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(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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(904) 396-5733

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [_] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes [_] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [_]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes [X] No [_]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [_]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. [_]

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. [_]

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). [_]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes [_] No [X]

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of March 17, 2025 was 19,087,334. The aggregate market value of the shares of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 28, 2024, the last day of business of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $415,362,228. Solely for purposes of this calculation, the registrant has assumed that all directors, officers and ten percent (10%) shareholders of the Company are affiliates of the registrant.

Portions of the FRP Holdings, Inc. 2024 Annual Report to Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Parts I and II.

Portions of the FRP Holdings, Inc. Proxy Statement which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than March 31, 2025 are incorporated by reference in Part III.

FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024

Certain matters discussed in the report contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The words or phrases “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “budget,” “continue,” “could,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “seek,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “objective,” “projection,” “forecast,” “goal,” “guidance,” “outlook,” “effort,” “target” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Such statements reflect management’s current views with respect to financial results related to future events and are based on assumptions and expectations that may not be realized and are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which cannot be predicted with accuracy and some of which might not even be anticipated. Future events and actual results, financial or otherwise, may differ, perhaps materially, from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Risk factors discussed in Item 1A of this Form 10-K and other factors that might cause differences, some of which could be material, include, but are not limited to: the possibility that we may be unable to find appropriate investment opportunities; levels of construction activity in the markets served by our mining properties; demand for flexible warehouse/office facilities in the MidAtlantic and Florida; multifamily demand in Washington D.C., and Greenville, South Carolina; our ability to obtain zoning and entitlements necessary for property development; the impact of lending and capital market conditions on our liquidity, our ability to finance projects or repay our debt; general real estate investment and development risks; vacancies in our properties; risks associated with developing and managing properties in partnership with others; competition; our ability to renew leases or re-lease spaces as leases expire; illiquidity of real estate investments; bankruptcy or defaults of tenants; the impact of restrictions imposed by our credit facility; the level and volatility of interest rates; environmental liabilities; inflation risks; cyber security risks; as well as other risks listed from time to time in our SEC filings, including but not limited to, our annual and quarterly reports. We have no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, other than as imposed by law, as a result of future events or new information. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Additional information regarding these and other risk factors may be found in the Company’s other filings made from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

FRP Holdings, Inc., a Florida corporation (the “Company”) was incorporated on April 22, 2014 in connection with a corporate reorganization that preceded the Spin-off of Patriot Transportation Holding, Inc. The Company’s predecessor issuer was formed on July 20, 1988. The business of the Company is conducted through our wholly-owned subsidiaries FRP Development Corp., a Maryland corporation, and Florida Rock Properties, Inc., a Florida corporation, and the various subsidiaries and joint ventures of each.

Our Business. The Company is a holding company engaged in various real estate businesses. Our business segments are: (i) leasing and management of industrial and commercial properties (the “Industrial and Commercial Segment”), (ii) leasing and management of mining royalty land owned by the Company (the “Mining Royalty Lands Segment”), (iii) real property acquisition, entitlement, development and construction primarily for multifamily, industrial and commercial, or residential either alone or through joint ventures (the “Development Segment”), (iv) ownership, leasing and management of apartment buildings through joint ventures (the “Multifamily Segment”).

The Industrial and Commercial Segment owns, leases and manages in-service commercial properties wholly owned by the Company or through joint ventures. Currently this includes eight warehouses in two business parks, an office building partially occupied by the Company, and two ground leases.

Our Mining Royalty Lands Segment owns several properties totaling approximately 16,648 acres currently under lease for mining rents or royalties and an additional 4,280 acres through our Brooksville joint venture with Vulcan Materials. Other than one location in Virginia, all of our mining properties are located in Florida and Georgia.

Our Development Segment owns and continuously monitors the highest and best use of parcels of land that are in various stages of development. The overall strategy for this segment is to convert all of our non-income producing property into income-producing property through (i) an orderly process of constructing new apartment, retail, warehouse, and office buildings to be operated by the Company or (ii) a sale to, or joint venture with, third parties. Additionally, our Development Segment will acquire land outright or form joint ventures for new developments on land not previously owned by the Company.

The Multifamily Segment includes joint ventures which own, lease and manage buildings that have met our initial lease-up criteria. We intend to transfer additional joint ventures from our Development Segment into this segment as they reach stabilization. Stabilization occurs when a minimum occupancy threshold has been achieved for a certain period of time.

Competition. As a developer, we compete with numerous developers, owners and operators of real estate, many of whom own properties similar to ours in the same submarkets in which our properties are located. Price, location, rental space availability, flexibility of design and property management services are the major factors that affect competition.

Customers. In the Mining Royalty Lands Segment, we have a total of five tenants currently leasing our mining locations, one of which, the Vulcan Materials Company (“Vulcan” or “Vulcan Materials”), accounted for 23% of the Company’s consolidated revenues in 2024. An event affecting Vulcan’s ability to perform under its lease agreements could materially impact the Company’s results.

Sales and Marketing. We use national brokerage firms to assist us in marketing our vacant properties. Our hands-on in-house management team focuses on tenant satisfaction during the life of the lease. We employ this tactic because of its positive impact on our tenant renewal success rate over the years.

Financial Information. Financial information is discussed by industry segment in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements included in the accompanying 2024 Annual Report to Shareholders, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Environmental Matters. The Company incurs costs from time to time to investigate and remediate environmental contamination on its real estate, typically in connection with our Development Segment. The Company's mining leases contain provisions under which the lessee is responsible for environmental liabilities and reclamation of mining sites at least to the extent required by law.

Human Capital. The Company employed 19 people at December 31, 2024. Our small but dedicated workforce has extraordinarily low turnover, and the average tenure of our employee is 15.5 years. We are committed to an inclusive and diverse culture and do not tolerate any sort of discrimination. We maintain a whistleblower hotline allowing employees to report complaints on an anonymous basis.

Company Website. The Company’s website may be accessed at www.frpdev.com. All of our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission are accessible through our website promptly after filing. This includes annual reports on Form 10-K, proxy statements, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports filed or furnished on Form 8-K and all related amendments.

Our future results may be affected by a number of factors over which we have little or no control. The following issues, uncertainties, and risks, among others, should be considered in evaluating our business and outlook. Also, note that additional risks not currently identified or known to us could also negatively impact our business or financial results.

The majority of our stabilized properties are located in the Baltimore area and Washington, D.C. We are, therefore, subject to increased exposure to (positive or negative) economic factors and other competitive factors specific to markets in confined geographic areas. Our operations may also be affected if too many competing properties are built in these markets. An economic downturn in these markets resulting from factors outside of our control could adversely affect our operation. Such a downturn could be triggered by such factors as the downsizing or relocation of government jobs, crime, acts of terrorism, or natural disasters. We cannot be sure that these markets will continue to grow or demand the type of assets in our portfolio.

The Trump administration has created an initiative known as the Department of Governmental Efficiency focused on reducing government expenditures. The initiative is expected to lead to a reduction of a significant number of government jobs in the Washington, D.C. region; however, the potential impact of this initiative on the demand for our residential properties in the region cannot be determined at this time.

We currently are a party to several joint ventures and we may enter into additional joint ventures in the future. In each of our existing joint ventures, the consent of our joint venture partner is required to take certain actions, and in some cases will share equal voting control. Our joint venture partners, as well as future partners, may have interests that are different from ours which may result in conflicting views as to the conduct of the joint ventures. In the event that we have a disagreement with a joint venture partner as to the resolution of a particular issue to come before the joint venture, or as to the conduct or management of the joint venture generally, we may not be able to resolve such disagreement in our favor and such a disagreement could have a material adverse effect on our interest in the joint venture or on the business of the joint venture generally.

