株探米国株
英語
エドガーで原本を確認する
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-Q
 
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2024
 
OR
 
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the transition period from                         to ____________
 
Commission File Number: 0-19065
 
 
 
 
 
SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
Maryland   52-1532952
(State of incorporation)   (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
 
17801 Georgia Avenue, Olney, Maryland
  20832
(Address of principal executive office)   (Zip Code)
 
301-774-6400
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share SASR The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 
Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ 
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ¨
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act)
Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of outstanding shares of common stock as of April 30, 2024
 
Common stock, $1.00 par value – 45,061,353 shares



SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
2


Part I
Item 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION – UNAUDITED
 
  March 31, December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023
Assets:    
Cash and due from banks $ 79,305  $ 82,257 
Federal funds sold 243  245 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks 330,842  463,396 
Cash and cash equivalents 410,390  545,898 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (at fair value) 16,627  10,836 
Investments held-to-maturity, at cost (fair value of $192,798 and $200,411, respectively)
231,354  236,165 
Investments available-for-sale (at fair value) 1,100,741  1,102,681 
Other investments, at cost 73,395  75,607 
Total loans 11,364,284  11,366,989 
Less: allowance for credit losses - loans (123,096) (120,865)
Net loans 11,241,188  11,246,124 
Premises and equipment, net 59,843  59,490 
Other real estate owned 2,700  — 
Accrued interest receivable 47,152  46,583 
Goodwill 363,436  363,436 
Other intangible assets, net 29,864  28,301 
Other assets 311,443  313,051 
Total assets $ 13,888,133  $ 14,028,172 
Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 2,817,928  $ 2,914,161 
Interest-bearing deposits 8,409,272  8,082,377 
Total deposits 11,227,200  10,996,538 
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements 71,529  75,032 
Federal Reserve Bank borrowings —  300,000 
Advances from FHLB 500,000  550,000 
Subordinated debt 370,952  370,803 
Total borrowings 942,481  1,295,835 
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities 129,088  147,657 
Total liabilities 12,298,769  12,440,030 
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock -- par value $1.00; shares authorized 100,000,000; shares issued and outstanding
44,940,147 and 44,913,561 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
44,940  44,914 
Additional paid in capital 743,850  742,243 
Retained earnings 903,377  898,316 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (102,803) (97,331)
Total stockholders' equity 1,589,364  1,588,142 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 13,888,133  $ 14,028,172 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements

3


SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME – UNAUDITED
  Three Months Ended
  March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) 2024 2023
Interest income:    
Interest and fees on loans $ 150,635  $ 139,727 
Interest on loans held for sale 128  152 
Interest on deposits with banks 6,786  2,686 
Interest and dividend income on investment securities:
Taxable 6,663  7,008 
Tax-advantaged 1,797  1,770 
Interest on federal funds sold
Total interest income 166,014  151,347 
Interest expense:
Interest on deposits 73,366  40,788 
Interest on retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased 3,386  2,104 
Interest on advances from FHLB 5,973  7,207 
Interest on subordinated debt 3,946  3,946 
Total interest expense 86,671  54,045 
Net interest income 79,343  97,302 
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses 2,388  (21,536)
Net interest income after provision/ (credit) for credit losses 76,955  118,838 
Non-interest income:
Investment securities gains —  — 
Service charges on deposit accounts 2,817  2,388 
Mortgage banking activities 1,374  1,245 
Wealth management income 9,958  8,992 
Income from bank owned life insurance 1,160  907 
Bank card fees 413  418 
Other income 2,645  2,001 
Total non-interest income 18,367  15,951 
Non-interest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits 36,698  38,926 
Occupancy expense of premises 4,816  4,847 
Equipment expense 3,963  4,117 
Marketing 742  1,543 
Outside data services 3,103  2,514 
FDIC insurance 2,911  2,138 
Amortization of intangible assets 2,069  1,306 
Professional fees and services 4,880  3,684 
Other expenses 8,824  7,230 
Total non-interest expense 68,006  66,305 
Income before income tax expense 27,316  68,484 
Income tax expense 6,944  17,231 
Net income $ 20,372  $ 51,253 
Per share information:
Basic net income per common share $ 0.45  $ 1.14 
Diluted net income per common share $ 0.45  $ 1.14 
Dividends declared per share $ 0.34  $ 0.34 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements

4


SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/ (LOSS) – UNAUDITED
 
  Three Months Ended
March 31,
(In thousands) 2024 2023
Net income $ 20,372  $ 51,253 
Other comprehensive income/ (loss):
Investments available-for-sale:
Net change in unrealized gains/ (losses) on investments available-for-sale (7,703) 20,784 
Related income tax (expense)/ benefit 1,954  (5,294)
Net investment gains reclassified into earnings —  — 
Related income tax expense —  — 
Net effect on other comprehensive income/ (loss) (5,749) 15,490 
Investments held-to-maturity:
Amortization of unrealized loss transferred from investments available-for-sale 371  405 
Related income tax benefit (94) (103)
Net effect on other comprehensive income/ (loss) 277  302 
Defined benefit pension plan:
Amortization of net loss —  225 
Related income tax benefit —  (57)
Net effect on other comprehensive income/ (loss) —  168 
Total other comprehensive income/ (loss) (5,472) 15,960 
Comprehensive income $ 14,900  $ 67,213 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements

5


SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY – UNAUDITED
 
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Common
Stock
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income/ (Loss)
Total
Stockholders'
Equity
Balances at January 1, 2024 $ 44,914  $ 742,243  $ 898,316  $ (97,331) $ 1,588,142 
Net income —  —  20,372  —  20,372 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax —  —  —  (5,472) (5,472)
Total comprehensive income 14,900 
Common stock dividends - $0.34 per share
—  —  (15,311) —  (15,311)
Stock compensation expense —  1,230  —  —  1,230 
Common stock issued pursuant to:
Stock option plan - 9,938 shares
10  99  —  —  109 
Employee stock purchase plan - 16,648 shares
16  335  —  —  351 
Restricted stock vesting, net of tax withholding —  (57) —  —  (57)
Balances at March 31, 2024 $ 44,940  $ 743,850  $ 903,377  $ (102,803) $ 1,589,364 
Balances at January 1, 2023 $ 44,657  $ 734,273  $ 836,789  $ (131,951) $ 1,483,768 
Net income —  —  51,253  —  51,253 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax —  —  —  15,960  15,960 
Total comprehensive income 67,213 
Common stock dividends - $0.34 per share
—  —  (15,407) —  (15,407)
Stock compensation expense —  1,241  —  —  1,241 
Common stock issued pursuant to:
Stock option plan - 7,530 shares
144  —  —  151 
Employee stock purchase plan - 11,821 shares
12  399  —  —  411 
Restricted stock vesting, net of tax withholding- 36,092 shares
36  (548) —  —  (512)
Balances at March 31, 2023 $ 44,712  $ 735,509  $ 872,635  $ (115,991) $ 1,536,865 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements

6


SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS – UNAUDITED
  Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023
Operating activities:    
Net income $ 20,372  $ 51,253 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 6,343  5,689 
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses 2,388  (21,536)
Share based compensation expense 1,230  1,241 
Deferred income tax expense 2,189  8,498 
Originations of loans held for sale (67,801) (67,837)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale 62,871  64,025 
Gains on sales of loans held for sale (861) (744)
Investment securities gains —  — 
Tax (benefit)/ deficiency associated with share based compensation 130  (78)
Net increase in accrued interest receivable (569) (1,060)
Net decrease in other assets 567  6,236 
Net decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities (19,643) (14,345)
Other, net (138) 80 
Net cash provided by operating activities 7,078  31,422 
Investing activities:
Sales/ (purchases) of other investments 2,211  (9,171)
Purchases of investments available-for-sale (46,375) — 
Proceeds from sales of investment available-for-sale —  — 
Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal payments of investments available-for-sale 40,026  38,760 
Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal payments of investments held-to-maturity 5,107  5,558 
Net (increase)/ decrease in loans (270) 2,330 
Expenditures for premises and equipment (5,727) (3,833)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) investing activities (5,028) 33,644 
Financing activities:
Net increase in deposits 230,853  122,956 
Net decrease in retail repurchase agreements, federal funds purchased and Federal Reserve Bank borrowings (303,503) (69,340)
Proceeds from FHLB advances —  1,480,000 
Repayment of FHLB advances (50,000) (1,280,000)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock 460  720 
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes (57) (670)
Cash dividends paid (15,311) (15,249)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) financing activities (137,558) 238,417 
Net increase/ (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (135,508) 303,483 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 545,898  192,232 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 410,390  $ 495,715 
Supplemental disclosures:
Interest payments $ 94,959  $ 52,919 
Transfers from loans to other real estate owned 2,700  — 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements

7


SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - UNAUDITED
 

NOTE 1 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Nature of Operations
Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. ("Bancorp" or, together with its subsidiaries, the "Company"), a Maryland corporation, is the bank holding company for Sandy Spring Bank (the “Bank”). Independent and community-oriented, the Bank offers a broad range of commercial banking, retail banking, mortgage services and trust services throughout central Maryland, Northern Virginia, and the greater Washington, D.C. market. The Bank also offers a comprehensive menu of wealth management services through its subsidiaries, West Financial Services, Inc. (“West Financial”) and SSB Wealth Management, Inc. (d/b/a Rembert Pendleton Jackson, "RPJ”).
 
Basis of Presentation
The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), prevailing practices within the financial services industry for interim financial information and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, the interim financial statements do not include all of the information and notes required for complete financial statements. The following summary of significant accounting policies of the Company is presented to assist the reader in understanding the financial and other data presented in this report. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future periods or for the year ending December 31, 2024. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results of the interim periods have been included. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on the Company's net income and shareholders' equity. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of the issuance of its financial statements.
 
These statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 20, 2024. There have been no significant changes to any of the Company’s accounting policies as disclosed in the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 
Principles of Consolidation
The unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Sandy Spring Bank, and its subsidiaries. Consolidation has resulted in the elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions.
 
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, in addition to affecting the reported amounts of revenues earned and expenses incurred during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates that could change significantly relate to the provision for credit losses and the related allowance, potential impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets, valuation of investment securities and the determination of whether available-for-sale debt securities with fair values less than amortized costs are impaired and require an allowance for credit losses, valuation of other real estate owned, valuation of share based compensation, the assessment that a liability should be recognized with respect to any matters under litigation, the calculation of current and deferred income taxes, and the actuarial projections related to pension expense and the related liability.
 
Cash Flows
For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with banks (items with stated original maturity of three months or less).
 
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
The Company’s revenue includes net interest income on financial instruments and non-interest income. Specific categories of revenue are presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. Most of the Company’s revenue is not within the scope of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers. For revenue within the scope of ASC 606, the Company provides services to customers and has related performance obligations. The revenue from such services is recognized upon satisfaction of all contractual performance obligations. The following discusses key revenue streams within the scope of this revenue recognition guidance.
 
8


West Financial and RPJ provide comprehensive investment management and financial planning services. Wealth management income is comprised of income for providing trust, estate and investment management services. Trust services include acting as a trustee for corporate or personal trusts. Investment management services include investment management, record-keeping and reporting of security portfolios. Fees for these services are recognized based on a contractually-agreed fixed percentage applied to net assets under management at the end of each reporting period. The Company does not charge/recognize any performance-based fees.
 
Service charges on deposit accounts are earned on depository accounts for consumer and commercial account holders and include fees for account and overdraft services. Account services include fees for event-driven services and periodic account maintenance activities. An obligation for event-driven services is satisfied at the time of the event when service is delivered and revenue recognized as earned. Obligation for maintenance activities is satisfied over the course of each month and revenue is recognized at month end. The overdraft services obligation is satisfied at the time of the overdraft and revenue is recognized as earned.
 
Loan Financing Receivables
The Company’s financing receivables consist primarily of loans that are stated at their principal balance outstanding, net of any unearned income, acquisition fair value marks and deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest income on loans is accrued at the contractual rate based on the principal balance outstanding. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method.

Loans are considered past due or delinquent when the principal or interest due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement or any portion thereof remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. Immaterial shortfalls in payment amounts do not necessarily result in a loan being considered delinquent or past due. If any payments are past due and subsequent payments are resumed without payment of the delinquent amount, the loan shall continue to be considered past due. Whenever any loan is reported delinquent on a principal or interest payment or portion thereof, the amount reported as delinquent is the outstanding principal balance of the loan.

Loans, except for consumer installment loans, are placed into non-accrual status when any portion of the loan principal or interest becomes 90 days past due. Management may determine that certain circumstances warrant earlier discontinuance of interest accruals on specific loans if an evaluation of other relevant factors (such as bankruptcy, interruption of cash flows, etc.) indicates collection of amounts contractually due is unlikely. These loans are considered, collectively, to be non-performing loans. Consumer installment loans that are not secured by real estate are not placed on non-accrual, but are charged down to their net realizable value when they are four months past due. Loans designated as non-accrual have all previously accrued but unpaid interest reversed. Interest income is not recognized on non-accrual loans. All payments received on non-accrual loans are applied using a cost-recovery method to reduce the outstanding principal balance until the loan returns to accrual status. Loans may be returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted provisions of ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)", which eliminated accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors. Prior to the effective adoption date, the Company considered loans to be TDRs if their terms were restructured (e.g., interest rates, loan maturity date, payment and amortization period, etc.) in circumstances that provided a payment concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. Loans could be removed from a TDR category if the borrower no longer experienced financial difficulty, a re-underwriting event took place, and the revised loan terms of the subsequent restructuring agreement were considered to be consistent with terms that could be obtained in the market for loans with comparable credit risk. Subsequent to the effective adoption date, the Company continues to offer modifications to certain borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, mainly in the form of interest rate concessions or term extensions, without classifying and accounting for them as TDRs.
 
Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses (“allowance” or “ACL”) represents an amount which, in management's judgment, reflects the lifetime expected losses that may be sustained on outstanding loans at the balance sheet date based on the evaluation of the size and current risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, past events, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions and prepayment experience. The allowance is measured and recorded upon the initial recognition of a financial asset. The allowance is reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries of previous losses, and is increased or decreased by a provision or credit for credit losses, which is recorded as a current period expense.
 
Determination of the appropriateness of the allowance is inherently complex and requires the use of significant and highly subjective estimates. The reasonableness of the allowance is reviewed by the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors and formally approved quarterly by that same committee of the Board.
9



The Company’s methodology for estimating the allowance includes: (1) a collective quantified reserve that reflects the Company’s historical default and loss experience adjusted for expected economic conditions throughout a reasonable and supportable period, which management has determined to be two years, followed by a two year reversion period, and the Company’s prepayment and curtailment rates; (2) collective qualitative factors that consider the expected impact of certain factors not fully captured in the collective quantified reserve, including concentrations of the loan portfolio, expected changes to the economic forecasts, large relationships, early delinquencies, and factors related to credit administration, including, among others, loan-to-value ratios, borrowers’ risk rating and credit score migrations; and (3) individual allowances on collateral-dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when the Company determines that the foreclosure is probable. The Company excludes accrued interest from the measurement of the allowance as the Company has a non-accrual policy to reverse any accrued, uncollected interest income as loans are moved to non-accrual status.

Loans are pooled into segments based on the similar risk characteristics of the underlying borrowers, in addition to consideration of collateral type, industry and business purpose of the loans. Portfolio segments used to estimate the allowance are the same as portfolio segments used for general credit risk management purposes. Refer to Note 3 for more details on the Company’s portfolio segments.

The Company applies two calculation methodologies to estimate the collective quantified component of the allowance: expected loss method and weighted average remaining life method. Allowance estimates on commercial acquisition, development and construction (“AD&C”) and residential construction segments are based on the weighted average remaining life method. Allowance estimates on all other portfolio segments are based on the expected loss method. Collective calculation methodologies utilize the Company’s historical default and loss experience adjusted for future economic forecasts. The reasonable and supportable forecast period represents a two-year economic outlook for the applicable economic variables. Following the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period expected losses revert back to the historical mean over the next two years on a straight-line basis. Economic variables that have the most significant impact on the allowance include: unemployment rate, gross domestic product, commercial real estate price index, residential real estate house price index and business bankruptcies. Contractual loan level cash flows within the expected loss methodology are adjusted for the Company’s historical prepayment and curtailment rate experience.

The individual reserve assessment is applied to collateral dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when the Company determines that a foreclosure is probable. The determination of the fair value of the collateral depends on whether a repayment of the loan is expected to be from the sale or the operation of the collateral. When a repayment is expected from the operation of the collateral, the Company uses the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral as the fair value. When the repayment of the loan is expected from the sale of the collateral the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or the collateral’s appraised value, less estimated costs to sell. Third-party appraisals used in the individual reserve assessment are conducted at least annually with underlying assumptions that are reviewed by management. Third-party appraisals may be obtained on a more frequent basis if deemed necessary. Internal evaluations of collateral value are conducted quarterly to ensure any further deterioration of the collateral value is recognized on a timely basis. During the individual reserve assessment, management also considers the potential future changes in the value of the collateral over the remainder of the loan’s remaining life. The Company may receive updated appraisals which contradict the preliminary determination of fair value used to establish an individual allowance on a loan. In these instances the individual allowance is adjusted to reflect the Company’s evaluation of the updated appraised fair value. In the event a loss was previously determined and the loan was charged down to the estimated fair value based on a previous appraisal, the balance of the partially charged-off loan is not subsequently increased, but could be further decreased depending on the direction of the change in fair value. Payments on fully or partially charged-off loans are accounted for under the cost-recovery method. Under this method, all payments received are applied on a cash basis to reduce the outstanding principal balance, then to recognize a recovery of all previously charged-off amounts before any interest income may be recognized. Based on the individual reserve assessment, if the Company determines that the fair value of the collateral is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan, an individual allowance will be established measured as the difference between the fair value of the collateral (less costs to sell) and the amortized cost basis of the loan. Once a loss has been determined, the loan is charged-down to its estimated fair value.

Large groups of smaller non-accrual homogeneous loans are not individually evaluated for allowance and include residential permanent and construction mortgages and consumer installment loans. These portfolios are reserved for on a collective basis using historical loss rates of similar loans over the weighted average life of each portfolio.

Unfunded lending commitments are reviewed to determine if they are considered unconditionally cancellable. The Company establishes reserves for unfunded commitments that do not meet that criteria as a liability in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Condition. Changes to the liability are recorded through the provision for credit losses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
10


The establishment of the reserves for unfunded commitments considers both the likelihood that the funding will occur and an estimate of the expected credit losses over the life of the respective commitments.

Management believes it uses relevant information available to make determinations about the allowance and reserve for unfunded commitments and that it has established the existing reserves in accordance with GAAP. However, the determination of the allowance requires significant judgment, and estimates of expected lifetime losses in the loan portfolio can vary significantly from the amounts actually observed. While management uses available information to recognize expected losses, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in the loans comprising the portfolio, changes in the current and forecasted economic conditions, changes to the interest rate environment which may directly impact prepayment and curtailment rate assumptions, and changes in the financial condition of borrowers.
 
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Debt securities that are purchased with the positive intent and ability to be held until their maturity are classified as held-to-maturity (“HTM”). HTM debt securities are recorded at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Transfers of debt securities from available-for-sale ("AFS") category to HTM category are made at fair value as of the transfer date. The unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer continues to be reported in accumulated other comprehensive income and in the carrying amount of the HTM securities. Both amounts are amortized over the remaining life of the security as a yield adjustment in interest income and effectively offset each other.

Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. All of the Company’s leases are currently classified as operating leases and are included in other assets and other liabilities on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Condition. Periodic operating lease costs are recorded in occupancy expenses of premises on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
 
Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease arrangements. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the expected future lease payments over the remaining lease term. In determining the present value of future lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The operating ROU assets are adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, initial direct costs, any lease incentives received and, for acquired leases, any favorable or unfavorable fair value adjustments. The present value of the lease liability may include the impact of options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options provided in the lease terms. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges, are accounted for separately.
 
