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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 8-K 
CURRENT REPORT
PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): February 25, 2025
Universal Insurance Holdings, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware 001-33251 65-0231984
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation)
(Commission
File Number)
(IRS Employer
Identification No.)
1110 W. Commercial Blvd., Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33309
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (954) 958-1200 
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:
Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
 
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
 
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value UVE New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐



Item 2.02 Results of Operations and Financial Condition
On February 25, 2025, Universal Insurance Holdings, Inc. issued a press release announcing its financial results for the fiscal quarter and year ended December 31, 2024. A copy of the press release is attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1.
The information in this Current Report on Form 8-K, including Exhibit 99.1 hereto, is being furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.
 
Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits
(d) Exhibits:
 
Exhibit Number Description
104
The cover page from this Current Report on Form 8-K formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).



SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.
 
Date: February 25, 2025 UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC.
By: /s/ Frank C. Wilcox
Name: Frank C. Wilcox
Title: Chief Financial Officer


EX-99.1 2 q424uveex-991pressrelease.htm EX-99.1 Document
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Exhibit 99.1
Universal Reports Fourth Quarter 2024 Results

•Diluted GAAP earnings per common share (EPS) of $0.21; diluted adjusted* EPS of $0.25
•Annualized return on average common equity (“ROCE”) of 6.2%, annualized adjusted* ROCE of 6.5%
•Direct premiums written of $470.9 million, up 8.8% from the prior year quarter
•Book value per share of $13.28, up 12.7% year-over-year; adjusted book value per share of $15.53, up 8.3% year-over-year
•Total capital returned to shareholders of $16.2 million, including $7.7 million of share repurchases, a $0.16 per share regular dividend and a $0.13 per share special dividend
* Reconciliations of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures are provided in the attached tables.

Fort Lauderdale, Fla., February 25, 2025 – Universal Insurance Holdings (NYSE: UVE) (“Universal” or the “Company”) reported fourth quarter and full year 2024 results.

“In 2024, we experienced three hurricanes, including Debbie, Helene and Milton, and we’re working hard, as we always do, to help our customers restore their lives,” said Stephen J. Donaghy, Chief Executive Officer. “We continue to see progress relative to claims trends in our Florida book and recently filed a modest rate decrease in the state that’s directly correlated with the legislative changes made in December 2022. We’re already well underway negotiating and placing our 2025 reinsurance program with 92% of our first event catastrophe tower already placed as we stand here today, along with significant additional multi-year capacity secured for the 2026 hurricane season.”





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Summary Financial Results

($thousands, except per share data) Three Months Ended December 31, Twelve Months Ended December 31,
2024 2023 Change 2024 2023 Change
GAAP comparison
Total revenues $ 384,809  $ 375,456  2.5  % $ 1,520,536  $ 1,391,582  9.3  %
Operating income
$ 8,957  $ 27,531  (67.5) % $ 91,087  $ 94,880  (4.0) %
Operating income margin
2.3  % 7.3  % (5.0) pts 6.0  % 6.8  % (0.8) pts
Net income available to common stockholders
$ 6,016  $ 19,997  (69.9) % $ 58,918  $ 66,813  (11.8) %
Diluted earnings per common share
$ 0.21  $ 0.68  (69.1) % $ 2.01  $ 2.22  (9.5) %
Annualized ROCE 6.2  % 24.9  % (18.7)  pts 16.5  % 21.2  % (4.7)  pts
Book value per share, end of period $ 13.28  $ 11.78  12.7  % 13.28 $ 11.78  12.7  %
Non-GAAP comparison1
Core revenue $ 386,414  $ 365,705  5.7  % $ 1,511,915  $ 1,380,765  9.5  %
Adjusted operating income
$ 10,562  $ 17,780  (40.6) % $ 82,466  $ 84,063  (1.9) %
Adjusted operating income margin
2.7  % 4.9  % (2.2) pts 5.5  % 6.1  % (0.6) pts
Adjusted net income available to common stockholders
$ 7,226  $ 12,645  (42.9) % $ 52,418  $ 58,657  (10.6) %
Adjusted diluted earnings per common share
$ 0.25  $ 0.43  (41.9) % $ 1.79  $ 1.95  (8.2) %
Annualized adjusted ROCE 6.5  % 12.4  % (5.9)  pts 12.4  % 14.7  % (2.3)  pts
Adjusted book value per share, end of period $ 15.53  $ 14.34  8.3  % $ 15.53  $ 14.34  8.3  %
Underwriting Summary
Premiums:
Premiums in force $ 2,079,069  $ 1,934,369  7.5  % $ 2,079,069  $ 1,934,369  7.5  %
Policies in force 855,526  809,932  5.6  % 855,526  809,932  5.6  %
Direct premiums written $ 470,895  $ 432,617  8.8  % $ 2,069,692  $ 1,921,833  7.7  %
Direct premiums earned $ 519,339  $ 482,126  7.7  % $ 1,999,805  $ 1,875,129  6.6  %
Ceded premiums earned $ (170,985) $ (146,728) 16.5  % $ (626,732) $ (623,193) 0.6  %
Ceded premium ratio 32.9  % 30.4  % 2.5   pts 31.3  % 33.2  % (1.9)  pts
Net premiums earned $ 348,354  $ 335,398  3.9  % $ 1,373,073  $ 1,251,936  9.7  %
Net ratios:
Loss ratio 82.3  % 81.9  % 0.4   pts 79.2  % 79.3  % (0.1)  pts
Expense ratio 25.6  % 21.8  % 3.8  pts 24.9  % 24.3  % 0.6  pts
Combined ratio 107.9  % 103.7  % 4.2   pts 104.1  % 103.6  % 0.5   pts
1 Reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures are provided in the attached tables. Adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders, adjusted diluted earnings (loss) per common share and core revenue exclude net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments. Adjusted operating income (loss) excludes the items above and interest and amortization of debt issuance costs. Adjusted book value per share excludes accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes. Adjusted ROCE is calculated by dividing annualized adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders by average adjusted book value per share, with the denominator further excluding current period after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments.