The Mining Royalty Lands Segment and the Development Segment could be adversely affected by reduced construction and mining activity during periods of inclement weather. These factors could cause our operating results to fluctuate from quarter to quarter. An occurrence of unusually harsh or long-lasting inclement weather such as hurricanes, tornadoes, excessive rainfall, and heavy snowfalls could have an adverse effect on our operations and profitability.

Our business, like other companies in our industry, has become increasingly dependent on digital technologies, including technologies that are managed by third-party service providers on whom we rely to help us collect, host or process information. Such technologies are integrated into our business operations. Use of the internet and other public networks for communications, services, and storage, including "cloud" computing, exposes all users (including our business) to cybersecurity risks.

While we and our third-party service providers commit resources to the design, implementation, and monitoring of our information systems, there is no guarantee that our security measures will provide absolute security. Despite these security measures, we may not be able to anticipate, detect, or prevent cyberattacks, particularly because the methodologies used by attackers change frequently or may not be recognized until launched, and because attackers are increasingly using techniques designed to circumvent controls and avoid detection. We and our third-party service providers may therefore be vulnerable to security events that are beyond our control, and we may be the target of cyber-attacks, as well as physical attacks, which could result in information security breaches and significant disruption to our business.

Our Mining Royalty Lands Segment revenues are derived from royalties on construction aggregates mined on our properties. Thus, our results depend in part on residential, commercial and infrastructure construction activity and spending levels. The construction industry in our markets tends to be cyclical. Construction activity and spending levels vary across our markets and are influenced by interest rates, inflation, consumer spending habits, demographic shifts, environmental laws and regulations, employment levels and the availability of funds for public infrastructure projects. Economic downturns may lead to recessions in the construction industry, either in individual markets or nationally.

Liability for environmental contamination on real property owned by the Company may include the following costs, without limitation: investigation and feasibility study costs, remediation costs, litigation costs, oversight costs, monitoring costs, institutional control costs, penalties from state and federal agencies and third-party claims. These costs could be substantial and in extreme cases could exceed the value of the contaminated property. Moreover, on-site operations may be suspended until certain environmental contamination is remediated and/or permits are received, and governmental agencies can impose permanent restrictions on the manner in which a property may be used depending on the extent and nature of the contamination. This may result in a breach of the terms of the lease entered into with our tenants. Governmental agencies also may create liens on contaminated sites for damages it incurred to address such contamination. In addition, the presence of hazardous substances at, on, under or from a property may adversely affect our ability to sell the property or borrow funds using the property as collateral, thus harming our financial condition.

With respect to Phases III and IV of the Riverfront on the Anacostia site in Washington, D.C., preliminary environmental testing has indicated the presence of contaminated material that will have to be specially handled in excavation in conjunction with construction. We have recovered partial reimbursement for these costs from neighboring property owners reducing our basis in the property. The Company has no obligation to remediate this contamination on Phases III and IV of the development until such time as it makes a commitment to commence construction on each phase. Upon development the remediation costs will be capitalized.

Climate change presents an array of risks to real estate companies due to sea level rise, flooding, extreme weather, stronger storms and human migration. A significant number of our properties are located in areas that are susceptible to hurricanes, tropical storms, flooding, sea level rise and other natural disasters. We have accounted for the risk of flooding and sea level rise in the design of our Riverfront on the Anacostia development. Future developments, including potential “second life” uses of our mining properties, could be impacted by these factors and the impacts that they have on human behavior. Weather conditions could disrupt the business of our tenants, which may affect the ability of some tenants to pay rent and/or their willingness to remain in or move to affected areas. [Additionally, the cost of insurance associated with our properties has increased, and future weather conditions may cause premiums to increase in the future.]

We self-insure for claims exposure outside of our coverage resulting from property damage, workers’ compensation, auto liability, general liability and employees’ health insurance. We also are responsible for our legal expenses relating to such claims. We maintain insurance above the amounts for which we self-insure with licensed insurance carriers. Although we believe the aggregate insurance limits should be sufficient to cover reasonably expected claims, it is possible that one or more claims could exceed our aggregate coverage limits. Additionally, there are certain losses, such as losses from hurricanes, terrorism, wars or earthquakes, where insurance is limited or not economically justifiable. If the Company experiences an uninsured loss of real property, we could lose both the invested capital and anticipated revenues associated with such property. We accrue currently for estimated incurred losses and expenses and periodically evaluate and adjust our claims’ accrued liability to reflect our experience. However, ultimate results may differ from our estimates, which could result in losses greater than accrued amounts.

When a lease expires, a tenant may elect not to renew it. If that occurs, we may not be able to lease the property on similar terms. The terms of renewal or re-lease (including the cost of required renovations and concessions to tenants) may be less favorable than the prior lease. If we are unable to lease all or substantially all of our properties, or if the rental rates upon such re-leasing are significantly lower than expected rates, our cash generated may be adversely affected.

If we are unable to obtain leases sufficient to cover carrying costs, then our cash flows may be adversely affected.

Should tenants default on their obligations, our cash flow would be adversely affected, and we may not be able to find another tenant to occupy the space under similar terms or may have to make expenditures to retrofit or divide the space. Additionally, we may have to incur a non-cash expense for a significant amount of deferred rent revenue generated from the accounting requirement to straight-line rental revenues. The bankruptcy or insolvency of a major tenant may also adversely affect the income produced by a property. If any of our tenants become a debtor in a case under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, we cannot evict that tenant solely because of its bankruptcy. The bankruptcy court may authorize the tenant to reject and terminate its lease with the Company. Our claim against such a tenant for unpaid future rent would be subject to a statutory limitation that may be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed to us under the tenant’s lease. Any shortfall in rent payments could adversely affect our cash flow.

We may be unable to obtain, or incur delays in obtaining, necessary zoning, land-use, building, occupancy and other required governmental permits and authorizations, which could result in increased costs or abandonment of certain projects. Before we can develop a property, we must obtain a variety of approvals from local and state governments with respect to such matters as zoning, density, parking, subdivision, site planning and environmental issues. Legislation could impose moratoriums on new real estate development or land-use conversions from mining to development. These factors may reduce our profit or growth and may limit the value of these properties.

The illiquid nature of real estate investments may limit our ability to react promptly to changes in economic or other conditions. In addition, significant expenditures associated with real estate investments, such as mortgage payments, real estate taxes and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from the investments. Thus, the illiquid nature of our real estate investments could adversely affect our profitability under certain economic conditions.

We use debt to finance our operations, including acquisitions of properties. As of December 31, 2024, we had outstanding non-recourse mortgage indebtedness of $180,070,000, secured by developed real estate properties having a carrying value of $239,436,000. Our use of debt may have adverse consequences, including the following:

•Our cash flows from operations may not be sufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest.

•We may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on disadvantageous terms, to make payments on our debt.

•We may default on our debt obligations, and the lenders may foreclose on our properties that collateralize those loans.

•A foreclosure on one of our properties could create taxable income without any accompanying cash proceeds to pay the tax.

•We may not be able to refinance or extend our existing debt.

•The terms of any refinancing or extension may not be as favorable as the terms of our existing debt.

•We may not be able to issue debt on unencumbered properties under reasonable terms to finance growth of our portfolio of properties.

•We may be subject to a significant increase in the variable interest rates on our unsecured and secured lines of credit, which could adversely impact our operations.

•Our debt agreements have yield maintenance requirements that result in a penalty if we prepay loans.

Our uncollateralized revolving credit agreement contains customary negative covenants and other financial and operating covenants that, among other things:

•limits our ability to incur certain additional indebtedness;

•limits our ability to make certain investments;

•limits our ability to merge with another company;

•limits our ability to pay dividends;

•requires us to maintain financial coverage ratios; and

•limits our ability to encumber certain assets except as approved by the lenders.

