 2024, at 8:00 a.m. ET. To listen to the live webcast of the conference call and view the accompanying slides and prepared remarks, go to investors.eastman.com, Events & Presentations. The slides and prepared remarks to be discussed during the call and webcast will be available at investors.eastman.com at approximately 4:30 p.m. ET on Apr. 25, 2024. To listen via telephone, the dial-in number is +1 (833) 470-1428, passcode: 896570. A web replay, a replay in downloadable MP3 format, and the accompanying slides and prepared remarks will be available at investors.eastman.com, Events & Presentations. A telephone replay will be available continuously beginning at approximately 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time, Apr. 26, 2024, through 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time, May 6, 2024, Toll Free at +1 (866) 813-9403, passcode 784138.

Founded in 1920, Eastman is a global specialty materials company that produces a broad range of products found in items people use every day. With the purpose of enhancing the quality of life in a material way, Eastman works with customers to deliver innovative products and solutions while maintaining a commitment to safety and sustainability. The company’s innovation-driven growth model takes advantage of world-class technology platforms, deep customer engagement, and differentiated application development to grow its leading positions in attractive end markets such as transportation, building and construction, and consumables. As a globally inclusive and diverse company, Eastman employs approximately 14,000 people around the world and serves customers in more than 100 countries. The company had 2023 revenue of approximately $9.2 billion and is headquartered in Kingsport, Tennessee, USA. For more information, visit www.eastman.com.






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# # #

Contacts:

Media: Tracy Kilgore Addington
423-224-0498 / tracy@eastman.com

Investors: Greg Riddle
212-835-1620 / griddle@eastman.com




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FINANCIAL INFORMATION
April 25, 2024

For Eastman Chemical Company First Quarter 2024 Financial Results Release





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Table 1 – Statements of Earnings
First Quarter
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts; unaudited) 2024 2023
Sales $ 2,310  $ 2,412 
Cost of sales (1)(2)
1,778  1,883 
Gross profit 532  529 
Selling, general and administrative expenses 191  191 
Research and development expenses 59  62 
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net 11  22 
Other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net (5) (3)
Other (income) charges, net 13  11 
Earnings before interest and taxes 263  246 
Net interest expense 49  52 
Earnings before income taxes 214  194 
Provision for income taxes
49  60 
Net earnings 165  134 
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest —  — 
Net earnings attributable to Eastman $ 165  $ 134 
Basic earnings per share attributable to Eastman $ 1.40  $ 1.13 
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman $ 1.39  $ 1.12 
Shares (in millions) outstanding at end of period 117.6  119.2 
Shares (in millions) used for earnings per share calculation    
Basic 117.4  118.9 
Diluted 118.2  119.7 
(1)First quarter 2023 includes $8 million insurance proceeds, net of costs, from the previously reported operational incident at the Kingsport site as a result of a steam line failure (the "steam line incident").
(2)First quarter 2023 includes $23 million accelerated depreciation related to the closure of an acetate yarn manufacturing facility in Europe.

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Table 2A – Segment Sales Information
  First Quarter
(Dollars in millions, unaudited) 2024 2023
Sales by Segment    
Advanced Materials $ 748  $ 742 
Additives & Functional Products
704  777 
Chemical Intermediates
523  589 
Fibers 331  303 
Total Sales by Segment 2,306  2,411 
Other
Total Eastman Chemical Company $ 2,310  $ 2,412 


 
Fourth Quarter
(Dollars in millions, unaudited) 2023
Sales by Segment  
Advanced Materials $ 705 
Additives & Functional Products 640 
Chemical Intermediates 513 
Fibers 346 
Total Sales by Segment 2,204 
Other
Total Eastman Chemical Company $ 2,207 


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Table 2B – Sales Revenue Change
 
First Quarter 2024 Compared to First Quarter 2023
  Change in Sales Revenue Due To
(Unaudited) Revenue
% Change
Volume / Product Mix Effect Price Effect Exchange
Rate
Effect
Advanced Materials %  % (3)  % —   %
Additives & Functional Products (9)  % (1)  % (8)  % —   %
Chemical Intermediates (11) %  % (13)  % —   %
Fibers  %  %  % —   %
Total Eastman Chemical Company
(4)  %  % (7)  % —   %
 
First Quarter 2024 Compared to Fourth Quarter 2023
  Change in Sales Revenue Due To
(Unaudited) Revenue
% Change
Volume / Product Mix Effect Price Effect Exchange
Rate
Effect
Advanced Materials % % (1) % %
Additives & Functional Products 10   %  %  %  %
Chemical Intermediates % % % —  %
Fibers (4)  % (7)  %  % —   %
Total Eastman Chemical Company  %  % —   %  %


