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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 8-K 
CURRENT REPORT
PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): February 22, 2024
Universal Insurance Holdings, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware 001-33251 65-0231984
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation)
(Commission
File Number)
(IRS Employer
Identification No.)
1110 W. Commercial Blvd., Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33309
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (954) 958-1200 
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:
Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
 
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
 
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value UVE New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐



Item 2.02 Results of Operations and Financial Condition
On February 22, 2024, Universal Insurance Holdings, Inc. issued a press release announcing its financial results for the fiscal quarter and year ended December 31, 2023. A copy of the press release is attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1.
The information in this Current Report on Form 8-K, including Exhibit 99.1 hereto, is being furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.
 
Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits
(d) Exhibits:
 
Exhibit Number Description
104
The cover page from this Current Report on Form 8-K formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).




SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.
 
Date: February 22, 2024 UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC.
By: /s/ Frank C. Wilcox
Name: Frank C. Wilcox
Title: Chief Financial Officer


EX-99.1 2 q423uveex-991pressrelease.htm EX-99.1 Document
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Exhibit 99.1
Universal Reports Fourth Quarter 2023 Results

•Diluted GAAP earnings per common share (EPS) of $0.68; diluted adjusted* EPS of $0.43
•Annualized return on average common equity (“ROCE”) of 24.9%, annualized adjusted* ROCE of 12.4%
•Direct premiums written of $432.6 million, up 4.0% from the prior year quarter
•Book value per share of $11.78, up 24.4% year-over-year; adjusted book value per share of $14.34, up 11.2% year-over-year
•Total capital returned to shareholders of $12.3 million, including $3.6 million of share repurchases, a $0.16 per share regular dividend and a $0.13 per share special dividend
* Reconciliations of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures are provided in the attached tables.

Fort Lauderdale, Fla., February 22, 2024 – Universal Insurance Holdings (NYSE: UVE) (“Universal” or the “Company”) reported fourth quarter and full year 2023 results.

“We closed out both the fourth quarter and full year with double-digit adjusted returns on common equity and I believe that even stronger results are firmly in our future,” said Stephen J. Donaghy, Chief Executive Officer. “2023 was a transformative year for us and our significant efforts position us for meaningful success in the new legislative environment. We’ve added a buffer to our loss picks and bolstered reserves for years that predate elimination of one way attorney fees and assignment of benefits to what I view as the most conservative level in our history. Importantly, we did this because we wanted to place the past in the rearview mirror and shift our focus to the future. In 2023, we took yet another step toward the future by commuting Hurricane Irma, the largest and most significant storm in our history, with the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund.”

“Now that we’re past the one year anniversary date of the 2022 special legislative session and all new and renewal policies are subject to the new legislation, the impact of the reforms is becoming clearer - claims trends across the board are improving, including reductions in total claims, represented claims, assigned claims and daily claims. Our first event 2024-2025 reinsurance tower is already 90% secured and we’ve negotiated additional multi-year capacity for the future. Given our size, scale, independent agency and reinsurer relationships and the recent steps we’ve taken, we’re particularly well positioned to succeed in the revamped Florida environment.”
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Summary Financial Results