Segment Reporting
Operating segments are components of a business about which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Bank is the Company’s only reportable operating segment upon which management makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and assess performance. While the Company’s chief operating decision maker has some limited financial information about the Bank's various financial products and services, that information is not complete since it does not include a full allocation of revenue, costs, and capital from key corporate functions; therefore, the Company evaluates financial performance on the Company-wide basis. Management continues to evaluate these business units for separate reporting as facts and circumstances change.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The current accounting guidance provides the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The Company assesses qualitative factors on a quarterly basis. Based on the assessment of these qualitative factors, if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit remains in excess of the carrying value, then performing a quantitative impairment test is not necessary. However, if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the carrying value exceeds the fair value, a quantitative analysis is required to determine whether an impairment exists.

As of October 1, 2023, the Company’s annual goodwill impairment assessment date, the Company performed an impairment test for its two reporting units: Community Banking and Investment Management.
11


The results of the 2023 annual goodwill impairment test for the two reporting units, which included both qualitative and quantitative assessments, indicated that the estimated fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount and that the goodwill assigned to the Community Banking reporting unit may be at risk of impairment in future periods. The Company provided detailed disclosures regarding the 2023 impairment analysis and the results of the testing in its annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 in its 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to the annual impairment testing process, on a quarterly basis, the Company monitors each reporting unit for any triggering events and performs qualitative assessments of impairment indicators.

During the first quarter of 2024, the Company determined that there were no triggering events and completed the qualitative assessment of impairment indicators, which included an assessment of changes in macroeconomic conditions and comparison of the actual operating performance to the forecast used in the most recent annual impairment test. Based on these considerations, the Company concluded that it was more-likely-than-not that the fair value of our reporting units remained above the respective carrying amounts as of March 31, 2024.

Other intangible assets have finite lives and are reviewed for impairment annually. These assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line or sum-of-the-years basis over varying periods that initially did not exceed 15 years. Intangible assets are reviewed or analyzed periodically to determine if it appears that their value has diminished beyond the value in the financial statements. The review or analysis of the intangible assets did not indicate that any impairment occurred during the first quarter of 2024.

Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, "Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method". ASU 2023-02 allows reporting entities to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. The amendment in this ASU also removes the specialized guidance for low-income-housing tax credit investments that are not accounted for using the proportional amortization method and instead require that those LIHTC investments be accounted for using the guidance in other GAAP. The Company fully adopted this update effective January 1, 2024 on a prospective basis. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Pending Accounting Pronouncements applicable to the Company
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures", which requires public entities to disclose information about their reportable segments' significant expenses on an interim and annual basis. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Entities must adopt this ASU on a retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. Currently, the Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”. ASU 2023-09 improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring entities to provide greater disaggregation of information on income taxes paid and on the rate reconciliation disclosures. This pronouncement also requires qualitative discussion of the primary state and local jurisdictions for income taxes and the type of reconciling categories. For public business entities, this ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
12


NOTE 2 – INVESTMENTS
Investments available-for-sale and held-to-maturity
The amortized cost and estimated fair values of investments available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at the dates indicated are presented in the following table:
  March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
(In thousands) Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Estimated
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Estimated
Fair
Value
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. treasuries and government agencies $ 96,866  $ —  $ (4,630) $ 92,236  $ 101,678  $ —  $ (4,751) $ 96,927 
State and municipal 310,502  —  (46,516) 263,986  311,505  (43,292) 268,214 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed 819,214  83  (74,778) 744,519  807,636  181  (70,277) 737,540 
Total available-for-sale debt securities $ 1,226,582  $ 83  $ (125,924) $ 1,100,741  $ 1,220,819  $ 182  $ (118,320) $ 1,102,681 
Held-to-maturity debt securities:
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed 231,354  —  (38,556) 192,798  236,165  —  (35,754) 200,411 
Total held-to-maturity debt securities $ 231,354  $ —  $ (38,556) $ 192,798  $ 236,165  $ —  $ (35,754) $ 200,411 
Total debt securities $ 1,457,936  $ 83  $ (164,480) $ 1,293,539  $ 1,456,984  $ 182  $ (154,074) $ 1,303,092 
 
Any unrealized losses in the U.S. treasuries and government agencies, state and municipal, mortgage-backed and asset-backed available-for-sale debt securities at March 31, 2024 are due to changes in interest rates and not credit-related events. As such, no allowance for credit losses is required at March 31, 2024. Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities are expected to recover over time as these securities approach maturity. The Company does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not it will be required to sell, these securities and has sufficient liquidity to hold these securities for an adequate period of time, which may be maturity, to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

All held-to-maturity investments are either issued by a direct governmental entity or a government-sponsored entity and have no historical evidence supporting expected credit losses. Therefore, the Company has estimated these losses at zero and will monitor this assumption in the future for any economic or governmental policies that could affect this assumption.

The available-for-sale and held-to-maturity mortgage-backed securities portfolio at March 31, 2024 is composed entirely of either the most senior tranches of GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC collateralized mortgage obligations ($451.9 million), GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities ($557.9 million) or SBA asset-backed securities ($40.8 million).
 
Gross unrealized losses and fair value by length of time that the individual available-for-sale debt securities have been in an unrealized loss position at the dates indicated are presented in the following table:
  March 31, 2024
  Number
of
Securities
Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total
(Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses
U.S. treasuries and government agencies $ —  $ —  $ 92,236  $ 4,630  $ 92,236  $ 4,630 
State and municipal 123  3,789  48  258,977  46,468  262,766  46,516 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed 332  55,845  436  664,980  74,342  720,825  74,778 
Total 464  $ 59,634  $ 484  $ 1,016,193  $ 125,440  $ 1,075,827  $ 125,924 

  December 31, 2023
  Number
of
Securities
Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total
(Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses
U.S. treasuries and government agencies 10  $ —  $ —  $ 96,927  $ 4,751  $ 96,927  $ 4,751 
State and municipal 123  4,162  84  262,081  43,208  266,243  43,292 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed 321  22,731  106  691,281  70,171  714,012  70,277 
Total 454  $ 26,893  $ 190  $ 1,050,289  $ 118,130  $ 1,077,182  $ 118,320 
 
The Company has allocated mortgage-backed securities into the four maturity groupings reflected in the following tables using the expected average life of the individual securities based on statistics provided by independent third-party industry sources.
13


Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

The estimated fair values and amortized costs of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity are provided in the following tables:

March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
(In thousands) Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost
Available-for-sale debt securities
U.S. treasuries and government agencies:
One year or less $ 12,922  $ 12,988  $ 17,798  $ 17,979 
One to five years 79,314  83,878  79,129  83,699 
Five to ten years —  —  —  — 
After ten years —  —  —  — 
State and municipal:
One year or less 28,318  28,739  22,345  22,793 
One to five years 28,586  29,770  33,282  34,288 
Five to ten years 48,992  57,965  46,355  54,487 
After ten years 158,090  194,028  166,232  199,937 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed:
One year or less 26,396  26,704  20,814  21,111 
One to five years 27,290  28,067  29,823  30,666 
Five to ten years 267,178  292,078  256,924  280,209 
After ten years 423,655  472,365  429,979  475,650 
Total available-for-sale debt securities $ 1,100,741  $ 1,226,582  $ 1,102,681  $ 1,220,819 

March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
(In thousands) Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed:
One year or less $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
One to five years —  —  —  — 
Five to ten years 30,070  33,326  31,434  34,458 
After ten years 162,728  198,028  168,977  201,707 
Total held-to-maturity debt securities $ 192,798  $ 231,354  $ 200,411  $ 236,165 

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities with a book value of $489.0 million and $729.0 million, respectively, were pledged and designated as collateral for certain government deposits, public and trust funds, securities sold under repurchase agreements and other purposes as required or permitted by law. The outstanding balance of no single issuer, except for U.S. Agencies securities, exceeded ten percent of stockholders' equity at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
 

Other investments
Other investments are presented in the following table:
(In thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost $ 39,152  $ 39,125 
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta stock, at cost 33,566  35,805 
Other 677  677 
Total other investments, at cost $ 73,395  $ 75,607 
 
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NOTE 3 – LOANS
Outstanding loan balances at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are net of unearned income, including net deferred loan fees of $7.6 million and $7.0 million, respectively, at the end of each period.

The loan portfolio segment balances at the dates indicated are presented in the following table:
(In thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate $ 4,997,879  $ 5,104,425 
Commercial owner-occupied real estate 1,741,113  1,755,235 
Commercial AD&C 1,090,259  988,967 
Commercial business 1,509,592  1,504,880 
Total commercial loans 9,338,843  9,353,507 
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage 1,511,624  1,474,521 
Residential construction 97,685  121,419 
Consumer 416,132  417,542 
Total residential and consumer loans 2,025,441  2,013,482 
    Total loans $ 11,364,284  $ 11,366,989 
 
Portfolio Segments
The Company currently manages its credit products and the respective exposure to credit losses (credit risk) by the following specific portfolio segments (classes) which are levels at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses attributable to each respective portfolio segment. These segments are:
 
•Commercial investor real estate loans - Commercial investor real estate loans consist of loans secured by nonowner-occupied properties where an established banking relationship exists and involves investment properties for warehouse, retail, and office space with a history of occupancy and cash flow. This commercial investor real estate category contains mortgage loans to the developers and owners of commercial real estate where the borrower intends to operate or sell the property at a profit and use the income stream or proceeds from the sale(s) to repay the loan.

•Commercial owner-occupied real estate loans - Commercial owner-occupied real estate loans consist of commercial mortgage loans secured by owner-occupied properties where an established banking relationship exists and involves a variety of property types to conduct the borrower’s operations. The decision to extend a loan is based upon the borrower’s financial health and the ability of the borrower and the business to repay. The primary source of repayment for this type of loan is the cash flow from the operations of the business.

•Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans - Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans are intended to finance the construction of commercial properties and include loans for the acquisition and development of land. Construction loans represent a higher degree of risk than permanent real estate loans and may be affected by a variety of additional factors such as the borrower’s ability to control costs and adhere to time schedules and the risk that constructed units may not be absorbed by the market within the anticipated time frame or at the anticipated price. The loan commitment on these loans often includes an interest reserve that allows the lender to periodically advance loan funds to pay interest charges on the outstanding balance of the loan.

•Commercial business loans - Commercial business loans are made to provide funds for equipment and general corporate needs. Repayment of a loan primarily comes from the funds obtained from the operation of the borrower’s business. Commercial business loans also include lines of credit that are utilized to finance a borrower’s short-term credit needs and/or to finance a percentage of eligible receivables and inventory.

•Residential mortgage loans - The residential mortgage loans category contains permanent mortgage loans principally to consumers secured by residential real estate. Residential real estate loans are evaluated for the adequacy of repayment sources at the time of approval, based upon measures including credit scores, debt-to-income ratios, and collateral values. Loans may be either conforming or non-conforming.
 
15


•Residential construction loans - The Company makes residential construction loans generally to provide interim financing on residential property during the construction period. Borrowers are typically individuals who will ultimately occupy the single-family dwelling. Loan funds are disbursed periodically as pre-specified stages of completion are attained based upon site inspections.

•Consumer loans - This category of loans includes primarily home equity loans and lines, installment loans, personal lines of credit, and other loans. The home equity category consists mainly of revolving lines of credit to consumers which are secured by residential real estate. These loans are typically secured with second mortgages on the homes. Other consumer loans include installment loans used by customers to purchase automobiles, boats and recreational vehicles.

NOTE 4 – CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Allowance for Credit Losses
Summary information on the allowance for credit losses on loans for the period indicated is provided in the following table:
  Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands) 2024 2023
Balance at beginning of period $ 120,865  $ 136,242 
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans (1)
3,331  (18,945)
Loan charge-offs (1,620) (171)
Loan recoveries 520  487 
Net charge-offs (1,100) 316 
Balance at period end $ 123,096  $ 117,613 
 (1) Excludes the total credit to the provision on unfunded loan commitments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 of $0.9 million and $2.6 million, respectively.

The following table provides summary information regarding collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss at the dates indicated:
(In thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss with an allowance $ 69,068  $ 72,179 
Collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss without an allowance 12,047  15,989 
Total individually evaluated collateral dependent loans $ 81,115  $ 88,168 
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually $ 20,889  $ 24,000 
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively 102,207  96,865 
Total allowance for credit losses - loans $ 123,096  $ 120,865 
 
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The following tables provide information on the activity in the allowance for credit losses by the respective loan portfolio segment for the period indicated:
  For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
  Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate  
(Dollars in thousands) Commercial
Investor R/E
Commercial
Owner-
Occupied R/E
Commercial
AD&C
Commercial
Business
Residential
Mortgage
Residential
Construction
Consumer Total
Balance at beginning of period $ 61,439  $ 7,536  $ 8,287  $ 31,932  $ 8,890  $ 729  $ 2,052  $ 120,865 
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans 2,858  (656) 2,275  (1,345) 195  (306) 310  3,331 
Charge-offs (1) —  —  (1,551) —  —  (68) (1,620)
Recoveries 27  283  —  200  520 
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries 27  283  (1,550) —  132  (1,100)
Balance at end of period $ 64,299  $ 6,907  $ 10,845  $ 29,037  $ 9,091  $ 423  $ 2,494  $ 123,096 
Total loans $ 4,997,879  $ 1,741,113  $ 1,090,259  $ 1,509,592  $ 1,511,624  $ 97,685  $ 416,132  $ 11,364,284 
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio 1.29  % 0.40  % 0.99  % 1.92  % 0.60  % 0.43  % 0.60  % 1.08  %
Average loans $ 5,057,334  $ 1,746,042  $ 1,030,763  $ 1,508,336  $ 1,491,277  $ 110,456  $ 417,539  $ 11,361,747 
Annualized net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans —  % (0.01) % (0.11) % 0.41  % —  % —  % (0.13) % 0.04  %
Balance of loans individually evaluated for credit loss $ 69,000  $ 4,394  $ 557  $ 7,164  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 81,115 
Allowance related to loans evaluated individually $ 14,874  $ 1,126  $ 102  $ 4,787  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 20,889 
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio 21.56  % 25.63  % 18.31  % 66.82  % —  % —  % —  % 25.75  %
Contractual balance of individually evaluated loans $ 69,831  $ 5,416  $ 581  $ 9,535  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 85,363 
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss $ 4,928,879  $ 1,736,719  $ 1,089,702  $ 1,502,428  $ 1,511,624  $ 97,685  $ 416,132  $ 11,283,169 
Allowance related to loans evaluated collectively $ 49,425  $ 5,781  $ 10,743  $ 24,250  $ 9,091  $ 423  $ 2,494  $ 102,207 
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio 1.00  % 0.33  % 0.99  % 1.61  % 0.60  % 0.43  % 0.60  % 0.91  %

  For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
  Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate  
(Dollars in thousands) Commercial
Investor R/E
Commercial
Owner-
Occupied R/E
Commercial
AD&C
Commercial
Business
Residential
Mortgage
Residential
Construction
Consumer Total
Balance at beginning of period $ 64,737  $ 11,646  $ 18,646  $ 28,027  $ 9,424  $ 1,337  $ 2,425  $ 136,242 
Provision for credit losses - loans (3,323) (4,215) (10,359) 4,051  (488) (608) 1,048  (13,894)
Charge-offs —  —  —  (449) (160) —  (2,005) (2,614)
Recoveries 25  105  —  303  114  —  584  1,131 
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries 25  105  —  (146) (46) —  (1,421) (1,483)
Balance at end of period $ 61,439  $ 7,536  $ 8,287  $ 31,932  $ 8,890  $ 729  $ 2,052  $ 120,865 
Total loans $ 5,104,425  $ 1,755,235  $ 988,967  $ 1,504,880  $ 1,474,521  $ 121,419  $ 417,542  $ 11,366,989 
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio 1.20  % 0.43  % 0.84  % 2.12  % 0.60  % 0.60  % 0.49  % 1.06  %
Average loans $ 5,133,279  $ 1,766,839  $ 1,023,669  $ 1,440,382  $ 1,380,496  $ 187,599  $ 421,963  $ 11,354,227 
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans —  % (0.01) % —  % 0.01  % —  % —  % 0.34  % 0.01  %
Balance of loans individually evaluated for credit loss $ 72,218  $ 4,640  $ 1,259  $ 10,051  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 88,168 
Allowance related to loans evaluated individually $ 15,353  $ 1,159  $ 102  $ 7,386  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 24,000 
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio 21.26  % 24.98  % 8.10  % 73.49  % —  % —  % —  % 27.22  %
Contractual balance of individually evaluated loans $ 72,712  $ 5,623  $ 1,270  $ 11,500  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 91,105 
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss $ 5,032,207  $ 1,750,595  $ 987,708  $ 1,494,829  $ 1,474,521  $ 121,419  $ 417,542  $ 11,278,821 
Allowance related to loans evaluated collectively $ 46,086  $ 6,377  $ 8,185  $ 24,546  $ 8,890  $ 729  $ 2,052  $ 96,865 
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio 0.92  % 0.36  % 0.83  % 1.64  % 0.60  % 0.60  % 0.49  % 0.86  %

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Credit Quality
The following tables provide information on the credit quality of the loan portfolio for the periods indicated below:
  For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
  Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate
(In thousands) Commercial
Investor R/E
Commercial
Owner-
Occupied R/E
Commercial
AD&C
Commercial
Business
Residential
Mortgage
Residential
Construction
Consumer Total
Analysis of non-accrual loan activity:                
Balance at beginning of period $ 58,658  $ 4,640  $ 1,259  $ 10,051  $ 12,332  $ 443  $ 4,102  $ 91,485 
Loans placed on non-accrual 715  —  —  25  362  —  388  1,490 
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO (2,700) —  —  —  —  —  —  (2,700)
Non-accrual balances charged-off (1) —  —  (1,549) —  —  —  (1,550)
Net payments or draws (1,093) (246) (703) (1,363) (288) 99  (423) (4,017)
Non-accrual loans brought current —  —  —  —  (571) —  (56) (627)
Balance at end of period $ 55,579  $ 4,394  $ 556  $ 7,164  $ 11,835  $ 542  $ 4,011  $ 84,081 


  For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
  Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate
(In thousands) Commercial
Investor R/E
Commercial
Owner-
Occupied R/E
Commercial
AD&C
Commercial
Business
Residential
Mortgage
Residential
Construction
Consumer Total
Analysis of non-accrual loan activity:                
Balance at beginning of period $ 9,943  $ 5,019  $ —  $ 7,322  $ 7,439  $ —  $ 5,059  $ 34,782 
Loans placed on non-accrual 62,725  —  2,111  6,271  7,871  449  2,450  81,877 
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Non-accrual balances charged-off —  —  —  (441) (160) —  (1,757) (2,358)
Net payments or draws (14,010) (379) (852) (2,588) (1,667) (6) (1,528) (21,030)
Non-accrual loans brought current —  —  —  (513) (1,151) —  (122) (1,786)
Balance at end of period $ 58,658  $ 4,640  $ 1,259  $ 10,051  $ 12,332  $ 443  $ 4,102  $ 91,485 