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Net Income and Adjusted Net Income
Net income available to common stockholders was $6.0 million, down from net income of $20.0 million in the prior year quarter, and adjusted net income available to common stockholders was $7.2 million, down from adjusted net income of $12.6 million in the prior year quarter. The decrease in adjusted net income mostly stems from lower underwriting income, partly offset by higher net investment income and commission revenue.

Revenues
Revenue was $384.8 million, up 2.5% from the prior year quarter and core revenue was $386.4 million, up 5.7% from the prior year quarter. The increase in core revenue primarily stems from higher net premiums earned, net investment income and commission revenue.

Direct premiums written were $470.9 million, up 8.8% from the prior year quarter. The increase stems from 0.8% growth in Florida and 38.4% growth in other states. Overall growth mostly reflects higher policies in force, higher rates and inflation adjustments.

Direct premiums earned were $519.3 million, up 7.7% from the prior year quarter. The increase stems from direct premiums written growth over the past twelve months.

The ceded premium ratio was 32.9%, up from 30.4%, in the prior year quarter. The increase primarily reflects replacement of the Reinsurance to Assist Policyholders (RAP) layer, which was provided by the state of Florida, with private market coverage.

Net premiums earned were $348.4 million, up 3.9% from the prior year quarter. The increase is primarily attributable to higher direct premiums earned, partly offset by a higher ceded premium ratio, as described above.

Net investment income was $15.6 million, up from $13.7 million in the prior year quarter. The increase primarily stems higher fixed income reinvestment yields and higher invested assets.

Commissions, policy fees and other revenue were $22.5 million, up 35.6% from the prior year quarter. The increase primarily reflects replacement of the RAP layer with private market coverage and replacement of the catastrophe bond with traditional reinsurance coverage in the 2024-2025 program.

Margins
The operating income margin was 2.3%, down from an operating income margin of 7.3% in the prior year quarter. The adjusted operating income margin was 2.7%, down from an adjusted operating income margin of 4.9% in the prior year quarter. The lower adjusted operating income margin primarily reflects a higher net combined ratio, partly offset by higher net investment income and commission revenue.

The net loss ratio was 82.3%, up 0.4 points compared to the prior year quarter. The increase primarily reflects higher weather losses, primarily from Hurricane Milton, partly offset by more favorable prior year reserve development.

The net expense ratio was 25.6%, up 3.8 points from 21.8% in the prior year quarter. The increase was primarily driven by higher policy acquisition costs associated with growth outside Florida and higher other operating costs.

The net combined ratio was 107.9%, up 4.2 points compared to the prior year quarter. The increase reflects higher net loss ratio and expense ratios, as described above.