Table 2C – Sales by Customer Location
  First Quarter
(Dollars in millions, unaudited) 2024 2023
Sales by Customer Location    
United States and Canada $ 969  $ 1,065 
Europe, Middle East, and Africa 659  709 
Asia Pacific 564  521 
Latin America 118  117 
Total Eastman Chemical Company $ 2,310  $ 2,412 
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Table 3A - Segment, Other, and Company
Non-GAAP Earnings (Loss) Before Interest and Taxes Reconciliations (1)
First Quarter
(Dollars in millions, unaudited) 2024 2023
Advanced Materials    
Earnings before interest and taxes $ 104  $ 86 
Additives & Functional Products
Earnings before interest and taxes 109  124 
Chemical Intermediates    
Earnings before interest and taxes 16  42 
Fibers    
Earnings before interest and taxes 117  65 
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net
— 
Accelerated depreciation
—  23 
Excluding non-core items 117  94 
Other
Loss before interest and taxes (83) (71)
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net (2)
11  16 
Steam line incident (insurance proceeds) costs, net
—  (8)
Excluding non-core and unusual items (72) (63)
Total Eastman Chemical Company  
Earnings before interest and taxes 263  246 
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net 11  22 
Steam line incident (insurance proceeds) costs, net
—  (8)
Accelerated depreciation —  23 
Total earnings before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items $ 274  $ 283 
Company Non-GAAP Earnings Before Interest and Taxes Reconciliations by Line Items
Earnings before interest and taxes $ 263  $ 246 
Cost of sales
—  15 
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net 11  22 
Total earnings before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items $ 274  $ 283 

(1)See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for first quarter 2023 for description of first quarter 2023 non-core and unusual items.
(2)Severance charges as part of fourth quarter 2023 cost reduction initiatives.
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Table 3A - Segment, Other, and Company
Non-GAAP Earnings (Loss) Before Interest and Taxes Reconciliations (continued) (1)
Fourth Quarter
(Dollars in millions, unaudited) 2023
Advanced Materials  
Earnings before interest and taxes $ 65 
Additives & Functional Products
Earnings before interest and taxes 67 
Chemical Intermediates  
Earnings before interest and taxes 347 
Gain on divested business
(323)
Excluding non-core item 24 
Fibers  
Earnings before interest and taxes 113 
Other
Loss before interest and taxes (115)
Mark-to-market pension and other postretirement benefit plans (gain), net 53 
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net
15 
Excluding non-core and unusual items (47)
Total Eastman Chemical Company  
Earnings before interest and taxes $ 477 
Mark-to-market pension and other postretirement benefit plans (gain), net 53 
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net 15 
Gain on divested business
(323)
Total earnings before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items $ 222 
Company Non-GAAP Earnings Before Interest and Taxes Reconciliations by Line Items
Earnings before interest and taxes $ 477 
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net 15 
Other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net 53 
Net (gain) loss on divested businesses
(323)
Total earnings before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items $ 222 

(1)For the description of fourth quarter 2023 non-core and unusual items, see Table 3A in the Quarterly Report on Form 8-K furnished for the fourth quarter 2023.


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Table 3B - Segment Non-GAAP Earnings (Loss) Before Interest and Taxes Margins(1)(2)
  First Quarter
(Dollars in millions, unaudited) 2024 2023
Adjusted EBIT Adjusted EBIT Margin Adjusted EBIT Adjusted EBIT Margin
Advanced Materials $ 104  13.9  % $ 86  11.6  %
Additives & Functional Products
109  15.5  % 124  16.0  %
Chemical Intermediates
16  3.1  % 42  7.1  %
Fibers 117  35.3  % 94  31.0  %
Total segment EBIT excluding non-core and unusual items 346  15.0  % 346  14.4  %
Other
(72) (63)
Total EBIT excluding non-core and unusual items $ 274  11.9  % $ 283  11.7  %
 

 
Fourth Quarter
(Dollars in millions, unaudited) 2023
Adjusted EBIT Adjusted EBIT Margin
Advanced Materials $ 65  9.2  %
Additives & Functional Products
67  10.5  %
Chemical Intermediates
24  4.7  %
Fibers 113  32.7  %
Total segment EBIT excluding non-core and unusual items 269  12.2  %
Other
(47)
Total EBIT excluding non-core and unusual items $ 222  10.1  %
(1)For identification of excluded non-core and unusual items and reconciliations to GAAP EBIT, see Table 3A.
(2)Adjusted EBIT margin is non-GAAP EBIT divided by GAAP sales. See Table 2A for sales.




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Table 4A – Non-GAAP Earnings Before Interest and Taxes, Net Earnings,
and Earnings Per Share Reconciliations
  First Quarter 2024
Earnings Before Interest and Taxes Earnings Before Income Taxes Provision for Income Taxes Effective Income Tax Rate Net Earnings
 Attributable to Eastman
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts, unaudited) After Tax Per Diluted Share
As reported (GAAP) $ 263  $ 214  $ 49  23  % $ 165  $ 1.39 
Non-Core and Unusual Items: (1)
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net 11  11  0.07 
Interim adjustment to tax provision (2)
—  —  (17) 17  0.15 
Non-GAAP (Excluding non-core and unusual items and with adjusted provision for income taxes) $ 274  $ 225  $ 35  16  % $ 190  $ 1.61 