  March 31, 2024
  Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate
(In thousands) Commercial
Investor R/E
Commercial
Owner-
Occupied R/E
Commercial
AD&C
Commercial
Business
Residential
Mortgage
Residential
Construction
Consumer Total
Performing loans:                
Current $ 4,932,570  $ 1,729,205  $ 1,083,907  $ 1,499,245  $ 1,486,341  $ 96,404  $ 410,662  $ 11,238,334 
30-59 days 9,681  1,538  5,796  1,658  12,336  739  989  32,737 
60-89 days 49  5,976  —  1,505  772  —  470  8,772 
Total performing loans 4,942,300  1,736,719  1,089,703  1,502,408  1,499,449  97,143  412,121  11,279,843 
Non-performing loans:
Non-accrual loans 55,579  4,394  556  7,164  11,835  542  4,011  84,081 
Loans greater than 90 days past due —  —  —  20  340  —  —  360 
Total non-performing loans 55,579  4,394  556  7,184  12,175  542  4,011  84,441 
Total loans $ 4,997,879  $ 1,741,113  $ 1,090,259  $ 1,509,592  $ 1,511,624  $ 97,685  $ 416,132  $ 11,364,284 

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  December 31, 2023
  Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate
(In thousands) Commercial
Investor R/E
Commercial
Owner-
Occupied R/E
Commercial
AD&C
Commercial
Business
Residential
Mortgage
Residential
Construction
Consumer Total
Performing loans:                
Current $ 5,044,647  $ 1,748,449  $ 986,859  $ 1,494,426  $ 1,445,785  $ 118,976  $ 409,607  $ 11,248,749 
30-59 days 1,120  2,056  849  383  14,026  2,000  3,298  23,732 
60-89 days —  90  —  —  2,036  —  535  2,661 
Total performing loans 5,045,767  1,750,595  987,708  1,494,809  1,461,847  120,976  413,440  11,275,142 
Non-performing loans:
Non-accrual loans 58,658  4,640  1,259  10,051  12,332  443  4,102  91,485 
Loans greater than 90 days past due —  —  —  20  342  —  —  362 
Total non-performing loans 58,658  4,640  1,259  10,071  12,674  443  4,102  91,847 
Total loans $ 5,104,425  $ 1,755,235  $ 988,967  $ 1,504,880  $ 1,474,521  $ 121,419  $ 417,542  $ 11,366,989 

The following tables present the average principal balance of total non-accrual loans and contractual interest due on non-accrual loans for the periods indicated below:
  For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
  Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate
(In thousands) Commercial
Investor R/E
Commercial
Owner-
Occupied R/E
Commercial
AD&C
Commercial
Business
Residential
Mortgage
Residential
Construction
Consumer Total
Average non-accrual loans for the period $ 57,119  $ 4,517  $ 908  $ 8,608  $ 12,084  $ 493  $ 4,057  $ 87,786 
Contractual interest income due on non-
accrual loans during the period
$ 923  $ 71  $ 14  $ 154  $ 149  $ $ 97  $ 1,414 

  For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
  Commercial Real Estate Residential Real Estate
(In thousands) Commercial
Investor R/E
Commercial
Owner-
Occupied R/E
Commercial
AD&C
Commercial
Business
Residential
Mortgage
Residential
Construction
Consumer Total
Average non-accrual loans for the period $ 28,650  $ 4,795  $ 812  $ 9,640  $ 10,547  $ 223  $ 4,146  $ 58,813 
Contractual interest income due on non-
accrual loans during the period
$ 760  $ 298  $ 41  $ 716  $ 432  $ $ 299  $ 2,552 
 
There was no interest income recognized on non-accrual loans during the three months ended March 31, 2024. See Note 1 for additional information on the Company's policies for non-accrual loans. Loans designated as non-accrual have all previously accrued but unpaid interest reversed from interest income. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 new loans placed on non-accrual status totaled $1.5 million and the related amount of reversed uncollected accrued interest was insignificant.

The credit quality indicators for commercial loans are developed through review of individual borrowers on an ongoing basis. Each borrower is evaluated at least annually with more frequent evaluations of classified and criticized loans. The indicators represent the rating for loans as of the date presented and are based on the most recent credit review performed. These credit quality indicators are defined as follows:

Pass - A pass rated credit is not adversely classified because it does not display any of the characteristics for adverse classification.

Special mention – A special mention credit has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If uncorrected, such weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or collateral position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not warrant adverse classification.

Substandard – A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current net worth and payment capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as substandard generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – A loan that is classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in a loan classified as substandard with added characteristics that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values.
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Loss – Loans classified as a loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuing to be carried as a loan is not warranted. This classification is not necessarily equivalent to no potential for recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not appropriate to defer a full write-off even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.
20


The following table provides information about credit quality indicators by the year of origination as of March 31, 2024:
  March 31, 2024
  Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving  
(In thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Loans Total
Commercial Investor R/E:                
Pass $ 109,352  $ 361,098  $ 1,345,217  $ 1,168,206  $ 599,290  $ 1,294,814  $ 26,478  $ 4,904,455 
Special Mention 861  6,229  —  723  1,005  7,148  —  15,966 
Substandard 24,391  10,166  461  28,036  —  14,404  —  77,458 
Doubtful —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 134,604  $ 377,493  $ 1,345,678  $ 1,196,965  $ 600,295  $ 1,316,366  $ 26,478  $ 4,997,879 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ $ —  $ —  $ —  $
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E:
Pass $ 35,074  $ 121,759  $ 355,379  $ 311,954  $ 236,043  $ 649,493  $ 5,644  $ 1,715,346 
Special Mention —  2,162  69  2,234  872  5,108  —  10,445 
Substandard —  586  2,858  797  340  10,741  —  15,322 
Doubtful —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 35,074  $ 124,507  $ 358,306  $ 314,985  $ 237,255  $ 665,342  $ 5,644  $ 1,741,113 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Commercial AD&C:
Pass $ 92,911  $ 327,688  $ 356,865  $ 172,284  $ 5,429  $ —  $ 133,678  $ 1,088,855 
Special Mention —  —  —  —  —  —  525  525 
Substandard 122  323  434  —  —  —  —  879 
Doubtful —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 93,033  $ 328,011  $ 357,299  $ 172,284  $ 5,429  $ —  $ 134,203  $ 1,090,259 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Commercial Business:
Pass $ 78,623  $ 217,077  $ 335,793  $ 176,699  $ 86,378  $ 171,698  $ 418,680  $ 1,484,948 
Special Mention 177  647  130  491  762  1,198  3,350  6,755 
Substandard 87  5,339  1,072  2,234  949  2,590  5,618  17,889 
Doubtful —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 78,887  $ 223,063  $ 336,995  $ 179,424  $ 88,089  $ 175,486  $ 427,648  $ 1,509,592 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ 612  $ —  $ —  $ 939  $ —  $ 1,551 
Residential Mortgage:
Beacon score:
660-850 $ 7,224  $ 38,452  $ 498,423  $ 394,110  $ 162,827  $ 304,763  $ —  $ 1,405,799 
600-659 293  613  15,375  17,473  4,305  24,462  —  62,521 
540-599 —  1,203  357  3,566  2,437  9,714  —  17,277 
less than 540 278  227  2,032  4,892  1,623  16,975  —  26,027 
Total $ 7,795  $ 40,495  $ 516,187  $ 420,041  $ 171,192  $ 355,914  $ —  $ 1,511,624 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Residential Construction:
Beacon score:
660-850 $ 1,768  $ 25,593  $ 42,790  $ 19,872  $ 1,956  $ 1,458  $ —  $ 93,437 
600-659 542  346  1,817  —  1,500  —  —  4,205 
540-599 43  —  —  —  —  —  —  43 
less than 540 —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 2,353  $ 25,939  $ 44,607  $ 19,872  $ 3,456  $ 1,458  $ —  $ 97,685 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Consumer:
Beacon score:
660-850 $ 1,409  $ 10,606  $ 4,476  $ 1,717  $ 740  $ 25,997  $ 331,206  $ 376,151 
600-659 11  1,154  357  94  241  3,873  14,047  19,777 
540-599 13  477  284  73  34  2,298  4,460  7,639 
less than 540 76  356  332  298  117  2,760  8,626  12,565 
Total $ 1,509  $ 12,593  $ 5,449  $ 2,182  $ 1,132  $ 34,928  $ 358,339  $ 416,132 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ $ —  $ 11  $ 52  $ 68 
Total loans $ 353,255  $ 1,132,101  $ 2,964,521  $ 2,305,753  $ 1,106,848  $ 2,549,494  $ 952,312  $ 11,364,284 

21



 The following table provides information about credit quality indicators by the year of origination as of December 31, 2023:
  December 31, 2023
  Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving  
(In thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Loans Total
Commercial Investor R/E:                
Pass $ 405,740  $ 1,395,973  $ 1,195,708  $ 634,361  $ 511,146  $ 848,958  $ 23,653  $ 5,015,539 
Special Mention 9,250  —  316  —  —  1,978  —  11,544 
Substandard 30,792  465  30,927  —  —  14,410  748  77,342 
Doubtful —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 445,782  $ 1,396,438  $ 1,226,951  $ 634,361  $ 511,146  $ 865,346  $ 24,401  $ 5,104,425 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E:
Pass $ 136,072  $ 361,247  $ 318,269  $ 238,761  $ 235,145  $ 428,846  $ 5,621  $ 1,723,961 
Special Mention 406  70  2,240  875  2,267  8,616  —  14,474 
Substandard 2,562  3,634  801  343  5,866  3,594  —  16,800 
Doubtful —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 139,040  $ 364,951  $ 321,310  $ 239,979  $ 243,278  $ 441,056  $ 5,621  $ 1,755,235 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Commercial AD&C:
Pass $ 334,918  $ 288,732  $ 178,889  $ 28,954  $ —  $ —  $ 155,889  $ 987,382 
Special Mention —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Substandard 1,016  569  —  —  —  —  —  1,585 
Doubtful —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 335,934  $ 289,301  $ 178,889  $ 28,954  $ —  $ —  $ 155,889  $ 988,967 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Commercial Business:
Pass $ 247,081  $ 344,034  $ 202,020  $ 92,198  $ 62,413  $ 118,061  $ 410,856  $ 1,476,663 
Special Mention 532  45  180  1,037  1,040  294  3,635  6,763 
Substandard 6,725  2,073  2,281  917  1,925  1,571  5,962  21,454 
Doubtful —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 254,338  $ 346,152  $ 204,481  $ 94,152  $ 65,378  $ 119,926  $ 420,453  $ 1,504,880 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ $ 324  $ —  $ —  $ 116  $ —  $ 449 
Residential Mortgage:
Beacon score:
660-850 $ 31,853  $ 476,631  $ 394,414  $ 166,387  $ 41,473  $ 266,927  $ —  $ 1,377,685 
600-659 781  7,022  18,284  2,009  1,882  24,040  —  54,018 
540-599 —  1,545  2,698  2,371  1,891  9,377  —  17,882 
less than 540 229  2,042  3,351  2,424  2,533  14,357  —  24,936 
Total $ 32,863  $ 487,240  $ 418,747  $ 173,191  $ 47,779  $ 314,701  $ —  $ 1,474,521 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ 43  $ —  $ 10  $ 107  $ —  $ 160 
Residential Construction:
Beacon score:
660-850 $ 21,975  $ 68,273  $ 21,897  $ 2,478  $ 150  $ —  $ —  $ 114,773 
600-659 1,641  500  1,319  1,500  —  1,243  —  6,203 
540-599 443  —  —  —  —  —  —  443 
less than 540 —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 24,059  $ 68,773  $ 23,216  $ 3,978  $ 150  $ 1,243  $ —  $ 121,419 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Consumer:
Beacon score:
660-850 $ 11,452  $ 4,960  $ 1,823  $ 519  $ 1,662  $ 24,543  $ 333,382  $ 378,341 
600-659 1,209  192  237  425  209  3,954  12,668  18,894 
540-599 24  374  87  47  500  2,868  5,920  9,820 
less than 540 384  215  132  50  288  2,803  6,615  10,487 
Total $ 13,069  $ 5,741  $ 2,279  $ 1,041  $ 2,659  $ 34,168  $ 358,585  $ 417,542 
Current period gross charge-offs $ —  $ 20  $ 28  $ —  $ 15  $ 1,735  $ 207  $ 2,005 
Total loans $ 1,245,085  $ 2,958,596  $ 2,375,873  $ 1,175,656  $ 870,390  $ 1,776,440  $ 964,949  $ 11,366,989 

22


Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
As a part of our risk management practices, we may consider modifying a loan for a borrower experiencing a financial difficulty that provides a certain degree of a payment relief. Modification types primarily include a reduction in the interest rate or an extension of the existing term. We do not provide modifications that result in the reduction of the outstanding principal balance.

The following table presents the amount of the loans modified during the periods indicated below to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by the loan portfolio segment, type of modification granted and the financial effect of loans modified:

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Interest rate reduction Term extension Rate reduction & Term extension Total Interest rate reduction Term extension
(in thousands) Amount Amount Amount Amount % of total loan segment Weighted Average Weighted Average
Commercial Investor R/E $ —  $ 25,252  $ —  $ 25,252  0.5  % —  % 6 Months
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E —  —  —  —  —  % —  % — 
Commercial AD&C —  122  —  122  —  % —  % 17 Months
Commercial Business —  87  143  230  —  % 0.4  % 27 Months
All Other loans —  542  —  542  —  % —  % 9 Months
Total $ —  $ 26,003  $ 143  $ 26,146  0.2  %

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Interest rate reduction Term extension Rate reduction & Term extension Total Interest rate reduction Term extension
(in thousands) Amount Amount Amount Amount % of total loan segment Weighted Average Weighted Average
Commercial Investor R/E $ —  $ 68  $ —  $ 68  —  % —  % 6 Months
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E —  —  —  —  —  % —  % — 
Commercial AD&C —  —  —  —  —  % —  % — 
Commercial Business —  94  —  94  —  % —  % 12 Months
All Other loans —  —  —  —  —  % —  % — 
Total $ —  $ 162  $ —  $ 162  —  %

Unfunded loan commitments on modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty totaled $0.1 million at March 31, 2024. These commitments are not included in the table above.

23


The following table presents the performance of loans that have been modified during the periods indicated:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024
(in thousands) Current 30-89 days past due 90+ days past due Non-accrual Total
Commercial Investor R/E $ 25,252  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 25,252 
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E —  —  —  —  — 
Commercial AD&C 122  —  —  —  122 
Commercial Business 230  —  —  —  230 
All Other loans 542  —  —  —  542 
Total $ 26,146  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 26,146 

For the three months ended March 31, 2023
(in thousands) Current 30-89 days past due 90+ days past due Non-accrual Total
Commercial Investor R/E $ 68  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 68 
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E —  —  —  —  — 
Commercial AD&C —  —  —  —  — 
Commercial Business 94  —  —  —  94 
All Other loans —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ 162  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 162 

There were no loans that defaulted (defined as new non-accrual or 90 days past due) during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and that had been modified in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, or a term extension (or a combination thereof) within the previous 12 months preceding the payment default when the debtor was experiencing financial difficulty at the time of the modification.

Other Real Estate Owned
Other real estate owned ("OREO") totaled $2.7 million at March 31, 2024 as compared to none at December 31, 2023. There were $0.2 million in consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process as of March 31, 2024.

24


NOTE 5 – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The amount of goodwill by reporting units is presented in the following table:
(In thousands) Community
Banking
Investment
Management
Total
Balances at December 31, 2023 $ 331,689  $ 31,747  $ 363,436 
No activity —  —  — 
Balances at March 31, 2024 $ 331,689  $ 31,747  $ 363,436 

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets and goodwill are presented at the dates indicated in the following table:
  March 31, 2024 Weighted
Average
Remaining
Life
December 31, 2023 Weighted
Average
Remaining
Life
(Dollars in thousands) Gross
Carrying
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
Net
Carrying
Amount
Gross
Carrying
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
Net
Carrying
Amount
Amortizing intangible assets:                
Core deposit intangibles $ 29,038  $ (20,943) $ 8,095  5.3 years $ 29,038  $ (20,181) $ 8,857  5.5 years
Software intangibles 12,228  (1,134) 11,094  4.1 years 10,422  (183) 10,239  4.8 years
Other identifiable intangibles 13,906  (8,305) 5,601  7.5 years 13,906  (7,949) 5,957  7.7 years
Total amortizing intangible assets $ 55,172  $ (30,382) $ 24,790  $ 53,366  $ (28,313) $ 25,053 
Non-amortizing intangible assets:
Intangible projects in process(1)
5,074  —  5,074  $ 3,248  $ —  $ 3,248 
Total intangible assets $ 60,246  $ (30,382) $ 29,864  $ 56,614  $ (28,313) $ 28,301 
Goodwill $ 363,436  $ 363,436  $ 363,436  $ 363,436 
(1) Capitalized costs on internal-use licensed software-related projects that are currently in the development/implementation phase.

The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense for amortizing intangible assets within the years ending December 31:
(In thousands) Amount
Remaining 2024 $ 6,154 
2025 5,741 
2026 4,890 
2027 3,880 
2028 2,970 
Thereafter 1,155 
Total amortizing intangible assets $ 24,790 
 
NOTE 6 – DEPOSITS
The following table presents the composition of deposits at the dates indicated:
 
(In thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 2,817,928  $ 2,914,161 
Interest-bearing deposits:
Demand 1,528,184  1,463,679 
Money market savings 2,680,474  2,628,918 
Regular savings 1,579,104  1,275,225 
Time deposits of less than $250,000 1,978,545  2,068,259 
Time deposits of $250,000 or more 642,965  646,296 
Total interest-bearing deposits 8,409,272  8,082,377 
Total deposits $ 11,227,200  $ 10,996,538 

25


NOTE 7 – BORROWINGS
Subordinated Debt
On March 15, 2022, the Company completed an offering of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount Fixed to Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due in 2032. The notes bear a fixed interest rate of 3.875% per year through March 29, 2027. Commencing on March 30, 2027, the notes will bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to the benchmark rate (which is expected to be the three-month SOFR rate) plus a spread of 196.5 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. The total amount of debt issuance costs incurred was $3.1 million, which are being amortized through the contractual life of the debt. The entire amount of the subordinated debt is considered Tier 2 capital under current regulatory guidelines.

On November 5, 2019, the Company completed an offering of $175.0 million aggregate principal amount Fixed to Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due in 2029. The notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.25% per year through November 14, 2024. Beginning November 15, 2024, the interest rate will become a floating rate equal to three-month SOFR plus 288 basis points (including a benchmark adjustment of 26 basis points) through the remaining maturity or early redemption date of the notes. The interest will be paid in arrears semi-annually during the fixed rate period and quarterly during the floating rate period. The Company incurred $2.9 million of debt issuance costs, which are being amortized through the contractual life of the debt. The entire amount of the subordinated debt is considered Tier 2 capital under current regulatory guidelines.

The following table provides information on subordinated debt as of the date indicated:
(In thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Fixed to floating rate subordinated debt, 3.875%
$ 200,000  $ 200,000 
Fixed to floating rate subordinated debt, 4.25%
175,000  175,000 
    Total subordinated debt 375,000  375,000 
Less: Debt issuance costs (4,048) (4,197)
Long-term borrowings $ 370,952  $ 370,803 
 
Other Borrowings
At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $71.5 million and $75.0 million, respectively, of outstanding retail repurchase agreements.

The Company had no outstanding federal funds purchased at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The available borrowing federal funds capacity under unsecured lines of credit with correspondent banks was $1.2 billion at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company fully paid off $300.0 million of outstanding borrowings through Federal Reserve's Bank Term Funding Program.
 
At March 31, 2024, the Company had the ability to pledge collateral at prevailing market rates under a line of credit with the FHLB of $3.6 billion. FHLB availability based on pledged collateral at March 31, 2024 amounted to $3.1 billion, with $500.0 million outstanding. At December 31, 2023, the Company had the ability to pledge collateral at prevailing market rates under a line of credit with the FHLB of $3.6 billion. The availability of FHLB borrowings based on the collateral pledged at December 31, 2023 was $3.1 billion with $550.0 million outstanding.