As a developer of apartments, retail, flexible warehouse and office space, we compete with numerous developers, owners and operators of real estate, many of whom own properties similar to ours in the same submarkets in which our properties are located. If our competitors offer space at rental rates below current market rates, or below the rental rates we currently charge our tenants, we may lose potential tenants and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates to an amount lower than we currently charge in order to retain tenants when our tenants’ leases expire. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected.

Construction costs may be higher than anticipated.

Our long-term business plan includes a number of construction projects. The construction costs of these projects may exceed original estimates and possibly make the completion of a property uneconomical. The imposition of tariffs on foreign building materials such as lumber, building material commodity shortages, supply chain disruptions, construction delays or stoppages or rapidly escalating construction costs may out-pace market rents, which would adversely affect our profits. The market environment may not allow us to raise rents to cover these higher costs.

As of December 31, 2024, our Executive Chairman, John D. Baker II beneficially owned approximately 17.5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock (77% of which are held in trusts under which voting power is shared with other family members) and members of his family who are (i) officers or directors of the Company, (ii) required to report their beneficial ownership on Schedule 13D or Schedule 13G, or (iii) are members of his immediate family beneficially own, collectively, an additional 17.8% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. As a result, these individuals effectively may have the ability to direct the election of all members of our board of directors and to exercise a controlling influence over its business and affairs, including any determinations with respect to mergers or other business combinations involving the Company, its acquisition or disposition of assets, its borrowing of monies, its issuance of any additional securities, its repurchase of common stock and its payment of dividends.

The existence of some provisions of our articles of incorporation and bylaws and Florida law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of FRP that a shareholder may consider favorable. These include provisions:

•providing that directors may be removed by our shareholders only for cause;

•authorizing a large number of shares of stock that are not yet issued, which would allow FRP’s board of directors to issue shares to persons friendly to current management, thereby protecting the continuity of its management, or which could be used to dilute the stock ownership of persons seeking to obtain control of FRP;

•requiring the written demand of 50% of all votes entitled to be cast on a particular issue in order for shareholders to call a special meeting;

•prohibiting shareholders from taking action by written consent; and

•imposing advance notice requirements for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors at the annual shareholder meetings.

These provisions apply even if a takeover offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders.

Our articles of incorporation authorize us to issue, without the approval of our shareholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designations, powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other rights, and such qualifications, limitations or restrictions as our board of directors generally may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of FRP's common stock. For example, FRP could grant holders of preferred stock the right to elect some number of its directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or dividend, distribution or liquidation preferences FRP could assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of the common stock.

Many large institutional investors focus on sustainability in managing investment risks, portfolio design and dealing with companies in which they invest. This focus extends to climate change and the plan for transitioning to a net-zero economy, diversity and inclusion and other human resource matters, and social and governance issues and corporate social responsibility. Many of these issues lie at the heart of what the Company considers to be best practices, but a failure to adequately demonstrate our commitment to them might dissuade institutional investors from holding our stock, which would result in downward pressure on our stock price.

None.

We have processes in place for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats which could result in information security breaches and significant disruption to our business. We have a multi-layer security approach including specialized hardware/software, access protocols, third-party assessments, and regular training. Our servers are hosted by a third-party that provides Service Organization Control (SOC) Type 1 and 2 reports annually with monthly bridge letters and hosts a separate disaster recovery site. Our Firewall, Virtual Private Network, Multifactor Authentication, Email Gateway, Antivirus software, file storage protection software, and other software applications help mitigate cybersecurity risks. Our IT Steering committee reviews our access protocols and systems biannually. Our third-party internal auditing firm provided an assessment of our system design and performed testing. Our IT consultant participates in our weekly operations meetings, requires cybersecurity training, and monitors the results of test phishing and credential harvesting emails.

Our board of directors has oversight of our strategic and business risk management and has delegated cybersecurity risk management oversight to the Audit Committee of our board of directors. Our Audit Committee is responsible for ensuring that management has processes in place designed to identify and evaluate cybersecurity risks to which the company is exposed and to implement processes and programs to manage cybersecurity risks and mitigate cybersecurity incidents.

Management is responsible for identifying, assessing, and managing material cybersecurity risks on an ongoing basis, establishing processes to ensure that such potential cybersecurity risk exposures are monitored, putting in place appropriate mitigation measures, maintaining our business continuity plans, IT security policies and procedures, and providing regular reports to our board of directors, including through the Audit Committee. Our IT consultant monitors the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents through a variety of software tools, and regularly reports to management.

In 2024, we did not identify any cybersecurity events that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. However, despite our efforts, we cannot eliminate all risks from cybersecurity threats, or provide assurances that we have not experienced undetected cybersecurity incidents. For additional information about these risks, see Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company owns (predominately in fee simple but also through ownership of interests in joint ventures) approximately 21,500 acres of land in Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia. This land is held by the Company in four distinct segments: (i) Industrial and Commercial Segment (land owned and operated as income producing rental properties), (ii) Mining Royalty Lands Segment (land owned and leased to mining companies for royalties or rents), (iii) Development Segment (land owned and held for investment to be further developed for future income production or sales to third parties), and (iv) Multifamily Segment (ownership, leasing and management of apartment buildings through joint ventures).

4)Hollander 95 Business Park in Baltimore City, MD consists of three industrial buildings totaling 247,340 square feet that are 100.0% leased and 100.0% occupied

Pursuant to amendments to Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933 (“Regulation S-K”) adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission in 2018, effective for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2021, registrants with material mining operations must disclose certain information in their Securities and Exchange Act filings concerning mineral resources and mineral reserves, in accordance with to Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K. This section of Item 2 provides summary information about our overall portfolio of mining royalty properties.

Our mining leases do not require tenants to furnish technical report summaries that meet the requirements of Rule 1302, and the Company does not otherwise have access to the technical data required to determine precise amounts of each class of mineral resource or probable or proven resources. In accordance with Rule 1303(a)(3), the Company is providing all required information in its possession or which it can obtain without incurring an unreasonable burden or expense.

The Company periodically engages consultants to examine remaining sand and stone deposit estimates and geological studies conducted by tenants and their industry professionals.

Locations. The following map presents the locations of the Company’s mining properties, which are discussed as a segment (as reported in the Company’s financial statements) below:

Mining Properties. The Company owns a fee simple interest in 14 open pit aggregates quarries located in Florida, Georgia and Virginia, which comprise approximately 16,648 total acres. The Company’s quarries are subject to mining leases with Vulcan Materials, Martin Marietta, Cemex, Argos, and The Concrete Company. Aggregates consist of crushed stone, sand, gravel, fill dirt, limestone and calcium and are used primarily in construction applications.

Brooksville Joint Venture. Additionally, through a joint venture with Vulcan Materials, the Company owns a 50% interest in 4,280 acres of mixed-use property in Brooksville, Florida, a portion of which comprises a ground calcium mine that is mined by Vulcan Materials. The Company entered into the joint venture in 2006 for the purpose of jointly owning and developing the land as a mixed-use community.

In April 2011, the Florida Department of Community Affairs issued its final order approving the development of the project consisting of 5,800 residential dwelling units and over 600,000 square feet of commercial and 850,000 square feet of light industrial uses. Zoning for the project was approved by the County in August 2012. Vulcan Materials still mines on the property and the Company receives 100% of the royalty on all tons sold at the Brooksville property. In the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, aggregate tons sold were approximately 203,000, 239,000 and 228,000, respectively.

Other Properties. The Company also owns an additional 36 acres of investment property in Brooksville, Florida.

2)17 acres of land in Harford County, MD with a 258,000 square foot speculative warehouse project on Chelsea Road under construction due to be complete in the second quarter of 2025.