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Capital Deployment
During the fourth quarter, the Company repurchased approximately 370 thousand shares at an aggregate cost of $7.7 million. The Company’s current share repurchase authorization program has $2.6 million remaining.

On February 6, 2025, the Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of 16 cents per share of common stock, payable March 14, 2025 to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 7, 2025.

Conference Call and Webcast
•Wednesday, February 26, 2025 at 10:00 a.m. ET
•Investors and other interested parties may listen to the call by accessing the online, real-time webcast at universalinsuranceholdings.com/investors or by registering in advance via teleconference at https://register.vevent.com/register/BIb9ed7bf57ebb4ae697ac54467570a179. Once registration is completed, participants will be provided with a dial-in number containing a personalized conference code to access the call. An online replay of the call will be available at universalinsuranceholdings.com/investors shortly after the investor call concludes.


About Universal
Universal Insurance Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: UVE) is a holding company providing property and casualty insurance and value-added insurance services. We develop, market, and write insurance products for consumers predominantly in the personal residential homeowners lines of business and perform substantially all other insurance-related services for our primary insurance entities, including risk management, claims management and distribution. We provide insurance products in the United States through both our appointed independent agents and our direct online distribution channels, primarily in Florida. Learn more at universalinsuranceholdings.com or get an insurance quote at Clovered.com.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Key Performance Indicators
This press release contains non-GAAP financial measures within the meaning of Regulation G promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including core revenue, adjusted net income available to common stockholders and diluted adjusted earnings (loss) per common share, which exclude the impact of net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments. Adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted operating income (loss) margin exclude the impact of net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments and interest and amortization of debt issuance costs. Adjusted common stockholders’ equity and adjusted book value per share exclude accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), net of taxes. Adjusted return on common equity excludes after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments from the numerator and AOCI, net of taxes, and current period after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments from the denominator. A “non-GAAP financial measure” is generally defined as a numerical measure of a company’s historical or future performance that excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments, so as to be different from the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). UVE management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures are meaningful, as they allow investors to evaluate underlying revenue and profitability trends and enhance comparability across periods. When considered together with the GAAP financial measures, management believes these metrics provide information that is useful to investors in understanding period-over-period operating results separate and apart from items that may, or could, have a disproportionately positive or negative impact on results in any particular period. UVE management also believes that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance the ability of investors to analyze UVE’s business trends and to understand UVE’s operational performance.
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UVE’s management utilizes these non-GAAP financial measures as guides in long-term planning. Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP. For more information regarding our key performance indicators, please refer to the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Key Performance Indicators” in our forthcoming Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Forward-Looking Statements
This press release may contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “will,” “plan,” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date the statement was made. Such statements may include commentary on plans, products and lines of business, marketing arrangements, reinsurance programs and other business developments and assumptions relating to the foregoing. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, including those risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, and supplemented in our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Future results could differ materially from those described, and the Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. For further information regarding risk factors that could affect the Company’s operations and future results, refer to the Company’s reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and the most recent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q.



Investors/Media:
Arash Soleimani, CFA, CPA, CPCU, ARe
Chief Strategy Officer
954-804-8874
asoleimani@universalproperty.com

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UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share data)
December 31, December 31,
2024 2023
ASSETS
Invested Assets
  Fixed maturities, at fair value $ 1,269,079  $ 1,064,330 
  Equity securities, at fair value 77,752  80,495 
Other investments, at fair value $ 16,123  $ 10,434 
  Investment real estate, net 8,322  5,525 
  Total invested assets 1,371,276  1,160,784 
Cash and cash equivalents 259,441  397,306 
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 2,635  2,635 
Prepaid reinsurance premiums 262,716  236,254 
Reinsurance recoverable 627,617  219,102 
Premiums receivable, net 77,936  77,064 
Property and equipment, net 48,653  47,628 
Deferred policy acquisition costs 121,178  109,985 
Deferred income tax asset, net
42,163  43,175 
Goodwill 2,319  2,319 
Other assets 25,927  20,309 
TOTAL ASSETS $ 2,841,861  $ 2,316,561 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
LIABILITIES:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses $ 959,291  $ 510,117 
Unearned premiums 1,060,446  990,559 
Advance premium 46,237  48,660 
Income taxes payable
6,561  5,886 
Reinsurance payable, net 220,328  191,850 
Commission payable
25,931  20,989 
Long-term debt, net 101,243  102,006 
Other liabilities and accrued expenses
48,574  105,197 
     Total liabilities 2,468,611  1,975,264 
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY:
Cumulative convertible preferred stock ($0.01 par value)2
—  — 
Common stock ($0.01 par value)3
475  472 
Treasury shares, at cost - 19,382 and 18,303 (282,693) (260,779)
Additional paid-in capital 121,781  115,086 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (63,166) (74,172)
Retained earnings 596,853  560,690 
     Total stockholders' equity 373,250  341,297 
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY $ 2,841,861  $ 2,316,561 
Notes:
2 Cumulative convertible preferred stock ($0.01 par value): Authorized - 1,000 shares; Issued - 10 and 10 shares; Outstanding - 10 and 10 shares; Minimum liquidation preference - $9.99 and $9.99 per share.
3 Common stock ($0.01 par value): Authorized - 55,000 shares; Issued - 47,478 and 47,269 shares; Outstanding - 28,096 and 28,966 shares.