Under a blanket lien, the Company has pledged qualifying residential mortgage loans amounting to $1.4 billion, commercial real estate loans amounting to $3.9 billion, home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) amounting to $210.8 million, and multifamily loans amounting to $502.5 million at March 31, 2024, as collateral under the borrowing agreement with the FHLB. At December 31, 2023, the Company had pledged collateral of qualifying mortgage loans of $1.4 billion, commercial real estate loans of $4.0 billion, HELOC loans of $209.2 million, and multifamily loans of $538.6 million under the FHLB borrowing agreement.

The Company had secured lines of credit available from the Federal Reserve Bank and correspondent banks of $734.4 million and $651.3 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, collateralized by loans, with no borrowings outstanding at the end of either period.

NOTE 8 – STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
On March 30, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan that permits the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of the Company's common stock. During 2022, the Company repurchased and retired 625,710 common shares at an average price of $39.93 per share for the total cost of $25.0 million. The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during 2023 or during the quarter ended March 31, 2024. Under the current authorization, common stock with a total value of up to $25.0 million remains available to be repurchased.
26



NOTE 9 – SHARE BASED COMPENSATION
The Company’s 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan ("Omnibus Incentive Plan" or "Plan") was approved on May 6, 2015 and provides for the granting of incentive stock options, non-qualifying stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock grants, restricted stock units and performance share units to selected directors and employees on a periodic basis at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Omnibus Incentive Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 1,500,000 shares of common stock, has a term of 10 years, and is administered by a committee of at least three directors appointed by the Board of Directors. There were no shares available for issuance under the Plan at March 31, 2024. Options granted under the Plan have an exercise price which may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of the grant and must be exercised within seven or 10 years from the date of grant depending on the terms of the grant agreement. The exercise price of stock options must be paid for in full in cash or shares of common stock, or a combination of both. The board committee has the discretion when making a grant of stock options to impose restrictions on the shares to be purchased upon the exercise of such options. The Company generally issues authorized but previously unissued shares to satisfy option exercises.
 
Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the respective stock option, restricted stock, restricted stock unit grant or performance share units. The Company recognized compensation expense of $1.2 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to restricted stock award grants, restricted stock unit grants and performance share unit grants. There was no unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options as of March 31, 2024. The total of unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit grants, and performance share unit grants was approximately $11.1 million as of March 31, 2024. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.46 years.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company granted 317,735 restricted stock units and performance share units, of which 83,691 units are subject to achievement of certain performance conditions measured over a three-year performance period and 234,044 restricted stock units are subject to a three year vesting schedule. The Company did not grant any stock options under the Omnibus Incentive Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

A summary of the activity for the Company’s restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance share units for the period indicated is presented in the following table:
  Number
of
Common
Shares/Units
Weighted
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2024 458,929  $ 32.90 
Granted 317,735  $ 22.12 
Vested (46,420) $ 38.59 
Forfeited/ cancelled (2,772) $ 32.69 
Non-vested at March 31, 2024 727,472  $ 28.04 

A summary of share option activity for the period indicated is reflected in the following table:
  Number
of
Common
Shares
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Share Price
Weighted
Average
Contractual
Remaining
Life (Years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2024 80,195  $ 19.07  1.2 years $ 621 
Granted —  $ — 
Exercised (9,938) $ 10.96  $ 135 
Forfeited —  $ — 
Expired (6,163) $ 42.48 
Balance at March 31, 2024 64,094  $ 18.07  1.2 years $ 516 
Exercisable at March 31, 2024 64,094  $ 18.07  1.2 years $ 516 

27


NOTE 10 – PENSION PLAN
Defined Benefit Pension Plan
Prior to September 30, 2023, the Company has maintained a qualified noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan (the “Plan”).

On March 30, 2022, the Board of Directors approved the termination of the Plan to be effective as of June 30, 2022. The Company executed plan amendments regarding the Plan termination and received a determination letter from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) as to the tax-qualified status of the Plan at the time of termination. The Company also filed appropriate notices and documents related to the Plan’s termination and wind-down with the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (“PBGC”).

Plan participants made elections for lump-sum distributions or annuity benefits. Both lump-sum distributions and transfer of annuity benefits to a highly-rated insurance company were completed in August 2023. In order to fully fund the Plan, the Company made a $1.3 million cash contribution. As a result of the pension termination, the Company incurred a one-time settlement expense of $8.2 million, which was recognized in salaries and employee benefits expense in 2023.

The components of net periodic benefit cost for the periods indicated are presented in the following table:
  Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands) 2024 2023
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation $ —  $ 438 
Expected return on plan assets —  (373)
Recognized net actuarial loss —  225 
Net periodic benefit cost $ —  $ 290 


NOTE 11 – NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE
The calculation of net income per common share for the periods indicated is presented in the following table:
  Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars and amounts in thousands, except per share data) 2024 2023
Net income $ 20,372  $ 51,253 
    Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities (26) (169)
Net income attributable to common shareholders $ 20,346  $ 51,084 
Total weighted average outstanding shares 44,990  44,825 
    Less: Weighted average participating securities (58) (148)
Basic weighted average common shares 44,932  44,677 
    Dilutive weighted average common stock equivalents 155  195 
Diluted weighted average common shares 45,087  44,872 
Basic net income per common share $ 0.45  $ 1.14 
Diluted net income per common share $ 0.45  $ 1.14 
Anti-dilutive shares 29  15 

NOTE 12 – ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/ (LOSS)
Comprehensive income/ (loss) is defined as net income/ (loss) plus transactions and other occurrences that are the result of non-owner changes in equity. For Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements presented for the Company, non-owner changes in equity are comprised of unrealized gains or losses on investments available-for-sale and held-to-maturity, and any minimum pension liability adjustments.
 
28


The following table presents the activity in net accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) and the components of the activity for the periods indicated:
(In thousands) Unrealized Gains/(Losses)
on Debt Securities
Available-for-Sale
Defined Benefit
Pension Plan
Unrealized Losses
on Debt Securities Transferred from
Available-for-Sale to Held-to-Maturity
Total
Balance at January 1, 2024 $ (88,169) $ —  $ (9,162) $ (97,331)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax (5,749) —  —  (5,749)
Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings, net of tax —  —  277  277 
Current period change in other comprehensive loss, net of tax (5,749) —  277  (5,472)
Balance at March 31, 2024 $ (93,918) $ —  $ (8,885) $ (102,803)
 
(In thousands) Unrealized Gains/
(Losses) on
Debt Securities
Available-for-Sale
Defined Benefit
Pension Plan
Unrealized Losses
on Debt Securities Transferred from
Available-for-Sale to Held-to-Maturity
Total
Balance at January 1, 2023 $ (113,513) $ (8,002) $ (10,436) $ (131,951)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification, net of tax 15,490  —  —  15,490 
Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax —  168  302  470 
Current period change in other comprehensive income, net of tax 15,490  168  302  15,960 
Balance at March 31, 2023 $ (98,023) $ (7,834) $ (10,134) $ (115,991)

The following table provides the information on the reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) for the periods indicated that had an impact on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income:
  Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands) 2024 2023
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale debt securities:
Affected line item in the Statements of Income:
Investment securities gains $ —  $ — 
Income before taxes —  — 
Tax expense —  — 
Net income $ —  $ — 
Amortization of unrealized losses on debt securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity:
Affected line item in the Statements of Income:
Interest and dividends on investment securities (1)
$ (371) $ (405)
Income before taxes (371) (405)
Tax benefit 94  103 
Net loss $ (277) $ (302)
Amortization of defined benefit pension plan items:
Affected line item in the Statements of Income:
Recognized actuarial loss (2)
$ —  $ (225)
Income before taxes —  (225)
Tax benefit —  57 
Net loss $ —  $ (168)
(1)Amortization of unrealized losses on held-to-maturity debt securities is fully offset by accretion of a discount on held-to-maturity debt securities with no overall impact on net income and yield.
(2)This amount is included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 10 for additional information on the pension plan.

29


NOTE 13 – LEASES
The Company leases real estate properties for its network of bank branches, financial centers and corporate offices. All of the Company’s leases are currently classified as operating. Most lease agreements include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the original lease term from one to twenty years or more. The Company does not sublease any of its leased real estate properties.
 
The following table provides information regarding the Company's leases as of the dates indicated:
Three Months Ended March 31,
2024 2023
Components of lease expense:
  Operating lease cost (resulting from lease payments) $ 2,565  $ 2,715 
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases:
  Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 2,824  $ 2,889 
  ROU assets obtained in the exchange for lease liabilities due to:
      New leases $ 995  $ 703 
      Acquisitions $ —  $ — 
March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:
  Operating lease ROU assets $ 39,814  $ 40,362 
  Operating lease liabilities $ 47,251  $ 48,058 
Other information related to leases:
  Weighted average remaining lease term of operating leases 5.4 years 5.6 years
  Weighted average discount rate of operating leases 3.67% 3.61%
 
ROU assets and lease liabilities are recorded in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Condition. Operating lease cost is recorded in the occupancy expense of premises in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

At March 31, 2024, the maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities were as follows:
 
(In thousands) Amount
Maturity:  
Remaining 2024 $ 8,343 
2025 10,458 
2026 9,734 
2027 8,300 
2028 6,799 
Thereafter 8,631 
Total undiscounted lease payments 52,265 
Less: Present value discount (5,014)
Lease liability $ 47,251 
 
The Company had no operating lease that has not yet commenced operations at March 31, 2024. The Company does not have any lease arrangements with any of its related parties as of March 31, 2024.

NOTE 14 – DERIVATIVES
Customer Interest Rate Swaps
30


The Company has entered into interest rate swaps (“swaps”) with qualifying commercial banking customers to facilitate their risk management strategies and financing needs. These swaps provide customers with the ability to convert variable rates into fixed rates. They are economically hedged by offsetting interest rate swaps that the Company executes with derivative counterparties in order to offset its exposure on the fixed components of the customers' swaps. Swaps qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments. Fair values of the swaps are carried as both gross assets and gross liabilities in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Condition. The associated changes in fair values of gross assets and gross liabilities net to zero in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

Mortgage Banking Derivatives
The Company enters into interest rate lock commitments, which are commitments to originate loans where the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding and the customers have locked into that interest rate. The loans are sold to the secondary market on either a mandatory or best efforts basis. Loans sold on a mandatory basis are not committed to an investor until the loan is closed with the borrower. The Company enters into forward to-be-announced (“TBA”) sales contracts to manage the interest rate risk between the interest rate lock commitment and the funding of those loans. Loans sold on a best efforts basis are committed to an investor simultaneous to the interest rate lock commitment with the borrower, and as a result, the Company does not enter into a separate forward TBA contract to offset the fair value risk as the investor accepts such risk. Interest rate lock commitments and commitments to deliver loans to investors are considered derivatives but are not designated as hedging instruments.

Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet
Derivatives are carried at fair value and are classified under other assets and other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Condition. Changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. None of the Company's derivatives are designated in a qualifying hedging relationship.


The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
(In thousands) Notional Asset Liability Notional Asset Liability
Derivatives
Loan Swaps:
Interest Rate Swaps $ 502,766  $ 17,758  $ 17,758  $ 495,750  $ 15,867  $ 15,867 
Mortgage Banking Derivatives:
Interest Rate Lock Commitments 40,488 673 16,608 358
Forward TBA Contracts 35,500 111 11,750 102
Total Derivatives $ 578,754  $ 18,431  $ 17,869  $ 524,108  $ 16,225  $ 15,969 

Effect of Derivatives on the Income Statement
The table below presents the changes in the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments reflected within non-interest income on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.


Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands) Location of Gain/(Loss) 2024 2023
Interest rate lock commitments Mortgage banking activities $ 1,778  $ 1,452 
Forward TBA contracts Mortgage banking activities (1,472) (1,247)
Total $ 306  $ 205 

 
NOTE 15 – LITIGATION
In the ordinary course of business, the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to various pending or threatened legal proceedings in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. After consultation with legal counsel, management does not anticipate that the ultimate liability, if any, arising out of these legal matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition, operating results or liquidity.
 
31


NOTE 16 – FAIR VALUE
GAAP provides entities the option to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities and commitments at fair value (i.e. the fair value option), on an instrument-by-instrument basis, that are otherwise not permitted to be accounted for at fair value under other accounting standards. The election to use the fair value option is available when an entity first recognizes a financial asset or financial liability or upon entering into a commitment. Subsequent changes in fair value must be recorded in earnings. The Company applies the fair value option on residential mortgage loans held for sale. The fair value option on residential mortgage loans held for sale allows the recognition of gains on the sale of mortgage loans to more accurately reflect the timing and economics of the transaction.
 
The standard for fair value measurement establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below.

Basis of Fair Value Measurement:
Level 1- Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level 2- Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
Level 3- Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e. supported by little or no market activity).
 
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
 
Changes to interest rates may result in changes in the cash flows due to prepayments or extinguishments. Accordingly, changes to interest rates could result in higher or lower measurements of the fair values.
 
Assets and Liabilities
Residential mortgage loans held for sale
Residential mortgage loans held for sale are valued based on quotations from the secondary market for similar instruments and are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
 
Investment securities available-for-sale
U.S. treasuries and government agencies securities and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities
Valuations are based on active market data and use of evaluated broker pricing models that vary based by asset class and includes available trade, bid, and other market information. Generally, the methodology includes broker quotes, proprietary models, descriptive terms, and databases coupled with extensive quality control programs. Quality control evaluation processes use available market, credit and deal level information to support the evaluation of the security. Additionally, proprietary models and pricing systems, mathematical tools, actual transacted prices, integration of market developments and experienced evaluators are used to determine the value of a security based on a hierarchy of market information regarding a security or securities with similar characteristics. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for such securities. Such instruments are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
 
State and municipal securities
The Company primarily uses prices obtained from third-party pricing services to determine the fair value of securities. The Company independently evaluates and corroborates the fair value received from pricing services through various methods and techniques, including references to dealer or other market quotes, by reviewing valuations of comparable instruments, and by comparing the prices realized on the sale of similar securities. Such securities are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Interest rate swap agreements
Interest rate swap agreements are measured by alternative pricing sources using a discounted cash flow method that incorporates current market interest rates. Based on the complex nature of interest rate swap agreements, the markets these instruments trade in are not as efficient and are less liquid than that of the more mature Level 1 markets. These characteristics classify interest rate swap agreements as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
32



Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities at the dates indicated that were accounted for or disclosed at fair value. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:
  March 31, 2024
  Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
Significant Other
Observable Inputs
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
 
(In thousands) (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Total
Assets:        
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (1)
$ —  $ 16,627  $ —  $ 16,627 
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. treasuries and government agencies —  92,236  —  92,236 
State and municipal —  263,986  —  263,986 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed —  744,519  —  744,519 
Total available-for-sale debt securities —  1,100,741  —  1,100,741 
Interest rate swap agreements —  17,758  —  17,758 
Total assets $ —  $ 1,135,126  $ —  $ 1,135,126 
Liabilities:
Interest rate swap agreements $ —  $ (17,758) $ —  $ (17,758)
Total liabilities $ —  $ (17,758) $ —  $ (17,758)
 (1) The outstanding principal balance for residential loans held for sale as of March 31, 2024 was $16.4 million.
  December 31, 2023
  Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
Significant Other
Observable Inputs
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
 
(In thousands) (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Total
Assets:        
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (1)
$ —  $ 10,836  $ —  $ 10,836 
Investments available-for-sale:
U.S. treasuries and government agencies —  96,927  —  96,927 
State and municipal —  268,214  —  268,214 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed —  737,540  —  737,540 
Total investments available-for-sale —  1,102,681  —  1,102,681 
Interest rate swap agreements —  15,867  —  15,867 
Total assets $ —  $ 1,129,384  $ —  $ 1,129,384 
Liabilities:
Interest rate swap agreements $ —  $ (15,867) $ —  $ (15,867)
Total liabilities $ —  $ (15,867) $ —  $ (15,867)
 (1) The outstanding principal balance for residential loans held for sale as of December 31, 2023 was $10.5 million.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets subject to fair value adjustments on a nonrecurring basis at the date indicated that are valued at the lower of cost or market. Assets are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:
33


  March 31, 2024
(In thousands) Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs (Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)
Total Total Losses
Loans(1)
$ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Other real estate owned —  —  2,700  2,700  — 
Total $ —  $ —  $ 2,700  $ 2,700  $ — 


  December 31, 2023
(In thousands) Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs (Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)
Total Total Losses
Loans (1)
$ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Other real estate owned —  —  —  —  — 
Total $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
(1) Represent outstanding collateral-dependent non-accrual loans that were written down to the fair value of the underlying collateral. Fair values are determined using actual market prices (Level 2), independent third-party valuations and borrower records, discounted as appropriate (Level 3).
  
At March 31, 2024, collateral dependent loans totaling $81.1 million had an estimated fair value of $60.2 million as a result of individual credit loss allowances of $20.9 million based on the most recent value of the collateral. Collateral dependent loans totaling $88.2 million had an estimated fair value of $64.2 million at December 31, 2023 as a result of individual credit loss allowances of $24.0 million.

Fair value of the collateral dependent loans is measured based on the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral (less estimated selling costs). Collateral may be real estate and/or business assets such as equipment, inventory and/or accounts receivable. The value of business equipment, inventory and accounts receivable collateral is based on net book value on the business’ financial statements and, if necessary, discounted based on management’s review and analysis. Appraised and reported values may be discounted based on management’s historical experience, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business. Collateral dependent loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional individual reserve and adjusted accordingly, based on the factors identified above.
 
OREO is adjusted to fair value upon acquisition of the real estate collateral. Subsequently, OREO is carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value. The estimated fair value for OREO included in Level 3 is determined by independent market based appraisals and other available market information, less costs to sell, that may be reduced further based on market expectations or an executed sales agreement. If the fair value of the collateral deteriorates subsequent to initial recognition, the Company records the OREO as a nonrecurring Level 3 adjustment. Valuation techniques are consistent with those techniques applied in prior periods.
 
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company discloses fair value information, based on the exit price notion, of financial instruments that are not measured at fair value in the financial statements. Fair value is the amount at which a financial instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced sale or liquidation, and is best evidenced by a quoted market price, if one exists.
 
Quoted market prices, where available, are shown as estimates of fair market values. Because no quoted market prices are available for a significant portion of the Company's financial instruments, the fair value of such instruments has been derived based on the amount and timing of future cash flows and estimated discount rates based on observable inputs (“Level 2”) or unobservable inputs (“Level 3”).

Present value techniques used in estimating the fair value of many of the Company's financial instruments are significantly affected by the assumptions used. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate cash settlement of the instrument. Additionally, the accompanying estimates of fair values are only representative of the fair values of the individual financial assets and liabilities, and should not be considered an indication of the fair value of the Company. Management utilizes internal models used in asset liability management to determine the fair values disclosed below.
34


Other investments include FRB and FHLB stock, whose carrying amounts approximate fair values based on the redemption provisions of each entity.