1)Riverfront on the Anacostia: The Riverfront on the Anacostia property is a 5.8-acre parcel of real estate in Washington, D.C. that fronts the Anacostia River and is adjacent to the Washington Nationals Baseball Park. A revised Planned Unit Development (PUD) plan was approved in 2012 and permitted the Company to develop, in four phases, a four-building, mixed-use project, containing approximately 1,161,050 square feet. The approved development includes numerous publicly accessible open spaces and a waterfront esplanade along the Anacostia River. The first phase (now known as Dock 79), was completed through a joint venture with MRP Realty (MRP), and consisted of a single building with residential and retail uses. Upon stabilization in July 2017, this building was the first in our fourth business segment now known as the Multifamily Segment. The second phase (The Maren), also completed through a joint venture with MRP, consists of a single building with residential and retail uses, and was added to the Multifamily Segment effective March 31, 2021. The final two phases, Phase 3 and Phase 4 remain under a first-stage PUD approval expiring April 5, 2025, permitting 599,545 square feet of hotel and office development with first floor retail. FRP is in the process of modifying, amending, and extending the existing PUD to allow for residential development with first floor retail.

3)Square 664E: The Company’s Square 664E property is approximately two acres situated on the Anacostia River at the base of South Capitol Street less than half a mile down river from our Riverfront on the Anacostia property and adjacent to our Verge project. This property is currently under lease to Vulcan Materials for use as a concrete batch plant through 2026. In March 2017, reconstruction of the bulkhead was completed at a cost of $4.2 million in anticipation of future high-rise development.

4)Windlass Run: In March 2016, the Company entered into an agreement with St. Johns Properties Inc., a Baltimore development company, to jointly develop the remaining lands of our Windlass Run Business Park, located in Middle River, MD, into a multi-building business park consisting of approximately 329,000 square feet of single-story office and retail space.

The project will take place in several phases. Construction of the first phase, which includes two office buildings and two retail buildings totaling 100,030-square-feet (inclusive of 27,950 retail), commenced in the fourth quarter of 2017 and was completed in January 2019. At December 31, 2024 Phase I was 78.6% leased and occupied, the subsequent phases will follow as each phase is stabilized. In 2024, the partnership agreed to spend up to $1.0 million dollars to amend and modify 218,620 square feet of office and retail development for 153 for rent residential units, up to four (4) one-acre retail lots for ground lease opportunities, and maintain the flexibility to construct a single-story office building totaling 21,760 square feet.

5)Estero: In August 2022, the Company invested $3.6 million for a minority interest in a joint venture with Woodfield Development to purchase and develop 46 acres in Estero, FL into a mixed-use project with 596 multifamily units, 60,000 square feet of commercial space, 20,000 square feet of office space and a boutique 170-key hotel. While the joint venture attempts to rezone the property, the Company will receive a preferred return of 8% with an option to roll its investment into equity in the vertical development or exit at that point. Vertical construction is expected to commence in 2025.

1)Dock 79: Dock 79 (Phase I of the Riverfront on the Anacostia development) is a 305-unit residential apartment building with approximately 14,430 square feet of first floor retail space. The property is situated on approximately 2.1 acres of land located on Potomac Avenue in Washington, DC, across the street from the Nationals Park.

2)The Maren: The Maren (Phase II of the Riverfront on the Anacostia development) is a 264-unit residential apartment building with 6,811 square feet of retail space located on Potomac Avenue in Washington, DC, across the street from the Nationals Park

3)Riverside: Riverside Joint Venture in Greenville, SC is a joint venture with Woodfield Development which includes a 200-unit residential apartment building. The property is located in an Opportunity Zone, which provides tax benefits in the new communities development program as established by Congress in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

4)Bryant Street: On December 24, 2018 the Company and MRP Realty formed four partnerships to purchase and develop approximately five acres of land at 500 Rhode Island Ave NE, Washington, D.C. The property is located in an Opportunity Zone, which provides tax benefits in the new communities development program as established by Congress in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Construction was completed in 2021 on this mixed-use development consisting of 487 residential units and 91,520 square feet of first floor and stand-alone retail space.

5)408 Jackson: In December 2019, the Company entered into a joint venture with Woodfield Development for the acquisition and development of a mixed-use project known as “.408 Jackson” in Greenville, SC. Woodfield specializes in Class-A multifamily, mixed-use developments primarily in the Carolinas and DC. The project is located in an Opportunity Zone across the street from Greenville’s minor league baseball stadium and consists of 227 multifamily units and 4,539 square feet of retail space.

6)The Verge: On December 20, 2019 the Company and MRP formed a joint venture to acquire and develop a mixed-use project located in an Opportunity Zone at 1800 Half Street, Washington, D.C. This property is located in the Buzzard Point area of Washington, DC, less than half a mile downriver from Dock 79 and The Maren. It lies directly between Audi Field, the home stadium of the DC United and our two acres (664E) on the Anacostia river currently under lease by Vulcan. The eleven-story structure has 344 apartments and 8,536 square feet of ground floor retail and is located in an Opportunity Zone.

None.

None.

There were approximately 286 holders of record of FRP Holdings, Inc. common stock, $.10 par value, as of December 31, 2024. A substantially greater number of holders of our common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares are held by banks, brokers and other financial institutions. The Company's common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market (Symbol FRPH).

Price Range of Common Stock. Information concerning stock prices is included under the caption "Quarterly Results" on page 9 of the Company's 2024 Annual Report to Shareholders, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.

Dividends. The Company has not paid a cash dividend in the past and it is the present policy of the Board of Directors not to pay a cash dividend. Information concerning restrictions on the payment of cash dividends is included in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements included in the accompanying 2024 Annual Report to Shareholders, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans. Information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is included in Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.

(1)On February 4, 2015, the Board of Directors authorized management to expend up to $5,000,000 to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock from time to time as opportunities arise. On December 5, 2018, the Board of Directors approved a $10,000,000 increase in the Company’s stock repurchase authorization. On August 5, 2019, the Board of Directors approved a $10,000,000 increase in the Company’s stock repurchase authorization. On May 6, 2020, the Board of Directors approved a $10,000,000 increase in the Company’s stock repurchase authorization. On August 26, 2020, the Board of Directors approved a $10,000,000 increase in the Company’s stock repurchase authorization.

Information required in response to Item 7 is included under the caption "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation" on pages 10 through 21 of the Company’s 2024 Annual Report to Shareholders, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.

Interest Rate Risk - We are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes through our variable-rate borrowings under our Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo. Under the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement, the applicable margin for borrowings at December 31, 2024 was Daily Simple SOFR plus 2.25%. There were no borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2024, so a sensitivity analysis was not performed to determine the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates on the Company’s results of operations and cash flows.

The following table presents the principal cash flow payments associated with our outstanding consolidated debt by year, weighted average interest rates on debt outstanding each year-end, and fair value of total debt as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Information required in response to this Item 8 is included under the caption "Quarterly Results" on page 9 and on pages 22 through 41 of the Company's 2024 Annual Report to Shareholders. Such information is incorporated herein by reference.

None.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and chief accounting officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such terms are defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer, our principal financial officer and our principal accounting officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our evaluation under the framework in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Hancock Askew & Co., LLP, regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report.

During the fourth quarter of 2024, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

i.pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

ii.provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

iii.provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error and circumvention by collusion or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even an effective internal control system may not prevent or detect material misstatements on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

None.

Not applicable.

The Company has adopted a Financial Code of Ethical Conduct applicable to its principal executive officers, principal financial officers and principal accounting officers. A copy of this Financial Code of Ethical Conduct is filed as Exhibit 14 to this Form 10-K. The Financial Code of Ethical Conduct is also available on our web site at www.frpdev.com/investor-relations/corporate-governance/.

The rest of the information required in response to this Item 10 is included under the captions “Our Board of Directors”, “Corporate Governance, ESG and Our Approach to Risk Management”, “Our Executive Officers”, “Securities Ownership” in the Company's Proxy Statement, and such information is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than March 31, 2025.