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UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS) (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2024 2023 2024 2023
REVENUES
Net premiums earned $ 348,354  $ 335,398  $ 1,373,073  $ 1,251,936 
Net investment income 15,559  13,714  59,148  48,449 
Net realized gains (losses) on investments
219  (892) (1,315) (1,229)
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments
(1,824) 10,643  9,936  12,046 
Commission revenue 16,121  10,960  51,792  54,058 
Policy fees 4,315  4,219  19,490  18,881 
Other revenue 2,065  1,414  8,412  7,441 
  Total revenues 384,809  375,456  1,520,536  1,391,582 
EXPENSES
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 286,652  274,783  1,087,366  992,636 
Policy acquisition costs 63,344  51,134  233,444  208,011 
Other operating expenses 25,856  22,008  108,639  96,055 
     Total operating costs and expenses 375,852  347,925  1,429,449  1,296,702 
Interest and amortization of debt issuance costs 1,612  1,635  6,476  6,531 
Income before income tax expense
7,345  25,896  84,611  88,349 
     Income tax expense
1,327  5,897  25,683  21,526 
NET INCOME
$ 6,018  $ 19,999  $ 58,928  $ 66,823 

UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SHARE AND PER SHARE INFORMATION
(in thousands, except per share data)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2024 2023 2024 2023
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic 28,173  29,064  28,498  29,829 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted 29,118  29,487  29,274  30,147 
Shares outstanding, end of period 28,096  28,966  28,096  28,966 
Basic earnings per common share
$ 0.21  $ 0.69  $ 2.07  $ 2.24 
Diluted earnings per common share
$ 0.21  $ 0.68  $ 2.01  $ 2.22 
Cash dividend declared per common share $ 0.29  $ 0.29  $ 0.77  $ 0.77 
Book value per share, end of period $ 13.28  $ 11.78  $ 13.28  $ 11.78 
Annualized return on average common equity (ROCE) 6.2  % 24.9  % 16.5  % 21.2  %

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UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
(in thousands, except for Policies In Force data)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2024 2023 2024 2023
Premiums
     Direct premiums written - Florida $ 342,565  $ 339,902  $ 1,598,426  $ 1,565,197 
     Direct premiums written - Other States 128,330  92,715  471,266  356,636 
Direct premiums written - Total $ 470,895  $ 432,617  $ 2,069,692  $ 1,921,833 
Direct premiums earned $ 519,339  $ 482,126  $ 1,999,805  $ 1,875,129 
Net premiums earned $ 348,354  $ 335,398  $ 1,373,073  $ 1,251,936 
Underwriting Ratios - Net
Loss and loss adjustment expense ratio 82.3  % 81.9  % 79.2  % 79.3  %
General and administrative expense ratio 25.6  % 21.8  % 24.9  % 24.3  %
  Policy acquisition cost ratio 18.2  % 15.2  % 17.0  % 16.6  %
  Other operating expense ratio 7.4  % 6.6  % 7.9  % 7.7  %
Combined ratio 107.9  % 103.7  % 104.1  % 103.6  %

As of
December 31,
2024 2023
Policies in force
Florida 567,307  567,893 
Other States 288,219  242,039 
Total 855,526  809,932 
Premiums in force
Florida $ 1,608,142  $ 1,577,210 
Other States 470,927  357,159 
Total $ 2,079,069  $ 1,934,369 
Total Insured Value
Florida $ 186,751,842  $ 188,516,949 
Other States 171,759,368  134,939,758 
Total $ 358,511,210  $ 323,456,707 