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at the dates indicated are presented in the following tables:
      Fair Value Measurements
  March 31, 2024 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
(In thousands) Carrying
Amount
Estimated
Fair
Value
Financial assets:          
Cash and cash equivalents $ 410,390  $ 410,390  $ 410,390  $ —  $ — 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale 16,627  16,627  —  16,627  — 
Available-for-sale debt securities 1,100,741  1,100,741  —  1,100,741  — 
Held-to-maturity debt securities 231,354  192,798  —  192,798  — 
Other investments 73,395  73,395  —  73,395  — 
Loans, net of allowance 11,241,188  10,410,156  —  —  10,410,156 
Interest rate swap agreements 17,758  17,758  —  17,758  — 
Accrued interest receivable 47,152  47,152  47,152  —  — 
Bank owned life insurance 163,381  163,381  —  163,381  — 
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits $ 2,621,510  $ 2,607,502  $ —  $ 2,607,502  $ — 
Other deposits 8,605,690  8,605,690  8,605,690  —  — 
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and
federal funds purchased 71,529  71,529  —  71,529  — 
Advances from FHLB 500,000  494,226  —  494,226  — 
Subordinated debt 370,952  347,396  —  —  347,396 
Interest rate swap agreements 17,758  17,758  —  17,758  — 
Accrued interest payable 22,080  22,080  22,080  —  — 

      Fair Value Measurements
  December 31, 2023 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
(In thousands) Carrying
Amount
Estimated
Fair
Value
Financial assets:          
Cash and cash equivalents $ 545,898  $ 545,898  $ 545,898  $ —  $ — 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale 10,836  10,836  —  10,836  — 
Investments available-for-sale 1,102,681  1,102,681  —  1,102,681  — 
Held-to-maturity debt securities 236,165  200,411  —  200,411  — 
Other investments 75,607  75,607  —  75,607  — 
Loans, net of allowance 11,246,124  10,476,059  —  —  10,476,059 
Interest rate swap agreements 15,867  15,867  —  15,867  — 
Accrued interest receivable 46,583  46,583  46,583  —  — 
Bank owned life insurance 158,921  158,921  —  158,921  — 
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits $ 2,714,555  $ 2,704,013  $ —  $ 2,704,013  $ — 
Other deposits 8,281,983  8,281,983  8,281,983  —  — 
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and
federal funds purchased 375,032  375,032  —  375,032  — 
Advances from FHLB 550,000  547,271  —  547,271  — 
Subordinated debt 370,803  348,185  —  —  348,185 
Interest rate swap agreements 15,867  15,867  —  15,867  — 
Accrued interest payable 30,367  30,367  30,367  —  — 

35


Item 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
Forward-Looking Statements
This report, as well as other periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and written or oral communications made from time to time by or on behalf of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”), may contain statements relating to future events or future results of the Company that are considered “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “estimate,” “intend” and “potential,” or words of similar meaning, or future or conditional verbs such as “should,” “could,” or “may.” Forward-looking statements include statements of our goals, intentions and expectations; statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies; statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolios; and estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits.
 
Forward-looking statements reflect our expectation or prediction of future conditions, events or results based on information currently available. These forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in such statements. These principal risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risks identified in Item 1A of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A of Part II of this report and the following:

•changes in general business and economic conditions nationally or in the markets that we serve;
•changes in consumer and business confidence, investor sentiment, or consumer spending or savings behavior;
•changes in the level of inflation;
•changes in the demand for loans, deposits and other financial services that we provide;
•the possibility that future credit losses may be higher than currently expected;
•the impact of the interest rate environment on our business, financial condition and results of operations;
•the impact of compliance with changes in laws, regulations and regulatory interpretations, including changes in income taxes;
•changes in credit ratings assigned to us or our subsidiaries;
•the ability to realize benefits and cost savings from, and limit any unexpected liabilities associated with, any business combinations;
•competitive pressures among financial services companies;
•the ability to attract, develop and retain qualified employees;
•our ability to maintain the security of our data processing and information technology systems;
•the impact of changes in accounting policies, including the introduction of new accounting standards;
•the impact of judicial or regulatory proceedings;
•the impact of fiscal and governmental policies of the United States federal government;
•the impact of health emergencies, epidemics or pandemics;
•the effects of climate change; and
•the impact of natural disasters, extreme weather events, military conflict, terrorism or other geopolitical events.
 
Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. The Company does not undertake to update forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the date of this report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events except as required by federal securities laws.

The Company
Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. is the bank holding company for Sandy Spring Bank. Throughout this report, references to the
“Company,” “we,” “our,” “us,” and similar terms refer to the consolidated entity consisting of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries. “Bancorp” refers solely to the parent holding company, and the “Bank” refers solely to Bancorp’s subsidiary bank, Sandy Spring Bank. Bancorp is the bank holding company for the Bank, which is a community banking organization that focuses its lending and other services on businesses and consumers in the local market area. At March 31, 2024, the Company had $13.9 billion in total assets, compared to $14.0 billion at December 31, 2023. Bancorp is registered as a bank holding company pursuant to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and is subject to supervision and regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”).
 
The Bank is an independent and community-oriented bank that offers a broad range of commercial banking, retail banking, mortgage and trust services throughout central Maryland, Virginia, and the greater Washington, D.C. market. Through its subsidiaries, West Financial Services, Inc. ("West") and SSB Wealth Management, Inc. (d/b/a Rembert Pendleton Jackson, "RPJ”), the Bank also offers wealth management services.
36



The Bank is a state-chartered bank subject to supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve and the State of Maryland. Deposit accounts of the Bank are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) to the maximum amount permitted by law. The Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System and is an Equal Housing Lender. Bancorp, the Bank, and its other subsidiaries are Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employers.

Current Quarter Financial Overview
For the quarter ended March 31, 2024, we reported net income of $20.4 million ($0.45 per diluted common share), compared to net income of $51.3 million ($1.14 per diluted common share) for the first quarter of 2023 and $26.1 million ($0.58 per diluted common share) for the fourth quarter of 2023. Current quarter core earnings were $21.9 million ($0.49 per diluted common share), compared to $27.1 million ($0.60 per diluted common share) for the quarter ended December 31, 2023 and $52.3 million ($1.16 per diluted common share) for the quarter ended March 31, 2023. Core earnings exclude the after-tax impact of amortization of intangibles, investment securities gains or losses and other non-recurring or extraordinary items. The year-over-year and quarter-over-quarter declines in net income and core earnings were driven primarily by the higher provision for credit losses and the declines in net interest income from both periods.

The current quarter reflects the following:
 
•Total assets at March 31, 2024 decreased by 1% to $13.9 billion compared to $14.0 billion at December 31, 2023.

•Total loans remained level at $11.4 billion at March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023. During the current quarter, we reduced our concentration in the investor commercial real estate segment by $106.5 million, while the AD&C portfolio increased by $101.3 million, mainly as a result of draws on existing loans. Total commercial business loans and lines and mortgage and consumer loan portfolios remained relatively unchanged during this period.

•Deposits increased $230.7 million or 2% to $11.2 billion at March 31, 2024 compared to $11.0 billion at December 31, 2023, as interest-bearing deposits increased $326.9 million, while noninterest-bearing deposits declined $96.2 million. Strong growth in the interest-bearing deposit categories was mainly experienced within savings accounts, which grew by $303.9 million compared to the linked quarter. Interest checking and money market accounts increased $64.5 million and $51.6 million, respectively, while time deposits decreased $93.0 million. Decline within noninterest-bearing deposit categories was driven by lower balances in commercial and small business checking accounts.

•The ratio of non-performing loans to total loans was 0.74% at March 31, 2024 compared to 0.81% at December 31, 2023 and 0.41% at March 31, 2023. The current quarter's reduction in non-performing loans was related to full payoffs of several non-accrual loans in combination with the movement of one investment commercial real estate loan from a non-accrual category into the other real estate owned. Net charge-offs for the current quarter totaled $1.1 million.

•Total borrowings declined in the current quarter by $353.4 million or 27% over the amounts at December 31, 2023, mainly due to the full payoff of $300.0 million of outstanding borrowings through the Federal Reserve Bank's Bank Term Funding Program and a $50.0 million reduction in FHLB advances.

•Net interest income for the first quarter of 2024 declined $2.4 million or 3% compared to the previous quarter and $18.0 million or 18% compared to the first quarter of 2023. During the recent quarter, the $0.4 million growth in interest income was more than offset by the $2.7 million increase in interest expense.

•The net interest margin was 2.41% for the first quarter of 2024 compared to 2.45% for the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2.99% for the first quarter of 2023. Overall, the rate of net interest margin contraction slowed down during the current quarter and we experienced a margin increase during the last month of the current quarter. Compared to the linked quarter, the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities rose 10 basis points, while the yield on interest-earning assets increased 9 basis points.

•Provision for credit losses directly attributable to the funded loan portfolio was $3.3 million for the current quarter compared to a credit of $2.6 million in the previous quarter and a credit of $18.9 million in the prior year quarter. The increase in the provision during the current quarter was attributable to the risk adjustments applied to specific industries within the commercial real estate segment, partially offset by lower individual reserves, the result of several payoffs of non-accrual loans, and reduced probability of an economic recession. In addition, during the current quarter, the reserve for unfunded commitments decreased by $0.9 million, a result of higher utilization rates on lines of credit.
37



•Non-interest income for the first quarter of 2024 increased by 11% or $1.8 million compared to the linked quarter and grew by 15% or $2.4 million compared to the prior year quarter. The quarter-over-quarter increase was mainly driven by higher wealth management income, due to a 3% increase in assets under management and the overall favorable market performance, along with higher income from mortgage banking activities and other income, generated by higher credit-related fees.

•Non-interest expense for the first quarter of 2024 increased $0.9 million or 1% compared to the fourth quarter of 2023 and $1.7 million or 3% compared to the prior year quarter. The current quarter's increase in non-interest expense as compared to the linked quarter was primarily due to higher salaries and benefits as more employees were subject to the employer-related payroll taxes during the current quarter as compared to the linked quarter, partially offset by lower professional fees and lower marketing expense.

•Return on average assets (“ROA”) for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 was 0.58% and return on average tangible common equity (“ROTCE”) was 7.39% compared to 0.73% and 9.26%, respectively, for the fourth quarter of 2023 and 1.49% and 19.10%, respectively, for the first quarter of 2023. On a non-GAAP basis, the current quarter's core ROA was 0.63% and core ROTCE was 7.39% compared to 0.76% and 9.26%, respectively, for the previous quarter and 1.52% and 19.11%, respectively, for the first quarter of 2023.

•The GAAP efficiency ratio was 69.60% for the first quarter of 2024, compared to 68.33% for the fourth quarter of 2023 and 58.55% for the first quarter of 2023. The non-GAAP efficiency ratio was 66.73% for the first quarter of 2024 compared to 66.16% for the fourth quarter of 2023 and 56.87% for the first quarter of 2023. The increase in both the GAAP and non-GAAP efficiency ratios (reflecting a decrease in efficiency) in the current quarter compared to the previous quarter and the first quarter of 2023 was the result of declines in net revenue from the prior periods coupled with the growth in non-interest expense.

Summary of Comparative First Quarter Results
 
Balance Sheet and Credit Quality
Total assets were $13.9 billion at March 31, 2024, as compared to $14.1 billion at March 31, 2023. Total loans stayed relatively unchanged at $11.4 billion at March 31, 2024 compared to March 31, 2023. Total commercial real estate and business loans declined $82.7 million or 1% due to a $169.6 million or 3% decline in the investor commercial real estate loan portfolio, while AD&C and business loans and lines grew $43.6 million or 4% and $72.1 million or 5%, respectively. Total residential mortgage loans grew $183.1 million or 14% due to the retention of organic loan production, in addition to the migration of construction loans into the residential mortgage portfolio.

Deposits increased $151.2 million or 1% to $11.2 billion at March 31, 2024 compared to $11.1 billion at March 31, 2023. During this period, total interest-bearing deposits increased $562.0 million or 7%, while noninterest-bearing deposits declined $410.7 million or 13%. Growth within interest-bearing deposit categories was driven by savings accounts, which increased by $1.1 billion, which was partially offset by the $530.2 million decrease in money market accounts. Core deposits, which exclude brokered deposits, increased $627.3 million or 6% year-over-year and represented 93% of total deposits as of March 31, 2024 compared to 88% at March 31, 2023, reflecting the stability and strength of the core deposit base. The deposit growth experienced during the preceding twelve months resulted in the loan to deposit ratio declining to 101% at March 31, 2024 from 103% at March 31, 2023. Total uninsured deposits at March 31, 2024 were approximately 33% of total deposits. The Company offers its customers reciprocal deposit arrangements, which provide FDIC deposit insurance for accounts that would otherwise exceed deposit insurance limits. At March 31, 2024 balances in the Company's reciprocal deposit accounts increased by $625.2 million during the previous twelve months.

Total borrowings declined by $430.5 million or 31% at March 31, 2024 as compared to the previous year. During the previous twelve months, FHLB advances and federal funds purchased declined $250.0 million and $205.0 million, respectively. At March 31, 2024, contingent liquidity, which consists of available FHLB borrowings, fed funds, available funds through the Federal Reserve Bank's discount window, as well as excess cash and unpledged investment securities totaled $6.3 billion or 170% of uninsured deposits. At March 31, 2024, total cash and cash equivalents were $410.4 million, a decrease of $85.3 million or 17% compared to March 31, 2023.

38


The tangible common equity ratio increased to 8.86% of tangible assets at March 31, 2024, compared to 8.40% at March 31, 2023. This increase reflected the effect of tangible capital growth of 4% in combination with a 2% decline in tangible assets during the period.

At March 31, 2024, the Company had a total risk-based capital ratio of 15.05%, a common equity tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 10.96%, a tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 10.96%, and a tier 1 leverage ratio of 9.56%.

Non-performing loans include non-accrual loans and accruing loans 90 days or more past due. Overall credit quality remained stable, as the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans was 0.74% at March 31, 2024 compared to 0.81% at December 31, 2023. These levels of non-performing loans compare to 0.41% at March 31, 2023. At March 31, 2024, non-performing loans totaled $84.4 million, compared to $91.8 million at December 31, 2023 and $47.2 million at March 31, 2023. The current quarter's decrease in non-performing loans was mainly related to several full payoffs, charge-offs and the transfer of one commercial real estate loan into other real estate owned. The majority of the non-accrual loans fully paid off during the current quarter were previously adequately reserved for, which provided a benefit to the current quarter's provision expense as the respective individual reserves were released upon the full payoff. Additionally, during the current quarter, we foreclosed on and transferred one investment commercial real estate property out of non-accrual loan category into other real estate owned category. Total net charge-offs for the current quarter amounted to $1.1 million compared to net recoveries of $0.1 million for the fourth quarter of 2023 and $0.3 million of net recoveries for the first quarter of 2023.

At March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses was $123.1 million or 1.08% of outstanding loans and 146% of non-performing loans, compared to $120.9 million or 1.06% of outstanding loans and 132% of non-performing loans at the end of the previous quarter, and $117.6 million or 1.03% of outstanding loans and 249% of non-performing loans at the end of the first quarter of 2023. The increase in the allowance for the current quarter compared to the previous quarter mainly reflects updates to the qualitative risk adjustments applied to specific industries within the commercial real estate segment, partially offset by lower individual reserves due to non-accrual loan payoffs and the reduced probability of an economic recession.

Quarterly Results of Operations
Net income was $20.4 million ($0.45 per diluted common share) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $51.3 million ($1.14 per diluted common share) for the prior year quarter. The decline in quarterly net income was primarily attributable to the year-over-year decline in net interest income as a result of the significant increase in funding cost and higher provision for credit losses.

Net interest income decreased $18.0 million or 18% for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023, as the $14.7 million growth in interest income was more than offset by interest expense growth of $32.6 million. The provision for credit losses was $2.4 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to a credit of $21.5 million for the first quarter of 2023. Non-interest income for the current quarter increased by 15% or $2.4 million compared to the prior year quarter. This increase was the cumulative result of the increase in wealth management income driven by market performance, higher service charges on deposits and an increase in credit-related fees. Non-interest expense increased $1.7 million or 3% for the first quarter of 2023, compared to the prior year quarter driven primarily by higher professional expenses coupled with general operating expenses, partially offset by lower compensation and marketing expenses.

39


Results of Operations
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

We recorded net income of $20.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to net income of $51.3 million for the same period in the prior year. Core earnings were $21.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $52.3 million for the same period in the prior year. Core earnings exclude the after-tax impact of amortization of intangibles, investment securities gains or losses and other non-recurring or extraordinary items. Year-to-date net income declined as a result of an increase in the provision for credit losses along with lower net interest income, partially offset by the higher non-interest income. Pre-tax, pre-provision net income declined to $29.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $46.9 million for the prior year period as a result of the lower net interest income.

Net Interest Income
For the three months ended March 31, 2024, net interest income decreased $18.0 million compared to the prior year period as a result of the $32.6 million increase in interest expense, partially offset by the $14.7 million increase in interest income. Interest expense growth was primarily due to the additional interest expense associated with savings, time deposit and money market accounts. On a tax-equivalent basis, net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 declined to $80.4 million compared to $98.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as a result of the aforementioned increase in interest expense outpacing the growth in interest income.

Our net interest margin declined to 2.41% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to 2.99% for the prior year period, primarily as a result of higher funding cost due to the rising interest rate environment and market competition for deposits over the period. For the comparative period, the average yield on earning assets improved 38 basis points while the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities rose 115 basis points, resulting in margin compression of 58 basis points. During the comparative period, average interest-earning assets increased by 1% and average interest-bearing liabilities grew by 9%.

At March 31, 2024, average total loans comprised 85% of average interest-earnings assets compared to 86% at March 31, 2023, with an average yield of 5.35% and 4.99%, respectively. In addition, the average yield on investment securities increased to 2.32% for the current quarter compared to 2.20% for the prior year quarter. These portfolio yield movements resulted in the rise in the overall yield on interest-earnings assets to 5.01% at March 31, 2024 from 4.63% at March 31, 2023.