Information required in response to this Item 11 is included under the caption “Executive Compensation” in the Company's Proxy Statement, and such information is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than March 31, 2025.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

1.Column (a) includes 142,990 stock options granted under our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan and 2006 Stock Incentive Plan and 12,528 performance share awards granted under our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan. Each performance share award shown in the table represents a right to receive, subject to the satisfaction of certain performance criteria and the recipient’s continued service to the Company, a number of shares of restricted stock, which number will be calculated after the applicable performance period by dividing the pre-determined value of each award by the closing price of our common stock on the date the restricted stock is issued. The aggregate value of the performance share awards shown in table is $383,733. For illustrative purposes, the maximum payout of the performance share awards has been assumed, and the number of performance share awards has been calculated using our closing stock price on December 31, 2024 ($30.63). The performance share awards are subject to partial or complete forfeiture if the vesting criteria are not met. Because some or all of the performance share awards may not vest, and because the number of shares of restricted stock to be issued thereunder is dependent on future stock prices, columns (a) and (c) may overstate or understate expected dilution.

2.Because there is no exercise price associated with the performance share awards, the weighted-average exercise price does not take the performance share awards into account.

The remainder of the information required in response to this Item 12 is included under the caption “Securities Ownership” in the Company's Proxy Statement, and such information is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than March 31, 2025.

Information required in response to this Item 13 is included under the captions “Corporate Governance, ESG and Our Approach to Risk Management” and “Our Board of Directors” in the Company's Proxy Statement, and such information is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than March 31, 2025.

Our independent registered accounting firm is Hancock Askew & Co., LLP, Jacksonville, Florida, Firm 794. Information required in response to this Item 14 is included under the caption “Proposal 2: The Auditor Proposal” in the Company’s Proxy Statement, and such information is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than March 31, 2025.

(a) (1) Financial Statements.

The response to this item is submitted as a separate section. See Index to Financial Statements on page 29 of this Form 10-K.

(3) Exhibits.

The response to this item is submitted as a separate section. See Exhibit Index on pages 27 through 28 of this Form 10-K.

None.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 18, 2025.

All schedules have been omitted, as they are not required under the related instructions, are inapplicable, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements.

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (No. 333- 125099, 333-131475 and 333-216025) of FRP Holdings, Inc. of our report dated March 18, 2025, relating to the consolidated financial statements which appear in the Annual Report to Shareholders incorporated by reference herein.

Years ended December 31

BUSINESS. FRP Holdings, Inc. is a holding company engaged in the real estate business, namely (i) real property acquisition, entitlement, development and construction primarily for apartment, retail, warehouse, and office, (ii) leasing and management of commercial properties owned by the Company, (iii) leasing and management of mining royalty land owned by the Company, (iv) leasing and management of residential apartment buildings. The Company’s operating subsidiaries are FRP Development Corp. and Florida Rock Properties, Inc.

STRATEGY. Our strategy consists of the re-deployment of cash from asset sales, real estate operations, and mining royalties, into new assets that allow management to exploit its knowledge and expertise. The asset classes of choice are mixed-use, industrial, raw land and existing buildings. We invest in these assets on our own or through repeatable strategic partnerships with a focus on core markets with growth potential. Emphasis will be placed on generating returns through opportunistic disposition, as well as cash-flow and long-term appreciation.

OBJECTIVE. We strive to improve shareholder value through (1) active engagement with properties and partners to grow asset value, (2) contributing our operating expertise and connections to maximize value and NOI growth, and (3) manage our capital structure in an efficient and responsible manner, with a watchful eye on projected future market conditions and trends to facilitate timely disposition of selected assets, (4) diligent, sustainable growth.

Take yourself back to December 31, 2021. As you no doubt remember, the country was still very much in the middle of the societal and financial problems of the COVID era. Beyond that, the Chiefs had taken a break from winning Super Bowls though not from beating the Bills in dramatic fashion, Juan Soto still lived at Dock 79, and probably most importantly, this Company began tracking pro rata Net Operating Income (NOI). In the three year span following that date we have increased occupancy by 811 units of multifamily product in four different projects, completed 100% industrial occupancy of 247,340 square feet in three new warehouses, and purchased land for another 1,281,420 square feet. We have earned over $16 million in net income, returned $2 million to shareholders in the form of share repurchases and most remarkably, we have grown NOI from $17.6 million to $38.1 million for a compound annual growth rate of almost 30%, including a 26.2% improvement in NOI in 2024 over 2023. We were able to accomplish all of this while only reducing our cash on hand from $161.5 million at the end of 2021 to $148.6 million at the end of 2024. We made mention of this previously, but that level of growth, while remarkable, is also unsustainable.

Due to the timing of construction, delivery, and investment, we expect NOI in 2025 to remain flat if not slightly off of 2024. In the Industrial and Commercial Segment, 53% of the platform will be vacant and up for renewal. These vacancies at Cranberry and at our new Chelsea building will take time to lease-up and will have operating expenses that will eat into 2025 NOI when compared to 2024. The lease-up of three different projects (Verge, Bryant Street, and .408 Jackson) in our Multifamily segment was a huge driver of 2024 NOI growth. The rapid NOI growth we experienced with the lease-ups will give way in 2025 to more organic growth as we grow rents on already stabilized assets, a particular challenge for the DC assets which will be competing with a glut of new projects. Mining royalties should remain strong in 2025, though from an NOI perspective, it will be difficult to keep pace with 2024, simply for the fact that we received a considerable back dated minimum payment at one location, which we can’t replicate for obvious reasons. However, the idea that we are simply catching our breath in 2025 after several years of rapid growth would be inaccurate. Our development segment should disabuse anyone of that delusion.

In 2025, we will begin construction on our two industrial joint ventures in Florida. These projects will increase our industrial footprint by 49% to over 1.1 million square feet and add an anticipated $5.3 million ($4.4 million pro-rata) in NOI when they are fully leased and occupied in 2027. In Maryland, we will continue to entitle our industrial pipeline and have our Crouse and Mechanics Valley sites shovel ready by 2026, while simultaneously pursuing a new land purchase, industrial joint venture, or possibly both. This is essentially “year zero” for our industrial growth strategy, where through both in-house development and JV’s we plan to build three new industrial projects every two years for the foreseeable future and look to double the size of our industrial platform over the next five years.

We anticipate moving forward with two multifamily projects outside the DC area, one in South Carolina and the other in Florida. Assuming these projects meet our return thresholds, they will add 810 units and an anticipated $6 million in pro rata NOI upon stabilization. While our core focus is industrial development, we believe that putting our money to work in these types of assets in growth markets is both a good use of capital and an effective way to hedge our aggressive industrial strategy through assets classes and partners we understand and believe in. In short, if you judge 2025 solely on the NOI it produces relative to 2024, and the level of growth we’ve achieved since 2021, you are going to be disappointed. But in terms of setting the stage for future growth, we believe that 2025 is going to be anything but a disappointment.

Aggressive capital deployment along the lines of the $71 million we anticipate putting into new projects in 2025 is not a prospect we take lightly. In our capital planning, we have set strict thresholds to never dip below $40 million of cash on hand, and on top of that we will keep additional capital available through our revolving credit facility. We have jealously guarded our cash and our assets in the past, and we are not about to put at risk the decades of work that both represent. This remains your Company and as seriously as management takes its responsibility as stewards of your capital, we are equally excited to put that capital to work.

Sincerely,

Certain matters discussed in this report contain forward-looking statements, including without limitation relating to the Company's plans, strategies, objectives, expectations, intentions, capital expenditures, future liquidity, and plans and timetables for completion of pending development projects. The words or phrases “anticipate,” “estimate,” ”believe,” “budget,” “continue,” “could,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “seek,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “objective,” “projection,” “forecast,” “goal,” “guidance,” “outlook,” “effort,” “target” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. The following factors and others discussed in the Company’s periodic reports and filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission are among the principal factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements: levels of construction activity in the markets served by our mining properties; availability and terms of financing; competition; interest rates, inflation and general economic conditions; demand for flexible warehouse/office facilities in the MidAtlantic and Florida; multifamily demand in Washington D.C. and Greenville, South Carolina; and ability to obtain zoning and entitlements necessary for property development. However, this list is not a complete statement of all potential risks or uncertainties.