  First Quarter 2023
  Earnings Before Interest and Taxes Earnings Before Income Taxes
Provision for Income Taxes
Effective Income Tax Rate Net Earnings
 Attributable to Eastman
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts, unaudited) After Tax Per Diluted Share
As reported (GAAP) $ 246  $ 194  $ 60  31  % $ 134  $ 1.12 
Non-Core and Unusual Items: (1)
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net 22  22  18  0.14 
Accelerated depreciation 23  23  20  0.17 
Steam line incident (insurance proceeds) costs, net (8) (8) (2) (6) (0.05)
Adjustments from tax law changes (3)
—  —  (23) 23  0.19 
Interim adjustment to tax provision (2)
—  —  (6) 0.06 
Non-GAAP (Excluding non-core and unusual items and with adjusted provision for income taxes) $ 283  $ 231  $ 36  16  % $ 195  $ 1.63 

(1)See Table 3A for description of first quarter 2024 and 2023 non-core and unusual items excluded from non-GAAP EBIT. Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items is calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible.
(2)Increase to the provision for state income taxes due to adjustment of the amount recognized in prior years resulting from state guidance issued in first quarter 2023 related to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
(3)The adjusted provision for income taxes for first quarter 2024 and 2023 is calculated applying the forecasted full year effective tax rate as shown in Table 4B.



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Table 4A – Non-GAAP Earnings Before Interest and Taxes, Net Earnings,
and Earnings Per Share Reconciliations (continued)

  Fourth Quarter 2023
Earnings Before Interest and Taxes Earnings Before Income Taxes Provision for Income Taxes Effective Income Tax Rate Net Earnings
 Attributable to Eastman
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts, unaudited) After Tax Per Diluted Share
As reported (GAAP) $ 477  $ 425  $ 114  27  % $ 310  $ 2.61 
Non-Core and Unusual Items: (1)
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net 15  15  14  0.12 
Gain on divested business
(323) (323) (98) (225) (1.89)
Mark-to-market pension and other postretirement benefit plans loss, net 53  53  14  39  0.33 
Interim adjustment to tax provision (2)
—  —  (17) 17  0.14 
Non-GAAP (Excluding non-core and unusual items and with adjusted provision for income taxes) $ 222  $ 170  $ 14  % $ 155  $ 1.31 

(1)See Table 3A for description of fourth quarter 2023 non-core and unusual items excluded from non-GAAP EBIT. Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items is calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible.
(2)Fourth quarter 2023 is a reconciliation of the adjustments made in interim quarters to reflect the previously forecasted full year effective tax rate.

Table 4B - Adjusted Effective Tax Rate Calculation
First Three Months (1)
2024 2023
Effective tax rate 23  % 31  %
Discrete tax items (2)
(1) % —  %
Tax impact of current year non-core and unusual items (3)
% (8) %
Changes in tax contingencies and valuation allowances (1) % (1) %
Forecasted full year impact of expected tax events (6) % (6) %
Forecasted full year adjusted effective tax rate 16  % 16  %
(1)Effective tax rate percentages are rounded to the nearest whole percent. The forecasted full year effective tax rates are 15.5 percent in both first three months 2024 and 2023.
(2)"Discrete tax items" are items that are excluded from a company's estimated annual effective tax rate and recognized entirely in the quarter in which the item occurs. Discrete items for 2024 are related to share based compensation expense.
(3)Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items is calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible.
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Table 5 – Statements of Cash Flows
First Three Months
(Dollars in millions, unaudited) 2024 2023
Operating activities    
Net earnings $ 165  $ 134 
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 127  141 
(Benefit from) provision for deferred income taxes (17) (7)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of acquisitions and divestitures:
(Increase) decrease in trade receivables (105) (91)
(Increase) decrease in inventories (100) (44)
Increase (decrease) in trade payables 49  (132)
Pension and other postretirement contributions (in excess of) less than expenses (19) (19)
Variable compensation payments (in excess of) less than expenses (78) (16)
Other items, net (38) 32 
Net cash used in operating activities
(16) (2)
Investing activities    
Additions to properties and equipment (185) (174)
Proceeds from sale of businesses —  16 
Acquisition, net of cash acquired —  (73)
Additions to capitalized software (1) (2)
Other items, net (19)
Net cash used in investing activities
(179) (252)
Financing activities    
Net decrease in commercial paper and other borrowings —  (326)
Proceeds from borrowings 742  796 
Repayment of borrowings (498) — 
Dividends paid to stockholders (95) (94)
Other items, net (1) (19)
Net cash provided by financing activities
148  357 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (2)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents (49) 106 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 548  493 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 499  $ 599 

Table 6 – Total Borrowings to Net Debt Reconciliations
  March 31, December 31,
(Dollars in millions, unaudited) 2024 2023
Total borrowings $ 5,080  $ 4,846 
Less: Cash and cash equivalents 499  548 
Net debt (1)
$ 4,581  $ 4,298 

(1)Includes non-cash decrease of $12 million in 2024 and non-cash increase of $20 million in 2023 resulting from foreign currency exchange rates.

9