Average rate paid on average interest-bearing liabilities grew by 115 basis points as the average rate increased from 2.49% for the first quarter of 2023 to 3.64% for the first quarter of 2024 driven by the 134 basis point increase in the average rate paid on interest-bearing deposits. Average rates paid on interest-bearing deposits increased in all deposit categories. Average interest-bearing deposits increased 10% for the current quarter compared to the same period for the prior year, driven by a 186% increase in savings accounts. The percentage of average noninterest-bearing deposits to total average deposits decreased to 25% in the current quarter compared to 31% in the first quarter of 2023 due to declines in commercial and small business checking deposit balances.
40


Consolidated Average Balances, Yields and Rates
  Three Months Ended March 31,
  2024 2023
(Dollars in thousands and tax-equivalent) Average
Balances
Interest (1)
Annualized
Average
Yield/Rate
Average
Balances


Interest (1)
Annualized
Average
Yield/Rate
Assets:            
Commercial investor real estate loans $ 5,057,334  $ 59,642  4.74  % $ 5,136,204  $ 57,801  4.56  %
Commercial owner-occupied real estate loans 1,746,042  20,718  4.77  1,769,680  19,598  4.49 
Commercial AD&C loans 1,030,763  21,253  8.29  1,082,791  19,839  7.43 
Commercial business loans 1,508,336  26,061  6.95  1,444,588  22,200  6.23 
Total commercial loans 9,342,475  127,674  5.50  9,433,263  119,438  5.13 
Residential mortgage loans 1,491,277  13,805  3.70  1,307,761  11,418  3.49 
Residential construction loans 110,456  1,256  4.57  223,313  1,814  3.29 
Consumer loans 417,539  8,541  8.23  424,122  7,587  7.25 
Total residential and consumer loans 2,019,272  23,602  4.69  1,955,196  20,819  4.29 
Total loans (2)
11,361,747  151,276  5.35  11,388,459  140,257  4.99 
Loans held for sale 8,142  128  6.29  8,324  152  7.29 
Taxable securities 1,188,446  6,663  2.24  1,297,769  7,008  2.16 
Tax-advantaged securities 347,681  2,255  2.60  381,824  2,210  2.32 
Total investment securities (3)
1,536,127  8,918  2.32  1,679,593  9,218  2.20 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks 505,461  6,786  5.40  239,459  2,686  4.55 
Federal funds sold 333  5.50  330  4.69 
Total interest-earning assets 13,411,810  167,113  5.01  13,316,165  152,317  4.63 
Less: allowance for credit losses - loans (119,487) (136,899)  
Cash and due from banks 82,667  95,057   
Premises and equipment, net 59,776  67,696   
Other assets 627,169  607,257   
Total assets $ 14,061,935  $ 13,949,276   
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity:        
Interest-bearing demand deposits $ 1,476,961  $ 5,901  1.61  % $ 1,381,858  $ 2,630  0.77  %
Regular savings deposits 1,444,713  12,880  3.59  505,364  363  0.29 
Money market savings deposits 2,731,291  24,646  3.63  3,299,794  21,338  2.62 
Time deposits 2,702,885  29,939  4.45  2,382,542  16,457  2.80 
Total interest-bearing deposits 8,355,850  73,366  3.53  7,569,558  40,788  2.19 
Federal funds purchased and Federal Reserve Bank borrowings 237,373  2,992  5.07  171,222  2,083  4.93 
Repurchase agreements 72,836  394  2.17  60,626  21  0.14 
Advances from FHLB 546,154  5,973  4.40  635,056  7,207  4.60 
Subordinated debentures 370,861  3,946  4.26  370,258  3,946  4.26 
Total borrowings 1,227,224  13,305  4.36  1,237,162  13,257  4.35 
Total interest-bearing liabilities 9,583,074  86,671  3.64  8,806,720  54,045  2.49 
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits 2,730,295  3,480,433 
Other liabilities 163,664  170,194 
Stockholders' equity 1,584,902  1,491,929 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 14,061,935  $ 13,949,276 
Tax-equivalent net interest income and spread $ 80,442  1.37  % $ 98,272  2.14  %
Less: tax-equivalent adjustment 1,099  970 
Net interest income $ 79,343  $ 97,302 
Interest income/earning assets 5.01  % 4.63  %
Interest expense/earning assets 2.60  1.64 
Net interest margin 2.41  % 2.99  %
(1)Tax-equivalent income has been adjusted using the combined marginal federal and state rate of 25.37% and 25.47% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The annualized taxable-equivalent adjustments utilized in the above table to compute yields aggregated to $1.1 million and $1.0 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2)Non-accrual loans are included in the average balances.
(3)Investments available-for-sale are presented at amortized cost.
41



Effect of Volume and Rate Changes on Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income
The following table analyzes the reasons for the changes from year-to-year in the principal elements that comprise tax-equivalent net interest income:
 
2024 vs. 2023
2023 vs. 2022
  Increase
Or
(Decrease)
Due to Change In Average:* Increase
Or
(Decrease)
Due to Change In Average:*
(Dollars in thousands and tax equivalent) Volume Rate Volume Rate
Interest income from earning assets:            
  Commercial investor real estate loans $ 1,841  $ (772) $ 2,613  $ 16,167  $ 9,828  $ 6,339 
  Commercial owner-occupied real estate loans 1,120  (237) 1,357  1,166  956  210 
  Commercial AD&C loans 1,414  (944) 2,358  9,246  (194) 9,440 
  Commercial business loans 3,861  1,067  2,794  5,846  894  4,952 
  Residential mortgage loans 2,387  1,671  716  3,644  2,973  671 
  Residential construction loans (558) (1,118) 560  257  212  45 
  Consumer loans 954  (115) 1,069  3,998  (6) 4,004 
  Loans held for sale (24) (3) (21) (46) (132) 86 
  Taxable securities (345) (598) 253  2,901  512  2,389 
  Tax-exempt securities 45  (207) 252  (341) (406) 65 
  Interest-bearing deposits with banks 4,100  3,510  590  2,573  (9) 2,582 
  Federal funds sold —  — 
Total tax-equivalent interest income 14,796  2,254  12,542  45,415  14,628  30,787 
Interest expense on funding of earning assets:
  Interest-bearing demand deposits 3,271  194  3,077  2,472  (13) 2,485 
  Regular savings deposits 12,517  1,758  10,759  344  (1) 345 
  Money market savings deposits 3,308  (4,097) 7,405  20,713  (23) 20,736 
  Time deposits 13,482  2,505  10,977  14,966  2,081  12,885 
Federal funds purchased and Federal Reserve Bank borrowings 909  847  62  2,068  144  1,924 
  Repurchase agreements 373  368  (18) (24)
  Advances from FHLB (1,234) (942) (292) 7,207  7,207  — 
  Subordinated debentures —  —  —  1,708  1,779  (71)
Total interest expense 32,626  270  32,356  49,460  11,150  38,310 
Tax-equivalent net interest income $ (17,830) $ 1,984  $ (19,814) $ (4,045) $ 3,478  $ (7,523)
*Variances that are the combined effect of volume and rate, but cannot be separately identified, are allocated to the volume and rate variances based on their respective relative amounts.
 
Interest Income
The Company’s total tax-equivalent interest income increased 10% to $167.1 million for the first three months of 2024 compared to $152.3 million for the prior year period as interest income increased in most of the major earning asset categories led by the $8.2 million interest income growth in commercial loans and, to a lesser extent, the $4.1 million growth in interest income earned in interest-bearing deposits with banks. The increase in interest income was driven by commercial loans, predominantly from business loans and lines segment, and, to a lesser degree commercial real estate loans.
 
Average interest-earning assets rose 1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period for 2023. During the comparative period, total average commercial real estate loans declined 2%, while average commercial business loans rose 4%. Average residential mortgage loans increased 14% during the same time period as a greater number of one-year ARM loans were retained in the portfolio. Compared to the prior year, the yield on average loans increased 36 basis points. The average balance of the investment portfolio decreased 9% for the first three months of 2024 compared to the first three months of 2023. Interest income from the investment securities portfolio decreased 3%, as a result of lower average investment portfolio balances.

Overall, the average yield on interest-earning assets grew to 5.01% for the first three month of 2024 compared to 4.63% for the prior year period as average yields on loans and investment securities increased compared to the same period of the prior year, reflecting general market interest rates during the previous twelve months.

42


Interest Expense
For the first three months of 2024, interest expense increased $32.6 million compared to the first three months of 2023, purely driven by the year-over-year increase in deposit interest expense. This increase from period to period was due to the increase in market interest rates coupled with the increase in average balances of interest-bearing deposits. The impact of the rise in rates resulted in the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities for the year-to-date rising to 3.64% from 2.49% for the prior year period. During this period, the average balance of saving accounts grew significantly, as our customers moved their funds from noninterest-bearing products to higher yielding deposits accounts to take advantage of competitive deposit rates.

Non-interest Income
Non-interest income amounts and trends are presented in the following table for the periods indicated:
 
  Three Months Ended March 31,
2024/2023
2024/2023
(Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 $ Change % Change
Securities gains $ —  $ —  $ —  N/M
Service charges on deposit accounts 2,817  2,388  429  18.0
Mortgage banking activities 1,374  1,245  129  10.4
Wealth management income 9,958  8,992  966  10.7
Income from bank owned life insurance 1,160  907  253  27.9
Bank card fees 413  418  (5) (1.2)
Other income 2,645  2,001  644  32.2
Total non-interest income $ 18,367  $ 15,951  $ 2,416  15.1
 N/M - Not meaningful

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, non-interest income increased 15% to $18.4 million compared to $16.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This increase is mainly the cumulative result of higher wealth management income driven by higher assets under management and overall favorable market performance during the current quarter, increased other income due to credit-related fees and higher service fees on deposit accounts.

Further detail of non-interest income activity for the first three months of 2024 versus 2023 is provided as follows:
 
•Service charges on deposit accounts increased 18% as the growth in service charge income on commercial demand deposit accounts increased 26% along with the 17% increase in returned check charges.
•Income from mortgage banking activities increased 10% as a result of higher margins generated on loan sales during the current quarter as compared to the prior year quarter.
•Wealth management income, comprised of income from trust and estate services and investment management fees earned by the Company’s investment management subsidiaries increased by 11% due to favorable market performance and an increase in assets under management. Overall, total assets under management increased to $6.2 billion at March 31, 2024 compared to $5.5 billion at March 31, 2023.
•Bank-owned life insurance income increased 28% as a result of company owned life insurance policy returns tied to deferred compensation plans.
•Bank card fee income was level during the current quarter compared to the first quarter of the prior year.
•Other income increased by 32% or $0.6 million, as a result of the increase in credit-related fees.

43


Non-interest Expense
Non-interest expense amounts and trends are presented in the following table for the periods indicated:
 
  Three Months Ended March 31,
2024/2023
2024/2023
(Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 $ Change % Change
Salaries and employee benefits $ 36,698  $ 38,926  $ (2,228) (5.7) %
Occupancy expense of premises 4,816  4,847  (31) (0.6)
Equipment expense 3,963  4,117  (154) (3.7)
Marketing 742  1,543  (801) (51.9)
Outside data services 3,103  2,514  589  23.4 
FDIC insurance 2,911  2,138  773  36.2 
Amortization of intangible assets 2,069  1,306  763  58.4 
Professional fees and services 4,880  3,684  1,196  32.5 
Other expenses 8,824  7,230  1,594  22.0 
Total non-interest expense $ 68,006  $ 66,305  $ 1,701  2.6 

Non-interest expense increased 3% to $68.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $66.3 million for the first quarter of 2023. The drivers of the increase in non-interest expense were a $1.6 million increase in other operating expenses, a $1.2 million increase in professional fees, $0.8 million increases in each of amortization of intangible assets and FDIC expense, and a $0.6 million increase in outside data services. These increases were partially offset by a $2.2 million decrease in salaries and employee benefits and a $0.8 million decrease in marketing expense.

Further detail by category of non-interest expense activity for the first three months of 2024 versus 2023 is provided as follows:

•Salaries and employee benefits, the largest component of non-interest expense, decreased 6% or $2.2 million as a result of the decline in employer-related taxes along with lower employer match contributions to the 401(k) plan.
•Combined occupancy and equipment expenses decreased 2% due to lower rental expense and depreciation of equipment.
•Marketing expense decreased 52% due to the prior period's higher advertising costs, which focused on deposit gathering efforts.
•Outside data services expense increased 23% due to the increase in volume-based components of contractual-based services.
•FDIC insurance increased 36% for 2024 as a result of the changes in company specific risk measure values used in the determination of the assessment rate.
•Amortization of intangible assets increased as a result of higher amortization of software licensed intangible assets.
•Professional fees and services grew 32% mainly as a result of an increase in utilization of IT consulting services to assist in the implementation of enhanced data capabilities and various other software platforms.
•Other non-interest expenses increased $1.6 million due to a variety of miscellaneous operating costs.

Income Taxes
The Company had income tax expense of $6.9 million in the first three months of 2024, compared to income tax expense of $17.2 million in the first three months of 2023, as a result of the decrease in current year-to-date pre-tax earnings compared to the prior year's pre-tax earnings. The effective tax rate for the first three months of 2024 was 25.4%, compared to a tax rate of 25.2% for the same period in 2023. The increase in the current year's effective tax rate is the result of pre-tax income containing a lower proportion of income permanently excludable for income tax purposes compared to the prior year period.
 
Operating Expense Performance
Management views the GAAP efficiency ratio as an important financial measure of expense performance and cost management. The ratio expresses the level of non-interest expense as a percentage of total revenue (net interest income plus total non-interest income). Lower ratios indicate improved productivity.
 
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We also use a traditional efficiency ratio that is a non-GAAP financial measure of operating expense control and efficiency of operations. Management believes that its traditional efficiency ratio better focuses attention on the operating performance over time than does a GAAP efficiency ratio, and that it is highly useful in comparing period-to-period operating performance of our core business operations. It is used by management as part of its assessment of its performance in managing non-interest expense. However, this measure is supplemental, and is not a substitute for an analysis of performance based on GAAP measures.
44


The reader is cautioned that the non-GAAP efficiency ratio used by us may not be comparable to GAAP or non-GAAP efficiency ratios reported by other financial institutions.
 
In general, the efficiency ratio is non-interest expense as a percentage of net interest income plus non-interest income. Non-interest expense used in the calculation of the non-GAAP efficiency ratio excludes the amortization of intangibles, and other non-core expenses, such as contingent payment expense. Income for the non-GAAP efficiency ratio includes the favorable effect of tax-exempt income, and excludes securities gains and losses, which vary widely from period to period without appreciably affecting operating expenses, and other non-recurring gains (if any). For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the GAAP efficiency ratio was 69.60% compared to 58.55% for the same period in 2023. The current period's erosion in the GAAP efficiency ratio compared to the prior year period is directly related to the decline in revenues and the rise in non-interest expense during the period. The non-GAAP efficiency ratio for the current year was 66.73% compared to 56.87% for the prior year. The current year’s non-GAAP efficiency ratio compared to the prior year indicates a decline in efficiency and is the result of the 13% decrease in non-GAAP revenue combined with the 1% growth in non-GAAP non-interest expense.
 
In addition, we use pre-tax, pre-provision net income, as a measure of the level of certain recurring income before taxes. Management believes this provides financial statement users with a useful metric of the run-rate of revenues and expenses that is readily comparable to other financial institutions. This measure is calculated by adding/ (subtracting) the provision (credit) for credit losses and the provision for income taxes back to/from net income. This metric declined for the first three months of 2024 compared to the same period for 2023, due primarily to the decline in net interest income.

We have presented core earnings, core earnings per share, core return on average assets ("core ROA") and core return on average tangible common equity ("core ROTCE") in order to present metrics that are more comparable to prior periods to provide an indication of the core performance of the Company year over year. Core earnings reflect net income exclusive of amortization of intangible assets, investment securities gains or losses and non-recurring or extraordinary items, such as contingent payment expense, all net of tax. Core earnings were $21.9 million ($0.49 per diluted common share) for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $52.3 million ($1.16 per diluted common share) for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Average tangible assets and average tangible common equity represent average assets and average stockholders’ equity adjusted for average goodwill and average intangible assets. The ROA for the first three months of 2024 was 0.58% compared to 1.49% for the same period of the prior year. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the non-GAAP core ROA was 0.63% compared to 1.52% for the same period in the prior year. ROTCE was 7.39% for the first three months of 2024 compared to 19.10% for the first three months of 2023. The non-GAAP core ROTCE was 7.39% for the first three months of 2024 compared to 19.11% for the first three months of 2023.

45


GAAP and Non-GAAP Efficiency Ratios and Measures
  Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023
Pre-tax pre-provision net income:
Net income $ 20,372 $ 51,253
Plus/ (less) non-GAAP adjustments:
Income tax expense 6,944 17,231
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses 2,388 (21,536)
Pre-tax pre-provision net income $ 29,704 $ 46,948
Efficiency ratio (GAAP):
Non-interest expense $ 68,006 $ 66,305
Net interest income plus non-interest income $ 97,710 $ 113,253
Efficiency ratio (GAAP) 69.60  % 58.55  %
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP):
Non-interest expense $ 68,006 $ 66,305
Less non-GAAP adjustments:
Amortization of intangible assets 2,069 1,306
Contingent payment expense 36
Non-interest expense - as adjusted $ 65,937 $ 64,963
Net interest income plus non-interest income $ 97,710 $ 113,253
Plus non-GAAP adjustment:
Tax-equivalent income 1,099 970
Less non-GAAP adjustment:
Securities gains
Net interest income plus non-interest income - as adjusted $ 98,809 $ 114,223
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) 66.73  % 56.87  %
 
46


GAAP and Non-GAAP Performance Ratios
  Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023
Core earnings (non-GAAP):
Net income $ 20,372 $ 51,253
Plus/ (less) non-GAAP adjustments (net of tax):
Amortization of intangible assets 1,544 973
Investment securities gains
Contingent payment expense 27
Core earnings (non-GAAP) $ 21,916 $ 52,253
Core earnings per common share (non-GAAP):
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted (GAAP) 45,086,471 44,872,582
Earnings per diluted common share (GAAP) $ 0.45 $ 1.14
Core earnings per diluted common share (non-GAAP) $ 0.49 $ 1.16
Core return on average assets (non-GAAP):
Average assets (GAAP) $ 14,061,935 $ 13,949,276
Return on average assets (GAAP) 0.58  % 1.49  %
Core return on average assets (non-GAAP) 0.63  % 1.52  %
Return/ Core return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP):
Net Income (GAAP) $ 20,372 $ 51,253
Plus: Amortization of intangible assets (net of tax) 1,544 973
Net income before amortization of intangible assets $ 21,916 $ 52,226
Core return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP):
Average assets (GAAP) $ 14,061,935 $ 13,949,276
Average goodwill (363,436) (363,436)
Average other intangible assets, net (29,260) (19,380)
Average tangible assets (non-GAAP) $ 13,669,239 $ 13,566,460
Average total stockholders' equity (GAAP) $ 1,584,902 $ 1,491,929
Average goodwill (363,436) (363,436)
Average other intangible assets, net (29,260) (19,380)
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) $ 1,192,206 $ 1,109,113
Return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) 7.39  % 19.10  %
Core return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) 7.39  % 19.11  %
Average tangible common equity to average tangible assets (non-GAAP) 8.72  % 8.18  %

47


FINANCIAL CONDITION
Total assets at March 31, 2024 decreased 1% to $13.9 billion compared to $14.0 billion at December 31, 2023. Total loan balances were relatively unchanged at the end of the current quarter as compared to the previous quarter. Investment commercial real estate loans decreased $106.5 million or 2% quarter-over-quarter, while AD&C portfolio grew $101.3 million or 10% during this period. Commercial business loan and lines and total mortgage and consumer loan portfolios remained relatively unchanged. Deposit balances increased to $11.2 billion at March 31, 2024 compared to $11.0 billion at December 31, 2023. The availability of competitive high yields in savings and time deposit products resulted in noninterest-bearing deposits declining 3%. This run-off was more than compensated for by offering higher yielding savings accounts along with the growth in interest checking and money market accounts resulting in a 4% increase in interest-bearing deposits. The increase in deposits along with the stability of loan balances resulted in the loan to deposit ratio declining to 101% at March 31, 2024 from 103% at December 31, 2023.
 