These forward-looking statements are made as of the date hereof based on management’s current expectations, and the Company does not undertake an obligation to update such statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Additional information regarding these and other risk factors may be found in the Company’s other filings made from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

The Company owns (predominately in fee simple but also through ownership of interests in joint ventures) approximately 21,500 acres of land in Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia. This land is generally held by the Company in four distinct segments: (i) Industrial and Commercial Segment (land owned and operated as income producing rental properties in the form of commercial properties), (ii) Mining Royalty Lands Segment (land owned and leased to mining companies for royalties or rents), (iii) Development Segment (land owned or joint ventures held for investment to be further developed for future income production or sales to third parties), and (iv) Multifamily Segment (ownership, leasing and management of buildings through joint ventures).

4)Hollander 95 Business Park in Baltimore City, MD consists of three industrial buildings totaling 247,340 square feet that are 100.0% leased occupied.

Mining Royalty Lands Segment – Mining Properties. The Company owns a fee simple interest in 14 open pit aggregates quarries located in Florida, Georgia and Virginia, which comprise approximately 16,648 total acres. The Company’s quarries are subject to mining leases with various tenants, including Vulcan Materials, Martin Marietta, Cemex, Argos, and The Concrete Company. Aggregates consist of crushed stone, sand, gravel, fill dirt, limestone and calcium and are used primarily in construction applications.

Mining Royalty Lands Segment - Brooksville Joint Venture. In 2006, a subsidiary of the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with Vulcan Materials Company to jointly own and develop approximately 4,280 acres of land near Brooksville, Florida as a mixed-use community. In April 2011, the Florida Department of Community Affairs issued its final order approving the development of the project consisting of 5,800 residential dwelling units and over 600,000 square feet of commercial and 850,000 of light industrial uses. Zoning for the project was approved by the County in August 2012. Vulcan Materials still mines on the property and the Company receives 100% of the royalty on all tons sold at the Brooksville property. In the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, aggregate tons sold were approximately 203,000, 239,000 and 228,000, respectively.

Mining Royalty Lands Segment - Other Properties. The segment also owns an additional 36 acres of investment property in Brooksville, Florida.

1)54 acres of land that will be capable of supporting over 635,000 square feet of industrial product located at 1001 Old Philadelphia Road in Aberdeen, MD (Crouse land adjacent to Cranberry Business Park).

2)17 acres of land in Harford County, MD with a 258,000 square feet speculative warehouse project on Chelsea Road under construction due to be complete in the second quarter of 2025.

3)170 acres of land Cecil County, MD that can accommodate 900,000 square feet of industrial development.

1)Riverfront on the Anacostia: The Riverfront on the Anacostia property is a 5.8-acre parcel of real estate in Washington, D.C. that fronts the Anacostia River and is adjacent to the Washington Nationals Baseball Park. A revised Planned Unit Development (PUD) plan was approved in 2012 and permitted the Company to develop, in four phases, a four-building, mixed-use project, containing approximately 1,161,050 square feet. The approved development includes numerous publicly accessible open spaces and a waterfront esplanade along the Anacostia River. The first phase (now known as Dock 79), was completed through a joint venture with MRP Realty (MRP), and consisted of a single building with residential and retail uses. Upon stabilization in July 2017, this building was the first in our fourth business segment now known as the Multifamily Segment. The second phase (The Maren), also completed through a joint venture with MRP, consists of a single building with residential and retail uses, and was added to the Multifamily Segment effective March 31, 2021. The final two phases, Phase 3 and Phase 4 remain under a first-stage PUD approval expiring April 5, 2025, permitting 599,545 square feet of hotel and office development with first floor retail.

FRP is in the process of modifying, amending, and extending the existing PUD to allow for residential development with first floor retail.

3)Square 664E: The Company’s Square 664E property is approximately two acres situated on the Anacostia River at the base of South Capitol Street less than half a mile down river from our Riverfront on the Anacostia property. This property is currently under lease to Vulcan Materials for use as a concrete batch plant through 2026. In March 2017, reconstruction of the bulkhead was completed at a cost of $4.2 million in anticipation of future high-rise development.

4)Windlass Run: In March 2016, the Company entered into an agreement with St. Johns Properties Inc., a Baltimore development company, to jointly develop the remaining lands of our Windlass Run Business Park, located in Middle River, MD, into a multi-building business park consisting of approximately 329,000 square feet of single-story office and retail space. The project will take place in several phases. Construction of the first phase, which includes two office buildings and two retail buildings totaling 100,030-square-feet (inclusive of 27,950 retail), commenced in the fourth quarter of 2017 and was completed in January 2019. At December 31, 2024 Phase I was 78.6% leased and occupied, the subsequent phases will follow as each phase is stabilized. In 2024, the partnership agreed to spend up to $1.0 million dollars to amend and modify 218,620 square feet of office and retail development for 153 for rent residential units, up to four (4) one-acre retail lots for ground lease opportunities, and maintain the flexibility to construct a single-story office building totaling 21,760 square feet.

5)Estero: In August 2022, the Company invested $3.6 million for a 16% interest in a joint venture with Woodfield Development to purchase and develop 46 acres in Estero, FL into a mixed-use project with 596 multifamily units, 60,000 square feet of commercial space, 20,000 square feet of office space and a boutique 170-key hotel. While the joint venture attempts to rezone the property, the Company will receive a preferred return of 8% with an option to roll its investment into equity in the vertical development or exit at that point. Vertical construction is expected to commence in 2025.

1)Dock 79: In 2014, approximately 2.1 acres (Phase I) of the total 5.8-acres was contributed to a joint venture owned by the Company (77%) and our partner, MRP Realty (23%), and construction commenced in October 2014 on a 305-unit residential apartment building with approximately 14,430 square feet of first floor retail space. Lease-up commenced in May 2016 and rent stabilization of the residential units of 90% occupied was achieved in the third quarter of 2017. The attainment of stabilization resulted in a change of control for accounting purposes as the veto rights of the minority shareholder lapsed and the Company became the primary beneficiary. As such, beginning July 1, 2017, the Company consolidated the assets (at current fair value based on a third-party opinion), liabilities and operating results of the joint venture. This consolidation resulted in a gain on remeasurement of investment in real estate partnership of $60,196,000 of which $20,469,000 was attributed to the noncontrolling interest. The Company used the fair value amount to calculate adjusted ownership under the Conversion election. As such for financial reporting purposes effective July 1, 2017 the Company ownership is based upon this substantive profit-sharing arrangement and is 66.0% on a prospective basis. During fourth quarter 2022, as part of our new partnership with SIC and MRP, we sold a 20% interest in a tenancy-in-common of Dock 79 where FRP Holdings, Inc. is the majority partner with a 52.8% ownership.

2)The Maren: On May 4, 2018, the Company and MRP Realty formed a Joint Venture to develop the second phase only of the four-phase master development known as Riverfront on the Anacostia in Washington, D.C. The purpose of the Joint Venture is to develop and own a 250,000-square-foot mixed-use development which supports 264 residential units and 6,758 square feet of retail. Lease-up commenced in March 2020 and rent stabilization of the residential units of 90% occupied was achieved in March 2021. Reaching stabilization results in a change of control for accounting purposes as the veto rights of the minority shareholder lapsed and the Company became the primary beneficiary. As such, beginning March 31, 2021, the Company consolidated the assets (at fair value), liabilities and operating results of the joint venture. This consolidation resulted in a gain on remeasurement of investment in real estate partnership of $51,139,000 of which $13,965,000 was attributed to the noncontrolling interest. In accordance with the terms of the Joint Venture agreements, the Company used the fair value amount at date of conversion and calculated an adjusted ownership under the Conversion election. As such for financial reporting purposes effective March 31, 2021 the Company ownership is based upon this substantive profit-sharing arrangement and is 70.41% on a prospective basis as agreed to by FRP and MRP. During fourth quarter 2022, as part of our new partnership with SIC and MRP, we sold a 20% interest in a tenancy-in-common of The Maren where FRP Holdings, Inc. is the majority partner with a 56.3% ownership.