($thousands, except per share data) Three Months Ended December 31, Twelve Months Ended December 31,
2023 2022 Change 2023 2022 Change
GAAP comparison
Total revenues $ 375,456  $ 330,360  13.7  % $ 1,391,582  $ 1,222,658  13.8  %
Operating income (loss)
$ 27,531  $ 34,479  (20.2) % $ 94,880  $ (20,638) NM
Operating income (loss) margin
7.3  % 10.4  % (3.1) pts 6.8  % (1.7) %
NM
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders
$ 19,997  $ 25,109  (20.4) % $ 66,813  $ (22,267) NM
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share $ 0.68  $ 0.82  (17.1) % $ 2.22  $ (0.72) NM
Annualized ROCE 24.9  % 36.6  % (11.7)  pts 21.2  % (6.2) %
NM
Book value per share, end of period $ 11.78  $ 9.47  24.4  % 11.78 $ 9.47  24.4  %
Non-GAAP comparison1
Core revenue $ 365,705  $ 326,352  12.1  % $ 1,380,765  $ 1,235,455  11.8  %
Adjusted operating income (loss) $ 17,780  $ 30,471  (41.6) % $ 84,063  $ (7,841) NM
Adjusted operating income (loss) margin 4.9  % 9.3  % (4.4) pts 6.1  % (0.6) %
NM
Adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders
$ 12,645  $ 22,087  (42.7) % $ 58,657  $ (12,618) NM
Adjusted diluted earnings (loss) per common share $ 0.43  $ 0.72  (40.3) % $ 1.95  $ (0.41) NM
Annualized adjusted ROCE 12.4  % 23.1  % (10.7)  pts 14.7  % (3.0) %
NM
Adjusted book value per share, end of period $ 14.34  $ 12.89  11.2  % $ 14.34  $ 12.89  11.2  %
Underwriting Summary
Premiums:
Premiums in force $ 1,934,369  $ 1,856,339  4.2  % $ 1,934,369  $ 1,856,339  4.2  %
Policies in force 809,932  848,856  (4.6) % 809,932  848,856  (4.6) %
Direct premiums written $ 432,617  $ 416,101  4.0  % $ 1,921,833  $ 1,845,786  4.1  %
Direct premiums earned $ 482,126  $ 463,843  3.9  % $ 1,875,129  $ 1,759,701  6.6  %
Ceded premiums earned $ (146,728) $ (171,973) (14.7) % $ (623,193) $ (631,075) (1.2) %
Ceded premium ratio 30.4  % 37.1  % (6.7)  pts 33.2  % 35.9  % (2.7)  pts
Net premiums earned $ 335,398  $ 291,870  14.9  % $ 1,251,936  $ 1,128,626  10.9  %
Net ratios:
Loss ratio
81.9  % 76.3  % 5.6   pts 79.3  % 83.2  % (3.9)  pts
Expense ratio 21.8  % 25.1  % (3.3) pts 24.3  % 27.0  % (2.7) pts
Combined ratio 103.7  % 101.4  % 2.3   pts 103.6  % 110.2  % (6.6)  pts
1 Reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures are provided in the attached tables. Adjusted net income available to common stockholders, adjusted diluted earnings per common share and core revenue exclude net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of equity securities. Adjusted operating income excludes the items above and interest and amortization of debt issuance costs. Adjusted book value per share excludes accumulated other comprehensive income, net of taxes. Adjusted ROCE is calculated by dividing annualized adjusted net income available to common stockholders by average adjusted book value per share, with the denominator further excluding current period after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of equity securities.








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Quarterly Financial Results:

Net Income and Adjusted Net Income
Net income available to common stockholders was $20.0 million, down from net income of $25.1 million in the prior year quarter, and adjusted net income available to common stockholders was $12.6 million, down from adjusted net income of $22.1 million in the prior year quarter. The decrease in adjusted net income mostly stems from a higher net loss ratio and lower commission revenue, partly offset by a lower net expense ratio and higher net investment income.

Revenues
Revenue was $375.5 million, up 13.7% from the prior year quarter and core revenue was $365.7 million, up 12.1% from the prior year quarter. The increase in core revenue primarily stems from higher net premiums earned and net investment income, partly offset by lower commission revenue.

Direct premiums written were $432.6 million, up 4.0% from the prior year quarter. The increase stems from 0.6% growth in Florida and 18.6% growth in other states. Overall growth reflects rate increases, partly offset by lower policies in force.

Direct premiums earned were $482.1 million, up 3.9% from the prior year quarter. The increase stems from rate-driven direct premiums written growth over the past twelve months.

The ceded premium ratio was 30.4%, down from 37.1%, in the prior year quarter. The decrease primarily reflects efficiencies associated with the 2023-2024 reinsurance program, the inclusion of Hurricane Ian related reinstatement premiums in the prior year quarter and direct premiums earned growth associated with primary rate increases, partly offset by higher private market reinsurance pricing and higher reinsurance costs associated with an increase in home values.

Net premiums earned were $335.4 million, up 14.9% from the prior year quarter. The increase is primarily attributable to higher direct premiums earned and a lower ceded premium ratio, as described above.

Net investment income was $13.7 million, up from $10.4 million in the prior year quarter. The increase primarily stems from higher reinvestment yields and higher yields on cash.

Commissions, policy fees and other revenue were $16.6 million, down 31.0% from the prior year quarter. The decrease primarily reflects lower reinsurance brokerage commissions associated with lower ceded premiums and the inclusion of Hurricane Ian related reinstatement premiums in the prior year quarter.

Margins
The operating income margin was 7.3%, down from an operating income margin of 10.4% in the prior year quarter. The adjusted operating income margin was 4.9%, down from an adjusted operating income margin of 9.3% in the prior year quarter. The lower adjusted operating income margin primarily reflects a higher net combined ratio and lower commission revenue, partly offset by higher net investment income.