Analysis of Loans
A comparison of the loan portfolio at the dates indicated is presented in the following table:

  March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Period-to-Period Change
(Dollars in thousands) Amount % Amount % Amount %
Commercial real estate:            
Commercial investor real estate $ 4,997,879  44.0  % $ 5,104,425  44.9  % $ (106,546) (2.1)
Commercial owner-occupied real estate 1,741,113  15.3  1,755,235  15.4  (14,122) (0.8)
Commercial AD&C 1,090,259  9.6  988,967  8.7  101,292  10.2
Commercial business 1,509,592  13.3  1,504,880  13.3  4,712  0.3
Total commercial loans 9,338,843  82.2  9,353,507  82.3  (14,664) (0.2)
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage 1,511,624  13.3  1,474,521  13.0  37,103  2.5
Residential construction 97,685  0.9  121,419  1.1  (23,734) (19.5)
Consumer 416,132  3.6  417,542  3.6  (1,410) (0.3)
Total residential and consumer loans 2,025,441  17.8  2,013,482  17.7  11,959  0.6
Total loans $ 11,364,284  100.0  % $ 11,366,989  100.0  % $ (2,705)

Total loans remained level at $11.4 billion at March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023. Portfolio mix during the first three months of 2024 remained relatively unchanged compared to the prior year-end. During the current year, commercial AD&C portfolio increased by 10% mainly due to draws on existing loans, while investor commercial real estate declined by 2%. Residential mortgage portfolio increased by 3% mainly due to migration of residential construction loans into the residential permanent portfolio, as a number of construction projects were completed. Overall, the lack of loan demand combined with lower payoff activity during the first three months of 2024, as a result of the interest rate environment, resulted in no growth in total loans compared to the prior year-end.
48


Analysis of Investment Securities
The composition of investment securities at the periods indicated is presented in the following table:

  March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Period-to-Period Change
(Dollars in thousands) Amount % Amount % Amount %
Available-for-sale debt securities, at fair value:            
U.S. treasuries and government agencies $ 92,236  6.5  % $ 96,927  6.9  % $ (4,691) (4.8) %
State and municipal 263,986  18.8  268,214  19.0  (4,228) (1.6)
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed 744,519  53.0  737,540  52.1  6,979  0.9 
Total available-for-sale debt securities 1,100,741  78.3  1,102,681  78.0  (1,940) (0.2)
Held-to-maturity debt securities, at amortized cost:
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed 231,354  16.5  236,165  16.7  (4,811) (2.0)
Total held-to-maturity debt securities 231,354  16.5  236,165  16.7  (4,811) (2.0)
Other investments, at cost:          
Federal Reserve Bank stock 39,152  2.8  39,125  2.8  27  0.1 
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta stock 33,566  2.4  35,805  2.5  (2,239) (6.3)
Other 677  —  677  —  —  — 
Total other investments 73,395  5.2  75,607  5.3  (2,212) (2.9)
Total securities $ 1,405,490  100.0  % $ 1,414,453  100.0  % $ (8,963) (0.6)
 
The investment portfolio consists primarily of U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Agency securities, U.S. Agency mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Agency collateralized mortgage obligations, asset-backed securities and state and municipal securities. Total investment securities, which are a source of liquidity for the Company and a contributor to interest income, decreased 1% from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. Total gross unrealized losses on investments available-for-sale increased $7.7 million, from $118.1 million at December 31, 2023 to $125.8 million at March 31, 2024, due to higher market interest rates. Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities at March 31, 2024 are due to changes in interest rates and not credit-related events. As such, no allowance for credit losses is required at March 31, 2024. These unrealized losses are expected to recover over time as available-for-sale securities approach maturity. We do not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that we will be required to sell, these securities, and we have sufficient liquidity to hold these securities for an adequate period of time, which may be maturity, to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

At March 31, 2024, 99% of the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities were invested in Aaa/AAA or Aa/AA-rated securities. The average duration of the portfolio was 4.4 years at March 31, 2024 as compared to 4.6 years at December 31, 2023. Weighted average tax equivalent yield of the total debt securities portfolio was 2.32% at March 31, 2024. The composition and duration of the investment portfolio has resulted in a portfolio with low credit risk that is expected to provide the liquidity needed to meet lending and other funding demands. The portfolio is monitored on a continual basis with consideration given to interest rate trends and the structure of the yield curve and with constant assessment of economic projections and analysis.

Other Earning Assets
Residential mortgage loans held for sale increased to $16.6 million at March 31, 2024, compared to $10.8 million at December 31, 2023, as a result of the associated timing of origination and sale volumes that has occurred during the period. We continue to sell a portion of our residential mortgage loan production in the secondary market. The aggregate of interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold decreased by $132.6 million to $331.1 million at March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023, as, during the current quarter, we fully paid off $300.0 million in outstanding borrowings through the Federal Reserve Bank's Bank Term Funding Program.
 
49


Deposits
The composition of deposits for the periods indicated is presented in the following table:
 
  March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Period-to-Period Change
(Dollars in thousands) Amount % Amount % Amount %
Noninterest-bearing deposits $ 2,817,928  25.1  % $ 2,914,161  26.5  % $ (96,233) (3.3) %
Interest-bearing deposits:    
Demand 1,528,184  13.6  1,463,679  13.3  64,505  4.4 
Money market savings 2,680,474  23.9  2,628,918  23.9  51,556  2.0 
Regular savings 1,579,104  14.1  1,275,225  11.6  303,879  23.8 
Time deposits of less than $250,000 1,978,545  17.6  2,068,259  18.8  (89,714) (4.3)
Time deposits of $250,000 or more 642,965  5.7  646,296  5.9  (3,331) (0.5)
Total interest-bearing deposits 8,409,272  74.9  8,082,377  73.5  326,895  4.0 
Total deposits $ 11,227,200  100.0  % $ 10,996,538  100.0  % $ 230,662  2.1 
 
Deposits and Borrowings
Total deposits increased $230.7 million or 2% to $11.2 billion at March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023, as interest-bearing deposits grew $326.9 million or 4%, while noninterest-bearing deposits declined $96.2 million or 3%. The growth in interest-bearing deposits was mainly attributable to savings accounts, which increased $303.9 million during the current quarter. The decline in noninterest-bearing deposits was mainly observed within commercial checking and small business checking categories. Core deposits, which exclude brokered relationships, represented 93% of total deposits at the end of the current quarter as compared to 92% at December 31, 2023, reflecting strength and stability of the core deposit base. At March 31, 2024, retail accounts represented 43% of core deposits while business accounts accounted for 57% of core deposits. No single commercial or retail client represented more than two percent of total deposits at the end of the current period.

The total amount of deposits that exceeded the $250,000 insured limit provided by the FDIC was approximately $3.7 billion or 33% of total deposits at March 31, 2024. This estimate is based on the determination of known deposit account relationships of each depositor and the insurance guidelines provided by the FDIC. Commercial accounts represented 73% of uninsured deposits, while retail accounts accounted for 27% of the uninsured deposit total. The commercial deposit mix continues to be well diversified with no significant concentration in one particular industry or single client. Management established strategies to mitigate outflows of uninsured deposits by providing reciprocal deposit arrangements, which provide FDIC deposit insurance for accounts that would otherwise exceed deposit insurance limits. These deposits increased $88.5 million or 9% during the first three months of 2024.

Total borrowings during the first three months of 2024 decreased by $353.4 million compared to amounts at December 31, 2023, driven by a full payoff of $300.0 million in outstanding borrowings through the Federal Reserve Bank's Bank Term Funding Program facility. In addition, FHLB advances were reduced by $50.0 million during the current quarter. The Company currently carries $371.0 million in subordinated debt, which is accounted for as Tier 2 capital in accordance with regulatory guidelines. At March 31, 2024, contingent liquidity, which consists of available FHLB borrowings, fed funds, funds through the Federal Reserve Bank's discount window, as well as excess cash and unpledged investment securities, totaled $6.3 billion or 170% of uninsured deposits.

Capital Management
Management monitors historical and projected earnings, dividends, and asset growth, as well as risks associated with the various types of on and off-balance sheet assets and liabilities, in order to determine appropriate capital levels. Total stockholders' equity totaled $1.6 billion at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The ratio of average equity to average assets was 11.27% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to 10.97% for the three months ended December 31, 2023.

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Risk-Based Capital Ratios
Bank holding companies and banks are required to maintain capital ratios in accordance with guidelines adopted by the federal bank regulators. These guidelines are commonly known as risk-based capital guidelines. The actual regulatory ratios and required ratios for capital adequacy are summarized for the Company in the following table.
  Ratios at
Minimum Value(1)
Well-Capitalized(2)
  March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Tier 1 leverage 9.56% 9.51% 4.00% 5.00%
Common equity Tier 1 10.96% 10.90% 4.50% 6.50%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets 10.96% 10.90% 6.00% 8.00%
Total capital to risk-weighted assets 15.05% 14.92% 8.00% 10.00%
(1)    Minimum requirements to remain adequately capitalized.
(2)    Well-capitalized under prompt corrective action regulations.
 
As of March 31, 2024, the most recent notification from our primary regulator categorized the Bank as a "well-capitalized" institution under the prompt corrective action rules of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Designation as a well-capitalized institution under these regulations is not a recommendation or endorsement of the Company or the Bank by federal bank regulators.
 
The minimum capital level requirements applicable to the Company and the Bank are: (1) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (2) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6%; (3) a total capital ratio of 8%; and (4) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%. The rules also establish a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5% above the regulatory minimum capital requirements, which must consist entirely of common equity Tier 1 capital. An institution would be subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses to executive officers if its capital level falls below the buffer amount. These limitations establish a maximum percentage of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions.
 
Our total capital ratio increased at March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 as a result of an increase in Tier 1 capital, which resulted from net income exceeding the declared common dividends during this period coupled with a decrease in risk weighted assets as unused loan commitments declined from December 31, 2023. The Tier 1 ratios and the leverage ratio also improved due to the growth of Tier 1 capital.
 
Tangible Common Equity
Tangible common equity, tangible assets, and tangible book value per share are non-GAAP financial measures calculated using GAAP amounts. Tangible common equity and tangible assets exclude the balances of goodwill and other intangible assets from total stockholders' equity and total assets. Management believes that this non-GAAP financial measure provides information to investors that may be useful in understanding our financial condition. Because not all companies use the same calculation of tangible common equity and tangible assets, this presentation may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures calculated by other companies.
 
Tangible common equity increased to 8.86% of tangible assets at March 31, 2024, compared to 8.77% at December 31, 2023. This increase reflected the impact of a $141.6 million reduction in tangible assets, while tangible common equity remained level during the current quarter.

A reconciliation of total stockholders’ equity to tangible common equity and total assets to tangible assets along with tangible book value per share, book value per share and related non-GAAP tangible common equity ratio are provided in the following table:
 
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Tangible Common Equity Ratio – Non-GAAP
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Tangible common equity ratio:    
Total stockholders' equity $ 1,589,364  $ 1,588,142 
Goodwill (363,436) (363,436)
Other intangible assets, net (29,864) (28,301)
Tangible common equity $ 1,196,064  $ 1,196,405 
Total assets $ 13,888,133  $ 14,028,172 
Goodwill (363,436) (363,436)
Other intangible assets, net (29,864) (28,301)
Tangible assets $ 13,494,833  $ 13,636,435 
Outstanding common shares 44,940,147  44,913,561 
Tangible common equity ratio 8.86  % 8.77  %
Book value per common share $ 35.37  $ 35.36 
Tangible book value per common share $ 26.61  $ 26.64 
 
Credit Risk
Our fundamental lending business is based on understanding, measuring and controlling the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio. Accordingly, our loan portfolio is subject to varying degrees of credit risk. Credit risk entails both general risks, which are inherent in the process of lending, and risk specific to individual borrowers. Our credit risk is mitigated through portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to any single customer, industry or collateral type. Typically, each consumer and residential lending product has a generally predictable level of credit losses based on historical loss experience. Residential mortgage and home equity loans and lines generally have the lowest credit loss experience. Loans secured by personal property, such as auto loans, generally experience medium credit losses. Unsecured loan products, such as personal revolving credit, have the highest credit loss experience and, for that reason, we have chosen not to engage in a significant amount of this type of lending. Credit risk in commercial lending can vary significantly, as losses as a percentage of outstanding loans can shift widely during economic cycles and are particularly sensitive to changing economic conditions. Generally, improving economic conditions result in improved operating results on the part of commercial customers, enhancing their ability to meet their particular debt service requirements. Improvements, if any, in operating cash flows can be offset by the impact of rising interest rates that may occur during improved economic times. Inconsistent economic conditions may have an adverse effect on the operating results of commercial customers, reducing their ability to meet debt service obligations.
 
To control and manage credit risk, management has a credit process in place to reasonably ensure that credit standards are maintained along with an in-house loan administration, accompanied by various oversight and review procedures. The primary purpose of loan underwriting is the evaluation of specific lending risks and involves the analysis of the borrower’s ability to service the debt as well as the assessment of the value of the underlying collateral. Oversight and review procedures include monitoring the credit quality of the portfolio, providing early identification of potential problem credits and proactive management of problem credits.

We recognize a lending relationship as non-performing when either the loan becomes 90 days delinquent or as a result of factors, such as bankruptcy, interruption of cash flows, etc., considered at a monthly credit committee meeting. Classification as a non-accrual loan is based on a determination that we may not collect all principal and/or interest payments according to contractual terms. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all previously accrued but unpaid interest is reversed from interest income. Payments received on non-accrual loans are first applied to the remaining principal balance of the loans. Additional recoveries are credited to the allowance up to the amount of all previous charge-offs.

The level of non-performing loans to total loans decreased to 0.74% at March 31, 2024 compared to 0.81% at December 31, 2023. Non-performing loans were $84.4 million at March 31, 2024 compared to $91.8 million at December 31, 2023. Loans greater than 90 days or more were $0.4 million at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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While the diversification of the lending portfolio among different commercial, residential and consumer product lines along with different market conditions of the D.C. suburbs, Northern Virginia and Baltimore metropolitan area has mitigated some of the risks in the portfolio, local economic conditions and levels of non-performing loans may continue to be influenced by the conditions being experienced in various business sectors of the economy on both a regional and national level.
 
Our methodology for evaluating whether a loan shall be placed on non-accrual status begins with risk-rating credits on an individual basis and includes consideration of the borrower’s overall financial condition, payment record and available cash resources that may include the sufficiency of collateral value and, in a select few cases, verifiable support from financial guarantors. In measuring an allowance on an individual basis, we evaluate primarily the value of the collateral (adjusted for estimated costs to sell) or projected cash flows generated by the operation of the collateral as the primary sources of repayment of the loan. Consideration is given to the existence of guarantees and the financial strength and wherewithal of the guarantors involved in any loan relationship. Guarantees may be considered as a source of repayment based on the guarantor’s financial condition and payment capacity. Accordingly, absent a verifiable payment capacity, a guarantee alone would not be sufficient to avoid classifying the loan as non-accrual.
 
Management has established a credit process that dictates that structured procedures be performed to monitor these loans between the receipt of an original appraisal and the updated appraisal. These procedures include the following:
•An internal evaluation is updated periodically to include borrower financial statements and/or cash flow projections.
•The borrower may be contacted for a meeting to discuss an updated or revised action plan which may include a request for additional collateral.
•Re-verification of the documentation supporting our position with respect to the collateral securing the loan.
•At a monthly credit committee meeting, the loan may be downgraded and a specific allowance may be decided upon in advance of the receipt of the appraisal.
•Upon receipt of the updated appraisal (or based on an updated internal financial evaluation) the loan balance is compared to the appraisal and a specific allowance is decided upon for the particular loan, typically for the amount of the difference between the appraised value (adjusted for estimated costs to sell) and the loan balance.
•Evaluation of whether adverse changes in the value of the collateral are expected over the remainder of the loan’s expected life.
•We individually assess the allowance for credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral for any collateral dependent loans where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty or when we determine that the foreclosure is probable. We will charge-off the excess of the loan amount over the fair value of the collateral adjusted for the estimated selling costs.
 
We may extend the maturity of a performing or current loan that may have some inherent weakness associated with the loan. However, we generally follow a policy of not extending maturities on non-performing loans under existing terms. Maturity date extensions only occur under revised terms that clearly place us in a position to increase the likelihood of or assure full collection of the loan under the contractual terms and/or terms at the time of the extension that may eliminate or mitigate the inherent weakness in the loan. These terms may incorporate, but are not limited to additional assignment of collateral, significant balance curtailments/liquidations and assignments of additional project cash flows. Guarantees may be a consideration in the extension of loan maturities. As a general matter, we do not view the extension of a loan to be a satisfactory approach to resolving non-performing credits. On an exception basis, certain performing loans that have displayed some inherent weakness in the underlying collateral values, an inability to comply with certain loan covenants which are not affecting the performance of the credit or other identified weakness may be extended.
 
We sell a portion of our fixed-rate residential mortgage originations in the secondary mortgage market. Concurrent with such sales, we are required to make customary representations and warranties to the purchasers about the mortgage loans and the manner in which they were originated. The related sale agreements grant the purchasers recourse back to us, which could require us to repurchase loans or to share in any losses incurred by the purchasers. This recourse exposure typically extends for a period of six to twelve months after the sale of the loan although the time frame for repurchase requests can extend for an indefinite period. Such transactions could be due to a number of causes including borrower fraud or early payment default. We have received a very limited number of repurchase and indemnity demands from purchasers for such events and routinely monitor our exposure. We maintain a liability of $0.5 million for probable losses due to repurchases.

Mortgage loan servicing rights are accounted for at amortized cost and are monitored for impairment on an ongoing basis. The amortized cost of our mortgage loan servicing rights was $0.3 million at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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Analysis of Credit Risk
The following table presents information with respect to non-performing assets and 90-day delinquencies as of the periods indicated:
 
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Non-accrual loans:    
Commercial real estate:    
Commercial investor real estate $ 55,579  $ 58,658 
Commercial owner-occupied real estate 4,394  4,640 
Commercial AD&C 556  1,259 
Commercial business 7,164  10,051 
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage 11,835  12,332 
Residential construction 542  443 
Consumer 4,011  4,102 
Total non-accrual loans 84,081  91,485 
Loans 90 days past due:
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate —  — 
Commercial owner-occupied real estate —  — 
Commercial AD&C —  — 
Commercial business 20  20 
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage 340  342 
Residential construction —  — 
Consumer —  — 
Total 90 days past due loans 360  362 
Total non-performing loans 84,441  91,847 
Other real estate owned, net 2,700  — 
Total non-performing assets $ 87,141  $ 91,847 
Non-accrual loans to total loans 0.74  % 0.80  %
Non-performing loans to total loans 0.74  % 0.81  %
Non-performing assets to total assets 0.63  % 0.65  %
Allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans 146.40  % 132.11  %
Allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans 145.78  % 131.59  %

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans
The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of the portion of our loans’ amortized cost basis not expected to be collected over the loans’ contractual life. As a part of the credit oversight and review process, we maintain an allowance for credit losses (the “allowance”). The following allowance section should be read in conjunction with “Allowance for Credit Losses” section in Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. We exclude accrued interest from the measurement of the allowance as the Company has a non-accrual policy to reverse any accrued, uncollected interest income when loans are placed on non-accrual status.
 
The appropriateness of the allowance is determined through ongoing evaluation of the credit portfolio, and involves consideration of a number of factors. Determination of the allowance is inherently subjective and requires significant estimates, including consideration of current conditions and future economic forecasts, which may be susceptible to significant volatility. The forecasted economic metrics with the greatest impact are the expected future unemployment rate, the expected level of business bankruptcies, gross domestic product, and, to a lesser degree, the commercial real estate price index and residential real estate house price index. In addition to these metrics, management has included the potential impact of the recession among the qualitative factors applied in the determination of the allowance. Expected losses can vary significantly from the amounts actually observed. Loans deemed uncollectible are charged off against the allowance, while recoveries are credited to the allowance when received.
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Management adjusts the level of the allowance through the provision for credit losses in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
 
For the three months ended March 31, 2024, provision for credit losses was $2.4 million as compared to a credit of $21.5 million for the same period in 2023. The current quarter's provision is mainly a reflection of adjustments applied to specific industries within the commercial real estate segment, partially offset by lower individual reserves due to full payoffs of several non-accrual loans along with the lower probability of an economic recession.

At March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses was $123.1 million as compared to $120.9 million at December 31, 2023. The allowance for credit losses as a percent of total loans was 1.08% and 1.06% at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The allowance for credit losses represented 146% of non-performing loans at March 31, 2024 as compared to 132% at December 31, 2023. The allowance attributable to the commercial portfolio represented 1.19% of total commercial loans while the portion attributable to total combined consumer and mortgage loans was 0.59%. With respect to the total commercial portion of the allowance, 26% of this portion is allocated to the commercial business loan portfolio, resulting in the ratio of the allowance for commercial business loans to total commercial business loans of 1.92%. The allowance coverage ratio for the investor real estate portfolio increased to 1.29% at March 31, 2024 compared to 1.20% at December 31, 2023 as a result of the incorporation of adjustments to the risk factors related to specific industries. The ratio of the allowance attributable to AD&C loans was 0.99% at the end of the current quarter, compared to 0.84% at December 31, 2023. This increase in the allowance ratio was predominantly the result of the growth in AD&C loan portfolio balances.
 
The current methodology for assessing the appropriate allowance includes: (1) a collective quantified reserve that reflects our historical default and loss experience adjusted for expected economic conditions over a reasonable and supportable forecast period and our prepayment and curtailment rates, (2) collective qualitative factors that consider concentrations of the loan portfolio, expected changes to the economic forecasts, large lending relationships, early delinquencies, and factors related to credit administration, including, among others, loan-to-value ratios, borrowers’ risk rating and credit score migrations, and (3) individual allowances on collateral-dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or where we determined that foreclosure is probable. Under the current methodology, 57% of the total allowance is attributable to the historical default and loss experience coupled with individual reserves, while 43% of the allowance is attributable to the collective qualitative factors applied to determine the allowance.
 