3)Riverside: On December 23, 2019 the Company and Woodfield formed a joint venture to develop a 200-unit residential apartment project located at 1430 Hampton Avenue, Greenville, SC. The project is located in an Opportunity Zone, which provides tax benefits in the new communities’ development program as established by Congress in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The Company contributed $6.2 million in exchange for a 40% ownership in the joint venture.

4)Bryant Street: On December 24, 2018 the Company and MRP Realty formed four partnerships to purchase and develop approximately five acres of land in an Opportunity Zone at 500 Rhode Island Ave NE, Washington, D.C. This first phase is a mixed-use development which supports 487 residential units and 91,520 square feet of first floor and stand-alone retail on approximately five acres of the roughly 12-acre site. The Company converted its preferred equity to common on January 1, 2024 increasing its ownership to 72.1%.

5).408 Jackson: In December 2019, the Company entered into a joint venture with a new partner, Woodfield Development, for the acquisition and development of a mixed-use project known as “.408 Jackson” in an Opportunity Zone in Greenville, SC. Woodfield specializes in Class-A multifamily, mixed-use developments primarily in the Carolinas and DC. The project is located across the street from Greenville’s minor league baseball stadium and holds 227 multifamily units and 4,539 square feet of retail space. The Company owns 40% of the development.

6)The Verge: On December 20, 2019 the Company and MRP formed a joint venture to acquire and develop a mixed-use project located in a Opportunity Zone at 1800 Half Street, Washington, D.C. This property is located in the Buzzard Point area of Washington, DC, less than half a mile downriver from Dock 79 and The Maren. It lies directly between our two acres on the Anacostia currently under lease by Vulcan and Audi Field, the home stadium of the DC United. The eleven-story structure has 344 apartments and 8,536 square feet of ground floor retail. The Company owns 61.37% of the partnership.

Quarterly Results (unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands except per share amounts)

(a)Earnings per share of common stock is computed independently for each quarter presented. The sum of the quarterly net earnings per share of common stock for a year may not equal the total for the year due to rounding differences.

(b)All prices represent high and low daily closing prices as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market.

The following discussion includes a non-GAAP financial measure within the meaning of Regulation G promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission to supplement the financial results as reported in accordance with GAAP. The non-GAAP financial measure discussed is pro-rata net operating income (NOI). The Company uses this metric to analyze its continuing operations and to monitor, assess, and identify meaningful trends in its operating and financial performance. This measure is not, and should not be viewed as, a substitute for GAAP financial measures. Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” below in this annual report for a more detailed discussion, including reconciliations of this non-GAAP financial measure to its most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

FRP Holdings, Inc. (“FRP” or the “Company”) is a real estate development, asset management and operating company business. Our properties are located in the Mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States and consist of:

Residential/mixed-use apartments in Washington, D.C., Greenville, SC, and Florida;

Warehouse or office properties in Maryland and Florida either existing or under development;

Mining royalty lands, some of which will have second lives as development properties;

Properties held for sale.

We believe our present capital structure, liquidity and land provide us with years of opportunities to increase recurring revenue and long-term value for our shareholders. We intend to focus on our core business activity of real estate development, asset management and operations. We are developing a broad range of asset types that we believe will provide acceptable rates of return, grow recurring revenues and support future growth. Capital commitments will be funded with cash proceeds from completed projects, existing cash, owned-land, partner capital and financing arrangements. Timing of projects may be subject to delays caused by factors beyond our control.

We conduct all of our business in the following four reportable segments: (1) multifamily (2) industrial and commercial (3) mining royalty lands and (4) development. For more information regarding our reportable segments, see Note 10. Business Segments of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

As of December 31, 2024 the Multifamily segment included six stabilized joint ventures which own and manage apartment buildings and any associated retail. These assets create revenue and cash flows through tenant rental payments and reimbursements for building operating costs. The Company’s residential units typically lease for 12 – 15-month lease terms. If no notice to move out or renew is made, then the leases go month-to-month until notification of termination or renewal is received. Renewal terms are typically 9 – 12 months. The Company also leases retail spaces at apartment/mixed-use properties. The retail leases are typically 10 - 15-year leases with options to renew for another five years. Retail leases at these properties also include percentage rents which collect on average 3-6% of annual sales when a tenant exceeds a breakpoint stipulated by each individual lease. All base rent revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis. The major cash outlays incurred in this segment are for property taxes, full service maintenance, property management, utilities and marketing. The six multifamily properties are as follows:

The Industrial and Commercial segment owns, leases and manages commercial properties. These assets create revenue and cash flows through tenant rental payments, lease management fees and reimbursements for building operating costs. The Company’s industrial warehouses typically lease for terms ranging from 3 – 10 years often with one or two renewal options. All base rent revenue is recognized on a straight-lined basis. All of the commercial warehouse leases are triple net and common area maintenance costs (CAM Revenue) are billed monthly, and insurance and real estate taxes are billed annually. Office leases are also recognized on a straight-lined basis. The major cash outlays incurred in this segment are for operating expenses, real estate taxes, building repairs, lease commissions and other lease closing costs, construction of tenant improvements, capital to acquire existing operating buildings and closing costs related thereto and personnel costs of our property management team.

As of December 31, 2024, the Industrial and Commercial Segment includes nine buildings at four commercial properties owned by the Company in fee simple as follows:

4)Hollander 95 Business Park in Baltimore City, MD consists of three industrial buildings totaling 247,340 square feet that are 100.0% leased and occupied.

Management focuses on several factors to measure our success on a comparative basis in this segment. The major factors we focus on are (1) net operating income growth, (2) growth in occupancy, (3) average annual occupancy rate (defined as the occupied square feet at the end of each month during a fiscal year divided by the number of months to date in that fiscal year as a percentage of the average number of square feet in the portfolio over that same time period), (4) tenant retention success rate (as a percentage of total square feet to be renewed), (5) building and refurbishing assets to meet Class A and Class B institutional grade classifications, and (6) reducing complexities and deferred capital expenditures to maximize sale price.

Our Mining Royalty Lands segment owns several properties comprising approximately 16,648 acres currently under lease for mining rents or royalties (excluding the 4,280 acres owned by our Brooksville joint venture with Vulcan Materials). Other than one location in Virginia, all of these properties are located in Florida and Georgia. The Company leases land under long-term leases that grant the lessee the right to mine and sell sand and stone deposits from our property in exchange for royalty payments. A typical lease has an option to extend the lease for additional terms. The typical lease in this segment requires the tenant to pay us a royalty based on the number of tons of mined materials sold from our property during a given fiscal year multiplied by a percentage of the average annual sales price per ton sold. As a result of this royalty payment structure, we do not bear the cost risks associated with the mining operations, however, we are subject to the cyclical nature of the construction markets in these states as both volumes and prices tend to fluctuate through those cycles. In certain locations, typically where the sand and stone deposits on our property have been depleted but the tenant still has a need for the leased land, we collect a minimum annual rental amount. In the year ended December 31, 2024, aggregate royalty tons sold were 9.6 million.