The net loss ratio was 81.9%, up 5.6 points compared to the prior year quarter. The increase primarily reflects a higher calendar year loss pick.

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The net expense ratio was 21.8%, down 3.3 points from 25.1% in the prior year quarter. The reduction primarily reflects lower renewal commission rates paid to distribution partners.

The net combined ratio was 103.7%, up 2.3 points compared to the prior year quarter. The increase reflects a higher net loss ratio and a lower net expense ratio, as described above.

Capital Deployment
During the fourth quarter, the Company repurchased approximately 223 thousand shares at an aggregate cost of $3.6 million. The Company’s current share repurchase authorization program has $4.1 million remaining.

On February 8, 2024, the Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of 16 cents per share of common stock, payable March 15, 2024 to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 8, 2024.

Conference Call and Webcast
•Friday, February 23, 2024 at 10:00 a.m. ET
•Investors and other interested parties may listen to the call by accessing the online, real-time webcast at universalinsuranceholdings.com/investors or by registering in advance via teleconference at https://register.vevent.com/register/BI089faa181b7e43dbb7d5fdae69aef3bf. Once registration is completed, participants will be provided with a dial-in number containing a personalized conference code to access the call. An online replay of the call will be available at universalinsuranceholdings.com/investors shortly after the investor call concludes.


About Universal
Universal Insurance Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: UVE) is a holding company providing property and casualty insurance and value-added insurance services. We develop, market, and write insurance products for consumers predominantly in the personal residential homeowners lines of business and perform substantially all other insurance-related services for our primary insurance entities, including risk management, claims management and distribution. We provide insurance products in the United States through both our appointed independent agents and our direct online distribution channels, primarily in Florida. Learn more at universalinsuranceholdings.com.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Key Performance Indicators
This press release contains non-GAAP financial measures within the meaning of Regulation G promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including core revenue, adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders and diluted adjusted earnings (loss) per common share, which exclude the impact of net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of equity securities. Adjusted operating income and adjusted operating income margin exclude the impact of net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of equity securities and interest and amortization of debt issuance costs. Adjusted common stockholders’ equity and adjusted book value per share exclude accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI), net of taxes. Adjusted return on common equity excludes after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of equity securities from the numerator and AOCI, net of taxes, and current period after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of equity securities from the denominator. A “non-GAAP financial measure” is generally defined as a numerical measure of a company’s historical or future performance that excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments, so as to be different from the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). UVE management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures are meaningful, as they allow investors to evaluate underlying revenue and profitability trends and enhance comparability across periods.
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When considered together with the GAAP financial measures, management believes these metrics provide information that is useful to investors in understanding period-over-period operating results separate and apart from items that may, or could, have a disproportionately positive or negative impact on results in any particular period. UVE management also believes that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance the ability of investors to analyze UVE’s business trends and to understand UVE’s operational performance. UVE’s management utilizes these non-GAAP financial measures as guides in long-term planning. Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP. For more information regarding our key performance indicators, please refer to the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Key Performance Indicators” in our forthcoming Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Forward-Looking Statements
This press release may contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “will,” “plan,” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date the statement was made. Such statements may include commentary on plans, products and lines of business, marketing arrangements, reinsurance programs and other business developments and assumptions relating to the foregoing. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, including those risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, and supplemented in our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Future results could differ materially from those described, and the Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. For further information regarding risk factors that could affect the Company’s operations and future results, refer to the Company’s reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and the most recent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q.



Investors:
Arash Soleimani, CFA, CPA, CPCU, ARe
Chief Strategy Officer
954-804-8874
asoleimani@universalproperty.com