The quantified collective portion of the allowance is determined by pooling loans into segments based on the similar risk characteristics of the underlying borrowers, in addition to consideration of collateral type, industry and business purpose of the loans. We selected two collective methodologies, the expected loss and weighted average remaining life methodologies. Collective calculation methodologies use our historical default and loss experience adjusted for future economic forecasts. The reasonable and supportable forecast period represents a two year economic outlook for the applicable economic variables. Following the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period expected losses revert back to the historical mean over the next two years on a straight-line basis.
 
Economic variables which have the most significant impact on the allowance include:
•unemployment rate;
•gross domestic product;
•number of business bankruptcies; and
•commercial real estate price index and residential real estate house price index.
 
The collective quantified component of the allowance is supplemented by a qualitative component to address various risk characteristics of our loan portfolio including:
•trends in early delinquencies;
•changes in the risk profile related to large loans in the portfolio;
•concentrations of loans to specific industry segments;
•expected changes in economic conditions;
•changes in our credit administration and loan portfolio management processes; and
•probability of the near-term recession and its impact on estimated losses.

The individual reserve assessment is applied to collateral dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when we determined that foreclosure is probable. The determination of the fair value of the collateral depends on whether a repayment of the loan is expected to be from the sale or the operation of the collateral. When repayment is expected from the operation of the collateral, we use the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral as the fair value. When repayment of the loan is expected from the sale of the collateral the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or the appraised value less estimated cost to sell. During the individual reserve assessment, management also considers the potential future changes in the value of the collateral over the remainder of the loan’s life.
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The balance of collateral-dependent loans individually assessed for the allowance was $81.1 million, with individual allowances of $20.9 million against those loans at March 31, 2024.
 
If an updated appraisal is received subsequent to the preliminary determination of an individual allowance or partial charge-off, and it is less than the initial appraisal used in the initial assessment, an additional individual allowance or charge-off is taken on the related credit. Partially charged-off loans are not written back up based on updated appraisals and always remain on non-accrual with any and all subsequent payments first applied to the remaining balance of the loan as principal reductions. No interest income is recognized on loans that have been partially charged-off.
 
A current appraisal on large loans is usually obtained if the appraisal on file is more than 12 months old and there has been a material change in market conditions, zoning, physical use or the adequacy of the collateral based on an internal evaluation. Our policy is to strictly adhere to regulatory appraisal standards. If an appraisal is ordered, no more than a 30 day turnaround is requested from the appraiser, who is selected by Credit Administration from an approved appraiser list. After receipt of the updated appraisal and completion of the internal review, the assigned credit officer will recommend to the Chief Credit Officer whether an individual allowance or a charge-off should be taken. The Chief Credit Officer has the authority to approve an individual allowance or charge-off between monthly credit committee meetings to ensure that there are no significant time lapses during this process. The Company's borrowers are concentrated in nine counties in Maryland, three counties in Virginia and in Washington D.C. Commercial and residential mortgages, including home equity loans and lines, represented 87% of total loans at both March 31, 2024 and at December 31, 2023. Certain loan terms may create concentrations of credit risk and increase our exposure to loss. These include terms that permit the deferral of principal payments or payments that are smaller than normal interest accruals (negative amortization); loans with high loan-to-value ratios; loans, such as option adjustable-rate mortgages, that may expose the borrower to future increases in repayments that are in excess of increases that would result solely from increases in market interest rates; and interest-only loans. We do not make loans that provide for negative amortization or option adjustable-rate mortgages.

The following table presents an allocation of the allowance for credit losses by portfolio as of each period end. The allowance is allocated in the following table to various loan categories based on the methodology used to estimate credit losses; however, the allocation does not restrict the usage of the allowance for any specific loan category.

(In thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Commercial real estate: Amount % of loans to total loans Amount % of loans to total loans
Commercial investor real estate $ 64,299  44.0  % $ 61,439  44.9  %
Commercial owner-occupied real estate 6,907  15.3  7,536  15.4 
Commercial AD&C 10,845  9.6  8,287  8.7 
Commercial business 29,037  13.3  31,932  13.3 
Total commercial 111,088  82.2  109,194  82.3 
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage 9,091  13.3  8,890  13.0 
Residential construction 423  0.9  729  1.1 
Consumer 2,494  3.6  2,052  3.6 
Total residential and consumer 12,008  17.8  11,671  17.7 
Total allowance for credit losses - loans $ 123,096  100.0  % $ 120,865  100.0  %

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Summary of Loan Credit Loss Experience
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the periods indicated:
  Three Months Ended Year Ended
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Balance, January 1 $ 120,865  $ 136,242 
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans 3,331  (13,894)
Loan charge-offs:
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate (1) — 
Commercial owner-occupied real estate —  — 
Commercial AD&C —  — 
Commercial business (1,551) (449)
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage —  (160)
Residential construction —  — 
Consumer (68) (2,005)
Total charge-offs (1,620) (2,614)
Loan recoveries:
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate 25 
Commercial owner-occupied real estate 27  105 
Commercial AD&C 283  — 
Commercial business 303 
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage 114 
Residential construction —  — 
Consumer 200  584 
Total recoveries 520  1,131 
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries (1,100) (1,483)
Balance, period end $ 123,096  $ 120,865 
Annualized net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans 0.04  % 0.01  %
Allowance for credit losses on loans to loans 1.08  % 1.06  %
 

Market Risk Management
Our net income is largely dependent on our net interest income. Net interest income is susceptible to interest rate risk to the extent that interest-bearing liabilities mature or re-price on a different basis than interest-earning assets. When interest-bearing liabilities mature or re-price more quickly than interest-earning assets in a given period, a significant increase in market rates of interest could adversely affect net interest income. Similarly, when interest-earning assets mature or re-price more quickly than interest-bearing liabilities, falling interest rates could result in a decrease in net interest income. Net interest income is also affected by changes in the portion of interest-earning assets that are funded by interest-bearing liabilities rather than by other sources of funds, such as noninterest-bearing deposits and stockholders' equity.
 
Our interest rate risk management goals are (1) to increase net interest income at a growth rate consistent with the growth rate of total assets, and (2) to minimize fluctuations in net interest income as a percentage of interest-earning assets. Management attempts to achieve these goals by balancing, within policy limits, the volume of floating-rate liabilities with a similar volume of floating-rate assets; by keeping the average maturity of fixed-rate asset and liability contracts reasonably matched; by maintaining a pool of administered core deposits; and by adjusting pricing rates to market conditions on a continuing basis.
 
Our Board of Directors has established a comprehensive interest rate risk management policy, which is administered by management’s Asset Liability Management Committee (“ALCO”). The policy establishes limits on risk, which are quantitative measures of the percentage change in net interest income (a measure of net interest income or “NII” at risk) and the fair value of equity capital (a measure of economic value of equity or “EVE” at risk) resulting from a hypothetical change in U.S. Treasury interest rates for maturities from one day to thirty years. Management measures the potential adverse impacts that changing interest rates may have on its short-term earnings, long-term value, and liquidity by employing simulation analysis through the use of computer modeling.
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The simulation model captures optionality factors such as call features and interest rate caps and floors embedded in investment and loan portfolio contracts. As with any method of gauging interest rate risk, there are certain shortcomings inherent in the interest rate modeling methodology used by us. When interest rates change, actual movements in different categories of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, loan prepayments, and withdrawals of time and other deposits, may deviate significantly from assumptions used in the model. As an example, certain types of money market deposit accounts are assumed to reprice at 40 to 100% of the interest rate change in each of the up rate shock scenarios even though this is not a contractual requirement. As a practical matter, management would likely lag the impact of any upward movement in market rates on these accounts as a mechanism to manage our net interest margin. Finally, the methodology does not measure or reflect the impact that higher rates may have on adjustable-rate loan customers’ ability to service their debts, or the impact of rate changes on demand for loan and deposit products.
 
We prepare a current base case and multiple alternative simulations at least once per quarter and report the analysis to the Board of Directors. In addition, more frequent forecasts are produced when interest rates are particularly uncertain or when other business conditions, such as periods of economic uncertainty or market liquidity concerns, so dictate.
 
Our statement of condition is subject to quarterly testing for eight alternative interest rate shock possibilities to indicate the inherent interest rate risk. Average interest rates are shocked by +/- 100, 200, 300, and 400 basis points (“bp”), although we may elect not to use particular scenarios if they are determined to be impractical in a current rate environment. It is management’s goal to structure the statement of condition so that net interest income at risk over a twelve-month period and the economic value of equity at risk do not exceed policy guidelines at the various interest rate shock levels.
 
Measures of net interest income at risk produced by simulation analysis are indicators of an institution’s short-term performance in alternative rate environments. These measures are typically based upon a relatively brief period, usually one year. They do not necessarily indicate the long-term prospects or economic value of the institution.

The following table presents estimated changes in net interest income utilizing an instantaneous parallel rate shocks in various interest rate scenarios:

Estimated Changes in Net Interest Income
Change in Interest Rates: + 400 bp + 300 bp + 200 bp + 100 bp - 100 bp - 200 bp -300 bp -400 bp
Policy Limit 23.50% 17.50% 15.00% 10.00% 10.00% 15.00% 17.50% 23.50%
March 31, 2024 (1.86%) (1.35%) (0.83%) (0.31%) 0.88% 1.81% 2.75% 3.84%
December 31, 2023 (2.42%) (1.71%) (0.99%) (0.40%) 1.13% 2.09% 2.84% 3.87%
 
As reflected in the table above, the measures of net interest income at risk at March 31, 2024 stayed relatively stable as compared to December 31, 2023. The modest decreases in net interest income at risk during the current year are the result of a higher interest income generated from the variable rate loan portfolio along with less interest expense on federal reserve borrowings offset by an increase in deposit expense due to higher interest rates and less interest income from interest bearing deposits with other banks.

We augment our quarterly interest rate shock analysis with alternative external interest rate scenarios on a monthly basis. These alternative interest rate scenarios may include parallel rate ramps and non-parallel yield curve twists. If a measure of risk produced by the alternative simulations of the entire statement of condition violates policy guidelines, ALCO is required to develop a plan to restore the measure of risk to a level that complies with policy limits within two quarters.

The following table presents estimated changes in net interest income utilizing parallel rate ramps in various interest rate scenarios:

Estimated Changes in Net Interest Income
Change in Interest Rates: + 400 bp + 300 bp + 200 bp + 100 bp - 100 bp - 200 bp -300 bp -400 bp
March 31, 2024 (3.18%) (2.32%) (1.47%) (0.64%) 0.99% 2.05% 3.16% 4.29%
December 31, 2023 (1.81%) (1.24%) (0.68%) (0.25%) 0.81% 1.54% 2.22% 2.87%

The measures of equity value at risk indicate our ongoing economic value by considering the effects of changes in interest rates on all of our cash flows, and by discounting the cash flows to estimate the present value of assets and liabilities. The difference between these discounted values of the assets and liabilities is the economic value of equity, which, in theory, approximates the fair value of our net assets.
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Estimated Changes in Economic Value of Equity at Risk
Change in Interest Rates: + 400 bp + 300 bp + 200 bp + 100 bp - 100 bp - 200 bp -300 bp -400 bp
Policy Limit 35.00% 25.00% 20.00% 10.00% 10.00% 20.00% 25.00% 35.00%
March 31, 2024 (26.34%) (19.52%) (12.70%) (6.08%) 5.65% 10.27% 13.56% 15.42%
December 31, 2023 (24.78%) (18.31%) (11.90%) (5.75%) 5.55% 9.92% 12.93% 12.49%
 
Overall, the measure of the economic value of equity ("EVE") at risk remained relatively stable in most of the rising rate change scenarios from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. The slight increase in EVE at risk is a reflection of the impact of lower balances of noninterest-bearing deposits and smaller premium on FHLB advances due to shorter durations.

Liquidity Management
Liquidity is measured by a financial institution's ability to raise funds through loan repayments, maturing investments, deposit growth, borrowed funds, capital and the sale of highly marketable assets such as investment securities and residential mortgage loans. In assessing liquidity, management considers operating requirements, the seasonality of deposit flows, investment, loan and deposit maturities and calls, expected funding of loans and deposit withdrawals, and the market values of available-for-sale investments, so that sufficient funds are available on a short notice to meet obligations as they arise and to ensure that the we are able to pursue new business opportunities. Accordingly, management evaluates these metrics on a monthly basis to ensure that policy parameters are adequately addressed. We perform liquidity stress testing at least quarterly which includes systemic and idiosyncratic scenarios. Testing at the end of the first quarter of 2024 indicated that the Company demonstrates sufficient liquidity in most severe scenarios. At March 31, 2024, our liquidity position, considering both internal and external sources available, exceeded anticipated short-term and long-term needs.
 
Liquidity is measured using an approach designed to take into account core deposits, in addition to factors already discussed above. Management considers core deposits, defined to include all deposits other than brokered and outsourced deposits, to be a relatively stable funding source. Core deposits, which exclude brokered deposit relationships, equaled 93% of total deposits at March 31, 2024. At March 31, 2024, contingent liquidity, which consists of available FHLB borrowings, fed funds, funds through the Federal Reserve Bank's discount window and the Bank Term Funding Program, as well as excess cash and unpledged investment securities totaled $6.3 billion or 170% of uninsured deposits. Although this amount of contingent liquidity does not include any consideration of the held-to-maturity or the available-for-sale investment portfolios, management also considers changes in the liquidity of the investment portfolio due to fluctuations in interest rates when considering total liquidity of the Company. Under this approach, implemented by the Funding and Liquidity Subcommittee of ALCO under formal policy guidelines, our liquidity position is measured weekly, looking forward at thirty day intervals from 30 to 360 days. The measurement is based upon the projection of funds sold or purchased position, along with ratios and trends developed to measure dependence on purchased funds and core growth. At March 31, 2024, our liquidity and funds availability provides it with the requisite flexibility in funding and other liquidity demands.
 
Our external sources of funds available that can be drawn upon when required are available lines of credit with the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank and correspondent banks. At March 31, 2024, we had the ability to pledge collateral at prevailing market rates under a line of credit with the FHLB of $3.6 billion. FHLB availability based on pledged collateral at March 31, 2024 amounted to $3.1 billion, with $500.0 million outstanding against it. The secured lines of credit at the Federal Reserve Bank and correspondent banks totaled $734.4 million, all of which was available for borrowing based on pledged collateral, with no borrowings against it as of March 31, 2024. In addition, we have federal funds borrowing capacity under unsecured lines of credit with correspondent banks of $1.2 billion with no amount outstanding at March 31, 2024. Based upon its liquidity analysis, including external sources of liquidity available, management believes the liquidity position was appropriate at March 31, 2024.

Bancorp is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity. In addition to its operating expenses, Bancorp is responsible for paying any dividends declared to its common shareholders and interest and principal on outstanding debt. Bancorp’s primary source of income is dividends received from the Bank. The amount of dividends that the Bank may declare and pay to Bancorp in any calendar year, without the receipt of prior approval from the Federal Reserve Bank, cannot exceed net income for that year to date period plus retained net income (as defined) for the preceding two calendar years. Quarterly, management evaluates the capacity to pay dividends under various stress scenarios and provides that recommendation to the Board of Directors. Based on this requirement, as of March 31, 2024, the Bank could have declared a dividend of up to $134.4 million to Bancorp. At March 31, 2024, Bancorp had liquid assets of $129.4 million.
 
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Arrangements to fund credit products or guarantee financing take the form of loan commitments (including lines of credit on revolving credit structures) and letters of credit. Approvals for these arrangements are obtained in the same manner as loans. Generally, cash flows, collateral value and risk assessment are considered when determining the amount and structure of credit arrangements.
 
Commitments to extend credit in the form of consumer, commercial real estate and business at the dates indicated were as follows:
(In thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Commercial real estate development and construction $ 491,817  $ 572,540 
Residential real estate-development and construction 651,882  713,903 
Real estate-residential mortgage 40,488  16,608 
Lines of credit, principally home equity and business lines 2,425,004  2,405,150 
Standby letters of credit 77,423  71,817 
Total commitments to extend credit and available credit lines $ 3,686,614  $ 3,780,018 
 
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to provide financing to a customer with the provision that there are no violations of any condition established in the agreement. Commitments generally have interest rates determined by current market rates, expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Lines of credit typically represent unused portions of lines of credit that were provided and remain available as long as customers comply with the requisite contractual conditions. Commitments to extend credit are evaluated, processed and/or renewed regularly on a case by case basis, as part of the credit management process. The total commitment amount or line of credit amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements, as it is highly unlikely that all customers would draw on their lines of credit in full at one time.

As of March 31, 2024, the total reserve for unfunded commitments was $3.4 million and is accounted for in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. See Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the accounting policy for the allowance for unfunded commitments.
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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
See “Financial Condition - Market Risk Management” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, above, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
The Company’s management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated as of the last day of the period covered by this report, the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective. There were no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Act of 1934) during the three months ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
 
In the normal course of business, we become involved in litigation arising from the banking, financial and other activities we conduct. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, does not anticipate that the ultimate liability, if any, arising from these matters will have a material effect on our financial condition, operating results or liquidity.
 
Item 1A. Risk Factors
 
The most significant risk factors affecting our business include the factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 under Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and there have been no material changes in the risk factors discussed in such report.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
 
On March 30, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan that permits the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of the Company's common stock. During 2022, the Company repurchased 625,710 shares of its common stock at an average price of $39.93 per share. The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during 2023 or the quarter ended March 31, 2024. Under the current authorization, common stock with a total value of up to $25.0 million remains available to be repurchased.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities – None
 

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures – Not applicable
 

Item 5. Other Information
During the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024, none of our directors or officers informed us of the adoption or termination of a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.



62


Item 6. Exhibits
  
Exhibit 31(a)
Exhibit 31(b)
Exhibit 32(a)
Exhibit 32(b)
Exhibit 101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
Exhibit 101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.PRE
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
Exhibit 104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

63


Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this quarterly report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC.
(Registrant)
 
By: /s/ Daniel J. Schrider
Daniel J. Schrider
President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: May 3, 2024
By: /s/ Philip J. Mantua
Philip J. Mantua
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Date: May 3, 2024

64
EX-31.A 2 march2024ex-31a.htm EX-31.A Document

Exhibit 31 (a)

CERTIFICATION

Rule 13a-14(a) / 15d-14(a) Certifications

I, Daniel J. Schrider, Chief Executive Officer of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. (“Bancorp”), certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such  disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based upon such evaluation; and
d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 3, 2024
/s/ Daniel J. Schrider
Daniel J. Schrider
President and
Chief Executive Officer


EX-31.B 3 march2024ex-31b.htm EX-31.B Document

Exhibit 31 (b)

CERTIFICATION

I, Philip J. Mantua, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. (“Bancorp”), certify that:
1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such  disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based upon such evaluation; and
d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 3, 2024
/s/ Philip J. Mantua
Philip J. Mantua
Executive Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer


EX-32.A 4 march2024ex-32a.htm EX-32.A Document

Exhibit 32 (a)


18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Certification

I hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge and belief, that the accompanying Form 10-Q of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. (“Bancorp”) for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024, fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and that the information contained in this Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Bancorp.


By: /s/ Daniel J. Schrider
Daniel J. Schrider
President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: May 3, 2024


EX-32.B 5 march2024ex-32b.htm EX-32.B Document

Exhibit 32 (b)


18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Certification

I hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge and belief, that the accompanying Form 10-Q of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. (“Bancorp”) for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024, fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and that the information contained in this Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Bancorp.


By: /s/ Philip J. Mantua
Philip J. Mantua
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Date: May 3, 2024