The major expenses in this segment are comprised of collection and accounting for royalties, management’s oversight of the mining leases, land entitlement for post-mining uses and property taxes at our non-leased locations and at our Grandin location which, unlike our other leased mining locations, are not entirely paid by the tenant. As such, our costs in this business are very low as a percentage of revenue, are relatively stable and are not affected by increases in production at our locations. Our current mining tenants are Vulcan Materials, Martin Marietta, Cemex, Summit Materials and The Concrete Company.

Additionally, these locations provide us with opportunities for valuable “second lives” for these assets through proper land planning and entitlement.

Significant “2nd life” Mining Lands:

Through our Development segment, we own and are continuously monitoring for their “highest and best use” several parcels of land that are in various stages of development. Our overall strategy in this segment is to convert all our non-income producing lands into income production through (i) an orderly process of constructing new commercial and residential buildings for us to own and operate or (ii) a sale to, or joint venture with, third parties. Additionally, our Development segment will purchase land or form joint ventures on new developments of land not previously owned by the Company.

Revenues in this segment are generated predominately from land sales and interim property rents. The significant cash outlays incurred in this segment are for land acquisition costs, entitlement costs, property taxes, design and permitting, the personnel costs of our in-house management team and horizontal and vertical construction costs.

2)17 acres of land in Harford County, MD that can accommodate 258,000 square foot speculative warehouse project on Chelsea Road under construction due to be complete in the second quarter of 2025.

We also have three properties that were either spun-off to us from Florida Rock Industries in 1986 or acquired by us from unrelated third parties. These properties are being prepared for their highest and best use and will either be sold or contributed as equity in a joint venture. We are often able to lease these properties on an interim basis for an income stream while we wait for the development market to mature.

The third leg of our Development Segment consists of investments in joint ventures for properties in development. The Company has investments in joint ventures, primarily with other real estate developers which are summarized below:

Joint ventures where FRP is not the primary beneficiary (including those in the Multifamily Segment) are reflected in the line “Investment in joint ventures” on the balance sheet and “Equity in loss of joint ventures” on the income statement. The following table summarizes the Company’s investments in unconsolidated joint ventures (in thousands):

The major classes of assets, liabilities and equity of the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures as of December 31, 2024 are summarized in the following two tables (in thousands):

The following table presents the calculation of the Company's pro rata share of certain balance sheet items by segment as of December 31, 2024:

Executive Summary and Analysis – In the fourth quarter, the Company saw a 21% improvement in pro rata NOI compared to the same period last year, and for the year ended December 31 2024 saw a 26% increase in pro rata NOI ($38.1 million vs $30.2 million) compared to 2023. This is consistent with the almost 30% compound annual growth rate at which we have grown pro rata NOI since 2021. We experienced meaningful NOI growth across all segments in 2024 compared to last year including a 17% improvement ($649,000) in Industrial and Commercial NOI; a 23% increase ($2.7 million) in Mining Royalty lands NOI; and a 34% increase ($4.6 million) in Multifamily NOI. While we are proud of this level of growth, as we have mentioned in the past and highlight in our shareholder letter, it is also a pace we cannot possibly sustain, and do not expect to match in 2025. For a number of reasons, we expect 2025 NOI to be flat if not slightly less than 2024. In the Industrial Segment, we have vacancies at Cranberry and our new Chelsea building that will take time to lease up and will have operating expenses that will negatively impact NOI compared to 2024. The lease-up of three different projects (Verge, Bryant Street, and .408 Jackson) in our Multifamily segment had a profound impact in the growth of our NOI over the last 12 months.

In 2025, these lease-ups will give way to more organic growth as we attempt to improve rents on already stabilized assets, a particular challenge for the DC assets which will be competing with a glut of new projects. Mining royalty revenue and earnings should remain strong in 2025, though from an NOI perspective, it will be difficult to keep pace with 2024, simply for the fact that we received a $1.9 million one-time minimum payment at one location, which we cannot replicate for obvious reasons.

The flip side of this coin is that while we anticipate our NOI growth to stall in 2025, the driver of most of our future NOI growth will also come in 2025 through an estimated $71 million in equity capital investment. In 2025, we will begin construction on our two industrial joint ventures in Florida, continue to entitle our existing industrial pipeline in Maryland to have the land shovel ready in 2026, and look to augment our existing pipeline through a land purchase, industrial joint venture, or possibly both. This is where the rubber hits the road on our pivot to industrial development, and sets the course for our stated goal of delivering three new industrial assets every two years as we look to double the size of this segment over the next five years.

While our core focus is industrial, we will continue to partner on multifamily projects that meet our return thresholds. We believe these are an effective hedge of our aggressive industrial strategy. We will always try to exploit our competitive advantage in the asset class we have the most experience in, but real estate can be cyclical and there will almost certainly come a day where the state of the industrial market will make us glad we continued to pursue multifamily development. In 2025, we anticipate moving forward with two multifamily projects outside the DC area, one in South Carolina and the other in southwest Florida, which will add 810 units and $6 million in pro rata NOI upon stabilization.

Highlights of the year ending 12/31/24.

•20% increase in Net Income ($6.4 million vs $5.3 million)

•26% increase in pro rata NOI ($38.1 million vs $30.2 million)

•The Mining Royalty Lands Segment's pro rata NOI includes a $2.2 million increase in unrealized revenues primarily due to a one-time, $1.9 million minimum royalty payment that applies to the prior twenty-four months as the tenant failed to meet a production requirement contained in the lease. This revenue was straight-lined over the estimated remaining 20 year life of the lease.

•34% increase in the Multifamily segment’s pro rata NOI primarily due to lease up of Bryant St., 408 Jackson, and The Verge. This comparison includes the results for these three projects from the same period last year (when these projects were still in our Development segment).

•Industrial and Commercial revenue increased 5%, and segment NOI increased 17% Net income for 2024 was $6,385,000 or $.34 per share versus $5,302,000 or $.28 per share last year. Pro rata NOI for 2024 was $38,139,000 versus $30,240,000 last year.

•Pro rata NOI includes a one-time, minimum royalty payment of $1,853,000 that applies to the prior twenty-four months as the tenant failed to meet a production requirement contained in the lease. This revenue was straight-lined over the estimated remaining 20 year life of the lease.

•General and administrative expense increased $1,305,000 over the same period last year due primarily to the implementation of our executive succession and transition plan that commenced in May, 2024.

•Net investment income increased $215,000 due to increased earnings on cash equivalents ($1,321,000) and increased income from our lending ventures ($1,059,000), partially offset by decreased preferred interest ($2,165,000) due to the conversion of FRP preferred equity to common equity at Bryant Street.

•Interest expense decreased $1,165,000 compared to the same period last year as we capitalized $1,296,000 more interest, partially offset by increased costs related to the increase in our line of credit with Wells Fargo. More interest was capitalized due to increased in-house and joint venture projects under development this quarter compared to last year.

•Equity in loss of Joint Ventures improved $578,000 due to improved results at our unconsolidated joint ventures. Results improved at The Verge ($2,445,000) and .408 Jackson ($259,000) but that improvement was mostly offset by a $2,255,000 increase in loan guarantee expense. The Company recorded a gain on loan guarantee of $1,886,000 in December 2023 as the guarantee liability was relieved upon the refinancing of the Bryant Street debt versus an expense of $496,000 in 2024 stemming from the guarantee of the new Bryant Street loan.

For ease of comparison all the figures in the tables below include the results for Bryant Street, .408 Jackson, and The Verge from the prior period (when these projects were still in our Development segment).

The combined consolidated and unconsolidated pro rata net operating income this year for this segment was $18,177,000, up $4,634,000 or 34% compared to $13,543,000 last year. Most of this increase was from the lease up of Bryant Street, .408 Jackson, and The Verge. These three projects contributed $9,740,000 of pro rata NOI to this segment compared to $5,466,000 in the Development segment last year, an increase of $4,274,000. Same store NOI (Dock, Maren & Riverside) increased $360,000 or 4.5%.