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UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share data)
December 31, December 31,
2023 2022
ASSETS
Invested Assets
  Fixed maturities, at fair value $ 1,064,330  $ 1,014,626 
  Equity securities, at fair value 80,495  85,469 
Other investments, at fair value 10,434  — 
  Investment real estate, net 5,525  5,711 
  Total invested assets 1,160,784  1,105,806 
Cash and cash equivalents 397,306  388,706 
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 2,635  2,635 
Prepaid reinsurance premiums 236,254  282,427 
Reinsurance recoverable 219,102  808,850 
Premiums receivable, net 77,064  69,574 
Property and equipment, net 47,628  51,404 
Deferred policy acquisition costs 109,985  103,654 
Goodwill 2,319  2,319 
Other assets 63,484  74,779 
TOTAL ASSETS $ 2,316,561  $ 2,890,154 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
LIABILITIES:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses $ 510,117  $ 1,038,790 
Unearned premiums 990,559  943,854 
Advance premium 48,660  54,964 
Reinsurance payable, net 191,850  384,504 
Long-term debt, net 102,006  102,769 
Other liabilities 132,072  77,377 
     Total liabilities 1,975,264  2,602,258 
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY:
Cumulative convertible preferred stock ($0.01 par value)2
—  — 
Common stock ($0.01 par value)3
472  472 
Treasury shares, at cost - 18,303 and 16,790 (260,779) (238,758)
Additional paid-in capital 115,086  112,509 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (74,172) (103,782)
Retained earnings 560,690  517,455 
     Total stockholders' equity 341,297  287,896 
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY $ 2,316,561  $ 2,890,154 
Notes:
2 Cumulative convertible preferred stock ($0.01 par value): Authorized - 1,000 shares; Issued - 10 and 10 shares; Outstanding - 10 and 10 shares; Minimum liquidation preference - $9.99 and $9.99 per share.
3 Common stock ($0.01 par value): Authorized - 55,000 shares; Issued - 47,269 and 47,179 shares; Outstanding - 28,966 and 30,389 shares.
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UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS) (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2023 2022 2023 2022
REVENUES
Net premiums earned $ 335,398  $ 291,870  $ 1,251,936  $ 1,128,626 
Net investment income 13,714  10,448  48,449  25,785 
Net realized gains (losses) on investments
(892) 723  (1,229) 348 
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments
10,643  3,285  12,046  (13,145)
Commission revenue 10,960  18,011  54,058  53,168 
Policy fees 4,219  4,191  18,881  20,182 
Other revenue 1,414  1,832  7,441  7,694 
  Total revenues 375,456  330,360  1,391,582  1,222,658 
EXPENSES
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 274,783  222,545  992,636  938,399 
Policy acquisition costs 51,134  50,827  208,011  214,259 
Other operating expenses 22,008  22,509  96,055  90,638 
     Total operating costs and expenses 347,925  295,881  1,296,702  1,243,296 
Interest and amortization of debt issuance costs 1,635  1,640  6,531  6,609 
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) 25,896  32,839  88,349  (27,247)
     Income tax expense (benefit) 5,897  7,728  21,526  (4,990)
NET INCOME (LOSS) $ 19,999  $ 25,111  $ 66,823  $ (22,257)

UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SHARE AND PER SHARE INFORMATION
(in thousands, except per share data)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic 29,064  30,434  29,829  30,751 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted 29,487  30,535  30,147  30,751 
Shares outstanding, end of period 28,966  30,389  28,966  30,389 
Basic earnings (loss) per common share $ 0.69  $ 0.83  $ 2.24  $ (0.72)
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share $ 0.68  $ 0.82  $ 2.22  $ (0.72)
Cash dividend declared per common share $ 0.29  $ 0.29  $ 0.77  $ 0.77 
Book value per share, end of period $ 11.78  $ 9.47  $ 11.78  $ 9.47 
Annualized return on average common equity (ROCE) 24.9  % 36.6  % 21.2  % (6.2) %

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UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
(in thousands, except for Policies In-Force data)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Premiums
     Direct premiums written - Florida $ 339,902  $ 337,950  $ 1,565,197  $ 1,538,143 
     Direct premiums written - Other States 92,715  78,151  356,636  307,643 
Direct premiums written - Total $ 432,617  $ 416,101  $ 1,921,833  $ 1,845,786 
Direct premiums earned $ 482,126  $ 463,843  $ 1,875,129  $ 1,759,701 
Net premiums earned $ 335,398  $ 291,870  $ 1,251,936  $ 1,128,626 
Underwriting Ratios - Net
Loss and loss adjustment expense ratio 81.9  % 76.3  % 79.3  % 83.2  %
General and administrative expense ratio 21.8  % 25.1  % 24.3  % 27.0  %
  Policy acquisition cost ratio 15.2  % 17.4  % 16.6  % 19.0  %
  Other operating expense ratio 6.6  % 7.7  % 7.7  % 8.0  %
Combined ratio 103.7  % 101.4  % 103.6  % 110.2  %

As of
December 31,
2023 2022
Policies in force
Florida 567,893  615,796 
Other States 242,039  233,060 
Total 809,932  848,856 
Premiums in force
Florida $ 1,577,210  $ 1,547,383 
Other States 357,159  308,956 
Total 1,934,369  1,856,339 
Total Insured Value
Florida $ 188,516,949  $ 201,237,145 
Other States 134,939,758  121,005,995 
Total 323,456,707  322,243,140 