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UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
(in thousands, except for per share data)
GAAP revenue to core revenue
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2024 2023 2024 2023
GAAP revenue $ 384,809  $ 375,456  $ 1,520,536  $ 1,391,582 
less: Net realized gains (losses) on investments 219  (892) (1,315) (1,229)
less: Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments
(1,824) 10,643  9,936  12,046 
Core revenue $ 386,414  $ 365,705  $ 1,511,915  $ 1,380,765 

GAAP operating income to adjusted operating income
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2024 2023 2024 2023
GAAP income before income tax expense
$ 7,345  $ 25,896  $ 84,611  $ 88,349 
add: Interest and amortization of debt issuance costs 1,612  1,635  6,476  6,531 
GAAP operating income
8,957  27,531  91,087  94,880 
less: Net realized gains (losses) on investments 219  (892) (1,315) (1,229)
less: Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments
(1,824) 10,643  9,936  12,046 
Adjusted operating income
$ 10,562  $ 17,780  $ 82,466  $ 84,063 

GAAP operating income margin to adjusted operating income margin
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2024 2023 2024 2023
GAAP operating income (a)
$ 8,957  $ 27,531  $ 91,087  $ 94,880 
GAAP revenue (b) 384,809  375,456  1,520,536  1,391,582 
GAAP operating income margin (a÷b)
2.3  % 7.3  % 6.0  % 6.8  %
Adjusted operating income (c)
10,562  17,780  82,466  84,063 
Core revenue (d) 386,414  365,705  1,511,915  1,380,765 
Adjusted operating income margin (c÷d)
2.7  % 4.9  % 5.5  % 6.1  %

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GAAP net income (NI) to adjusted NI available to common stockholders
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2024 2023 2024 2023
GAAP NI
$ 6,018  $ 19,999  $ 58,928  $ 66,823 
less: Preferred dividends 10  10 
GAAP NI available to common stockholders (e)
6,016  19,997  58,918  66,813 
less: Net realized gains (losses) on investments 219  (892) (1,315) (1,229)
less: Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments
(1,824) 10,643  9,936  12,046 
add: Income tax effect on above adjustments (395) 2,399  2,121  2,661 
Adjusted NI available to common stockholders (f)
$ 7,226  $ 12,645  $ 52,418  $ 58,657 
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding (g) 29,118  29,487  29,274  30,147 
Diluted earnings per common share (e÷g)
$ 0.21  $ 0.68  $ 2.01  $ 2.22 
Diluted adjusted earnings per common share (f÷g)
$ 0.25  $ 0.43  $ 1.79  $ 1.95 

GAAP stockholders’ equity to adjusted common stockholders’ equity
As of
December 31, December 31, December 31,
2024 2023 2022
GAAP stockholders’ equity $ 373,250  $ 341,297  $ 287,896 
less: Preferred equity 100 100 100
Common stockholders’ equity (h) 373,150  341,197  287,796 
less: Accumulated other comprehensive (loss), net of taxes (63,166) (74,172) (103,782)
Adjusted common stockholders’ equity (i) $ 436,316  $ 415,369  $ 391,578 
Common shares outstanding (j) 28,096  28,966  30,389 
Book value per common share (h÷j) $ 13.28  $ 11.78  $ 9.47 
Adjusted book value per common share (i÷j) $ 15.53  $ 14.34  $ 12.89 

GAAP return on common equity (ROCE) to adjusted ROCE
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2024 2023 2024 2023 2022
Actual or Annualized NI (loss) available to common stockholders (k)
$ 24,064  $ 79,988  $ 58,918  $ 66,813  $ (22,267)
Average common stockholders’ equity (l) 386,648  321,300  357,174  314,497  358,699 
ROCE (k÷l) 6.2  % 24.9  % 16.5  % 21.2  % (6.2) %
Annualized adjusted NI (loss) available to common stockholders (m)
$ 28,904  $ 50,580  $ 52,418  $ 58,657  $ (12,618)
Adjusted average common stockholders’ equity4 (n)
441,632  408,267  422,593  399,396  423,199 
Adjusted ROCE (m÷n) 6.5  % 12.4  % 12.4  % 14.7  % (3.0) %
4 Adjusted average common stockholders’ equity excludes current period after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments.

10