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UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
(in thousands, except for per share data)
GAAP revenue to core revenue
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2023
2022
2023
2022
GAAP revenue $ 375,456  $ 330,360  $ 1,391,582  $ 1,222,658 
less: Net realized gains (losses) on investments (892) 723  (1,229) 348 
less: Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments
10,643  3,285  12,046  (13,145)
Core revenue $ 365,705  $ 326,352  $ 1,380,765  $ 1,235,455 

GAAP operating income (loss) to adjusted operating income (loss)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2023
2022
2023
2022
GAAP income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) $ 25,896  $ 32,839  $ 88,349  $ (27,247)
add: Interest and amortization of debt issuance costs 1,635  1,640  6,531  6,609 
GAAP operating income (loss) 27,531  34,479  94,880  (20,638)
less: Net realized gains (losses) on investments (892) 723  (1,229) 348 
less: Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments
10,643  3,285  12,046  (13,145)
Adjusted operating income (loss) $ 17,780  $ 30,471  $ 84,063  $ (7,841)

GAAP operating income (loss) margin to adjusted operating income (loss) margin
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2023
2022
2023
2022
GAAP operating income (loss) (a) $ 27,531  $ 34,479  $ 94,880  $ (20,638)
GAAP revenue (b) 375,456  330,360  1,391,582  1,222,658 
GAAP operating income (loss) margin (a÷b) 7.3  % 10.4  % 6.8  % (1.7) %
Adjusted operating income (loss) (c) 17,780  30,471  84,063  (7,841)
Core revenue (d) 365,705  326,352  1,380,765  1,235,455 
Adjusted operating income (loss) margin (c÷d) 4.9  % 9.3  % 6.1  % (0.6) %

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GAAP net income (loss) (NI) to adjusted NI (loss) available to common stockholders
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2023
2022
2023
2022
GAAP NI (loss) $ 19,999  $ 25,111  $ 66,823  $ (22,257)
less: Preferred dividends 10  10 
GAAP NI (loss) available to common stockholders (e) 19,997  25,109  66,813  (22,267)
less: Net realized gains (losses) on investments (892) 723  (1,229) 348 
less: Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments
10,643  3,285  12,046  (13,145)
add: Income tax effect on above adjustments 2,399  986  2,661  (3,148)
Adjusted NI (loss) available to common stockholders (f) $ 12,645  $ 22,087  $ 58,657  $ (12,618)
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding (g) 29,487  30,535  30,147  30,751 
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share (e÷g) $ 0.68  $ 0.82  $ 2.22  $ (0.72)
Diluted adjusted earnings (loss) per common share (f÷g) $ 0.43  $ 0.72  $ 1.95  $ (0.41)

GAAP stockholders’ equity to adjusted common stockholders’ equity
As of
December 31, December 31, December 31,
2023
2022
2021
GAAP stockholders’ equity $ 341,297  $ 287,896  $ 429,702 
less: Preferred equity 100 100 100
Common stockholders’ equity (h) 341,197  287,796  429,602 
less: Accumulated other comprehensive (loss), net of taxes (74,172) (103,782) (15,568)
Adjusted common stockholders’ equity (i) $ 415,369  $ 391,578  $ 445,170 
Common shares outstanding (j) 28,966  30,389  31,221 
Book value per common share (h÷j) $ 11.78  $ 9.47  $ 13.76 
Adjusted book value per common share (i÷j) $ 14.34  $ 12.89  $ 14.26 

GAAP return on common equity (ROCE) to adjusted ROCE
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2023
2022
2023
2022
2021
Actual or Annualized NI (loss) attributable to common stockholders (k) $ 79,988  $ 100,436  $ 66,813  $ (22,267) $ 20,397 
Average common stockholders’ equity (l) 321,300  274,167  314,497  358,699  439,382 
ROCE (k÷l) 24.9  % 36.6  % 21.2  % (6.2) % 4.6  %
Annualized adjusted NI (loss) attributable to common stockholders (m) $ 50,580  $ 88,348  $ 58,657  $ (12,618) $ 18,959 
Adjusted average common stockholders’ equity4 (n)
408,267  382,379  399,396  423,199  444,776 
Adjusted ROCE (m÷n) 12.4  % 23.1  % 14.7  % (3.0) % 4.3  %
4 Adjusted average common stockholders’ equity excludes current period after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of equity securities.

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